A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.
Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
The consumption of edible substances.
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Abstaining from all food.
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions.
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Glucose in blood.
Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.
Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.
A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake.
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (1/5124)

Previously we demonstrated the expression of the long form of the leptin receptor in rodent pancreatic beta-cells and an inhibition of insulin secretion by leptin via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Here we examine pancreatic islets isolated from pancreata of human donors for their responses to leptin. The presence of leptin receptors on islet beta-cells was demonstrated by double fluorescence confocal microscopy after binding of a fluorescent derivative of human leptin (Cy3-leptin). Leptin (6.25 nM) suppressed insulin secretion of normal islets by 20% at 5.6 mM glucose. Intracellular calcium responses to 16.7 mM glucose were rapidly reduced by leptin. Proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in islets was inhibited by leptin at 11.1 mM, but not at 5.6 mM glucose. Leptin also reduced proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid levels that were increased in islets by treatment with 10 nM glucagon-like peptide-1 in the presence of either 5.6 or 11.1 mM glucose. These findings demonstrate direct suppressive effects of leptin on insulin-producing beta-cells in human islets at the levels of both stimulus-secretion coupling and gene expression. The findings also further indicate the existence of an adipoinsular axis in humans in which insulin stimulates leptin production in adipocytes and leptin inhibits the production of insulin in beta-cells. We suggest that dysregulation of the adipoinsular axis in obese individuals due to defective leptin reception by beta-cells may result in chronic hyperinsulinemia and may contribute to the pathogenesis of adipogenic diabetes.  (+info)

Divergent effects of intracerebroventricular and peripheral leptin administration on feeding and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. (2/5124)

Leptin inhibits feeding and decreases body weight. It may act partly by inhibiting hypothalamic neurons that express neuropeptide Y, a powerful inducer of feeding and obesity. These neuropeptide Y neurons express the Ob-Rb leptin receptor and are overactive in the fatty (fa/fa) Zucker rat. The fa mutation affects the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor, but its impact on leptin action and neuropeptide Y neuronal activity is not fully known. We compared the effects of three doses of leptin given intracerebroventricularly and three doses of leptin injected intraperitoneally on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA, in lean and fatty Zucker rats. In lean rats, 4-h food intake was reduced in a dose-related fashion (P<0.01) by all intracerebroventricular leptin doses and by intraperitoneal doses of 300 and 600 microg/kg. Neuropeptide Y mRNA levels were reduced by 28% and 21% after the highest intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal doses respectively (P<0. 01 for both). In fatty rats, only the highest intracerebroventricular leptin dose reduced food intake (by 22%; P<0. 01). Neuropeptide Y mRNA levels were 100% higher in fatty rats than in lean animals, and were reduced by 18% (P<0.01) after the highest intracerebroventricular leptin dose. Intraperitoneal injection had no effect on food intake and neuropeptide Y mRNA. The fa/fa Zucker rat is therefore less sensitive to leptin given intracerebroventricularly and particularly intraperitoneally, suggesting that the fa mutation interferes both with leptin's direct effects on neurons and its transport into the central nervous system. Obesity in the fa/fa Zucker rat may be partly due to the inability of leptin to inhibit hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons.  (+info)

Expression and function of leptin receptor isoforms in myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities. (3/5124)

The receptor for the gene product of the obesity gene, leptin, was recently reported to be expressed on murine and human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Therefore, we studied the expression of the leptin receptor, OB-R, in normal myeloid precursors, human leukemia cell lines, and primary leukemic cells using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In normal hematopoiesis, OB-R was expressed in CD34(+) cells. Normal promyelocytes (CD34(-)33(+) and CD34(-)13(+)) expressed only very low levels of the short, presumably nonsignaling isoform. Both the long and short isoforms of OB-R were expressed in 10 of 22 samples from patients with newly diagnosed primary or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with a higher incidence of the long isoform in primary AML (87.6% v 28.6%; P =.01). The incidence of OB-R expression was higher in recurrent than in newly diagnosed AML (P <.001), and samples from four patients with refractory AML showed strong expression of both isoforms. Both OB-R isoforms were also expressed in newly diagnosed and recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia cells but were essentially absent in samples of chronic or acute lymphocytic leukemia. In vitro growth of myeloid leukemic cell lines and of blasts from 14 primary AMLs demonstrated that recombinant human leptin alone induced low level proliferation, significantly (P <.05) increased proliferation induced by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3, and stem cell factor in a subset of AML and increased colony formation (P <.005). Also, leptin reduced apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal in MO7E and TF-1 cells. Serum leptin levels correlated only with body mass index (P <. 001) and gender (P =.03). Results confirm the reported expression of leptin receptor in normal CD34(+) cells and demonstrate the frequent expression of leptin receptors in AML blasts. While normal promyelocytes lack receptor expression, leukemic promyelocytes express both isoforms. We also demonstrate proliferative effects of leptin alone and in combination with other physiologic cytokines, and anti-apoptotic properties of leptin. These findings could have implications for the pathophysiology of AML.  (+info)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (4/5124)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to follow changes in body composition, estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in relation to changes in leptin during the first year of GH therapy in order to test the hypothesis that leptin is a metabolic signal involved in the regulation of GH secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 33 prepubertal children were investigated. Their mean (S.D.) chronological age at the start of GH treatment was 11.5 (1.6) years, and their mean height was -2.33 (0.38) S.D. scores (SDS). GH was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 (n=26) or 0.2 (n=7) IU/kg body weight. Ten children were in the Swedish National Registry for children with GH deficiency, and twenty-three children were involved in trials of GH treatment for idiopathic short stature. Spontaneous 24-h GH secretion was studied in 32 of the children. In the 24-h GH profiles, the maximum level of GH was determined and the secretion rate estimated by deconvolution analysis (GHt). Serum leptin levels were measured at the start of GH treatment and after 10 and 30 days and 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Body composition measurements, by DXA, were performed at baseline and 12 months after the onset of GH treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months of GH treatment, mean height increased from -2.33 to -1.73 SDS and total body fat decreased significantly by 3.0 (3.3)%. Serum leptin levels were decreased significantly at all time points studied compared with baseline. There was a significant correlation between the change in total body fat and the change in serum leptin levels during the 12 months of GH treatment, whereas the leptin concentration per unit fat mass did not change. In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with 12 month change in leptin levels as the dependent variable, the percentage change in fat over 12 months, the baseline fat mass (%) of body mass and GHt accounted for 24.0%, 11.5% and 12.2% of the variability respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant correlations between changes in leptin and fat and endogenous GH secretion in short children with various GH secretory capacities. Leptin may be the messenger by which the adipose tissue affects hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion.  (+info)

