An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years.
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning "displaced child". Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)
Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the NUTRITIONAL STATUS of the individual. NUTRITION SURVEYS may be used in making the assessment.
The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include FLUID THERAPY which normalizes body fluids to restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, in the FETUS in utero.
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.
An island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. It was probably discovered by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The name was given by 16th-century Spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for "bearded", with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p116 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p49)
A condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10% of baseline body weight. It is characterized by atrophy of muscles and depletion of lean body mass. Wasting is a sign of MALNUTRITION as a result of inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or hypermetabolism.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
A diet that contains limited amounts of protein. It is prescribed in some cases to slow the progression of renal failure. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
The processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of FOOD.
Improving health status of an individual by adjusting the quantities, qualities, and methods of nutrient intake.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
Child hospitalized for short term care.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It shares borders with India, Myanmar (Burma), and Bay of Bengal. The population is primarily Bengali, and the official language is Bangla (Bengali). The capital city is Dhaka. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, feel free to ask!
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (From McArdle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. Depending on age, sex, and genetic background, a BODY MASS INDEX of less than 18.5 is considered as underweight.
Food and dietary formulations including elemental (chemically defined formula) diets, synthetic and semisynthetic diets, space diets, weight-reduction formulas, tube-feeding diets, complete liquid diets, and supplemental liquid and solid diets.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The status of health in rural populations.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.
The production and movement of food items from point of origin to use or consumption.
A severe gangrenous process occurring predominantly in debilitated and malnourished children, especially in underdeveloped countries. It typically begins as a small vesicle or ulcer on the gingiva that rapidly becomes necrotic and spreads to produce extensive destruction of the buccal and labial mucosa and tissues of the face, which may result in severe disfigurement and even death. Various bacteria have been implicated in the etiology. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
A condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. Usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; and DIARRHEA.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.
Permanent deprivation of breast milk and commencement of nourishment with other food. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Foods and beverages prepared for use to meet specific needs such as infant foods.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
A republic in central Africa, east of the REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. The capital is Kinshasa.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTS.
The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.
Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
The nursing of an infant at the breast.
An imbalanced NUTRITIONAL STATUS resulting from excessive intake of nutrients. Generally, overnutrition generates an energy imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure leading to disorders such as OBESITY.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease of children, infants or adolescents.
A kingdom in the eastern Himalayas on the northeast border of India, bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Assam, on the south by Assam and West Bengal, and on the west by Sikkim and Tibet. From 1720 to 1970 it was under Chinese or Indian domination. In 1971 it became a member of the United Nations. The name comes from the Sanskrit bhota, the name for Tibet, + anta, end, with reference to its location at the southern extremity of Tibet. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p144 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p64)
Female parents, human or animal.
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; rather, it's a country located in South America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Guatemala is the name of a country located in Central America, known officially as the Republic of Guatemala. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.
Measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life.
The consumption of edible substances.
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
A republic in central Africa, east of NIGER, west of SUDAN and south of LIBYA. Its capital is N'Djamena.
Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.
Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.
Humoral factors secreted by the thymus gland. They participate in the development of the lymphoid system and the maturation of the cellular immune response.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
By adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. This term does not include the methods of food intake (NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT).
Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.
Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Services provided by dietitians or nutritionists to meet the nutritional needs of individuals, including consultation with other professional personnel.
The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
To be used for articles pertaining to medical activities carried out by personnel in institutions which are administered by a religious organization.
Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment.
Number of deaths of children between one year of age to 12 years of age in a given population.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
Prepared food that is ready to eat or partially prepared food that has a final preparation time of a few minutes or less.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "El Salvador" is a country located in Central America, and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Methods of giving food to humans or animals.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.
The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.
Somalia is located on the east coast of Africa on and north of the Equator and, with Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Kenya, is often referred to as the Horn of Africa. It comprises Italy's former Trust Territory of Somalia and the former British Protectorate of Somaliland. The capital is Mogadishu.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda.
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
The desire for FOOD generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the STOMACH.
The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.
Histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups.
Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.
Private hospitals that are owned or sponsored by religious organizations.
Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Peru. If you have any questions about medical topics that I can help clarify, please let me know!
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)
Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.
Assistance, such as money, food, or shelter, given to the needy, aged, or victims of disaster. It is usually granted on a temporary basis. (From The American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)
Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are medical conditions that result from the infection, transmission, or colonization of pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which can be spread from one host to another through various modes of transmission.
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
Natural recurring desire for food. Alterations may be induced by APPETITE DEPRESSANTS or APPETITE STIMULANTS.
Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.
The science of utilization, distribution, and consumption of services and materials.
Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst.
A change in cardiovascular function resulting in a reduction in BLOOD VOLUME, and reflex DIURESIS. It occurs frequently after actual or simulated WEIGHTLESSNESS.
An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.

Maternal undernutrition from early- to mid-gestation leads to growth retardation, cardiac ventricular hypertrophy, and increased liver weight in the fetal sheep. (1/1319)

Early gestation is critical for placentomal growth, differentiation, and vascularization, as well as fetal organogenesis. The fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis proposes that alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status result in developmental adaptations that permanently change structure, physiology, and metabolism, thereby predisposing individuals to cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine disease in adult life. Multiparous ewes were fed to 50% (nutrient restricted) or 100% (control fed) of total digestible nutrients from Days 28 to 78 of gestation. All ewes were weighed weekly and diets adjusted for individual weight loss or gain. Ewes were killed on Day 78 of gestation and gravid uteri recovered. Fetal body and organ weights were determined, and numbers, morphologies, diameters, and weights of all placentomes were obtained. From Day 28 to Day 78, restricted ewes lost 7.4% of body weight, while control ewes gained 7.5%. Maternal and fetal blood glucose concentrations were reduced in restricted versus control pregnancies. Fetuses were markedly smaller in the restricted group than in the control group. Further, restricted fetuses exhibited greater right- and left-ventricular and liver weights per unit fetal weight than control fetuses. No treatment differences were observed in any gross placentomal measurement. However, caruncular vascularity was enhanced in conceptuses from nutrient-restricted ewes but only in twin pregnancies. While these alterations in fetal/placental development may be beneficial to early fetal survival in the face of a nutrient restriction, their effects later in gestation as well as in postnatal life need further investigation.  (+info)

Ovarian responses to undernutrition in pregnant ewes, USA. (2/1319)

In most mammals oogonia proliferate by mitosis and begin meiotic development during fetal life. Previous studies indicated that there is a delay in the progression to the first stage of meiotic arrest in germ cells of female fetuses of undernourished ewes. We report that underfeeding (50% NRC requirement beginning on Day 28 of pregnancy) provokes an increase in oxidative base lesions within DNA of mid-gestational (Day 78) fetal oogonia; this condition was associated with up-regulation of the tumor suppressor/cell-cycle arrest modulator p53, antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2, and base-excision repair polymerase beta. Fetal ovarian weights and germ cell concentrations were not altered by nutrient deprivation. Ovaries of ewes on control diets (100% NRC) contained more tertiary follicles than their restricted counterparts; however, peripheral venous estradiol-17beta was not different between groups. There was no effect of treatment on p53 accumulation in maternal oocytes. Luteal structure-function was not perturbed by undernutrition. No fetal losses were attributed to the dietary restriction. It is proposed that DNA of interphase fetal oogonia is vulnerable to oxidative insults perpetrated by a nutritional stress to the dam, and that multiple/integrated adaptive molecular response mechanisms of cell-cycle inhibition (providing the time required for base repairs) and survival hence sustain the genomic integrity and population stability of the germline.  (+info)

Influence of varying degrees of malnutrition on IGF-I expression in the rat diaphragm. (3/1319)

This study evaluated the impact of varying degrees of prolonged malnutrition on the local insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system in the costal diaphragm muscle. Adult rats were provided with either 60 or 40% of usual food intake over 3 wk. Nutritionally deprived (ND) animals (i.e., ND60 and ND40) were compared with control (Ctl) rats fed ad libitum. Costal diaphragm fiber types and cross-sectional areas were determined histochemically. Costal diaphragm muscle IGF-I mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. Serum and muscle IGF-I peptide levels were determined by using a rat-specific radioimmunoassay. The body weights of Ctl rats increased by 5%, whereas those of ND60 and ND40 animals decreased by 16 and 26%, respectively. Diaphragm weights were reduced by 17 and 27% in ND60 and ND40 animals, respectively, compared with Ctl. Diaphragm fiber proportions were unaffected by either ND regimen. Significant atrophy of both type IIa and IIx fibers was noted in the ND60 group, whereas atrophy of all three fiber types was observed in the diaphragm of ND40 rats. Serum IGF-I levels were reduced by 62 and 79% in ND60 and ND40 rats, respectively, compared with Ctl. Diaphragm muscle IGF-I mRNA levels in both ND groups were similar to those noted in Ctl. In contrast, IGF-I concentrations were reduced by 36 and 42% in the diaphragm muscle of ND60 and ND40 groups, respectively, compared with Ctl. We conclude that the local (autocrine/paracrine) muscle IGF-I system is affected in our models of prolonged ND. We propose that this contributes to disordered muscle protein turnover and muscle cachexia with atrophy of muscle fibers. This is particularly so in view of recent data demonstrating the importance of the autocrine/paracrine system in muscle growth and maintenance of fiber size.  (+info)

The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition. (4/1319)

In 1981 a new epidemic of about two-dozen heterogeneous diseases began to strike non-randomly growing numbers of male homosexuals and mostly male intravenous drug users in the US and Europe. Assuming immunodeficiency as the common denominator the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) termed the epidemic, AIDS, for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. From 1981-1984 leading researchers including those from the CDC proposed that recreational drug use was the cause of AIDS, because of exact correlations and of drug-specific diseases. However, in 1984 US government researchers proposed that a virus, now termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the cause of the non-random epidemics of the US and Europe but also of a new, sexually random epidemic in Africa. The virus-AIDS hypothesis was instantly accepted, but it is burdened with numerous paradoxes, none of which could be resolved by 2003: Why is there no HIV in most AIDS patients, only antibodies against it? Why would HIV take 10 years from infection to AIDS? Why is AIDS not self-limiting via antiviral immunity? Why is there no vaccine against AIDS? Why is AIDS in the US and Europe not random like other viral epidemics? Why did AIDS not rise and then decline exponentially owing to antiviral immunity like all other viral epidemics? Why is AIDS not contagious? Why would only HIV carriers get AIDS who use either recreational or anti-HIV drugs or are subject to malnutrition? Why is the mortality of HIV-antibody-positives treated with anti-HIV drugs 7-9%, but that of all (mostly untreated) HIV-positives globally is only 1.4%? Here we propose that AIDS is a collection of chemical epidemics, caused by recreational drugs, anti-HIV drugs, and malnutrition. According to this hypothesis AIDS is not contagious, not immunogenic, not treatable by vaccines or antiviral drugs, and HIV is just a passenger virus. The hypothesis explains why AIDS epidemics strike non-randomly if caused by drugs and randomly if caused by malnutrition, why they manifest in drug- and malnutrition-specific diseases, and why they are not self-limiting via anti-viral immunity. The hypothesis predicts AIDS prevention by adequate nutrition and abstaining from drugs, and even cures by treating AIDS diseases with proven medications.  (+info)

Co-morbidity and kidney graft failure-two main causes of malnutrition in kidney transplant patients. (5/1319)

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is very frequent in chronic renal failure but, after successful kidney transplantation, body weight gain is common and is widely investigated, while malnutrition after transplantation is underestimated. In the present study, the prevalence of malnutrition in kidney transplant patients and the factors which might contribute to its development are analysed. METHOD: In a population of 452 kidney transplant patients followed-up regularly at our department, body mass index (BMI) was determined. Out of this population, 47 patients (18 females, aged 13-54 years, post-transplantation period 6-180 months) were randomly selected for more detailed examination of their nutritional status using anthropometry (body weight, the mid-arm muscle circumference, skinfold thickness, BMI) as well as biochemical parameters (serum protein, albumin, cholesterol, red blood cell count). Co-morbidity of the selected patients was assessed using the Index of Coexistent Diseases. RESULTS: Among 452 kidney transplant patients, 15% had a BMI of <21 kg/m(2), 45% had a BMI of 21-25 kg/m(2), and 40% had a BMI >25 kg/m(2). After more accurate assessment of nutritional status of the selected 47 patients, a comparison between those who were malnourished (11 patients) and those who were well nourished (20 patients) was made. No significant difference was found in age at transplantation, pre-transplantation time on dialysis, donor origin, early post-transplant course, immunosuppressive therapy, number of rejection episodes or post-transplant period between these two groups. However, malnutrition appeared significantly more frequently in females, and malnourished patients had significantly higher serum creatinine levels. Co-morbidity conditions, assessed by the Index of Disease Severity and Index of Physical Impairment combined peak scores resulting in the final Index of Coexistent Disease, were more frequent and more severe in malnourished patients as compared with well-nourished patients. CONCLUSION: In a population of kidney transplant patients regularly followed-up at our clinic, 15% had malnutrition. Malnutrition is more frequent in females, but kidney graft failure and co-morbidity had a significant role in its development.  (+info)

Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger? (6/1319)

The pandemic of arsenic poisoning due to contaminated groundwater in West Bengal, India, and all of Bangladesh has been thought to be limited to the Ganges Delta (the Lower Ganga Plain), despite early survey reports of arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Union Territory of Chandigarh and its surroundings in the northwestern Upper Ganga Plain and recent findings in the Terai area of Nepal. Anecdotal reports of arsenical skin lesions in villagers led us to evaluate arsenic exposure and sequelae in the Semria Ojha Patti village in the Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, where tube wells replaced dug wells about 20 years ago. Analyses of the arsenic content of 206 tube wells (95% of the total) showed that 56.8% exceeded arsenic concentrations of 50 micro g/L, with 19.9% > 300 micro g/L, the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions. On medical examination of a self-selected sample of 550 (390 adults and 160 children), 13% of the adults and 6.3% of the children had typical skin lesions, an unusually high involvement for children, except in extreme exposures combined with malnutrition. The urine, hair, and nail concentrations of arsenic correlated significantly (r = 0.72-0.77) with drinking water arsenic concentrations up to 1,654 micro g/L. On neurologic examination, arsenic-typical neuropathy was diagnosed in 63% of the adults, a prevalence previously seen only in severe, subacute exposures. We also observed an apparent increase in fetal loss and premature delivery in the women with the highest concentrations of arsenic in their drinking water. The possibility of contaminated groundwater at other sites in the Middle and Upper Ganga Plain merits investigation.  (+info)

Food insecurity, food choices, and body mass index in adults: nutrition transition in Trinidad and Tobago. (7/1319)

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated whether food insecurity and obesity were associated in a population sample in Trinidad. METHODS: A sample was drawn of 15 clusters of households, in north central Trinidad. Resident adults were enumerated. A questionnaire was administered including the short form Household Food Security Scale (HFSS). Heights and weights were measured. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and ethnic group. RESULTS: Data were analysed for 531/631 (84%) of eligible respondents including 241 men and 290 women with a mean age of 47 (range 24-89) years. Overall, 134 (25%) of subjects were classified as food insecure. Food insecurity was associated with lower household incomes and physical disability. Food insecure subjects were less likely to eat fruit (food insecure 40%, food secure 55%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36-0.99, P = 0.045) or green vegetables or salads (food insecure 28%, food secure 51%; adjusted OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.27-0.79, P = 0.005) on >/=5-6 days per week. Body mass index (BMI) was available for 467 (74%) subjects of whom 41 (9%) had BMI <20 kg/m(2), 157 (34%) had BMI 25-29 kg/m(2), and 120 (26%) had BMI >/=30 kg/m(2). Underweight (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.17-8.81) was associated with food insecurity, but obesity was not (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.55-2.12). CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity was frequent at all levels of BMI and was associated with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables. Food insecurity was associated with underweight but not with present obesity.  (+info)

The World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition: methodology and applications. (8/1319)

BACKGROUND: For decades nutritional surveys have been conducted using various definitions, indicators and reference populations to classify child malnutrition. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition was initiated in 1986 with the objective to collect, standardize, and disseminate child anthropometric data using a standard format. METHODS: The database includes population-based surveys that fulfil a set of criteria. Data are checked for validity and consistency and raw data sets are analysed following a standard procedure to obtain comparable results. Prevalences of wasting, stunting, under- and overweight in preschool children are presented using z-scores based on the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO international reference population. New surveys are included on a continuous basis and updates are published bimonthly on the database's web site. RESULTS: To date, the database contains child anthropometric information derived from 846 surveys. With 412 national surveys from 138 countries and 434 sub-national surveys from 155 countries, the database covers 99% and 64% of the under 5 year olds in developing and developed countries, respectively. This wealth of information enables international comparison of nutritional data, helps identifying populations in need, evaluating nutritional and other public health interventions, monitoring trends in child growth, and raising political awareness of nutritional problems. CONCLUSIONS: The 15 years experience of the database can be regarded as a success story of international collaboration in standardizing child growth data. We recommend this model for monitoring other nutritional health conditions that as yet lack comparable data.  (+info)

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the body's function is not maintained. It can also refer to a deficiency or excess of vitamins, minerals, protein, energy, and/or water. This condition can have negative effects on physical and mental health. Malnutrition includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), overnutrition (overweight, obesity) and micronutrient deficiencies or excesses.