Extremely low values of serum leptin in children with congenital generalized lipoatrophy. (5/5124)

Congenital generalized lipoatrophy (CGL) is a syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations and complete atrophy of adipose tissue. The exact mechanism of this disease remains unknown. One hypothesis presupposes an abnormal development of adipocytes. Leptin, the adipocyte-specific product of the ob gene, acts as a regulatory factor of body weight. In children, as in adults, leptin levels are correlated with body mass index (BMI) and body fat mass. Some authors have demonstrated that adults with congenital or acquired generalized lipoatrophy have decreased leptin concentrations. In order to study serum leptin profile during childhood in this disease, we measured serum leptin concentrations in six children aged 5.5-11 years suffering from CGL, and investigated the relationship between metabolic parameters and the variations in leptin levels. Serum leptin concentrations (1.19+/-0.32 ng/ml (+/- S.D.)) were extremely low compared with those observed in normal children. No significant correlation was found with BMI, which is known to be one of the major determinants of serum leptin. Serum leptin values were significantly correlated with fasting insulin levels (r=0.83, P=0.024). In conclusion, extremely low leptin values measured in children with CGL could be regarded as one among other diagnostic parameters. However, the detectable levels observed in all of these children support the evidence that a small amount of body fat is likely to be present in these patients, despite complete subcutaneous lipoatrophy. Our data suggest that this small amount of adipose tissue could be metabolically active and, at least in part, sensitive to insulin. Further investigations are required to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome, known to be commonly associated with insulin resistance.  (+info)

The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of leptin synthesis in C57BL/6 mice. (6/5124)

The objectives of this study were to determine whether leptin synthesis is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and if so whether beta-adrenergic receptors mediate this effect. We show that sympathetic blockade by reserpine increases leptin mRNA levels in brown but not white adipose tissue, while acute cold-exposure decreases leptin expression 10-fold in brown adipose tissue and 2-fold in white adipose tissue. The cold-induced reduction in leptin mRNA can be prevented by a combination of propranolol and SR 59230A but not by either antagonist alone, indicating that beta3-adrenergic receptors and classical beta1/beta2-adrenergic receptors both mediate responses to sympathetic stimulation. Circulating leptin levels reflect synthesis in white adipose tissue but not in brown adipose tissue.  (+info)

Leptin and reproduction. (7/5124)

In the few years since leptin was identified as a satiety factor in rodents, it has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes. Leptin has been shown to promote sexual maturation in rodent species and a role in reproduction has been investigated at various sites within the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. This review considers the evidence that leptin (or alteration in amount of body fat) can affect reproduction. There is evidence that leptin plays a permissive role in the onset of puberty, probably through action on the hypothalamus, where leptin receptors are found in cells that express appetite-regulating peptides. There is little evidence that leptin has a positive effect on the pituitary gonadotrophs and the gonads. There is also very little indication that leptin acts in an acute manner to regulate reproduction in the short term. It seems more likely that leptin is a 'barometer' of body condition that sends signals to the brain. Studies in vitro have shown negative effects on ovarian steroid production and there are no reports of effects on testicular function. Leptin concentrations in plasma increase in women during pregnancy, owing to production by the placenta but the functional significance of this is unknown. A number of factors that affect the production and action of leptin have yet to be studied in detail.  (+info)

Regulation of fatty acid homeostasis in cells: novel role of leptin. (8/5124)

It is proposed that an important function of leptin is to confine the storage of triglycerides (TG) to the adipocytes, while limiting TG storage in nonadipocytes, thus protecting them from lipotoxicity. The fact that TG content in nonadipocytes normally remains within a narrow range, while that of adipocytes varies enormously with food intake, is consistent with a system of TG homeostasis in normal nonadipocytes. The facts that when leptin receptors are dysfunctional, TG content in nonadipocytes such as islets can increase 100-fold, and that constitutively expressed ectopic hyperleptinemia depletes TG, suggest that leptin controls the homeostatic system for intracellular TG. The fact that the function and viability of nonadipocytes is compromised when their TG content rises above or falls below the normal range suggests that normal homeostasis of their intracellular TG is critical for optimal function and to prevent lipoapoptosis. Thus far, lipotoxic diabetes of fa/fa Zucker diabetic fatty rats is the only proven lipodegenerative disease, but the possibility of lipotoxic disease of skeletal and/or cardiac muscle may require investigation, as does the possible influence of the intracellular TG content on autoimmune and neoplastic processes.  (+info)

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced and released by adipocytes, which are the fat cells in our body. It plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite by sending signals to the brain when the body has had enough food. This helps control body weight by suppressing hunger and increasing energy expenditure. Leptin also influences various metabolic processes, including glucose homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and immune response. Defects in leptin signaling can lead to obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Leptin receptors are cell surface receptors that bind to and respond to the hormone leptin. These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the hypothalamus in the brain, which plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that signals information about the size of fat stores to the brain. When leptin binds to its receptors, it activates signaling pathways that help regulate energy intake and expenditure, body weight, and glucose metabolism.