It's important to note that malnutrition is different from malabsorption, which is the inability to absorb nutrients from food. Malabsorption can also lead to malnutrition if it results in a lack of necessary nutrients for the body's function.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a serious condition that occurs when an individual's diet does not provide enough protein or calories to meet their body's needs. It can lead to impaired physical and cognitive development, decreased immune function, increased susceptibility to infections, and in severe cases, death.

PEM can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, digestive disorders, chronic diseases, and eating disorders. The two most common forms of PEM are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus is characterized by extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and decreased fat stores, while kwashiorkor is marked by swelling (edema), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and a distended belly.

In medical terms, PEM is defined as a state of nutrient deficiency that results from a lack of adequate protein and energy intake over an extended period. It can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical assessment, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves providing the individual with a balanced diet that is high in both protein and calories, as well as addressing any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to their malnutrition.

Nutrition disorders refer to conditions that result from eating, drinking, or absorbing nutrients in a way that is not consistent with human physiological needs. These disorders can manifest as both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes disorders such as protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies, while overnutrition includes conditions such as obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Malnutrition is the broad term used to describe a state in which a person's nutrient intake is insufficient or excessive, leading to negative consequences for their health. Malnutrition can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, lack of education, cultural practices, and chronic diseases.

In addition to under- and overnutrition, disordered eating patterns such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorders can also be considered nutrition disorders. These conditions are characterized by abnormal eating habits that can lead to serious health consequences, including malnutrition, organ damage, and mental health problems.

Overall, nutrition disorders are complex conditions that can have significant impacts on a person's physical and mental health. They require careful assessment, diagnosis, and treatment by healthcare professionals with expertise in nutrition and dietetics.

Child nutrition disorders refer to a range of conditions that are caused by an improper or imbalanced diet during childhood. These disorders can have long-term effects on a child's growth, development, and overall health. Some common examples of child nutrition disorders include:

1. Malnutrition: This occurs when a child does not get enough nutrients for proper growth and development. It can result from inadequate food intake, digestive problems, or certain medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
2. Obesity: This is a condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation to the point where it negatively affects a child's health. Obesity can lead to a range of health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and orthopedic issues.
3. Vitamin deficiencies: Children who do not get enough vitamins in their diet may develop deficiencies that can lead to a range of health problems. For example, a lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets, while a lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy.
4. Food allergies and intolerances: Some children have allergic reactions or intolerances to certain foods, which can cause a range of symptoms, including digestive problems, skin rashes, and respiratory difficulties.
5. Eating disorders: Children may develop eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, which can have serious consequences for their physical and mental health.

Preventing child nutrition disorders involves providing children with a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups, encouraging regular exercise, and promoting healthy eating habits. Regular medical check-ups can also help identify any nutritional deficiencies or other health problems early on, allowing for prompt treatment.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema (fluid accumulation in the body's tissues), a distended belly, and a weakened immune system. It typically occurs in children between the ages of 1 and 3 who experience a sudden stop in breastfeeding and are switched to a diet that is low in protein but high in carbohydrates. The lack of protein impairs the body's ability to produce essential enzymes and hormones, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Kwashiorkor. It can also result in liver enlargement, skin lesions, hair changes, and impaired growth and development. Immediate medical attention is required for individuals with Kwashiorkor to prevent further complications and promote recovery.

Infant nutrition disorders refer to a group of conditions that occur when an infant's diet does not provide adequate nutrients for growth, development, and health. These disorders can result from various factors such as inadequate feeding practices, poor nutrient quality or composition of the diet, food intolerances or allergies, and medical conditions affecting nutrient absorption or metabolism.

Examples of infant nutrition disorders include:

1. Failure to thrive (FTT): A condition characterized by an infant's failure to gain weight or height at the expected rate due to inadequate nutrition.
2. Malnutrition: A condition resulting from a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of nutrients in an infant's diet.
3. Obesity: A condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation in an infant due to poor dietary habits and lack of physical activity.
4. Food intolerances or allergies: Adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause digestive, skin, or respiratory symptoms in infants.
5. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies: A condition resulting from an insufficient intake or absorption of essential vitamins and minerals required for normal growth and development.
6. Metabolic disorders: Inborn errors of metabolism that affect the body's ability to process specific nutrients, leading to a buildup of toxic substances in the body.

Infant nutrition disorders can have serious consequences on an infant's health and development, and it is essential to identify and address them promptly through appropriate medical interventions and feeding practices.

Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.

A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.

Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.

Protein deficiency, also known as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), is a condition that occurs when an individual's diet fails to provide adequate amounts of protein and calories necessary for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues. Proteins are essential macromolecules that play critical roles in various bodily functions such as enzyme production, hormone regulation, immune response, and tissue structure.

There are two main types of protein deficiency disorders:

1. Marasmus: This is a chronic form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by inadequate intake of both proteins and calories. It typically occurs in children from impoverished backgrounds who suffer from prolonged food deprivation. The body begins to break down its own tissues, including muscle mass, to meet energy demands, leading to severe weight loss, weakness, and delayed growth.

2. Kwashiorkor: This is an acute form of protein deficiency that primarily affects young children during weaning, when their diet transitions from breast milk to solid foods. While they may consume sufficient calories, these diets often lack adequate protein. Symptoms include edema (fluid accumulation in the abdomen and legs), distended bellies, skin lesions, hair changes, and impaired immune function.

In addition to these severe forms of protein deficiency, subclinical protein malnutrition can also occur when an individual's diet consistently provides insufficient protein levels over time. This can lead to reduced muscle mass, weakened immune function, and increased susceptibility to infections.

It is important to note that protein deficiency is relatively rare in developed countries where access to diverse food sources is generally available. However, specific populations such as elderly individuals, those with eating disorders, or those following restrictive diets may be at higher risk for developing protein deficiencies.

A Nutrition Assessment is a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of an individual's nutritional status, which is carried out by healthcare professionals such as registered dietitians or nutritionists. The assessment typically involves collecting and analyzing data related to various factors that influence nutritional health, including:

1. Anthropometric measurements: These include height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and other physical measures that can provide insights into an individual's overall health status and risk of chronic diseases.
2. Dietary intake assessment: This involves evaluating an individual's dietary patterns, food preferences, and eating habits to determine whether they are meeting their nutritional needs through their diet.
3. Biochemical assessments: These include blood tests and other laboratory measures that can provide information about an individual's nutrient status, such as serum levels of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
4. Clinical assessment: This involves reviewing an individual's medical history, current medications, and any symptoms or health conditions that may be impacting their nutritional health.
5. Social and economic assessment: This includes evaluating an individual's access to food, income, education level, and other social determinants of health that can affect their ability to obtain and consume a healthy diet.

The goal of a Nutrition Assessment is to identify any nutritional risks or deficiencies and develop a personalized nutrition plan to address them. This may involve making dietary recommendations, providing education and counseling, or referring the individual to other healthcare professionals for further evaluation and treatment.

Nutritional support is medical care that focuses on providing nutrition to individuals who are unable to consume or absorb adequate nutrients through their regular diet. This may include patients with chronic illnesses, eating disorders, swallowing difficulties, or those recovering from surgery or injury. Nutritional support can take many forms, including oral supplements, enteral feeding (tube feeding), and parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding). The goal of nutritional support is to maintain or improve the patient's nutritional status, promote healing and recovery, enhance quality of life, and reduce complications associated with malnutrition.

Anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves the systematic measurement and analysis of various physical characteristics, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and other body measurements. These measurements are used in a variety of fields, including medicine, ergonomics, forensics, and fashion design, to assess health status, fitness level, or to design products and environments that fit the human body. In a medical context, anthropometry is often used to assess growth and development, health status, and disease risk factors in individuals and populations.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Fetal nutrition disorders refer to conditions that occur when a fetus fails to receive adequate nutrients for proper growth and development during pregnancy. This can result from various factors, such as maternal malnutrition, placental insufficiency, or genetic abnormalities. Some examples of fetal nutrition disorders include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA), and birth defects related to nutrient deficiencies. These conditions can lead to a range of complications, including premature birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and long-term health problems. It is essential to monitor fetal growth and nutrition during pregnancy to identify and manage these disorders early on.

Growth disorders are medical conditions that affect a person's growth and development, leading to shorter or taller stature than expected for their age, sex, and ethnic group. These disorders can be caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.

There are two main types of growth disorders:

1. Short stature: This refers to a height that is significantly below average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Short stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Turner syndrome or dwarfism, hormonal deficiencies, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.
2. Tall stature: This refers to a height that is significantly above average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Tall stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions like acromegaly.

Growth disorders can have significant impacts on a person's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and manage these conditions early to optimize growth and development and improve overall quality of life. Treatment options for growth disorders may include medication, nutrition therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

## I am not aware of any medical definition for "Barbados."

Barbados is an island country located in the Caribbean region of North America. It is the easternmost island in the Lesser Antilles and is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the Caribbean Sea. The capital and largest city is Bridgetown.

The population of Barbados is approximately 287,000 people, and the official language is English. The country has a tropical climate with two main seasons: the dry season from December to May and the wet season from June to November.

Barbados is known for its beautiful beaches, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant culture. It is also famous for its rum, which is produced from sugarcane grown on the island. The country has a rich history, with influences from Africa, the Americas, and Europe.

In terms of medical care, Barbados has a well-developed healthcare system, with both public and private hospitals and clinics available. The country has a life expectancy of around 75 years, which is higher than the average for Latin America and the Caribbean. However, there are still challenges related to noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.

Wasting syndrome is a condition characterized by significant weight loss and muscle wasting, often accompanied by weakness and decreased appetite. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, and other chronic infections or diseases that cause chronic inflammation. In some cases, wasting syndrome can also result from severe malnutrition or gastrointestinal disorders that affect nutrient absorption.

The diagnostic criteria for wasting syndrome vary depending on the underlying cause, but generally, it is defined as a significant loss of body weight (typically more than 10% of body weight) and muscle mass over a period of several months. In addition to weight loss and muscle wasting, individuals with wasting syndrome may also experience fatigue, weakness, decreased immune function, and impaired physical functioning.

Wasting syndrome can have serious consequences on an individual's health and quality of life, and it is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the wasting syndrome, as well as providing nutritional support to help individuals regain weight and muscle mass.

"Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various physical and biological processes related to nutrition in children. While I couldn't find a precise medical definition for this specific phrase, I can provide you with some key physiological phenomena associated with child nutrition. These include:

1. Growth and Development: Proper nutrition is crucial for normal growth and development in children. Adequate intake of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals supports physical growth, brain development, and overall well-being.
2. Digestion and Absorption: The gastrointestinal tract undergoes significant changes during childhood, affecting the ability to digest and absorb various nutrients. For example, lactase production decreases in some children after weaning, leading to lactose intolerance.
3. Energy Metabolism: Children have higher energy requirements per unit of body weight compared to adults due to their rapid growth and development. Proper nutrition ensures efficient energy metabolism and prevents issues like obesity or undernutrition.
4. Immune Function: Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and protein helps maintain immune function and resistance to infections.
5. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Inadequate nutrition can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, which may impair children's growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders.
6. Overnutrition and Obesity: Excessive energy intake, coupled with reduced physical activity, can lead to overweight and obesity in children. This increases the risk of developing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer later in life.
7. Food Allergies and Intolerances: Children are more prone to food allergies and intolerances than adults. These can manifest as various symptoms, such as skin rashes, digestive issues, or respiratory problems, and may require dietary modifications.
8. Eating Behaviors and Preferences: Childhood is a critical period for shaping eating behaviors and food preferences. Exposure to a variety of healthy foods during this stage can help establish lifelong healthy eating habits.

Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.

Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.

It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

A protein-restricted diet is a medical nutrition plan that limits the daily intake of protein. This type of diet may be recommended for individuals with certain kidney or liver disorders, as reducing protein intake can help decrease the workload on these organs and prevent further damage. The specific amount of protein restriction will depend on the individual's medical condition, overall health status, and prescribing healthcare professional's guidance.

It is essential to ensure that a protein-restricted diet is nutritionally adequate and balanced, providing sufficient calories, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. A registered dietitian or nutritionist should closely supervise the implementation of such a diet to prevent potential nutrient deficiencies and other related complications. In some cases, medical supplements may be necessary to meet the individual's nutritional requirements.

Individuals on a protein-restricted diet should avoid high-protein foods like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. Instead, they should focus on consuming low-protein or protein-free alternatives, such as fruits, vegetables, refined grains, and specific medical food products designed for individuals with special dietary needs.

It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new diet, particularly one that restricts essential nutrients like protein. A healthcare provider can help determine if a protein-restricted diet is appropriate and ensure it is implemented safely and effectively.

"Body height" is a measure of the vertical length of a person's body from the top of their head to the bottom of their feet. It is typically measured in units such as centimeters (cm) or inches (in). In medical settings, body height is often used as a basic anthropometric measurement to assess overall health status, growth and development, nutritional status, and aging-related changes.

There are different methods for measuring body height, but the most common one involves having the person stand upright against a vertical surface (such as a wall or a stadiometer) with their heels, buttocks, shoulders, and head touching the surface. The measurement is taken at the point where the top of the person's head meets the surface.

Body height can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, nutrition, health status, and environmental conditions. Changes in body height over time can provide important insights into a person's health trajectory and potential health risks. For example, a significant decrease in body height may indicate bone loss or spinal compression, while a rapid increase in height during childhood or adolescence may suggest optimal growth and development.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may refer to the physiological processes and phenomena related to nutrition.

Nutrition, in a medical context, refers to the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth. Physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the functional manifestations of living organisms and their parts.

So, "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could hypothetically refer to the various physiological processes that occur in the body in relation to nutrition, such as digestion, absorption, metabolism, transportation, and storage of nutrients. However, I would recommend consulting the specific source or context where this term was used for a more accurate definition.

Nutrition therapy is a medical treatment that focuses on providing adequate and balanced nutrition to help patients manage various medical conditions, promote recovery, improve overall health, and enhance quality of life. It involves the use of a personalized dietary plan, supplements, and enteral or parenteral nutrition support, as needed, under the guidance of healthcare professionals such as registered dietitians or nutritionists.

The goals of nutrition therapy may include:

1. Meeting nutritional needs and optimizing growth and development in children and adolescents.
2. Preventing or treating malnutrition due to illness, injury, or surgery.
3. Managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, or gastrointestinal disorders by controlling risk factors, reducing symptoms, and slowing the progression of the condition.
4. Supporting patients during cancer treatment to maintain strength, promote healing, and improve their response to therapy.
5. Providing nutrition support for individuals with eating disorders, food allergies, or intolerances.
6. Enhancing overall health and well-being through education on healthy eating habits and lifestyle modifications.

Nutrition therapy is an essential component of comprehensive healthcare and should be tailored to each individual's unique needs, preferences, and medical history.

Deficiency diseases are a group of medical conditions that occur when an individual's diet lacks essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. These diseases develop because the body needs these nutrients to function correctly, and without them, various bodily functions can become impaired, leading to disease.

Deficiency diseases can manifest in many different ways, depending on which nutrient is lacking. For example:

* Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
* Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, a condition characterized by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
* Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children, a disease that leads to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
* Iron deficiency can result in anemia, a condition in which the blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells.

Preventing deficiency diseases involves eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups. In some cases, supplements may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrient intake, especially for individuals who have restricted diets or medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

A "hospitalized child" refers to a minor (an individual who has not yet reached the age of majority, which varies by country but is typically 18 in the US) who has been admitted to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment and care. This term can encompass children of all ages, from infants to teenagers, and may include those who are suffering from a wide range of medical conditions or injuries, requiring various levels of care and intervention.

Hospitalization can be necessary for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to:

1. Acute illnesses that require close monitoring, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis.
2. Chronic medical conditions that need ongoing management, like cystic fibrosis, cancer, or congenital heart defects.
3. Severe injuries resulting from accidents, such as fractures, burns, or traumatic brain injuries.
4. Elective procedures, such as surgeries for orthopedic issues or to correct congenital abnormalities.
5. Mental health disorders that necessitate inpatient care and treatment.

Regardless of the reason for hospitalization, healthcare professionals strive to provide comprehensive, family-centered care to ensure the best possible outcomes for their young patients. This may involve working closely with families to address their concerns, providing education about the child's condition and treatment plan, and coordinating care across various disciplines and specialties.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Niger" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, officially known as the Republic of Niger. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more details and I would be happy to help.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!

In the context of medicine, growth generally refers to the increase in size or mass of an organism or a specific part of the body over time. This can be quantified through various methods such as measuring height, weight, or the dimensions of particular organs or tissues. In children, normal growth is typically assessed using growth charts that plot measurements like height and weight against age to determine whether a child's growth is following a typical pattern.

Growth can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, hormonal regulation, and overall health status. Abnormalities in growth patterns may indicate underlying medical conditions or developmental disorders that require further evaluation and treatment.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical term used to describe the delivery of nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is a specialized medical treatment that is typically used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding, which involves the ingestion and digestion of food through the mouth or a feeding tube.

PN can be used to provide essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to patients who have conditions that prevent them from absorbing nutrients through their gut, such as severe gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or short bowel syndrome.

PN is administered through a catheter that is inserted into a vein, typically in the chest or arm. The nutrient solution is prepared under sterile conditions and delivered through an infusion pump to ensure accurate and controlled delivery of the solution.

While PN can be a life-saving intervention for some patients, it also carries risks such as infection, inflammation, and organ damage. Therefore, it should only be prescribed and administered by healthcare professionals with specialized training in this area.

Skinfold thickness is a measurement of the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer (the layer of fat directly beneath the skin) at specific sites on the body. It's typically measured using calipers and is expressed in millimeters (mm). This measurement is often used in health assessments to estimate body fat percentage and overall health status. The most commonly used sites for skinfold thickness measurements are the triceps, biceps, suprailiac (just above the iliac crest), subscapular (underneath the shoulder blade), and abdominal areas.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extremely restrictive eating behaviors leading to significantly low body weight. It primarily affects adolescent girls and young women but can also occur in boys and men. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), include:

1. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than that expected.
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
3. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
4. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea (the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles). A woman is considered to have amenorrhea if her periods occur only following hormone replacement therapy.

Anorexia nervosa can manifest in two subtypes: the restricting type and the binge-eating/purging type. The restricting type involves limiting food intake without engaging in binge eating or purging behaviors, while the binge-eating/purging type includes recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging through self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.

Anorexia nervosa can lead to severe medical complications, including but not limited to malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, heart problems, bone density loss, and hormonal disturbances. Early identification, intervention, and comprehensive treatment, which often involve a combination of psychotherapy, nutrition counseling, and medication management, are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term health consequences.

"Thinness" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to having a lower than average body weight or low body mass index (BMI) for a person's height. In medical terms, being significantly underweight might be defined as having a BMI of less than 18.5. It's important to note that while low body weight can be a sign of health issues like malnutrition or eating disorders, being thin does not necessarily equate to being healthy. A person's overall health is determined by a variety of factors, including diet, exercise, genetics, and the presence or absence of chronic diseases.

"Formulated food" is a term used in the field of clinical nutrition to refer to foods that are specially manufactured and designed to meet the nutritional needs of specific patient populations. These foods often come in the form of shakes, bars, or pouches and are intended to be used as a sole source or supplementary source of nutrition for individuals who have difficulty meeting their nutritional needs through traditional food sources alone.

Formulated foods may be indicated for patients who have medical conditions that affect their ability to eat or digest regular food, such as dysphagia (swallowing difficulties), malabsorption syndromes, or chronic inflammatory bowel disease. They may also be used in patients who require additional nutritional support during times of illness, injury, or recovery from surgery.

Formulated foods are typically designed to provide a balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) that meet the recommended dietary intakes for specific patient populations. They may also contain additional ingredients such as fiber, probiotics, or other nutraceuticals to provide additional health benefits.

It is important to note that formulated foods should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or physician, to ensure that they are appropriate for an individual's specific medical and nutritional needs.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Renal dialysis is a medical procedure that is used to artificially remove waste products, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. This process is also known as hemodialysis.

During renal dialysis, the patient's blood is circulated through a special machine called a dialyzer or an artificial kidney, which contains a semi-permeable membrane that filters out waste products and excess fluids from the blood. The cleaned blood is then returned to the patient's body.

Renal dialysis is typically recommended for patients with advanced kidney disease or kidney failure, such as those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is a life-sustaining treatment that helps to maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, prevent the buildup of waste products and toxins, and control blood pressure.

There are two main types of renal dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is the most common type and involves using a dialyzer to filter the blood outside the body. Peritoneal dialysis, on the other hand, involves placing a catheter in the abdomen and using the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body.

Overall, renal dialysis is an essential treatment option for patients with kidney failure, helping them to maintain their quality of life and prolong their survival.

Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition characterized by having lower than normal levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is a type of protein produced by the liver, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining oncotic pressure (the force that keeps fluid inside blood vessels) and transporting various substances throughout the body.

A serum albumin level below 3.5 g/dL (grams per deciliter) is generally considered hypoalbuminemia, although some laboratories may define it as a level below 3.4 g/dL or even lower. This condition can be caused by various factors, including liver disease, malnutrition, kidney disease, inflammation, and protein-losing enteropathy (a disorder that causes excessive loss of protein in the gastrointestinal tract).

Hypoalbuminemia is often associated with poorer clinical outcomes in several medical conditions, such as increased risk of infection, longer hospital stays, and higher mortality rates. It's essential to identify and address the underlying cause of hypoalbuminemia for appropriate treatment and improved patient outcomes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.

To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:

1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.

So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.

Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.

It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.

Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.

Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Chronic kidney failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a permanent loss of kidney function that occurs gradually over a period of months to years. It is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 ml/min, which means the kidneys are filtering waste and excess fluids at less than 15% of their normal capacity.

CKD can be caused by various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections. Over time, the damage to the kidneys can lead to a buildup of waste products and fluids in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Treatment for chronic kidney failure typically involves managing the underlying condition, making lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, and receiving supportive care such as dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace lost kidney function.

Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of disorders in which the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, leading to various gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. This can result from a variety of underlying conditions, including:

1. Mucosal damage: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or bacterial overgrowth that cause damage to the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
2. Pancreatic insufficiency: A lack of digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas can lead to poor breakdown and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Examples include chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis.
3. Bile acid deficiency: Insufficient bile acids, which are necessary for fat emulsification and absorption, can result in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and malabsorption. This may occur due to liver dysfunction, gallbladder removal, or ileal resection.
4. Motility disorders: Abnormalities in small intestine motility can affect nutrient absorption, as seen in conditions like gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, or scleroderma.
5. Structural abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural defects of the small intestine, such as short bowel syndrome, may lead to malabsorption.
6. Infections: Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause transient malabsorption by damaging the intestinal mucosa or altering gut flora.

Symptoms of malabsorption syndromes may include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, radiologic imaging, and sometimes endoscopic procedures to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the specific etiology and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Food Supply" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a more general term related to the availability and distribution of food. However, in a broader public health context, "food supply" can refer to the overall system and infrastructure that provides food to a population, including agricultural practices, food processing, distribution, and accessibility. Ensuring a safe and adequate food supply is an important aspect of public health and preventive medicine.

Noma, also known as cancrum oris, is a rare but severe gangrenous disease that primarily affects children who are malnourished, have weakened immune systems, and lack access to proper oral hygiene and healthcare. The condition typically starts as a small ulcer in the mouth and quickly progresses, causing extensive tissue damage and necrosis of the soft and hard tissues of the face.

Noma can also affect the genital region (genital noma) or the anus (anorectal noma). The disease is caused by a polymicrobial infection, involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, that thrive in necrotic tissue. If left untreated, noma can result in significant disfigurement, disability, and even death.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antibiotics, surgery, and nutritional support are crucial to prevent the progression of the disease and improve the chances of a successful recovery. Preventive measures, such as improving oral hygiene, promoting access to healthcare, and addressing malnutrition, can help reduce the risk of noma in vulnerable populations.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a condition that occurs when there is a lack of vitamin A in the diet. This essential fat-soluble vitamin plays crucial roles in vision, growth, cell division, reproduction, and immune system regulation.

In its severe form, VAD leads to xerophthalmia, which includes night blindness (nyctalopia) and keratomalacia - a sight-threatening condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, with eventual ulceration and perforation. Other symptoms of VAD may include Bitot's spots (foamy, triangular, white spots on the conjunctiva), follicular hyperkeratosis (goose bump-like bumps on the skin), and increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired immune function.

Vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent in developing countries where diets are often low in animal source foods and high in plant-based foods with low bioavailability of vitamin A. It primarily affects children aged 6 months to 5 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Prevention strategies include dietary diversification, food fortification, and supplementation programs.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Refeeding syndrome is a potentially fatal shift in fluid and electrolyte balance that may occur in malnourished individuals when they begin to receive nutrition. This occurs due to significant metabolic changes, including increased insulin secretion, which leads to shifts of fluids and electrolytes from the extracellular to intracellular space.

This shift can result in hypophosphatemia (low phosphate levels), hypokalemia (low potassium levels), hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels), and fluid overload, which can cause serious complications such as heart failure, seizures, and even death if not properly managed. It's important to monitor and correct electrolyte imbalances and fluid status during refeeding to prevent these complications.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

Micronutrients are essential nutrients that our body requires in small quantities to support various bodily functions, such as growth, development, and overall health. They include vitamins and minerals, which are vital for the production of hormones, enzymes, and other substances necessary for optimal health.

Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), micronutrients do not provide energy or calories but play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functioning of our body systems. They support immune function, bone health, wound healing, eyesight, skin health, and reproductive processes, among other functions.

Examples of micronutrients include vitamins A, C, D, E, and K, as well as minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and iodine. While our bodies need only small amounts of these nutrients, deficiencies in any of them can lead to serious health problems over time. Therefore, it's essential to consume a balanced and varied diet that includes adequate amounts of micronutrients to support overall health and well-being.

"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.

Prealbumin, also known as transthyretin, is a protein produced primarily in the liver and circulates in the blood. It plays a role in transporting thyroid hormones and vitamin A throughout the body. Prealbumin levels are often used as an indicator of nutritional status and liver function. Low prealbumin levels may suggest malnutrition or inflammation, while increased levels can be seen in certain conditions like hyperthyroidism. It is important to note that prealbumin levels should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory tests for a more accurate assessment of a patient's health status.

Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant or young child to a new source of nutrition, such as solid foods, while simultaneously decreasing their dependence on breast milk or formula. This process can begin when the child is developmentally ready, typically around 6 months of age, and involves offering them small amounts of pureed or mashed foods to start, then gradually introducing more textured and varied foods as they become comfortable with the new diet. The weaning process should be done slowly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the child's nutritional needs are being met and to avoid any potential digestive issues.

A specialized food, in a medical context, refers to a type of diet or individual food items that are specially formulated, processed, or selected to meet the unique nutritional needs of specific populations or individuals with certain medical conditions. These foods are designed to provide optimal nutrition while managing or preventing disease-related complications, supporting growth and development, or addressing dietary restrictions and intolerances.

Examples of specialized foods include:

1. Enteral formulas: Nutritionally complete liquid diets used for patients who cannot consume or digest regular food, often due to conditions such as dysphagia, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders. These formulas can be tailored to meet specific nutritional requirements, including different calorie densities, protein content, and fiber levels.
2. Elemental diets: Specialized enteral formulas that contain predigested proteins (amino acids), simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides), and medium-chain triglycerides as the primary sources of nutrition. These diets are designed to be easily absorbed and minimize gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome, or food intolerances.
3. Hypoallergenic formulas: Specialized infant formulas that contain extensively hydrolyzed proteins or amino acids as the protein source. These formulas are designed for infants with cow's milk protein allergy or other protein-related disorders, as they reduce the risk of allergic reactions and gastrointestinal symptoms.
4. Fortified foods: Regular food items that have been enriched with additional nutrients to address specific dietary needs or deficiencies. Examples include calcium-fortified orange juice for individuals at risk of osteoporosis, or iron-fortified cereals for those with anemia.
5. Dietary supplements: Products that contain one or more dietary ingredients (such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, or other botanicals) intended to supplement the diet and provide additional nutritional value. These products can be in various forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, energy bars, or liquids.
6. Medical foods: Specially formulated and processed products designed for patients with specific medical conditions that require unique nutritional requirements. Examples include enteral tube feeding formulas for individuals who cannot consume regular food due to dysphagia, malabsorption, or other gastrointestinal disorders.
7. Functional foods: Food items that provide additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases or improving overall health and well-being. Examples include probiotic-rich yogurts, omega-3 fatty acid-enriched eggs, or antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.

In summary, there are various types of specialized food products designed to meet specific dietary needs, medical conditions, or health goals. These include hypoallergenic formulas, fortified foods, dietary supplements, medical foods, and functional foods. Understanding the differences between these categories can help consumers make informed decisions about their nutritional choices.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a country located in Central Africa. It is named after the Congo River, which flows through the country. The DRC is the second-largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh-largest in the world. It is home to a diverse population of more than 80 million people, making it one of the most populous countries on the continent.

The DRC is a democratic republic, which means that it is a form of government in which the people have the power to choose their leaders through free and fair elections. The country has a presidential system of government, in which the president serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The current president of the DRC is Félix Tshisekedi, who took office in January 2019.

The DRC is a federal republic, meaning that it is divided into several provinces, each with its own elected government. The country has a total of 26 provinces, which are further divided into districts and sectors.

The DRC is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community. It is also a party to several international treaties and agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Paris Agreement on climate change.

The DRC has a mixed economy, with both private and public sectors playing important roles. The country is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as copper, diamonds, gold, and tin. It also has large areas of fertile land that are suitable for agriculture. However, the DRC faces significant challenges, including poverty, corruption, and conflict. Despite these challenges, the country has made progress in recent years in terms of economic growth and development.

Infection is defined medically as the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, which can lead to tissue damage, illness, and disease. This process often triggers an immune response from the host's body in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agents and restore homeostasis. Infections can be transmitted through various routes, including airborne particles, direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids, sexual contact, or vector-borne transmission. The severity of an infection may range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on factors such as the type and quantity of pathogen, the host's immune status, and any underlying health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malawi" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southeastern Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

A nutrition survey is not a medical term per se, but it is a research method used in the field of nutrition and public health. Here's a definition:

A nutrition survey is a study design that systematically collects and analyzes data on dietary intake, nutritional status, and related factors from a defined population or sample. It aims to describe the nutritional situation, identify nutritional problems, and monitor trends in a population over time. Nutrition surveys can be cross-sectional, longitudinal, or community-based and may involve various data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, physical measurements, and biological samples. The results of nutrition surveys are used to inform nutrition policies, programs, and interventions aimed at improving the nutritional status and health outcomes of populations.

Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.

Medically, the term "refugees" does not have a specific definition. However, in a broader social and humanitarian context, refugees are defined by the United Nations as:

"People who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence; have a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution."

Refugees often face significant health challenges due to forced displacement, violence, trauma, limited access to healthcare services, and harsh living conditions. They may experience physical and mental health issues, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Providing medical care and support for refugees is an important aspect of global public health.

Avitaminosis is a medical condition that results from a deficiency of vitamins in the body. It occurs when an individual fails to consume sufficient amounts of essential vitamins, either due to poor nutrition, malabsorption, or increased requirements. The symptoms and severity of avitaminosis depend on the specific vitamin that is lacking and can range from mild to life-threatening.

For example:

* Avitaminosis A (deficiency of vitamin A) may lead to night blindness, dry skin, and impaired immunity.
* Avitaminosis B1 (deficiency of thiamine) can cause beriberi, a condition characterized by muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, and heart failure.
* Avitaminosis C (deficiency of ascorbic acid) may result in scurvy, which is marked by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
* Avitaminosis D (deficiency of calciferol) can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, both of which are characterized by weakened bones and skeletal deformities.

To prevent avitaminosis, it is essential to maintain a balanced diet that includes all the necessary vitamins and minerals. In some cases, supplementation may be required to meet daily requirements, especially in individuals with medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption or increased needs. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a medical term used to describe a specialized nutritional support system that is delivered through a vein (intravenously). It provides all the necessary nutrients that a patient needs, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. TPN is typically used when a patient cannot eat or digest food through their gastrointestinal tract for various reasons, such as severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. The term "total" indicates that the nutritional support is complete and meets all of the patient's nutritional needs.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.

It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.

Breastfeeding is the process of providing nutrition to an infant or young child by feeding them breast milk directly from the mother's breast. It is also known as nursing. Breast milk is the natural food for newborns and infants, and it provides all the nutrients they need to grow and develop during the first six months of life.

Breastfeeding has many benefits for both the mother and the baby. For the baby, breast milk contains antibodies that help protect against infections and diseases, and it can also reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), allergies, and obesity. For the mother, breastfeeding can help her lose weight after pregnancy, reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, and promote bonding with her baby.

Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first six months of an infant's life, and then continued along with appropriate complementary foods until the child is at least two years old or beyond. However, it is important to note that every mother and baby pair is unique, and what works best for one may not work as well for another. It is recommended that mothers consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best feeding plan for themselves and their baby.