There are several subtypes of leptin receptors (LEPR), including LEPRa, LEPRb, LEPC, and LEPD. Among these, the LEPRb isoform is the most widely expressed and functionally important form. Mutations in the gene encoding the leptin receptor can lead to obesity, hyperphagia (excessive hunger), and impaired energy metabolism, highlighting the importance of this receptor in maintaining energy balance and overall health.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:

1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a type of connective tissue that is composed mainly of adipocytes (fat cells). It is found throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the abdominal cavity, beneath the skin, and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Adipose tissue serves several important functions in the body. One of its primary roles is to store energy in the form of fat, which can be mobilized and used as an energy source during periods of fasting or exercise. Adipose tissue also provides insulation and cushioning for the body, and produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, appetite, and reproductive function.

There are two main types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is the more common form and is responsible for storing energy as fat. BAT, on the other hand, contains a higher number of mitochondria and is involved in heat production and energy expenditure.

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue can lead to obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of various health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

I cannot precisely define "obese mice" from a medical perspective because "obesity" is typically defined for humans and companion animals based on body weight relative to body size. However, I can provide you with relevant information regarding obese mice in a research or laboratory context.

Obesity in mice is often induced by providing them with a high-fat diet (HFD) to promote excessive weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. This allows researchers to study the effects of obesity on various health parameters, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and cardiovascular function.

In laboratory settings, mice are often considered obese if their body weight is 10-20% higher than the average for their strain, age, and sex. Researchers also use body mass index (BMI) or body fat percentage to determine obesity in mice. For example:

* Body Mass Index (BMI): Mice with a BMI greater than 0.69 g/cm² are considered obese. To calculate BMI, divide the body weight in grams by the square of the nose-to-anus length in centimeters.
* Body Fat Percentage: Obesity can also be determined based on body fat percentage using non-invasive methods like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans. Mice with more than 45% body fat are generally considered obese.

It is important to note that these thresholds may vary depending on the mouse strain, age, and sex. Researchers should consult relevant literature for their specific experimental setup when defining obesity in mice.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Cell surface receptors, also known as membrane receptors, are proteins located on the cell membrane that bind to specific molecules outside the cell, known as ligands. These receptors play a crucial role in signal transduction, which is the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular response.

Cell surface receptors can be classified into several categories based on their structure and mechanism of action, including:

1. Ion channel receptors: These receptors contain a pore that opens to allow ions to flow across the cell membrane when they bind to their ligands. This ion flux can directly activate or inhibit various cellular processes.
2. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These receptors consist of seven transmembrane domains and are associated with heterotrimeric G proteins that modulate intracellular signaling pathways upon ligand binding.
3. Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors possess an intrinsic enzymatic activity or are linked to an enzyme, which becomes activated when the receptor binds to its ligand. This activation can lead to the initiation of various signaling cascades within the cell.
4. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These receptors contain intracellular tyrosine kinase domains that become activated upon ligand binding, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules.
5. Integrins: These receptors are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions by binding to extracellular matrix proteins or counter-receptors on adjacent cells. They play essential roles in cell adhesion, migration, and survival.

Cell surface receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, immune response, and cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of these receptors can contribute to the development of numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Adiponectin is a hormone that is produced and secreted by adipose tissue, which is another name for body fat. This hormone plays an important role in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. It helps to regulate glucose levels, break down fatty acids, and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Adiponectin is unique because it is exclusively produced by adipose tissue, and its levels are inversely related to body fat mass. This means that lean individuals tend to have higher levels of adiponectin than obese individuals. Low levels of adiponectin have been associated with an increased risk of developing various metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Overall, adiponectin is an important hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health, and its levels may serve as a useful biomarker for assessing metabolic risk.

The arcuate nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus in the brain. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including appetite, satiety, and reproductive hormones. The arcuate nucleus contains two main types of neurons: those that produce neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein, which stimulate feeding and reduce energy expenditure; and those that produce pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. These neurons communicate with other parts of the brain to help maintain energy balance and reproductive function.

Proteins are complex, large molecules that play critical roles in the body's functions. They are made up of amino acids, which are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, and they play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling. Proteins can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural proteins. They are found in various foods, especially animal-derived products like meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as plant-based sources like beans, nuts, and grains.

STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) is a transcription factor protein that plays a crucial role in signal transduction and gene regulation. It is activated through phosphorylation by various cytokines and growth factors, which leads to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, and binding to specific DNA sequences. Once bound to the DNA, STAT3 regulates the expression of target genes involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of STAT3 has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions.

Ghrelin is a hormone primarily produced and released by the stomach with some production in the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. It is often referred to as the "hunger hormone" because it stimulates appetite, promotes food intake, and contributes to the regulation of energy balance.

Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after eating. In addition to its role in regulating appetite and meal initiation, ghrelin also has other functions, such as modulating glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, gastric motility, and cardiovascular function. Its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is found in various tissues throughout the body, indicating its wide range of physiological roles.

Energy metabolism is the process by which living organisms produce and consume energy to maintain life. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert nutrients from food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The process of energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of nutrients to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.