Overnutrition is a state that occurs when an individual consumes food and drinks in quantities that exceed their energy needs, leading to an excessive accumulation of nutrients, particularly macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) and energy. This condition can result in an imbalance between nutrient intake and energy expenditure, which can contribute to the development of various health issues such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain types of cancer. It is important to note that overnutrition does not only refer to excessive calorie intake but also encompasses the consumption of nutrients in disproportionate amounts, such as an excessively high intake of saturated fats or sugars, which can have detrimental effects on health.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Child Nutrition Sciences is a field of study focused on the nutritional needs and dietary habits of children from infancy through adolescence. This interdisciplinary field incorporates aspects of nutrition, pediatrics, psychology, sociology, and public health to promote optimal growth, development, and overall health in children.

The scope of Child Nutrition Sciences includes:

1. Understanding the unique nutritional requirements during various stages of childhood, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, early childhood, school-age, and adolescence.
2. Examining how cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors influence children's dietary patterns and food choices.
3. Investigating the role of nutrition in preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which often originate in childhood.
4. Developing and implementing evidence-based interventions to improve children's diets, promote healthy eating behaviors, and reduce health disparities.
5. Assessing the effectiveness of nutrition education programs for children, families, and communities.
6. Collaborating with policymakers, educators, healthcare providers, and community organizations to create supportive environments that encourage healthy eating and physical activity.
7. Conducting research on the safety, efficacy, and quality of food products, supplements, and fortified foods marketed for children.
8. Advocating for policies and regulations that protect children from marketing tactics that promote unhealthy food choices and contribute to poor diet-related health outcomes.

Overall, Child Nutrition Sciences aims to improve the nutritional status of children, enhance their overall well-being, and reduce the burden of diet-related diseases throughout the lifespan.

I apologize, but "Bhutan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the Eastern Himalayas, known officially as the Kingdom of Bhutan. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Mothers" is a term that refers to individuals who have given birth to and raised children. It is not a medical term with a specific definition. If you are referring to a different word or term, please clarify so I can provide a more accurate response.

"Failure to Thrive" is a medical term used to describe a condition in infants and children who are not growing and gaining weight as expected. It is typically defined as significant deviation from normal growth patterns, such as poor weight gain or loss, slow increase in length/height, and delayed developmental milestones. The condition can have various causes, including medical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Early identification and intervention are crucial to address the underlying cause and promote healthy growth and development.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Colombia. If you are looking for medical information related to Colombia or its healthcare system, I would be happy to try to help you with that.

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of different components that make up a person's body, including fat mass, lean muscle mass, bone mass, and total body water. It is an important measure of health and fitness, as changes in body composition can indicate shifts in overall health status. For example, an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean muscle mass can be indicative of poor nutrition, sedentary behavior, or certain medical conditions.

There are several methods for measuring body composition, including:

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This method uses low-level electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage based on the conductivity of different tissues.
2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This method uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density and body composition, including lean muscle mass and fat distribution.
3. Hydrostatic weighing: This method involves submerging a person in water and measuring their weight underwater to estimate body density and fat mass.
4. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP): This method uses air displacement to measure body volume and density, which can be used to estimate body composition.

Understanding body composition can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and fitness goals, as well as provide valuable information for healthcare providers in the management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.

Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.

Anorexia is a medical condition defined as a loss of appetite or aversion to food, leading to significant weight loss. It can be a symptom of various underlying causes, such as mental health disorders (most commonly an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa), gastrointestinal issues, cancer, infections, or side effects of medication. In this definition, we are primarily referring to anorexia as a symptom rather than the specific eating disorder anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder characterized by:

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight (in context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health)
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
3. Disturbed body image, such as overvaluation of self-worth regarding shape or weight, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight

Anorexia nervosa has two subtypes: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. The restricting type involves limiting food intake without engaging in binge eating or purging behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). In contrast, the binge eating/purging type includes recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

It is essential to differentiate between anorexia as a symptom and anorexia nervosa as a distinct psychological disorder when discussing medical definitions.

Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, heart failure, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or starvation in that it involves a significant loss of muscle mass and an imbalance in energy metabolism, even when adequate calories are consumed.

The hallmark features of cachexia include:

1. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of more than 5% of body weight over 12 months or less, or more than 2% in individuals already underweight.
2. Muscle wasting: Reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
3. Fatigue and anorexia: Decreased appetite and reduced food intake due to various factors such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress.
4. Inflammation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that contribute to metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting.
5. Insulin resistance: Impaired glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to increased blood glucose levels and altered energy metabolism.
6. Altered protein metabolism: Increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, contributing to muscle wasting.
7. Altered lipid metabolism: Increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and impaired lipogenesis (formation of fat), leading to loss of adipose tissue and altered energy storage.

Cachexia significantly impacts patients' quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall survival. Currently, there is no single effective treatment for cachexia, and management typically involves addressing the underlying disease, nutritional support, exercise interventions, and pharmacological therapies to target specific aspects of the metabolic dysregulation associated with this condition.

Blood proteins, also known as serum proteins, are a group of complex molecules present in the blood that are essential for various physiological functions. These proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen. They play crucial roles in maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, providing immune defense, and contributing to blood clotting.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 60% of the total protein mass. It functions as a transporter of various substances, such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and helps maintain oncotic pressure, which is essential for fluid balance between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues.

Globulins are divided into three main categories: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Alpha and beta globulins consist of transport proteins like lipoproteins, hormone-binding proteins, and enzymes. Gamma globulins, also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies, are essential for the immune system's defense against pathogens.

Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh to trap platelets and form a clot, preventing excessive bleeding.

Abnormal levels of these proteins can indicate various medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, infections, inflammation, or autoimmune disorders. Blood protein levels are typically measured through laboratory tests like serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kenya" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa, known for its diverse wildlife and geography, including savannas, lakelands, the dramatic Great Rift Valley, and mountain highlands. It is also where you can find the Maasai Mara Reserve, known for its annual wildebeest migrations, and vast Nairobi National Park. The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Child development is a multidisciplinary field that examines the biological, psychological, emotional, and social growth and changes that occur in human beings between birth and the onset of adulthood. It involves a complex interaction of genetics, environment, culture, and experiences that shape a child's growth and development over time.

Child development is typically divided into several domains, including:

1. Physical Development: This refers to the growth and changes in a child's body, including their motor skills, sensory abilities, and overall health.
2. Cognitive Development: This involves the development of a child's thinking, learning, problem-solving, memory, language, and other mental processes.
3. Emotional Development: This refers to the development of a child's emotional awareness, expression, understanding, and regulation.
4. Social Development: This involves the development of a child's ability to interact with others, form relationships, communicate effectively, and understand social norms and expectations.

Child development is an ongoing process that occurs at different rates and in different ways for each child. Understanding typical patterns of child development can help parents, educators, and healthcare providers support children's growth and identify any potential delays or concerns.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poverty Areas" is not a standard medical term or classification. However, in a broader social determinants of health context, poverty is recognized as a significant factor that can impact an individual's health outcomes and access to healthcare.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines poverty as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," which includes but is not limited to lack of income and economic opportunities. The WHO also acknowledges that poverty is a major cause of ill-health and premature death around the world.

If you are referring to a specific term or concept that goes by a different name, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:

1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.

Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Senegal" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Senegal. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption that occurs in the small intestine, particularly carbohydrates, proteins, and some fats. The jejunum is characterized by its smooth muscle structure, which allows it to contract and mix food with digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients through its extensive network of finger-like projections called villi.

The jejunum is also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area available for absorption. Additionally, the jejunum contains numerous lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which help to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. Overall, the jejunum plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.

Child welfare is a broad term that refers to the overall well-being and protection of children. It encompasses a range of services and interventions aimed at promoting the physical, emotional, social, and educational development of children, while also protecting them from harm, abuse, and neglect. The medical definition of child welfare may include:

1. Preventive Services: Programs and interventions designed to strengthen families and prevent child maltreatment, such as home visiting programs, parent education classes, and family support services.
2. Protective Services: Interventions that aim to protect children from harm, abuse, or neglect, including investigations of reports of maltreatment, removal of children from dangerous situations, and provision of alternative care arrangements.
3. Family Reunification Services: Efforts to reunite children with their families when it is safe and in the best interest of the child, such as family therapy, parent-child visitation, and case management services.
4. Permanency Planning: The development of long-term plans for children who cannot safely return to their families, including adoption, guardianship, or other permanent living arrangements.
5. Foster Care Services: Provision of temporary care for children who cannot safely remain in their own homes, including placement with foster families, group homes, or residential treatment facilities.
6. Child Health and Development Services: Programs that promote the physical, emotional, and developmental well-being of children, such as health screenings, immunizations, mental health services, and early intervention programs for children with special needs.
7. Advocacy and Policy Development: Efforts to promote policies and practices that support the well-being and protection of children, including advocating for laws and regulations that protect children's rights and ensure their safety and well-being.

"Body weights and measures" is a general term that refers to the various methods used to quantify an individual's physical characteristics, particularly those related to health and fitness. This can include:

1. Body weight: The total amount of weight that a person's body possesses, typically measured in pounds or kilograms.
2. Height: The vertical distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head, usually measured in inches or centimeters.
3. Blood pressure: The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
4. Body mass index (BMI): A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and height, calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.
5. Waist circumference: The distance around the narrowest part of the waist, typically measured at the level of the belly button.
6. Hip circumference: The distance around the widest part of the hips, usually measured at the level of the greatest protrusion of the buttocks.
7. Blood glucose levels: The concentration of glucose in the blood, typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
8. Cholesterol levels: The amount of cholesterol present in the blood, usually measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

These and other body weights and measures are commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess an individual's health status, identify potential health risks, and guide treatment decisions.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

'Infant food' is not a term with a single, universally accepted medical definition. However, in general, it refers to food products that are specifically designed and marketed for feeding infants, typically during the first year of life. These foods are often formulated to meet the unique nutritional needs of infants, who have smaller stomachs, higher metabolic rates, and different dietary requirements compared to older children and adults.

Infant food can include a variety of products such as:

1. Infant formula: A breast milk substitute that is designed to provide all the nutrients an infant needs for growth and development during the first six months of life. It is typically made from cow's milk, soy, or other protein sources and is fortified with vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
2. Baby cereal: A single-grain cereal that is often one of the first solid foods introduced to infants around 4-6 months of age. It is usually made from rice, oats, or barley and can be mixed with breast milk, formula, or water to create a thin porridge.
3. Pureed fruits and vegetables: Soft, cooked, and pureed fruits and vegetables are often introduced to infants around 6-8 months of age as they begin to develop their chewing skills. These foods provide important nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
4. Meats, poultry, and fish: Soft, cooked, and finely chopped or pureed meats, poultry, and fish can be introduced to infants around 8-10 months of age. These foods provide essential protein, iron, and other nutrients.
5. Dairy products: Infant food may also include dairy products such as yogurt and cheese, which can be introduced to infants around 9-12 months of age. These foods provide calcium, protein, and other nutrients.

It is important to note that the introduction and composition of infant food may vary depending on cultural practices, individual dietary needs, and medical recommendations. Parents should consult their healthcare provider for guidance on introducing solid foods to their infants and selecting appropriate infant food products.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).

Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.

Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.

Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.

Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).

Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.

Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

I apologize, but "Chad" is not a medical term or condition. It is a given name and also a slang term that has been used in popular culture to refer to an attractive man or a stereotypical fraternity member in some English-speaking countries. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

Appetite stimulants are medications or substances that increase the desire to eat or improve appetite. They work by affecting brain chemicals, hormones, or other systems involved in regulating hunger and fullness. Some commonly used appetite stimulants include:

1. Megestrol acetate: a synthetic progestin hormone that is often prescribed for cancer-related weight loss and anorexia. It works by stimulating appetite and promoting weight gain.
2. Dronabinol: a synthetic form of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. It is approved for treating AIDS-related anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Dronabinol can increase appetite and promote weight gain.
3. Corticosteroids: medications that mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. They can help improve appetite, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects.
4. Cyproheptadine: an antihistamine medication that can also stimulate appetite. It is sometimes used off-label to treat appetite loss in various conditions, such as cancer or HIV/AIDS.
5. Ghrelin agonists: these are medications that mimic the effects of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach that increases hunger and appetite. Currently, there are no FDA-approved ghrelin agonists for appetite stimulation, but research is ongoing.

It's important to note that while appetite stimulants can help improve food intake in some individuals, they may not be effective for everyone, and their use should be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or supplement.

"Suckling animals" refers to young mammals that are in the process of nursing from their mother's teats or nipples, typically for the purpose of obtaining milk and nutrition. This behavior is instinctual in newborn mammals and helps to establish a strong bond between the mother and offspring, as well as providing essential nutrients for growth and development.

The duration of suckling can vary widely among different species, ranging from just a few days or weeks in some animals to several months or even years in others. In many cases, suckling also helps to stimulate milk production in the mother, ensuring an adequate supply of milk for her offspring.

Examples of suckling animals include newborn humans, as well as young mammals such as puppies, kittens, piglets, lambs, calves, and fawns, among others.

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. It can lead to eye damage, including night blindness (nyctalopia) and, if left untreated, potentially irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is often associated with malnutrition and affects children in low-income countries disproportionately.

Thymus hormones, also known as thymic factors or thymic humoral factors, refer to the biologically active molecules secreted by the thymus gland. The two main thymus hormones are thymosin and thymopoietin. These hormones play crucial roles in the differentiation, maturation, and function of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Thymosin is involved in the maturation of T-cells, helping them to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, while thymopoietin contributes to the differentiation of T-cells into their various subsets and supports their proliferation and activation.

The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ located in the upper chest region, anterior to the heart. It plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system, particularly during fetal development and early childhood. The thymus gland begins to atrophy after puberty, leading to a decrease in the production of thymus hormones. This natural decline in thymic function is believed to contribute to the decreased immune response observed in older individuals.

Supplementation with thymus hormones has been explored as a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing immune function in various clinical settings, including immunodeficiency disorders, cancer, and aging. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential benefits and risks.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Diet therapy is a medical treatment that involves using specific dietary modifications to manage or treat various medical conditions. This can include changing the types and amounts of food consumed, as well as adjusting the timing and frequency of meals. The goal of diet therapy is to provide the body with the necessary nutrients to support healing and maintain health while also addressing any specific dietary needs or restrictions related to a particular medical condition.

Diet therapy may be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, food allergies and intolerances, gastrointestinal disorders, and kidney disease. For example, a person with diabetes may be placed on a diet that restricts sugar and simple carbohydrates to help manage their blood sugar levels, while a person with heart disease may be advised to follow a low-fat, high-fiber diet to reduce their risk of heart attack and stroke.

Diet therapy is often used in conjunction with other medical treatments, such as medication and surgery, and should be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or a doctor who specializes in nutrition. It is important for individuals to follow their specific dietary recommendations closely in order to achieve the best possible outcomes.

Peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory (CAPD), is a type of renal replacement therapy used to treat patients with end-stage kidney disease. It is a form of peritoneal dialysis that is performed continuously, without the need for machines or hospitalization. CAPD uses the patient's own peritoneum, a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity, as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream.

In CAPD, a sterile dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity through a permanent catheter implanted in the patient's abdomen. The solution remains in the peritoneal cavity for a dwell time of several hours, during which diffusion occurs across the peritoneal membrane, allowing waste products and excess fluids to move from the bloodstream into the dialysis solution.

After the dwell time, the used dialysis solution is drained from the peritoneal cavity and discarded, and a fresh batch of dialysis solution is introduced. This process is typically repeated four to five times a day, with each exchange taking about 30 minutes to complete. Patients can perform CAPD exchanges while going about their daily activities, making it a convenient and flexible treatment option for many patients with end-stage kidney disease.

Overall, CAPD is a highly effective form of dialysis that offers several advantages over other types of renal replacement therapy, including improved quality of life, better preservation of residual kidney function, and lower costs. However, it does require careful attention to sterile technique and regular monitoring to ensure proper functioning of the peritoneal membrane and adequate clearance of waste products and fluids.

Peritoneal dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy used to treat patients with severe kidney dysfunction or end-stage renal disease. It is a process that utilizes the peritoneum, a membranous sac lining the abdominal cavity, as a natural semipermeable membrane for filtering waste products, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the bloodstream.

In peritoneal dialysis, a sterile dialysate solution is infused into the peritoneal cavity via a permanently implanted catheter. The dialysate contains various substances such as glucose or other osmotic agents, electrolytes, and buffer solutions that facilitate the diffusion of waste products and fluids from the blood vessels surrounding the peritoneum into the dialysate.

There are two primary types of peritoneal dialysis: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). CAPD is performed manually, several times a day, while APD is carried out using a cycler machine overnight.

Peritoneal dialysis offers certain advantages over hemodialysis, such as better preservation of residual renal function, fewer dietary restrictions, and greater flexibility in scheduling treatments. However, it also has potential complications, including peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), catheter-related infections, fluid imbalances, and membrane failure over time.

In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indonesia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

Dietary services, also known as food and nutrition services, refer to the provision of medical nutritional therapy and management of food services in healthcare facilities. This includes the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of nutrition-related problems by a registered dietitian or nutrition professional. Dietary services also involve the planning, preparation, and serving of meals that meet the individualized nutritional needs and preferences of patients, residents, or clients. Additionally, dietary services may include nutrition education and counseling for patients, families, and staff members to promote healthy eating habits and prevent nutrition-related diseases.

Electric impedance is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit or component, caused by both resistance (ohmic) and reactance (capacitive and inductive). It is expressed as a complex number, with the real part representing resistance and the imaginary part representing reactance. The unit of electric impedance is the ohm (Ω).

In the context of medical devices, electric impedance may be used to measure various physiological parameters, such as tissue conductivity or fluid composition. For example, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) uses electrical impedance to estimate body composition, including fat mass and lean muscle mass. Similarly, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses electric impedance to create images of internal organs and tissues.

Starvation is a severe form of malnutrition, characterized by insufficient intake of calories and nutrients to meet the body's energy requirements. This leads to a catabolic state where the body begins to break down its own tissues for energy, resulting in significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Prolonged starvation can also lead to serious medical complications such as organ failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death. It is typically caused by a lack of access to food due to poverty, famine, or other social or economic factors, but can also be a result of severe eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.

I must clarify that "Ethiopia" is not a medical term or condition. Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please feel free to ask! I'm here to help.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

In the context of healthcare, "missions" and "missionaries" typically refer to efforts by religious organizations or individuals to provide medical services and health education in underserved communities, often in low-income countries. The missionaries are usually healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, or public health specialists, who volunteer their time and expertise to improve the health and wellbeing of people in need.

The missions can take various forms, including:

1. Short-term medical missions: These are typically one- to two-week trips during which a team of healthcare professionals provides clinical services, surgeries, or health education in a community that has limited access to care.
2. Long-term medical missions: In these cases, missionaries may spend several months to a few years living and working in a community to provide ongoing healthcare services and build local capacity.
3. Sponsored medical missions: Some religious organizations or churches may sponsor the construction of hospitals, clinics, or health centers in underserved areas, which are then staffed by missionary healthcare providers.
4. Community health programs: Missionaries might also engage in public health initiatives focused on disease prevention, health promotion, and capacity building within communities. These programs can include water and sanitation projects, immunization campaigns, maternal and child health interventions, or HIV/AIDS education and treatment efforts.

It is important to note that while missions and missionaries have played a significant role in providing healthcare services to underserved populations, their work can also be associated with cultural insensitivity, paternalism, and the imposition of Western values and beliefs on local communities. As such, it is crucial for missionaries to approach their work with humility, respect for local customs and traditions, and a commitment to empowering and collaborating with community members.

An inpatient, in medical terms, refers to a person who has been admitted to a hospital or other healthcare facility for the purpose of receiving medical treatment and who is expected to remain there for at least one night. Inpatients are typically cared for by a team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and therapists, and may receive various treatments, such as medications, surgeries, or rehabilitation services.

Inpatient care is generally recommended for patients who require close monitoring, frequent assessments, or intensive medical interventions that cannot be provided in an outpatient setting. The length of stay for inpatients can vary widely depending on the nature and severity of their condition, as well as their individual treatment plan.

Child mortality refers to the death of children under a specific age, typically under 5 years old. It is usually expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in a given population during a specified period. High child mortality rates are often indicative of underlying issues related to health care access, nutrition, sanitation, and socioeconomic factors. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals set a target to reduce under-five child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015, and this goal has been continued in the Sustainable Development Goals with a new target of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age by 2030.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poverty" is not a medical condition or term. It is a social condition defined by the World Bank as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," and measured through indicators such as income, consumption, and access to basic services. Poverty can have significant impacts on health outcomes and healthcare access, but it is not considered a medical diagnosis. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try my best to help answer them!

Fast food is a type of food that is prepared and served quickly, often at a restaurant or food stand. Fast food dishes are typically simple, consisting of pre-cooked ingredients that are assembled and heated quickly, allowing for a short service time. Common examples of fast food include hamburgers, hot dogs, sandwiches, fried chicken, fries, and pizza.

Fast food has become popular due to its convenience, affordability, and widespread availability. However, it is often high in calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar, making it a contributor to obesity and other health problems when consumed regularly. Public health organizations recommend limiting the consumption of fast food and opting for healthier options whenever possible.

I'm not sure what you're looking for with the term "Medical definition of 'El Salvador'" as El Salvador is a country and not a medical term. However, I can provide some general information about El Salvador and its healthcare system.

El Salvador is a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, Honduras to the north, and Nicaragua to the east. It has a population of approximately 6.5 million people. The official language is Spanish.

The healthcare system in El Salvador is composed of both public and private sectors. The Ministry of Health oversees the public sector, which includes hospitals, health centers, and clinics that provide free or low-cost services to the population. However, due to limited resources and infrastructure, many people seek care in the private sector, which can be expensive and often requires out-of-pocket payments.

El Salvador faces several challenges in its healthcare system, including high rates of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well as noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Access to healthcare services can also be limited, particularly in rural areas. The country has made efforts to improve its healthcare system, including the implementation of health reforms aimed at increasing access to care and improving the quality of services.

I hope this information is helpful! If you have any specific questions about El Salvador or its healthcare system, please let me know.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

Intestinal diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the function or structure of the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or both. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. They can be caused by infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, or other factors. Some examples of intestinal diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal infections. The specific medical definition may vary depending on the context and the specific condition being referred to.

Feeding methods refer to the various ways that infants and young children receive nutrition. The most common feeding methods are breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, although some infants may require more specialized feeding methods due to medical conditions or developmental delays.

Breastfeeding is the act of providing human milk to an infant directly from the breast. It is the natural and normal way for infants to receive nutrition and has numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby, including improved immunity, reduced risk of infections, and enhanced bonding between parent and child.

Bottle-feeding involves providing an infant with expressed human milk or formula in a bottle with a rubber nipple. This method can be useful for mothers who are unable to breastfeed due to medical reasons, work commitments, or personal preference. However, it is important to ensure that the bottle and nipple are properly sterilized and that the infant is held in an upright position during feeding to reduce the risk of ear infections and other complications.

For infants who have difficulty breastfeeding or bottle-feeding due to medical conditions such as cleft lip or palate, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or neurological impairments, specialized feeding methods may be necessary. These may include the use of specially designed bottles, nipples, or feeding tubes that deliver nutrition directly to the stomach or small intestine.

In all cases, it is important to ensure that infants and young children receive adequate nutrition for healthy growth and development. Parents should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate feeding method for their child based on their individual needs and circumstances.

Energy metabolism is the process by which living organisms produce and consume energy to maintain life. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert nutrients from food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The process of energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of nutrients to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.

There are three main stages of energy metabolism: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria and involves the further breakdown of pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of energy metabolism and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and other electron carriers to oxygen, which generates a proton gradient across the membrane. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, producing the majority of the cell's energy.

Overall, energy metabolism is a complex and essential process that allows organisms to grow, reproduce, and maintain their bodily functions. Disruptions in energy metabolism can lead to various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.

Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.

Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Nutritional Sciences is a field of study that deals with the scientific examination and understanding of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease. It encompasses various disciplines including biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, epidemiology, and clinical nutrition.

The field covers several key areas such as:

1. Nutrient metabolism: This involves studying how nutrients are digested, absorbed, transported, stored, and utilized in the body for energy production, growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2. Diet and disease prevention: Nutritional sciences investigate the role of diet in preventing or managing various health conditions like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
3. Functional foods and nutraceuticals: This area focuses on studying the potential health benefits of specific foods or food components beyond their basic nutritional value, including functional foods (foods that have demonstrated health benefits) and nutraceuticals (nutrient-rich supplements derived from food sources).
4. Public health nutrition: Nutritional sciences also address population-wide nutrition issues, such as malnutrition, food insecurity, and the development of public policies related to food and health.
5. Clinical nutrition: This subfield applies nutritional principles and research findings to patient care, focusing on developing individualized dietary plans for patients with various medical conditions.

Overall, Nutritional Sciences aims to provide a solid scientific foundation for making informed dietary choices and promoting optimal health outcomes across populations and individuals.

Medical Definition of Vitamin A:

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is also an antioxidant that helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin A can be found in two main forms: preformed vitamin A, which is found in animal products such as dairy, fish, and meat, particularly liver; and provitamin A carotenoids, which are found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, and vegetable oils.

The most active form of vitamin A is retinoic acid, which plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections. Chronic vitamin A toxicity can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, coma, and even death.

I am not a doctor, but I can provide you with some information about "thymic factor, circulating" that I found in scientific and medical sources. However, please consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for more detailed and accurate information.

The thymus is an essential primary lymphoid organ of the immune system where T cells (T lymphocytes) mature. Thymic factors are hormones secreted by the thymus that play a crucial role in the development, differentiation, and functioning of T cells. One such thymic factor is thymosin, which has several subtypes, including thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) and thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).

Circulating thymic factors refer to these hormones that can be found in the bloodstream. They help regulate immune responses by promoting T cell maturation and differentiation, enhancing their functions, and maintaining immune homeostasis. Thymosin alpha-1 is a well-studied thymic factor with potential therapeutic applications due to its immunomodulatory properties.

Keep in mind that this explanation might not be comprehensive or fully up-to-date, so I encourage you to consult medical literature and professionals for more detailed information.

Food deprivation is not a medical term per se, but it is used in the field of nutrition and psychology. It generally refers to the deliberate withholding of food for a prolonged period, leading to a state of undernutrition or malnutrition. This can occur due to various reasons such as famine, starvation, anorexia nervosa, or as a result of certain medical treatments or conditions. Prolonged food deprivation can have serious consequences on physical health, including weight loss, muscle wasting, organ damage, and decreased immune function, as well as psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Somalia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Horn of Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:

"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)

Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Angola." Angola is a country located in Southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Angola. It does not have any specific relevance to medical terminology or healthcare. If you have more context or information about why you are looking for a medical definition of Angola, I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Asthenia is a medical term that refers to a condition of unusual physical weakness or exhaustion that is not relieved by rest. It can be a symptom of various underlying health issues, such as infections, neurological disorders, endocrine diseases, and mental health conditions. Asthenia should not be confused with general fatigue or tiredness, as it is more severe, persistent, and debilitating.

The term "asthenia" comes from the Greek words "a" (without) and "sthenos" (strength), which together mean "without strength." In medical contexts, asthenia is often used to describe a significant decrease in muscle strength or energy levels that interferes with daily activities and reduces the overall quality of life.

Asthenia can manifest as a general feeling of weakness, fatigue, lethargy, or lack of stamina. In some cases, it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, headaches, irritability, and depression. Depending on the underlying cause, asthenia may be treated with various interventions, including medication, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or counseling.

Intestinal absorption refers to the process by which the small intestine absorbs water, nutrients, and electrolytes from food into the bloodstream. This is a critical part of the digestive process, allowing the body to utilize the nutrients it needs and eliminate waste products. The inner wall of the small intestine contains tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the capillaries in these villi, and then transported to other parts of the body for use or storage.

In medical terms, "hunger" is not specifically defined as a clinical condition. However, it generally refers to the physiological need or desire for food and calories, driven by mechanisms in the brain and body that regulate energy balance. This sensation often arises when the body's energy stores are depleted, or when there has been a prolonged period without food intake.

Hunger is primarily mediated by hormones such as ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, and leptin, which signals satiety. The hypothalamus in the brain plays a crucial role in integrating these hormonal signals to regulate hunger and energy balance. Additionally, other factors like sleep deprivation, stress, and certain medical conditions can also influence feelings of hunger.

Morbidity, in medical terms, refers to the state or condition of being diseased or unhealthy. It is used to describe the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or health condition within a population, or the presence of multiple diseases or health conditions in an individual. Morbidity can also refer to the complications or symptoms associated with a disease or injury. In clinical settings, morbidity may be used to assess a patient's overall health status and their response to treatment.

Methylhistidines are not a medical condition or disease, but rather refer to a group of biochemical compounds that are derived from the amino acid histidine. Specifically, methylhistidines are formed when histidine undergoes methylation, which is the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to the histidine molecule.

There are three main types of methylhistidines that are commonly studied: 1-methylhistidine, 2-methylhistidine, and 3-methylhistidine. These compounds can be found in various tissues and fluids throughout the body, including muscles, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

In the medical field, methylhistidines are often used as markers of muscle breakdown and turnover. For example, increased levels of 1-methylhistidine in the urine have been associated with muscle wasting and other conditions that cause muscle damage or degeneration, such as muscular dystrophy and kidney disease. Similarly, elevated levels of 3-methylhistidine have been observed in patients with certain neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Overall, while methylhistidines are not a medical condition themselves, they can provide valuable insights into various physiological processes and disease states.

A geriatric assessment is a comprehensive, multidimensional evaluation of an older adult's functional ability, mental health, social support, and overall health status. It is used to identify any medical, psychological, or social problems that could affect the person's ability to live independently and safely, and to develop an individualized plan of care to address those issues.

The assessment typically includes a review of the person's medical history, medications, cognitive function, mobility, sensory function, nutrition, continence, and mood. It may also include assessments of the person's social support network, living situation, and financial resources. The goal of the geriatric assessment is to help older adults maintain their independence and quality of life for as long as possible by addressing any issues that could put them at risk for disability or institutionalization.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small quantities for the normal growth, development, and maintenance of life in humans. They are required for various biochemical functions in the body such as energy production, blood clotting, immune function, and making DNA.

Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), vitamins do not provide energy but they play a crucial role in energy metabolism. Humans require 13 essential vitamins, which can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver, and can stay in the body for a longer period of time. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly through diet or supplementation.

Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various health problems, while excessive intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins can also be harmful due to toxicity. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that provides all the essential vitamins in adequate amounts.

"Religious hospitals" are healthcare institutions that are affiliated with or managed by a religious organization. These hospitals often incorporate their religious values and beliefs into the care they provide, which may influence their policies, practices, and ethical guidelines. They may also serve specific communities and offer spiritual support to patients and their families. It's important to note that while these hospitals have a religious affiliation, they are still held to the same standards of care as other healthcare institutions and must comply with relevant laws and regulations.

Taste disorders, also known as dysgeusia, refer to conditions that affect a person's ability to taste or distinguish between different tastes. These tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Taste disorders can result from damage to the taste buds, nerves that transmit taste signals to the brain, or areas of the brain responsible for processing taste information.

Taste disorders can manifest in several ways, including:

1. Hypogeusia: Reduced ability to taste
2. Ageusia: Complete loss of taste
3. Dysgeusia: Distorted or altered taste perception
4. Phantogeusia: Tasting something that is not present
5. Parageusia: Unpleasant or metallic tastes in the mouth

Taste disorders can be caused by various factors, including damage to the tongue or other areas of the mouth, certain medications, infections, exposure to chemicals or radiation, and neurological conditions such as Bell's palsy or multiple sclerosis. In some cases, taste disorders may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Treatment for taste disorders depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the disorder, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, treating the underlying medical condition may resolve the taste disorder. If the cause cannot be identified or treated, various therapies and strategies can be used to manage the symptoms of taste disorders.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South America, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and beautiful landscapes. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions that arise in childhood and are characterized by significant impairments in cognitive functioning, physical development, or both. These disabilities can affect various areas of an individual's life, including their ability to learn, communicate, socialize, and take care of themselves.

Examples of developmental disabilities include intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These conditions are typically diagnosed in childhood and can persist throughout an individual's life.

The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and can include genetic factors, environmental influences, and complications during pregnancy or childbirth. In some cases, the exact cause may be unknown.

It is important to note that individuals with developmental disabilities have unique strengths and abilities, as well as challenges. With appropriate support and services, they can lead fulfilling lives and participate actively in their communities.

A medical definition of 'food' would be:

"Substances consumed by living organisms, usually in the form of meals, which contain necessary nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These substances are broken down during digestion to provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions."

It's important to note that while this is a medical definition, it also aligns with common understanding of what food is.

Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by irreversible scarring (fibrosis) and damage to the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol over an extended period. The liver's normal structure and function are progressively impaired as healthy liver tissue is replaced by scarred tissue, leading to the formation of nodules (regenerative noduli).

The condition typically develops after years of heavy drinking, with a higher risk for those who consume more than 60 grams of pure alcohol daily. The damage caused by alcoholic liver cirrhosis can be life-threatening and may result in complications such as:

1. Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
2. Encephalopathy (neurological dysfunction due to liver failure)
3. Esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus that can rupture and bleed)
4. Hepatorenal syndrome (kidney failure caused by liver disease)
5. Increased susceptibility to infections
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Portal hypertension (increased blood pressure in the portal vein that supplies blood to the liver)

Abstaining from alcohol and managing underlying medical conditions are crucial for slowing down or halting disease progression. Treatment may involve medications, dietary changes, and supportive care to address complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant might be necessary.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Giardiasis is a digestive infection caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis. The parasite is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.