There are three main stages of energy metabolism: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria and involves the further breakdown of pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of energy metabolism and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and other electron carriers to oxygen, which generates a proton gradient across the membrane. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, producing the majority of the cell's energy.

Overall, energy metabolism is a complex and essential process that allows organisms to grow, reproduce, and maintain their bodily functions. Disruptions in energy metabolism can lead to various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor protein that gets cleaved into several biologically active peptides in the body. These peptides include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-lipotropin, and multiple opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin.

ACTH stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland, while beta-lipotropin has various metabolic functions. The opioid peptides derived from POMC have pain-relieving (analgesic) and rewarding effects in the brain. Dysregulation of the POMC system has been implicated in several medical conditions, including obesity, addiction, and certain types of hormone deficiencies.

Fasting is defined in medical terms as the abstinence from food or drink for a period of time. This practice is often recommended before certain medical tests or procedures, as it helps to ensure that the results are not affected by recent eating or drinking.

In some cases, fasting may also be used as a therapeutic intervention, such as in the management of seizures or other neurological conditions. Fasting can help to lower blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have a variety of health benefits. However, it is important to note that prolonged fasting can also have negative effects on the body, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In these contexts, fasting is often seen as a way to purify the mind and body, to focus on spiritual practices, or to express devotion or mourning.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter and neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, which includes peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. NPY plays important roles in various physiological functions such as energy balance, feeding behavior, stress response, anxiety, memory, and cardiovascular regulation. It is involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neural development. NPY is synthesized from a larger precursor protein called prepro-NPY, which is post-translationally processed to generate the mature NPY peptide. The NPY system has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as obesity, depression, anxiety disorders, hypertension, and drug addiction.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Adipokines are hormones and signaling molecules produced by adipose tissue, which is composed of adipocytes (fat cells) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. Adipokines play crucial roles in various biological processes such as energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, and neuroendocrine regulation.

Some well-known adipokines include:

1. Leptin - regulates appetite, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis
2. Adiponectin - improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and has anti-atherogenic properties
3. Resistin - impairs insulin sensitivity and is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes
4. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) - contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction
5. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) - involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, immune response, and inflammation
6. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) - associated with cardiovascular risk by impairing fibrinolysis and promoting thrombosis
7. Visfatin - has insulin-mimetic properties and contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance
8. Chemerin - regulates adipogenesis, energy metabolism, and immune response
9. Apelin - involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, cardiovascular function, and fluid balance
10. Omentin - improves insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory properties

The dysregulation of adipokine production and secretion is associated with various pathological conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Intraventricular injections are a type of medical procedure where medication is administered directly into the cerebral ventricles of the brain. The cerebral ventricles are fluid-filled spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This procedure is typically used to deliver drugs that target conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as infections or tumors.

Intraventricular injections are usually performed using a thin, hollow needle that is inserted through a small hole drilled into the skull. The medication is then injected directly into the ventricles, allowing it to circulate throughout the CSF and reach the brain tissue more efficiently than other routes of administration.

This type of injection is typically reserved for situations where other methods of drug delivery are not effective or feasible. It carries a higher risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, or damage to surrounding tissues, compared to other routes of administration. Therefore, it is usually performed by trained medical professionals in a controlled clinical setting.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Adipocytes are specialized cells that comprise adipose tissue, also known as fat tissue. They are responsible for storing energy in the form of lipids, particularly triglycerides, and releasing energy when needed through a process called lipolysis. There are two main types of adipocytes: white adipocytes and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes primarily store energy, while brown adipocytes dissipate energy as heat through the action of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).

In addition to their role in energy metabolism, adipocytes also secrete various hormones and signaling molecules that contribute to whole-body homeostasis. These include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of adipocyte function has been implicated in the development of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a neuropeptide that functions as an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors, specifically MC3R and MC4R. It is expressed in the hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance, body weight, and glucose homeostasis. AGRP increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure by inhibiting melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus. Dysregulation of AGRP has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Anorexia is a medical condition defined as a loss of appetite or aversion to food, leading to significant weight loss. It can be a symptom of various underlying causes, such as mental health disorders (most commonly an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa), gastrointestinal issues, cancer, infections, or side effects of medication. In this definition, we are primarily referring to anorexia as a symptom rather than the specific eating disorder anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder characterized by:

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight (in context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health)
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
3. Disturbed body image, such as overvaluation of self-worth regarding shape or weight, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight

Anorexia nervosa has two subtypes: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. The restricting type involves limiting food intake without engaging in binge eating or purging behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). In contrast, the binge eating/purging type includes recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

It is essential to differentiate between anorexia as a symptom and anorexia nervosa as a distinct psychological disorder when discussing medical definitions.

"Adiposity" is a medical term that refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of fat in the body. It is often used to describe obesity or being significantly overweight. Adipose tissue, which is the technical name for body fat, is important for many bodily functions, such as storing energy and insulating the body. However, an excess of adipose tissue can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

There are different ways to measure adiposity, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skinfold thickness. BMI is the most commonly used method and is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese, while a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. However, it's important to note that BMI may not accurately reflect adiposity in some individuals, such as those with a lot of muscle mass.

In summary, adiposity refers to the condition of having too much body fat, which can increase the risk of various health problems.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Appetite regulation refers to the physiological and psychological processes that control and influence the desire to eat food. This complex system involves a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and neural pathways that work together to help maintain energy balance and regulate body weight. The hypothalamus in the brain plays a key role in appetite regulation by integrating signals from the digestive system, fat cells, and other organs to adjust feelings of hunger and fullness.