The infection typically occurs after ingesting contaminated water, food, or surfaces that have been exposed to fecal matter containing the cyst form of the parasite. Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and greasy stools that may float due to excess fat.

In some cases, giardiasis can lead to lactose intolerance and malabsorption of nutrients, resulting in weight loss and vitamin deficiencies. The infection is usually diagnosed through a stool sample test and treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated water and food, and washing hands regularly.

"Relief work" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, relief work often refers to the provision of assistance and support to communities or individuals affected by various forms of distress such as natural disasters, conflicts, poverty, or epidemics. This assistance can include providing basic needs like food, water, shelter, healthcare services, and psychological support to help alleviate suffering and promote recovery.

In the medical field, healthcare professionals may engage in relief work during humanitarian crises or emergencies by providing essential health services, treating injuries and illnesses, and helping to prevent the spread of diseases. Relief work can also involve collaborating with other organizations and government agencies to coordinate a comprehensive response to the crisis and ensure that those affected receive the necessary support.

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are illnesses that can be transmitted from one person to another through various modes of transmission. These modes include:

1. Direct contact: This occurs when an individual comes into physical contact with an infected person, such as touching or shaking hands, or having sexual contact.
2. Indirect contact: This happens when an individual comes into contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, like doorknobs, towels, or utensils.
3. Airborne transmission: Infectious agents can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, releasing droplets containing the pathogen into the environment. These droplets can then be inhaled by nearby individuals.
4. Droplet transmission: Similar to airborne transmission, but involving larger respiratory droplets that don't remain suspended in the air for long periods and typically travel shorter distances (usually less than 6 feet).
5. Vector-borne transmission: This occurs when an infected animal or insect, such as a mosquito or tick, transmits the disease to a human through a bite or other means.

Examples of communicable diseases include COVID-19, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis B, and malaria. Preventive measures for communicable diseases often involve public health initiatives like vaccination programs, hygiene promotion, and vector control strategies.

HIV Wasting Syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness, which are associated with progressive HIV infection or AIDS. It is defined as the unintentional loss of more than 10% of body weight along with diarrhea or fever that lasts for more than 30 days, despite appropriate interventions. This condition can be caused by various factors including opportunistic infections, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and hormonal imbalances. It is an indicator of poor prognosis and increased mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS.

Appetite is the desire to eat or drink something, which is often driven by feelings of hunger or thirst. It is a complex process that involves both physiological and psychological factors. Physiologically, appetite is influenced by the body's need for energy and nutrients, as well as various hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger and satiety signals in the brain. Psychologically, appetite can be affected by emotions, mood, stress levels, and social factors such as the sight or smell of food.

In medical terms, a loss of appetite is often referred to as anorexia, which can be caused by various factors such as illness, medication, infection, or psychological conditions like depression. On the other hand, an excessive or abnormal appetite is known as polyphagia and can be a symptom of certain medical conditions such as diabetes or hyperthyroidism.

It's important to note that while "anorexia" is a medical term used to describe loss of appetite, it should not be confused with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, which is a serious mental health condition characterized by restrictive eating, distorted body image, and fear of gaining weight.

Caloric restriction refers to a dietary regimen that involves reducing the total calorie intake while still maintaining adequate nutrition and micronutrient intake. This is often achieved by limiting the consumption of high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods and increasing the intake of nutrient-dense, low-calorie foods such as fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.

Caloric restriction has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including increased lifespan, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, and decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. It is important to note that caloric restriction should not be confused with starvation or malnutrition, which can have negative effects on health. Instead, it involves a careful balance of reducing calorie intake while still ensuring adequate nutrition and energy needs are met.

It is recommended that individuals who are considering caloric restriction consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to ensure that they are following a safe and effective plan that meets their individual nutritional needs.

Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make choices on allocating resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. It primarily focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

In healthcare, economics is often referred to as "health economics," which applies economic theory and methods to analyze health care markets, evaluate alternative health policies, and optimize resource allocation in the healthcare sector. Health economists study issues such as the cost-effectiveness of medical treatments, the impact of health insurance on access to care, and the efficiency of different healthcare delivery systems.

Understanding economics is crucial for making informed decisions about healthcare policy, resource allocation, and patient care. By analyzing data and applying economic principles, healthcare professionals can help ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively to improve health outcomes and reduce costs.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gambia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, officially known as the Republic of The Gambia. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Cardiovascular deconditioning is a condition that results from a decrease in the body's ability to adapt to physical stress due to a lack of regular physical activity and exercise. This leads to changes in the cardiovascular system, including reduced blood volume, stroke volume, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), as well as increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise.

Physical deconditioning can occur in individuals who are bedridden, sedentary, or have undergone prolonged periods of inactivity due to illness, injury, or other factors. It is also a concern for astronauts who experience reduced physical activity and muscle atrophy during spaceflight.

Cardiovascular deconditioning can lead to decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, shortness of breath, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Regular exercise and physical activity are essential for maintaining cardiovascular fitness and preventing deconditioning.