The hormones leptin and ghrelin are also important regulators of appetite. Leptin is released from fat cells and acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and promote weight loss, while ghrelin is produced in the stomach and stimulates appetite and promotes weight gain. Other factors that can influence appetite regulation include stress, emotions, sleep patterns, and cultural influences.

Abnormalities in appetite regulation can contribute to the development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, as well as obesity and other health problems. Understanding the mechanisms of appetite regulation is an important area of research for developing effective treatments for these conditions.

Hyperphagia is a medical term that describes excessive eating or increased appetite, often to the point of compulsive overeating. It's more than just a simple increase in hunger or appetite; it's characterized by consuming large amounts of food beyond what is needed for normal growth and health.

This condition can be associated with several medical conditions. For instance, it's a common symptom in Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects appetite, growth, and cognitive development. It can also occur in certain types of brain injuries or disorders affecting the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates hunger and fullness signals.

However, it's important to note that hyperphagia should not be confused with binge eating disorder, another eating disorder characterized by consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, but without the feeling of loss of control that is typical of binge eating.

As always, if you or someone else is experiencing symptoms of hyperphagia, it's important to seek medical advice to identify and treat any underlying conditions.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Zucker" is not a standard medical term or abbreviation in human medicine. It seems to be an incorrect combination of two terms from the field of laboratory animal science.

1. "Rats" are commonly used laboratory animals.
2. "Zucker" is a surname and also refers to a strain of laboratory rats, specifically the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat, which is a model for studying type 2 diabetes mellitus.

If you have any questions related to human medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Peptide hormones are a type of hormone consisting of short chains of amino acids known as peptides. They are produced and released by various endocrine glands and play crucial roles in regulating many physiological processes in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.

Peptide hormones exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior or function. Some examples of peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and vasopressin.

Peptide hormones are synthesized as larger precursor proteins called prohormones, which are cleaved by enzymes to release the active peptide hormone. They are water-soluble and cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they exert their effects through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms. Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a hormone that binds to receptors on the same cell, while paracrine signaling involves the release of a hormone that acts on nearby cells. Endocrine signaling, on the other hand, involves the release of a hormone into the bloodstream, which then travels to distant target cells to exert its effects.

Resistin is a hormone-like substance that is primarily produced by adipose (fat) cells in mammals and has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, which is a condition that can lead to type 2 diabetes. It is also known as "adipose tissue-specific secretory factor" or ADSF.

Resistin is thought to play a role in regulating glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by affecting the function of insulin-responsive cells, such as muscle and liver cells. In particular, resistin has been shown to interfere with the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in these cells, leading to reduced insulin sensitivity and increased blood glucose levels.

Resistin is found at higher levels in people who are overweight or obese, and its levels have been linked to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, the exact role that resistin plays in these conditions is not fully understood, and more research is needed to determine its precise mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses.

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a family of synthetic, water-soluble polymers with a wide range of molecular weights. They are commonly used in the medical field as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. PEGs can also be used as laxatives to treat constipation or as bowel cleansing agents prior to colonoscopy examinations. Additionally, some PEG-conjugated drugs have been developed for use in targeted cancer therapies.

In a medical context, PEGs are often referred to by their average molecular weight, such as PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 1500, and so on. Higher molecular weight PEGs tend to be more viscous and have longer-lasting effects in the body.

It's worth noting that while PEGs are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, some people may experience allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to these compounds. Prolonged exposure to high molecular weight PEGs has also been linked to potential adverse effects, such as decreased fertility and developmental toxicity in animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety of PEGs in humans.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

... where leptin levels are elevated; but the leptin does not turn on the leptin receptor, hence the patient has functional leptin ... When leptin binds with the leptin receptor, it activates a number of pathways. Leptin resistance may be caused by defects in ... The placenta produces leptin. Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after childbirth. Leptin is also expressed in fetal ... Serum level of leptin is reduced by sleep deprivation. Leptin levels are paradoxically increased in obesity. Leptin level is ...
"Maria Leptin". Academia Europaea. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021. "Leptin lab members at ... "Maria LEPTIN". European Research Council. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. "Maria Leptin ... Leptin had a stay at the University of Oxford in 2018, where she was a Visiting Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology. In ... Leptin's years at LMB raised her interest in cell shape, early cell movement and gastrulation, the last of which she began ...
The leptin hormone and its receptor, also known as maternal plasma leptin, play developmental roles during pregnancy. Leptin ... Those leptin receptors are secreted by the placenta; they increase leptin levels during pregnancy thereby aiding the fetal ... CRH1 domains is not essential for Leptin binding, but may have regulatory roles. Ig domain interacts with Leptin and is ... CRH2 is essential for leptin binding, deletion of this domain abolishes the leptin binding. FNIII domains are essential for ...
... are a family of peptide hormones found in fish (teleostei) that are orthologs of the mammalian hormone leptin. ... By contrast, however, studies in common carp demonstrated a peak in leptin-I(lepa1) and leptin-II (lepa2) in liver at 3 and 6 ... August 2010). "Leptin and leptin receptor genes in Atlantic salmon: Cloning, phylogeny, tissue distribution and expression ... November 1997). "The leptin receptor mediates apparent autocrine regulation of leptin gene expression". Biochemical and ...
Leptin. p. 11; comp. Schol. ad Hermog. p. 402 Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists p. 113, ed. Antwerp. 1568 Eunapius, Lives of the ...
Leptin. p. 453 Dem. c. Lept. p. 501 Wolf, Proleg. in Demosth. Lept. p. 48, &c., pp. 52-56 This article incorporates text from a ...
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Siglec-6 was identified in a screen for leptin-binding proteins, although it interacted with leptin with reduced affinity ... However, leptin is not sialylated, and binding to Siglec-6 must therefore be sialic acid independent. The physiological ... Glycodelin A binding to trophoblast cell lines was found to be dependent on sialic acid and competitive with leptin binding. ... Cohen SL, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Chait BT, Bennett L, Chang D, Hecht R, Collins F (August 1996). "Human leptin ...
Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db ... These include the leptin receptor patent, the screening of UCPH (UCP2) levels to monitor weight disorders, and the ... "Overcoming Leptin Resistance In The Battle Against Obesity". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2020-09-10. "A ... As a scientist, he is known for first identifying and cloning the leptin receptor in 1995, a discovery that prompted immediate ...
Leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue. Its primary target organ is the hypothalamus. The leptin level seems to ... Leptin might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the hypothalamus which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who ... The levels of leptin increase with the onset of puberty, and then decline to adult levels when puberty is completed. The rise ... Leptin levels rise throughout childhood and play a part in allowing the arcuate nucleus to resume operation. If the childhood ...
The db gene has been confirmed to be a receptor for the leptin protein, and was renamed LEPR. Coleman met his wife, Beverly J. ... Neill, Ushma S. (2010). "Leaping for leptin: the 2010 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award goes to Douglas Coleman and ... Flier, Jeffrey S.; Maratos-Flier, Eleftheria (2010). "Lasker lauds leptin". Cell. 143 (1): 9-12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.021 ... White, David W.; Kuropatwinski, Karen K.; Devos, Rene; Baumann, Heinz; Tartaglia, Louis A. (1997). "Leptin receptor (OB-R) ...
Leptin, Maria (2010). "Spreading the Spirit of EMBO". Science. 327 (5962): 126. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..126L. doi:10.1126/ ...
... and leptin concentrations in healthy adults and leptin-deficient subjects: evidence for possible partial TSH regulation by ... "Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient ... "The Role of Leptin in Weight Loss". ABC News. 7 August 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March ... He then administered daily leptin injections to each of them, and found that after ten months, the patients had lost half of ...
Meanwhile, obesity-induced insulin resistance and the mutation of the leptin receptor (ObRb) results in the abolition of ... mutation of leptin receptor; and an increase in NPY mRNA and NPY release. In obesity chronically elevated levels of NPY can be ... due to a defective leptin signal compared to control rats. In humans increased levels of free NPY were found in obese women and ... hypothalamic resistance to energy excess hormone signals such as leptin, that can be a result of a variety of reasons in the ...
Zhou Y, Rui L (June 2013). "Leptin signaling and leptin resistance". Frontiers of Medicine. 7 (2): 207-22. doi:10.1007/s11684- ... The hormone leptin is primarily manufactured in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue which also produces another hormone, ...
Leptin replacement therapy with human recombinant leptin metreleptin has been shown to be an effective therapy to alleviate the ... In contrast to the high levels seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity, leptin levels are very low in ... "Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (8): 570-8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012437. ... This condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating leptin which may lead to osteosclerosis. The absence of fat ...
Baer, MM; Bilstein A; Leptin M. (2007-07-01). "A clonal genetic screen for mutants causing defects in larval tracheal ...
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Harris concluded that leptin levels are increased in obese animals, but other factors could also affect them. Also, leptin was ... After injecting leptin into each pair's obese mouse, she found that leptin circulated between the conjoined animals, but the ... Due to the discovery of leptin, she analyzed leptin concentrations of the mice in the parabiotic experiments. ... Leptin seemed like a viable candidate. Starting in 1977, Ruth B.S. Harris, a graduate student under Hervey, repeated previous ...
2023). Leptin and Leptin Resistance. "Cleveland Clinic. [33] Wang, L., Liu, Y., Stratigopoulos, G., Panigrahi, S., Sui, L., ... Leptin is a hormone that is released from adipose tissue to monitor feeding behavior. The BBSome, specifically BBS1, was shown ... This system of leptin expression and regulation is a BBSome pathway that is independent of cilia, showing the diverse and ... The mice used in this experiment gained weight over the course of the study due to the lack of leptin receptors that could be ...