Edible plants are those that can be safely consumed by humans and other animals as a source of nutrition. They have various parts (such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots, stems, and leaves) that can be used for food after being harvested and prepared properly. Some edible plants have been cultivated and domesticated for agricultural purposes, while others are gathered from the wild. It is important to note that not all plants are safe to eat, and some may even be toxic or deadly if consumed. Proper identification and knowledge of preparation methods are crucial before consuming any plant material.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Malnutrition. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malnutrition. Malnutrition at Curlie ... Food Security Phase Classification Malnutrition in India Malnutrition in South Africa Malnutrition in Peru Malnutrition in ... Malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. Malnutrition is increasing in children under the age of five due ... Malnutrition, as of 2010, was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years. Mortality due to malnutrition accounted ...
v t e (Use dmy dates from July 2019, Malnutrition in India, Kerala society, Economy of Kerala, Health in Kerala, All stub ... The severity of hunger and malnutrition in Kerala is the lowest in India, according to the India State Hunger Index published ... this figure is the lowest among Indian states Malnutrition in India "India State Hunger Index: Comparisons of hunger across ...
... is covered by multiple articles: Undernutrition in children Childhood obesity This disambiguation page ... lists articles associated with the title Malnutrition in children. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the ...
Childhood malnutrition is generally thought of as being limited to developing countries, but although most malnutrition occurs ... Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, "Zero hunger", with a malnutrition target alongside ... Malnutrition and undernourishment are cumulative or average situations, and not the work of a single day's food intake (or lack ... The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa. In the ...
... : shame on humanity India: Malnutrition Report World Bank Child Malnutrition In India Report Addressing ... One of the major causes for malnutrition in India is economic inequality. Due to the low economic status of some parts of the ... According to a report, 68% of deaths in children under 5 years of age, in India, is due to malnutrition. An IIT Delhi study ... It is reported by Save the Children that this is mainly due to malnutrition in the children. Poor nutrition within the first ...
Malnutrition is the cause of stunted growth in over 28 million children in sub-Saharan Africa. Malnutrition is referred to as ... "Malnutrition". Retrieved 3 July 2022. Igbinadolor, Nosa. "Inside Nigeria's malnutrition plague". Business Day. Retrieved 3 July ... Malnutrition in Nigeria, directly or indirectly, is the cause of 45 percent of all death of under-five children. ... Nigeria, with the biggest economy in Africa is yet to make a breakthrough in the malnutrition problem facing millions of its ...
"Glossary: Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM)". Complex Emergency Database. Retrieved 2011-08-08. "Acute Malnutrition Summary Sheet ... Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) is a measurement of the nutritional status of a population that is often used in protracted ... "Global Acute Malnutrition Prevalence (Z-score NCHS reference) - DRC" (PDF). ReliefWeb. April 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08. " ... The World Health Organization describes Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) as GAM in the 79% - 70% range, and Severe Acute ...
Malnutrition is an important health concern in Tibet. According to a study conducted in 1994/1995 in eleven districts of Tibet ... Their data indicated that the children's shortness was a result of nutritional deficiencies - chronic malnutrition during the ... Health in China Cesar Chelala (July 28, 2001). "Malnutrition plagues Tibet's children". Japan Times. Retrieved May 14, 2012. ... malnutrition affected more than half of the children from 1-7 years old. The major cause was poverty. ...
Epidemiology of malnutrition Malnutrition "Hunger Glossary". World Food Programme. Archived from the original on 30 January ... Despite the number of government aid groups targeting malnutrition and food accessibility, rates of chronic malnutrition did ... Malnutrition is commonly used in reference to undernourishment, or a condition in which an individual's diet does not include ... Major causes of malnutrition in Peru include food insecurity, diet, poverty, and agricultural productivity, with a combination ...
Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have ... Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is ... malnutrition stresses and diminishes immune function. In other words, malnutrition tends to cause (mild or moderate) ... malnutrition#151 Muscaritoli, Maurizio; Molfino, Alessio; Bollea, Maria Rosa; Fanelli, Filippo Rossi (2009). "Malnutrition and ...
... (syndrome) (MICS), also known as malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome, is a common ... where it is also known as uremic malnutrition or protein-energy malnutrition) and chronic heart failure. The MICS is believed ... Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar; Ikizler, T.Alp; Block, Gladys; Avram, Morrel M.; Kopple, Joel D. (November 2003). "Malnutrition- ...
"Malnutrition bites in desperate Zimbabwe." articles.cnn.com. CNN, 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. Turner, Paul. "Our Human ... "Malnutrition Figures Up- Survey." allAfrica. N.p., 10 June 2010. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. Mutseyekwa, Tapuwa, and Tsitsi Singizi. " ... "Zimbabwe child malnutrition rises." news.bbc.co.uk. BBC, 27 Dec. 2008. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. (Articles needing additional ... "Treating malnutrition as Zimbabwe grapples with raging inflation." unicef.org. UNICEF, 28 Oct. 2008. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Sollom ...
... is a term coined by Professor Vincent Marks, author of the book Panic Nation, to describe the supposed ... Look up muesli belt malnutrition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ... ISBN 978-1-55670-662-2. Professor Vincent Marks at the University of Surrey coined the phrase "muesli-belt malnutrition," an ... 245-. ISBN 978-0-470-85792-2. "No evidence of 'muesli-belt malnutrition' in British Toddlers" (Press release). Bristol ...
Malnutrition can cause several different health problems, such as pellagra. The specific consequences of malnutrition vary ... South Africa's problem of malnutrition is unique to other countries' malnutrition problems because South Africa is a primarily ... The article Agreement on Defining Malnutrition defines malnutrition as affecting individuals whom "food and nutrient intake is ... "Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition."World Health Organization, cited in "South Africa-Malnutrition Prevalence." ...
In rich countries, therefore, obesity is often a sign of poverty and malnutrition while in poorer countries obesity is more ... List of types of malnutrition or list of nutritional disorders include diseases that results from excessive or inadequate ... Protein malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Calcium Osteoporosis Rickets Tetany Iodine deficiency Goiter Selenium deficiency ...
Elimination of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV Infection: The Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS and Malnutrition Model ... DREAM (short for "Drug Resources Enhancement against Aids and Malnutrition", formerly "Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS ...
Hunger and malnutrition have now been identified as the cause of more deaths worldwide than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis ... Hunger and malnutrition have been of growing concern throughout the international community, despite a number of intervention ... The Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition affirmed that it is a fundamental human right to be ... The prevalence of hunger and malnutrition is an issue that has long been of international concern. Although it has been ...
Malnutrition. This is caused by an inadequate food supply, an eating disorder, or an underlying condition or treatment that ... "That can be reversed just by removing them from the stressful environment." Chronic illnesses, malnutrition, endocrine, ... malnutrition, disease of a major organ system, mistreatment, treatment with certain drugs, chromosomal deletions. Human growth ...
... malnutrition; and lack of medical supplies. There was also evidence of forced "disappearances" of targeted individuals from the ...
Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For ... Malnutrition is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the ... "Malnutrition". International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). Retrieved 1 October 2022. "In Search ...
... malnutrition [..], cognitive impairment [..], and extra-intestinal manifestations (such as food allergy, urticaria, reactive ...
Maternal and child health in Tanzania Human nutrition Malnutrition Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Malnutrition in South Africa Global ... "WHO , Malnutrition". www.who.int. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-02. "Community-based food and ... F75 and F100 are types of therapeutic milk that is used in inpatient management of severe acute malnutrition. They differ in ... Ready to use therapeutic foods (RTUF) are semi-solid foods for outpatient management of malnutrition. These may be used as part ...
While the most common nutritional disorders in humans concern excessive intake of calories, malnutrition remains a problem. For ... Kent C. Berridge (2001). "malnutrition". In Philip Winn (ed.). Dictionary of Biological Psychology. CRC Press. pp. 957-958. ... aversions to or preferences for certain foods as they become associated with experiences of malnutrition and illness. If a food ...
... in several states reported their belief that malnutrition and/or weak colonies was the factor responsible for their bees dying ... malnutrition; genetic factors; immunodeficiencies; loss of habitat; changing beekeeping practices; or a combination of factors ... malnutrition, poor quality queens, starvation, other pathogens, and immunodeficiencies. The current scientific consensus is ...
... malnutrition; foreign occupation; armed conflict; illicit drug problems; organized crime; corruption; natural disasters; ...
From 1980 to 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) measured females malnutrition based on body mass index (BMI). BMI is ... From 1977 to 2000, children malnutrition for those aged five and younger had moments of improvement and backtrack. The ... "Malnutrition". healthhub.sg. Retrieved 26 November 2018. "Nutrition Landscape Information System: Nutrition Landscape ...
... malnutrition; various pathogens; genetic factors; immunodeficiencies; loss of habitat; changing beekeeping practices; or a ...
"Toronto doctor fights malnutrition - with tiny packets of powder , CBC News". "Stanley Zlotkin ; Ashoka - Innovators for the ... "Malnutrition? Just add powder developed by this Toronto doctor , CBC News". (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Malnutrition Deeply, April 4, 2018 "AMA - About the American Medical Association (AMA) Awards Program". Ama-assn.org. Retrieved ... Meguid, Michael (April 4, 2018). "Malnourished Patients Fall Through the Cracks in America's Hospitals". Malnutrition Deeply. ...
Ahmed T, Rahman S, Cravioto A (2009). "Oedematous malnutrition". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 130 (5): 651-4. PMID ... Essential amino acid deficiency should be distinguished from protein-energy malnutrition, which can manifest as marasmus or ... lack of one or more of the essential amino acids is described as protein-energy malnutrition. Biological Value (BV) Essential ...
Malnutrition is the condition that occurs when your body does not get enough nutrients. ... Malnutrition is the condition that occurs when your body does not get enough nutrients. ... The outlook depends on the cause of the malnutrition. Most nutritional deficiencies can be corrected. However, if malnutrition ... Sometimes malnutrition is very mild and causes no symptoms. Other times it can be so severe that the damage it does to the body ...
Wikiquote has quotations related to Malnutrition. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malnutrition. Malnutrition at Curlie ... Food Security Phase Classification Malnutrition in India Malnutrition in South Africa Malnutrition in Peru Malnutrition in ... Malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. Malnutrition is increasing in children under the age of five due ... Malnutrition, as of 2010, was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years. Mortality due to malnutrition accounted ...
Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and ... Fewer than 1% of all children in the United States have chronic malnutrition. Incidence of malnutrition is less than 10%, even ... encoded search term (Malnutrition) and Malnutrition What to Read Next on Medscape ... The new schema for defining malnutrition incorporates the concepts of chronicity, etiology, and pathogenesis of malnutrition; ...
Science News was founded in 1921 as an independent, nonprofit source of accurate information on the latest news of science, medicine and technology. Today, our mission remains the same: to empower people to evaluate the news and the world around them. It is published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education (EIN 53-0196483).. ...
... Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Jul:32 Suppl 1:I31-7. doi: 10.1007/s003910050178. ...
Risk Factors of Malnutrition. Impoverished children show risk factors of malnutrition.. What is malnutrition?. Malnutrition is ... Malnutrition can manifest over decades. Communities living in extreme poverty can pass the effects of malnutrition from ... Why is malnutrition a problem?. Malnutrition keeps children, parents and entire communities from reaching their full potential ... Malnutrition statistics show that an estimated 1 million children living in extreme poverty die from severe acute malnutrition ...
Malnutrition. Abnormal physiological condition caused by insufficient, unbalanced or excessive consumption of macronutrients ( ...
A healthy nutritional intake is required to prevent malnutrition. Furthermore, nutrition is associated with improved quality of ... Besora-Moreno M, Llauradó E, Tarro L, Solà R (2020) Social and economic factors and malnutrition or the risk of malnutrition in ... If the treatment of older adults with or at risk of malnutrition is individualised to identified determinants of malnutrition, ... 2 Impact of Malnutrition on Older Adults, Healthcare Systems and the Community. Malnutrition has major consequences on every ...
Follow the latest news and comprehensive coverage on malnutrition at CNA ... Malnutrition and diabetes: Lack of proper nutrition in India causing two-pronged problem 15/11/2022 ... Indonesia moves to tackle issues of food waste and malnutrition among some children 13/09/2022 ...
HIV and malnutrition. There is a growing recognition that HIV and malnutrition interact in complex ways that heighten ... Malnutrition and food security are also risk factors for HIV infection. In addition to decreased immunity, there is an increase ... Underlying malnutrition is a major contributor to death from an illness, particularly for children under 5. Recent data ... Effects of malnutrition on safety and success of ARVs still unknown, says US expert ...
When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. ...
Ireland is to make a large contribution to a UN fund to combat malnutrition among children. ... Malnutrition is the cause of one in five deaths among children under the age of five in the developing world. ... Ireland donates €50m to UNICEF to tackle malnutrition - a fifth of UN target Updated / Thursday, 22 Sep 2022 07:05 ... Malnutrition is the cause of one in five deaths among children under the age of five. ...
UNICEF works on scaling up early detection and treatment for child malnutrition through the provision Ready-to-Use Therapeutic ... Battling Acute Malnutrition in Yemen UNICEF Continues its Efforts to Combat Acute Malnutrition in Yemen ... 20 per cent of children are suffering from severe acute malnutrition while 40 per cent have moderate acute malnutrition. "Most ... Malnutrition in Yemen is one of the first causes of child mortality with approximately 2.2 million children under the age of ...
... today made a joint appeal for more food aid and funds for some 155,000 Western Saharan refugees facing malnutrition in camps ... Western Saharan refugees face malnutrition, warn aid agencies More than 35 percent of the children in camps along Algerias ... "Thirty-five percent of the children suffer chronic malnutrition, and 13 percent of the children are acutely malnourished, ... today made a joint appeal for more food aid and funds for some 155,000 Western Saharan refugees facing malnutrition in camps ...
Learners will describe how hunger and malnutrition are related, but not the same problems. They will recognize hunger as a ... Ask the learners to explain the difference between hunger and malnutrition. Malnutrition means a persons body lacks the ... People suffer from hunger because they dont get enough food, and hunger can lead to malnutrition over the long term. ... describe the difference between hunger and malnutrition.. *identify how the four sectors of society work together to diminish ...
PRE-ECLAMPSIA:A DISEASE OF MALNUTRITION. What Doctors Dont Tell You9 min read ...
Acute malnutrition, by weight-for-height, children aged 0-59 mos. Crude mortality§ Under-five mortality¶ ... The prevalence of global acute malnutrition did not exceed the WHO emergency threshold of 15% in either survey (5); prevalence ... Acute Malnutrition Among Children, Mortality, and Humanitarian Interventions in Conflict-Affected Regions - Nigeria, October ... Acute Malnutrition Among Children, Mortality, and Humanitarian Interventions in Conflict-Affected Regions - Nigeria, October ...
Early malnutrition was certainly a part of existence for many pre-historic human societies, and remains a fact of life for ... Malnutrition now, arthritis later?. Gene ExpressionBy Razib KhanJul 7, 2010 11:03 AM ... Of Moose and Men: 50-Year Study Into Moose Arthritis Reveals Link With Early Malnutrition: ... We have shown how malnutrition early in life increased the risk of OA later in life, but this also applies to humans as much as ...
It is also important to bear in mind that the SDG 2 calls for the eradication of all forms of malnutrition. And this is for a ... eradicating hunger and all forms of malnutrition and promote sustainable agriculture). ...
Malnutrition Deeply: Nutrition Community Leaving Adolescent Girls Behind ... Malnutrition Deeply: Nutrition Community Leaving Adolescent Girls Behind. "Marie T. Ruel, the director of the poverty, health ... The success in saving newborns and infants from malnutrition in the 1,000 Days campaign has created new challenges, including ... Malnutrition Deeply Interviews Expert On Nutrition Challenges Among Adolescent Girls. Feb 20, 2018 ...
... that focuses on the use of nuclear techniques to assess the body composition of children previously affected by malnutrition ... IAEA Organizes Second Coordination Meeting to Combat Malnutrition in Africa. ×. If you would like to learn more about the ... According to the recently released UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates - 2018 edition, 39% of all African ... Opening the meeting, Shaukat Abdulrazak, Director of the Division for Africa, stressed the unfavourable malnutrition conditions ...
Stunting: The Cruel Curse of Malnutrition in Nepal. By Mallika Aryal Reprint , , Print , ,En español ... MSNPs long-term vision is to work towards significantly reducing malnutrition so it is no longer an impending factor towards ... The World Bank has estimated that malnutrition can cause productivity losses of as much as 10 percent of lifetime earnings ... which recognises multiple causes of malnutrition and recommends that partners work across sectors to achieve nutritional goals. ...
Malnutrition in El Salvador. According to UNICEF El Salvador, malnutrition remains a major public health problem, despite an ... She has anemia and malnutrition, which have prevented her from developing psychomotor skills and have caused her to have ... The boys came to the AmeriCares Family Clinic for chronic conditions of malnutrition and frequent episodes of bronchitis. Their ... The 2008 National Family Health Survey shows that more than 150,000 children under age five suffer from chronic malnutrition, ...
MALNUTRITION QUALITY MEASURES. Global Malnutrition Composite Score The Global Malnutrition Composite Score (GMCS) electronic ... Maternal Malnutrition: Nutrient Gaps and Solutions for Improved Outcomes *NEW! Podcast: Maternal Malnutrition: Nutrient Gaps ... Malnutrition Solution Center. ASPEN focuses on reducing the incidence of malnutrition by providing educational support and ... Pediatric Malnutrition and Enteral Nutrition Therapy *NEW! Podcast: Enteral Nutrition in Children with MalnutritionSupported by ...
Build Healthy, Sustainable Food Systems to Fight Malnutrition. By Jomo Kwame Sundaram Reprint , , Print , ... Malnutrition in all its forms is an intolerable burden, not only on national health systems, but on the entire cultural, social ... The health of more than half the worlds over seven billion people is compromised by malnutrition. Despite abundant food ... Many developing countries now face multiple burdens of malnutrition, with people living in the same communities-sometimes even ...
Addressing malnutrition in drought-affected Afar region of Ethiopia A mothers story of hope and determination to save her ... It is very common to have malnutrition cases in Assayta , Afar, where access to nutritious food is limited in the community. ... Ayishas journey began when her 7-month-old son, Mohammed, started to show signs of malnutrition. Mohammed lost weight and was ... weak when he was first admitted to Assayta Hospital, where the doctor diagnosed him with severe malnutrition. ...
Malnutrition is known to be... , Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate ... Malnutrition is common among hospitalized patients in the United States, and its coded prevalence is increasing. ... Without a Diagnosis of Malnutrition, United States, 2010.. Characteristic Malnutrition Diagnosis No Malnutrition Diagnosis P ... ciation between malnutrition and infection. It has been estab-. lished that malnutrition elevates infection risk, a ...
Hospital acquired malnutrition has significant physical health and cost burden impacts on health systems and patients ... 3 The Unseen US Health Crisis of Malnutrition. Abbott Nutrition.. 4 Blancato Bob, et. al.The Malnutrition Quality Collaborative ... Clinical Malnutrition May Be Hiding in Plain Sight. Hospital-acquired malnutrition is a debilitating and highly prevalent ... The Impact of Malnutrition. Often overlooked and underdiagnosed, clinical malnutrition may result in increased morbidities, ...
The malnutrition peak this year exceeded its usual levels in terms of both intensity and duration: we expected a decrease in ... Many, including the United Nations, have indicated that malnutrition is a major crisis at the moment in Afghanistan. What is ... Our indicators show that malnutrition is indeed a major issue. Id probably define it as a looming crisis that started well ... There are probably several reasons for the increase of malnutrition in the area, most likely indicative of the broader ...
  • 45% of patients who fall in the hospital are malnourished, and surgical patients with malnutrition have 3 times greater risk of developing post-operative complications and 4 times the risk of death compared to similar patients who are well nourished. (bbraunusa.com)
  • Eating a well-balanced diet helps to prevent most forms of malnutrition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The same can be applied to the fight against hunger in Africa.Collective action is fundamental to achieve the aim of the Malabo Declaration (end hunger by 2025), as well as thatof the Sustainable Development Goal number 2 (eradicating hunger and all forms of malnutrition and promote sustainable agriculture). (fao.org)
  • It is also important to bear in mind that the SDG 2 calls for the eradication of all forms of malnutrition. (fao.org)
  • KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, Mar 22 2016 (IPS) - Creating healthy and sustainable food systems is key to overcoming hunger and all forms of malnutrition (undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity) around the world. (ipsnews.net)
  • Creating strong and resilient food systems is the most practical, cost-efficient and sustainable way to address all forms of malnutrition. (ipsnews.net)
  • A top official said food insecurity is at the root of the problem of malnutrition, and the solution requires that everyone joins hands to reduce or eliminate all forms of malnutrition in the Kingdom. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • Chhay Ly called on all stakeholders to work together to reduce or eliminate all forms of malnutrition and other health conditions related to poor diets such as obesity and other non-communicable diseases like diabetes or heart disease. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • Children with chronic malnutrition may require caloric intakes of more than 120-150 kcal/kg/day to achieve appropriate weight gain. (medscape.com)
  • Onset and progression of acute or chronic diseases and a reduced dietary intake play a crucial role in developing malnutrition. (springer.com)
  • Thirty-five percent of the children suffer chronic malnutrition, and 13 percent of the children are acutely malnourished, leading to a high level of stunting among young children. (unhcr.org)
  • The boys came to the AmeriCares Family Clinic for chronic conditions of malnutrition and frequent episodes of bronchitis. (americares.org)
  • The 2008 National Family Health Survey shows that more than 150,000 children under age five suffer from chronic malnutrition, causing a delay in their growth, specifically in their height. (americares.org)
  • Benin, for example, committed to reduce chronic malnutrition from 43 percent to 30 percent by 2020. (rollcall.com)
  • For instance, malnutrition during early age decreases the educational achievement and labor productivity and raises the risk of chronic illnesses in later age [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We measure chronic malnutrition in so-called stunting, meaning that children are so chronically underfed that they are much shorter than their peers of the same age. (menafn.com)
  • Older adults are more likely to have chronic conditions that put them at risk for malnutrition. (agingresearch.org)
  • Support the integrated project to combat chronic malnutrition and dwarfism in South Kivu, linked to health education/empowerment of youth and women. (kbs-frb.be)
  • Ireland is to make a large contribution to a UN fund to combat malnutrition among children. (rte.ie)
  • The World Health Organization and The Lancet Commission have also identified "[t]he double burden of malnutrition," which occurs from "the coexistence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth and wasting). (wikipedia.org)
  • Long-term national monitoring and longitudinal cohort studies will be critical for understanding, preventing, and managing the double burden of malnutrition among children in Malaysia. (nih.gov)
  • As many as 65 percent of hospitalized older adults could face malnutrition. (agingresearch.org)
  • As a result, children who eat diets filled with tortillas and beans might be overweight and shows signs of malnutrition. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • Ayisha's journey began when her 7-month-old son, Mohammed, started to show signs of malnutrition. (unicef.org)
  • A group of mothers in northern Mali have developed an invaluable skill: the power and knowledge to screen and detect early signs of malnutrition. (internationalmedicalcorps.org)
  • Of these, more than half a million suffer from severe acute malnutrition and are struggling to survive. (unicef.org)
  • Ready-to-use therapeutic food has proven very effective in addressing severe acute malnutrition in children because it contains a specific balance of nutrients. (unicef.org)
  • The center receives around 45 cases every month, of which one to three children are suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). (unicef.org)
  • In Al-khatabiah, 20 per cent of children are suffering from severe acute malnutrition while 40 per cent have moderate acute malnutrition. (unicef.org)
  • Children who have severe acute malnutrition receive RUTF, and we follow up on them until they recover," Radwan explains. (unicef.org)
  • The project, which began in 2016, aims to improve national programmes in eight countries in Africa to treat children with moderate and severe acute malnutrition through the assessment of body composition and a range of health outcomes such as body weight, height, handgrip strength, lipid profile, blood pressure, markers of inflammatory processes and physical activity levels in the context of the nutrition transition. (iaea.org)
  • Objective: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. (scirp.org)
  • To tackle malnutrition in Mali, International Medical Corps implements community-based activities focusing on screening for moderate as well as severe acute malnutrition and, ultimately, preventing it. (internationalmedicalcorps.org)
  • Panama, Jun 3 (Prensa Latina) UNICEF's Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean Jean Gough on Wednesday assured that the number of under-fives with severe acute malnutrition in Haiti could double in 2021. (plenglish.com)
  • Children who suffer from malnutrition may have lifelong problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Both an overweight person and an underweight person can suffer from malnutrition. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • People suffer from hunger because they don't get enough food, and hunger can lead to malnutrition over the long term. (learningtogive.org)
  • According to UN data, more than half a million children under five suffer from acute malnutrition in southern Yemen. (asianews.it)
  • Malnutrition does not just happen to seniors who suffer from hunger, or who do not have access to healthy food. (agingresearch.org)
  • Studies show that children that are sick often suffer from malnutrition and their families have to spend 20 per cent of their income for treatments and this leads to an impact on the income of the family and the country as a whole," she said. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • ADRA's supplemental feeding and training program provides food for children like Halimu, who suffer from malnutrition. (adra.org)
  • A public health emergency was declared in northeastern Nigeria in June 2016, as rapid assessments conducted in areas newly liberated from Boko Haram control suggested rates of mortality and prevalence of acute malnutrition exceeded emergency levels. (cdc.gov)
  • A public health emergency was declared by the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health in northeastern Nigeria in June 2016 and escalated by the United Nations to a Level 3 Emergency in August 2016, after confirmation of wild poliovirus and measles outbreaks and evidence that prevalence of acute malnutrition exceeded emergency thresholds in areas newly liberated from Boko Haram control ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To monitor rates of mortality, acute malnutrition among children, infectious disease morbidity, and humanitarian interventions after the emergency declaration, a series of cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in fall 2016 and winter 2017 in the northeastern states of Borno and Yobe using a cluster methodology. (cdc.gov)
  • You may develop malnutrition if you lack a single vitamin in your diet. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The reasons why persons develop malnutrition are multifactorial (Chaps. (springer.com)
  • In addition, patients who undergo surgery or experience injury in the hospital are more likely to develop malnutrition. (bbraunusa.com)
  • A healthy nutritional intake is required to prevent malnutrition. (springer.com)
  • The aim of the chapter is to increase the nutritional-based knowledge of the interdisciplinary team to prevent malnutrition in all its forms. (springer.com)
  • Understand and apply opportunities to prevent malnutrition. (springer.com)
  • Fonterra Director NZMP Medical Nutrition Maarten van Beek says the research findings will help Fonterra develop innovative new food products that prevent malnutrition and support active and healthy ageing. (fonterra.com)
  • Malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malnutrition is increasing in children under the age of five due to providers who cannot afford or do not have access to adequate nutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), malnutrition can be classified as either being illness related (secondary to another disease or injury) non-illness related, (attributable to environmental/behavioral causes) or a combination of the two. (medscape.com)
  • adwan Haykal, the nutrition supervisor, also educates parents on the importance of children hygiene and urges them to bring their children for malnutrition screening even if they look healthy. (unicef.org)
  • Increase the budget allocated for nutrition to ensure continuation of anti- malnutrition activities according to the national strategy referred to in paragraph (1) above. (who.int)
  • Good nutrition is linked to good health and the attainment of maximum human capital: investing one dollar in addressing malnutrition results in a return of 16 dollars. (iaea.org)
  • Child health and nutrition experts argue that, while poverty is directly related to inadequate intake of food, it is not the sole indicator of malnutrition or increased stunting. (ipsnews.net)
  • Earlier this year, I visited Benin as part of the Scaling Up Nutrition movement, a country-led, global effort to eliminate malnutrition around the world. (rollcall.com)
  • Grameen Foundation India is conducting a webinar on "Managing Child Malnutrition - Building a Better Tomorrow" to find inspirational insights on emerging initiatives in child nutrition. (nextbillion.net)
  • The Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE) On-Demand Learning Modules provide foundational understanding of malnutrition and NFPE for registered dietitian nutritionists, educators, students and interns through the convenience of a series of self-paced recorded lessons. (eatrightpro.org)
  • The supplementary nutrition products will be distributed to communities as take-home rations, which are a proven solution in improving infant and young child feeding practices and prevention of malnutrition. (wfp.org)
  • Werner Schultink, chief of nutrition for UNICEF , presented a global overview of the unfinished work on malnutrition, saying that new analyses show that the international community may not be using the right measure to gauge its impact. (harvard.edu)
  • NZMP, Fonterra's dairy ingredients brand, formulates a range of specialised dairy nutrition solutions to help people to recover from malnutrition and for those who want to stay healthy and active as they age. (fonterra.com)
  • There are probably several reasons for the increase of malnutrition in the area, most likely indicative of the broader situation in Afghanistan: a lack of functioning health facilities in the area, the economic downturn (with an up to 30 percent inflation rate on food items), the lack of liquidity and closing of banks, and a drought that is expected to persist throughout 2021. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • The data we are releasing today confirms that acute malnutrition among children is hitting the highest levels we have seen since the war started," said Lise Grande, the UN's humanitarian coordinator for Yemen. (asianews.it)
  • Thanks to USAID/BHA, UNICEF is able to provide lifesaving assistance to children suffering from malnutrition in Yemen. (unicef.org)
  • According to the recently released UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates - 2018 edition, 39% of all African children under 5 years of age do not have the adequate height for their age and represent more than one third of the total global stunting burden. (iaea.org)
  • According to UNICEF El Salvador, malnutrition remains a major public health problem, despite an overall decrease to 5.5 percent. (americares.org)
  • According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the World Food Programme and UNICEF, a 15.5 per cent increase in severe malnutrition among children has left at least 98,000 of them at "high risk of dying" unless they receive urgent treatment. (asianews.it)
  • Malnutrition is a significant problem all over the world, especially among children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies on malnutrition have the population categorised into different groups including infants, under-five children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, adults and the elderly population. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to more than half of all deaths in children worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Most children with mild malnutrition respond to increased oral caloric intake and supplementation with vitamin, iron, and folate supplements. (medscape.com)
  • Impoverished children show risk factors of malnutrition. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • Animal protein is the most important food type to consume to reduce malnutrition in children. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • The administrator of America's development aid body USAID, Irish borne Samantha Power, said, "the majority of children facing severe malnutrition - nearly two thirds of children who need treatment - live in places not currently in crisis, places that don't normally receive humanitarian aid. (rte.ie)
  • Malnutrition in Yemen is one of the first causes of child mortality with approximately 2.2 million children under the age of five suffering from acute malnutrition. (unicef.org)
  • Most children in Yemeni villages are threatened by malnutrition and other diseases, and they often struggle to recover. (unicef.org)
  • I also bring my other children to this center for screenings and to get the necessary medications to avoid any malnutrition-related risks and complications. (unicef.org)
  • Without efforts to scale up multisectoral interventions targeted at reducing malnutrition and morbidity among children throughout accessible regions of northeast Nigeria, limited impact on mortality can be expected. (cdc.gov)
  • The success in saving newborns and infants from malnutrition in the 1,000 Days campaign has created new challenges, including how to continue to protect these young people as children and as they move into adolescence. (kff.org)
  • A second coordination meeting for a regional IAEA technical cooperation project [1] that focuses on the use of nuclear techniques to assess the body composition of children previously affected by malnutrition took place in Vienna from 28 May to 1 June. (iaea.org)
  • The primary aim of the webinar is to Generate sustainable ideas to reduce Malnutrition among Children Under 5 and their development at various levels (community, household). (nextbillion.net)
  • In this webinar, we will discuss the extensive work done in this field by development organizations and highlighting the best practices to reduce Malnutrition among Children. (nextbillion.net)
  • In this study, CIAF was used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 0-59 months in rural Ethiopia. (hindawi.com)
  • Logistic regression was fitted, to identify factors associated with malnutrition among children in rural Ethiopia, using STATA 13. (hindawi.com)
  • Under-five children are the most susceptible age group for malnutrition. (hindawi.com)
  • Malnutrition is the major cause of illness and death among under-five children in Ethiopia. (hindawi.com)
  • The rate of malnutrition among under-five children in the country is among the highest in the world and Sub-Saharan Africa. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, these studies used the conventional indicators of nutritional status to measure the prevalence of malnutrition in under-five children. (hindawi.com)
  • However, a number of studies pointed out that the use of conventional indicators provides only the categorization of children into the general categories of malnutrition and does not determine the overall prevalence of malnutrition associated with multiple failures. (hindawi.com)
  • Consequently, these indicators underestimate the prevalence of malnutrition due to the potential overlap of children into multiple categories of anthropometric failure [ 11 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, in this study we used a recently developed and relatively robust alternative indicator of malnutrition-the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among under-five children in rural Ethiopia. (hindawi.com)
  • Stunting decreases children's survival chances, with 2.7 million children globally dying each year from malnutrition. (menafn.com)
  • This video focusses on sourcing therapeutic and supplementary food that treats severe to moderate acute malnutrition in children in conflict stricken countries. (icrc.org)
  • Every day, children like Halimu are at risk of dying from malnutrition. (adra.org)
  • ADRA's supplementary feeding programs have saved more than 10,000 children like Halimu by placing them on eight-week rehabilitation courses to reverse their malnutrition. (adra.org)
  • Thanks to donations from around the world, ADRA has trained hundreds of health workers and community volunteers to identify children and mothers suffering from malnutrition, thereby saving countless lives. (adra.org)
  • Malnutrition affects nearly a quarter of the world's children and claims 1 million young lives every year. (unicefusa.org)
  • This strategy, which puts mothers and other caretakers of young children at the center of malnutrition screening, enables local communities to fight malnutrition where it can be first identified: the home. (internationalmedicalcorps.org)
  • Schultink also said that interventions should prioritize pregnant mothers and children up to age 2, because research shows that children during the first 1,000 days of life are most susceptible to long-term harm from malnutrition. (harvard.edu)
  • While undernutrition remains a widespread and severe problem there - 330,000 children were treated for life-threatening malnutrition during a recent drought in Niger - studies also show an increase in overweight people, occurring mainly among urban populations and in areas close to major cities. (harvard.edu)
  • The people working on 'Giving Children of Odisha A Healthy Start' , a six-month-long campaign with an objective well-embedded in its name, reached out to 131 villages in 17 panchayats across five districts in the state to identify the status of child malnutrition on the one hand, and build awareness among the people at large on the other. (org.in)
  • It also found that farmers and daily wage earners were more vulnerable to malnutrition, as 42 per cent and 43 per cent of children respectively were found underweight. (org.in)
  • This decreased immunization level caused an increased diphtheria cases and a greater risk of a measles outbreak, not to mention that these children are more vulnerable to suffering from or dying of acute malnutrition. (plenglish.com)
  • Children being treated for acute malnutrition in Ethiopia, in the greater Horn of Africa. (who.int)
  • In this study we aim to quantify the impacts of mining projects on access to water and sanitation infrastructure as well as diarrhea and malnutrition among children using data from 131 Demographic and Health Surveys from sub-Saharan Africa. (lu.se)
  • Here are resources to help clinicians detect, diagnose, prevent, and treat disease-related malnutrition. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Addressing Disease-Related Malnutrition in Hospitalized Patients: A Call for a National Goal. (bbraunusa.com)
  • Registered dietitian nutritionists have the opportunity and responsibility to be at the forefront of the prevention and treatment of malnutrition. (eatrightpro.org)
  • describe the difference between hunger and malnutrition. (learningtogive.org)
  • Ask the learners to explain the difference between hunger and malnutrition . (learningtogive.org)
  • Many developing countries now face multiple burdens of malnutrition, with people living in the same communities-sometimes even within the same households-suffering from hunger, micronutrient deficiencies and diet-related non-communicable diseases. (ipsnews.net)
  • There has never been a greater need for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to tackling hunger and malnutrition. (rollcall.com)
  • Food aid reform is a critical component of an efficient approach to tackling hunger and malnutrition, but we also need an effective approach. (rollcall.com)
  • A Global Open Data for Agriculture (GODAN) partner report has highlighted the need for open access and open data at universities to help solve world hunger and malnutrition. (eldis.org)
  • If such data was released, it could be used to enhance similar research across the globe and help respond to global challenges such as hunger and malnutrition. (eldis.org)
  • Auburn University has been a global leader in the fight against hunger and malnutrition since 2004 when it became an academic partner with the United Nations' World Food Programme and launched its own War on Hunger campaign. (eldis.org)
  • Support for projects of solidarity for vulnerable people in Marche-en-Famenne and projects that fight poverty and hunger in particularly hard-hit developing countries. (kbs-frb.be)
  • In total, economists estimate the annual global cost of malnutrition to be US$1 trillion. (menafn.com)
  • However, the use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' makes it impossible to distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that nearly one in three persons globally has at least one form of malnutrition: wasting, stunting, vitamin or mineral deficiency, overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Starvation is a form of malnutrition. (learningtogive.org)
  • The most common cause of malnutrition is a poor diet, but digestive issues or an underlying disease can contribute to malnutrition. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • Poverty is the leading cause of malnutrition globally. (foodforthepoor.org)
  • A malnourished person with risk factors of malnutrition can be caused by insufficient protein, micronutrients, and minerals as well as mycotoxin contamination, diarrheal diseases, or parasites (or interaction between any of these factors). (foodforthepoor.org)
  • The model Determinants of Malnutrition in Aged Persons (DoMAP) highlights these and many other major direct or indirect influencing factors of malnutrition in older adults (Fig. 4.1 ). (springer.com)
  • Take the necessary measures to incorporate the problem of malnutrition into government plans and programs for the coming period to ensure rolling back its prevalence leading to eventual elimination. (who.int)
  • Poverty, natural disasters, political problems, and war can all contribute to malnutrition and starvation, and not just in developing countries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early malnutrition was certainly a part of existence for many pre-historic human societies, and remains a fact of life for millions of people across the world, so this study is also relevant for modern human society. (discovermagazine.com)
  • But stunting tends to stay with a child, as do the negative effects of early malnutrition on morbidity and mortality, educational attainment, earning potential, and, for women, the likelihood of having underweight babies. (harvard.edu)
  • Malnutrition is known to be associated with increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. (researchgate.net)
  • Malnutrition at the early stages of life can increase risk infections, morbidity, and mortality together with decreased mental and cognitive development. (hindawi.com)
  • Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increased prevalence of acute malnutrition and high rates of mortality are often observed in complex humanitarian emergencies. (cdc.gov)
  • Malnutrition is common among hospitalized patients in the United States, and its coded prevalence is increasing. (researchgate.net)
  • For many developing countries undergoing rapid economic growth and urbanization, trends in nutritional status indicate a decrease in malnutrition with an associated rise in the prevalence of obesity. (nih.gov)
  • Recently the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) has been implemented to measure the prevalence of malnutrition. (hindawi.com)
  • Most clinical studies use the term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although national data indicate that the number of malnutrition diagnoses among hospital discharges has been steadily rising, an in-depth examination of the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients has not been conducted. (researchgate.net)
  • Hospital-acquired malnutrition is a debilitating and highly prevalent condition in acute clinical care settings. (bbraunusa.com)
  • 2 Though any patient can develop clinical malnutrition, the most vulnerable are those with long-term conditions who may be chronically underweight, patients who undergo surgery or are recovering from stroke, cancer, and digestive diseases, and older people who are more susceptible to illness and injury. (bbraunusa.com)
  • Often overlooked and underdiagnosed, clinical malnutrition may result in increased morbidities, mortality, complications and cost during both inpatient and outpatient care. (bbraunusa.com)
  • The practice and process of detecting, diagnosing, and treating clinical malnutrition must remain top of mind as a best practice for better patient outcomes and cost-effective care. (bbraunusa.com)
  • Poor nutritional status is often referred to as "clinical malnutrition" or "undernutrition," and can apply to individuals of all weights and body types. (eatrightpro.org)
  • Not only does malnutrition contribute to one-third of childhood deaths, but, should a child survive, the negative effect on a child's cognitive development and economic potential is often irreversible. (rollcall.com)
  • The effect of child malnutrition is long lasting and goes beyond childhood. (hindawi.com)
  • To this end, very few studies have been conducted regarding childhood malnutrition in rural Ethiopia. (hindawi.com)
  • This introductory critical review addresses childhood malnutrition and its relation to child behavioral development. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most helpful laboratory tests for assessing malnutrition in a child are hematologic and protein status studies. (medscape.com)
  • Child malnutrition continues to be the leading public health problem in developing countries. (hindawi.com)
  • In Ethiopia, malnutrition is a leading cause of child illness and death. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, malnutrition is the underlying cause for three-fifth of child death in the country [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Sana'a (AsiaNews/Agencies) - The novel coronavirus pandemic, a declining economy, war and the collapse of international aid have worsened Yemen's already devastating humanitarian crisis , causing an increase in child malnutrition, which has reached an unprecedented level, the UN said yesterday. (asianews.it)
  • In some parts of the country, experts warn, levels of acute child malnutrition are alarming. (asianews.it)
  • Venezuela is facing a long-term catastrophe of its own making: widespread child malnutrition. (wyso.org)
  • Green indicates that the child is not malnourished, yellow that the child is at risk of malnutrition. (internationalmedicalcorps.org)
  • Odisha is one of the states that lag behind the national status of child health and malnutrition. (org.in)
  • Prafulla Samal, Minister of Women and Child Development (WCD), Odisha, appreciated CRY and VCRO for highlighting the issue of malnutrition in the most critical districts in Odisha, He said, "Addressing malnutrition is a national priority, and I would request the Union Government to extend support to the state in handling the issue. (org.in)
  • Urgent call to address child malnutrition: A matter of life and future. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, this chapter offers evidence-based information to support interdisciplinary prevention of malnutrition in older adults across diverse healthcare settings. (springer.com)
  • Identify older adults at risk of malnutrition. (springer.com)
  • National Blueprint: Achieving Quality Malnutrition Care for Older Adults.Avalere and Defeat Malnutrition Today. (bbraunusa.com)
  • Malnutrition can happen to anyone, but older adults are particularly at risk. (agingresearch.org)
  • Alarmingly, the increased health care costs to the U.S. for disease-associated malnutrition in older adults in more than $51 billion each year. (agingresearch.org)
  • Older adults are also hospitalized more frequently and are more likely to be in long-term care facilities, both of which put them at heightened risk of malnutrition. (agingresearch.org)
  • This short "pocket film"covers who is at risk for malnutrition, the debilitating impact it can have on older adults, tips for identifying the condition, and how it can be treated and prevented. (agingresearch.org)
  • Malnutrition in older adults is commonly seen in the hospital, nursing home and community settings. (medscape.com)
  • It also receives 15 cases of moderate acute malnutrition every month," he says. (unicef.org)
  • Ziegler TR, Malnutrition: assessment and support. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The third edition of the popular NFPE Pocket Guide provides essential tools for malnutrition and micronutrient assessment, documentation and coding. (eatrightpro.org)
  • The Cabinet reviewed the report presented by the Minister of Public Health and Population titled 'Malnutrition Impedes Development and Addressing it is Everyone's Responsibility' and noted the field campaigns carried out by the MOPHP in this respect. (who.int)
  • Their new, peer-reviewed research shows that one of the smartest approaches to addressing malnutrition is to focus on pregnant women. (menafn.com)
  • Malnutrition is a category of diseases that includes undernutrition and overnutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accordingly, a 2019 report by The Lancet Commission suggested expanding the definition of malnutrition to include "all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other dietary risks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even as developing countries continue to struggle with the old scourge of malnutrition, the West's obesity epidemic is spreading into such nations, creating twin nutritional problems that demand attention from already strapped health care systems. (harvard.edu)
  • Malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes such as pressure injury, increased length of hospital stays and increased mortality. (springer.com)
  • Evidence-based tools and resources allow actions to improve and implement protocols for screening and assessing, diagnosing and providing a care plan for treating individuals with or at risk for food insecurity and malnutrition across the healthcare continuum. (eatrightpro.org)
  • ASPEN focuses on reducing the incidence of malnutrition by providing educational support and resources to healthcare professionals and consumers, and through advocacy work for malnutrition prevention and treatment. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Talk to your provider about the risk of malnutrition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The risk of malnutrition increases when the older adult does not reach a minimum of 50% of requirements for more than 3 days or when factors are influencing the dietary intake [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • We have shown how malnutrition early in life increased the risk of OA later in life, but this also applies to humans as much as to a herd of moose in the wild,' said Peterson. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Your answers to the questions in the tool will tell us how we can help you to reduce your risk of malnutrition. (petermac.org)
  • Your score shows you are at a low risk of malnutrition. (petermac.org)
  • If you do start to lose weight or eat less than usual, you might be at risk of malnutrition. (petermac.org)
  • Malnutrition: Is your patient at risk? (petermac.org)
  • Using ICD-9 codes, we constructed a composite variable indicating a diagnosis of malnutrition. (researchgate.net)
  • Relative to patients without a malnutrition diagnosis, those with the diagnosis were older, had longer lengths of stay and incurred higher costs. (researchgate.net)
  • Finally, discharge to home care was twice as common among malnourished patients, and a discharge of death was more than 5 times as common among patients with a malnutrition diagnosis. (researchgate.net)
  • Taken together, these nationally representative, cross-sectional data indicate that hospitalized patients discharged with a diagnosis of malnutrition are older and sicker and their inpatient care is more expensive than their counterparts without this diagnosis. (researchgate.net)
  • It is very common to have malnutrition cases in Assayta , Afar, where access to nutritious food is limited in the community. (unicef.org)