January 1998). "Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses". FASEB Journal. 12 (1): 57-65. doi:10.1096/fasebj.12.1.57. ... Insulin Blood glucose Leptin Low-grade chronic inflammation is characterized by a two- to threefold increase in the systemic ...
Leptin, Maria (1 March 2005). "Gastrulation Movements: the Logic and the Nuts and Bolts". Developmental Cell. 8 (3): 305-320. ...
Key enzyme in leptin-induced anorexia. Nature. 413:794-795, 2001. Morton GJ, Blevins JE, Williams DL, Niswender KD, Gelling RW ... Leptin action in the forebrain regulates the hindbrain response to satiety signals. J Clin Invest. 115:703-710, 2005. Morton, ... Melanocortin receptors in leptin effects. Nature. 390:349, 1997. Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Weigle DS, Woods SC, Campfield LA, ... Cerebrospinal Fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans. Nature Medicine. 2:589-93, 1996. ...
"Leptin signaling and leptin resistance". Frontiers of Medicine. 7 (2): 207-22. doi:10.1007/s11684-013-0263-5. PMC 4069066. PMID ... Leptin, the energy surfeit hormone, and Ghrelin, the hunger hormone, are upstream regulators of the melanocortin system in the ... Disturbance of the leptin-melanocortin pathway can lead to early onset obesity as well as various metabolic disorders and ... Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML (January 2007). "The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body ...
Leptin has also been found to be an important factor in mammary gland development, and has been found to promote mammary ... 190-. ISBN 978-0-323-24147-2. Mechanisms of Leptin in Mammary Tumorigenesis. 2007. pp. 3-. ISBN 978-0-549-16664-1. Jernström H ...
Regulating cytokines like leptin and adiponectin. OXT decreased fat mass, resulting in reduction in leptin level. Oxytocin may ... It suppresses feeding independently from the leptin pathway and increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta islet cells. ... hyperleptinemia and late-onset obesity with increases in abdominal fats and fasting plasma triglycerides The balance of leptin ...
... is involved in leptin sensitivity. HDAC6 deacetylates tyrosine residue T178 on TAK1. Mutations in this gene have been ...
No such substance has been found as yet, and the existence of such a substance remains speculative.[citation needed] Leptin is ... Flier JS (May 1998). "Clinical review 94: What's in a name? In search of leptin's physiologic role". The Journal of Clinical ... Studies show that lack of leptin causes severe obesity and is strongly linked with insulin resistance. Polycystic ovary ... "Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin". Nature Neuroscience. 1 (6): 445-50. doi:10.1038 ...
... where leptin levels are elevated; but the leptin does not turn on the leptin receptor, hence the patient has functional leptin ... When leptin binds with the leptin receptor, it activates a number of pathways. Leptin resistance may be caused by defects in ... The placenta produces leptin. Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after childbirth. Leptin is also expressed in fetal ... Serum level of leptin is reduced by sleep deprivation. Leptin levels are paradoxically increased in obesity. Leptin level is ...
Leptin receptor deficiency is a condition that causes severe obesity beginning in the first few months of life. Explore ... The leptin receptor is turned on (activated) by a hormone called leptin that attaches (binds) to the receptor, fitting into it ... This rise in leptin indicates that fat stores are increasing. In the hypothalamus, the binding of leptin to its receptor ... Role of Leptin Deficiency, Inefficiency, and Leptin Receptors in Obesity. Biochem Genet. 2016 Oct;54(5):565-72. doi: 10.1007/ ...
... to discuss Leptin and how this hormone can... ... Were talking Leptin 101! California Lives Danielle Nottingham ...
Medicine have found the livers of patients with a rare disease that affects metabolism have responded positively to leptin ... Study: Liver Responds Positively to Leptin Treatment in Patients with Lipodystrophy. Michigan Medicine researchers explore ... The researchers reported patients with a lower baseline leptin level had a higher response rate after one year of treatment ... in their scores from treatment had a lower baseline leptin level of 14.5 ng/mL versus non-responders whose average leptin level ...
A key component of this system is leptin. Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as the afferent signal in a negative ... A key component of this system is leptin. Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as the afferent signal in a negative ... The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology Nutr Rev. 2002 Oct;60(10 Pt 2):S1-14; discussion S68-84, 85-7. doi ... Further studies of leptin, its receptor, and the molecular components of this system are likely to have a major impact on our ...
Leptin expression was not different between the two groups. However, post-operative leptin expression was up-regulated 2 fold ... post-operative leptin expression was similar to leptin expression in non-obese, non-diabetic patients. ... Adiponectin and Leptin in the Bariatric Patient. Background: Through relatively unknown mechanisms, bariatric surgery can ... Conclusions: Leptin and adiponectin are critical for glucose homeostasis and there are distinct genetic differences for these ...
Leptin and Ghrelin. The hormone leptin is intricately involved in the regulation of appetite, metabolism and calorie burning. ... The decrease in leptin brought on by sleep deprivation can result in a constant feeling of hunger and a general slow-down of ... Leptin is the chemical that tells your brain when youre full, when it should start burning up calories and, by extension, when ... During sleep, leptin levels increase, telling your brain you have plenty of energy for the time being and theres no need to ...
... with mature human leptin being 87% and 84% identical to mouse and rat leptin proteins, respectively. Leptin is frequently also ... Human leptin has been found to be active in both the mouse and rat systems. The expression of leptin is very limited and has ... Named leptin (from leptos, Greek for thin) because of its ability to reduce fat stores, the protein shows high interspecies ... This mutation results in a mature, non-functional, 81 aa residue, truncated leptin that contributes to the general obesity ...
... leptin-responsive neurons. To address this, we and others have been removing leptin receptors from candidate first-orde … ... Leptin acts in the brain to prevent obesity. The underlying neurocircuitry responsible for this is poorly understood, in part ... leptin-responsive neurons. To address this, we and others have been removing leptin receptors from candidate first-order ... Leptin action on GABAergic neurons prevents obesity and reduces inhibitory tone to POMC neurons Neuron. 2011 Jul 14;71(1):142- ...
antioxidants, functional magnetic resonance imaging, hemoglobin A1C, hippocampus, leptin, polyphenols, prevention of cancer, ...
Scientists have found that a midgestation increase in the hormone leptin, which most of us associate with appetite suppression ... While leptin has been associated with preeclampsia, this was the first study to show that when leptin goes up, it induces the ... Leptin levels steadily increase in a healthy pregnancy, but specifically what leptin is doing even normally in this scenario is ... Increase in leptin levels in preeclampsia prompts cardiovascular cascade that puts mother and baby at risk. Date:. June 23, ...
Note: if you signed up to receive these blogs post in an email, they links wont be live. They are only live right on the blog post, plus being on the actual blog is where you can post a comment.… Read more about Janie Bowthorpe is back…kinda. This is also for 2023 and into 2024.. ...
Obesity due to leptin receptor gene deficiency. Disease definition A rare, genetic, non-syndromic, obesity disease ...
There are a number of analysis techniques that can be employed to measure such peptides e.g. RIA and ELISA, and the recent development of multiplexing techniques has allowed the measurement of a large number of peptides in a single assay.
ob/ob 마우스에서 아디포카인 렙팁(Adipokine leptin)의 결핍은 먹이 섭취 증가와 이동운동(Locomotion) 및 열 발생(Thermogenesis) 감소에 따른 에너지 소비 감소에 의해 비만을 유발한다. ... 지방조직의 교감신경 자극을 조절하는 렙틴(Leptin)-BDNF 경로 2020년7월30일. Nature 583, 7818 ...
Invitrogen Anti-Leptin Polyclonal, PeproTech®, Catalog # 500-P185G-1MG. Tested in Western Blot (WB) and ELISA (ELISA) ... Leptin is involved in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and adiposity through hypothalamic leptin receptors. Leptin ... Smaller amounts of leptin are also secreted by cells in the epithelium of the stomach and in the placenta. Leptin receptors are ... Cite Leptin Polyclonal Antibody, PeproTech®. The following product was used in this experiment: Leptin Polyclonal Antibody, ...
Pegylated Leptin N82K Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single non-glycosilated polypeptide chain containing 146 amino ... Leptin binds LEPRwhich results in the activation of several major signalling pathways. In the hypothalamus Leptin acts as an ... Leptin takes an important part in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control.After entering the circulation, ... Pegylated Leptin N82K Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single non-glycosilated polypeptide chain containing 146 amino ...
Discover how lifestyle intervention during pregnancy affects leptin and adiponectin levels, adipokines, and their relationship ... N. F. Butte, J. M. Hopkinson and M. A. Nicolson, "Leptin in Human Reproduction: Serum Leptin Levels in Pregnant and Lactating ... and end leptin levels (p = 0.065 and p = 0.011). BMI at the end of pregnancy correlated with the end leptin levels, but the ... I. Hendler, S. C. Blackwell, S. H. Mehta, J. E. Whitty, E. Russell, Y. Sorokin and D. B. Cotton, "The Levels of Leptin, ...
You will learn concepts such as Metobolic Efficiency, What is Leptin? and how to master the 5 rules of the Leptin Diet. ... This course is designed to show you how mastering the fat hormone leptin is the key to permanent weight loss, better energy, ... This audio course was inpired by the book The Leptin Diet written by Byron Richards. The course explains how to unleash the ... Mastering the fat hormone leptin is the single most important factor in preventing obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Break ...
CD295 binds to leptin with high affinity and plays important roles in lipid metabolism, fertility, angiogenesis, bone formation ... CD295 binds to leptin with high affinity and plays important roles in lipid metabolism, fertility, angiogenesis, bone formation ... Leptin R/LEPR) which is also known as CD295. CD295 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the type I Cytokine ... Leptin R/LEPR) which is also known as CD295. CD295 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the type I Cytokine ...
Results Training intervention leads to a decrease in leptin level of middle-aged or older, overweight or obese male and female ... Objectives We aimed to review the literature on the effects of training intervention on peripheral leptin level in obesity ... Aging has been demonstrated to aggravate obesity and to induce leptin resistance and hyperleptinemia. Hyperleptinemia, on the ... Resistance training appears to be more efficient in reducing blood leptin level than aerobic training alone. Conclusions ...
Effect of leptin replacement on brain structure in genetically leptin-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90: 2851 ... The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav. 2006; 88: 249-256. ... Leptin and Ob-Rb receptor isoform in the human digestive tract during fetal development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90: ... Plasma leptin, insulin, and neuropeptide Y concentrations in infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005; 90: 86-87. ...
... A refeed (or cheat day) may appear to fly in the face of common sense, ... A decrease in leptin causes the slowing of fat loss, increase in hunger and cravings, loss of energy and general malaise that ... On its own leptin expression and signaling will invariably fall when you restrict calories. Even so, your starting place and ... With regard to leptin expression and the fed state, you can manipulate a number of nutrient-signaling categories. The major ...
We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of ... We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of ... Leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms are associated with poor outcome (death) in patients with non-appendicular secondary ... 2011). A mutation in the leptin receptor is associated with Entamoeba histolytica infection in children. J. Clin. Invest. 121 ( ...
Leptin resistance goes hand in hand with insulin resistance and can be a major contributor to many degenerative health ... Leptin is circulating in the blood, but the brain never receives the message from leptin that energy is sufficient and it ... Thus when there is enough leptin desire for sweets will be reduced, but if there is not enough leptin then cravings for sweets ... Reversing or Preventing Leptin Resistance. Just like insulin resistance, the key to preventing or reversing leptin resistance ...
At OVitaminPro.com DaVinci Laboratories Adipo-Leptin Benefits supports appetite control, healthy blood sugar levels, cravings, ... fat metabolism, metabolic hormones leptin & Adiponectin, and thermogenisis. ... DaVinci Laboratories Adipo-Leptin Benefits Supports appetite control, healthy blood sugar levels, cravings, fat metabolism, ... DaVinci Laboratories Adipo-Leptin Benefits Facts: 2 capsules contain: *Green Coffee Bean extract 300 mg ...
LeptiFit promotes healthy weight management by regulating your bodys leptin levels. Also supports heart health and lowers ... When you are Leptin resistant (often caused by poor diet and stress), your brain has a difficult time knowing when to stop ... LeptiFit™ promotes healthy weight management, satiety, and regulates your bodys Leptin levels.. What is LeptiFit™? ... Simply put, no other Leptin supplement can contend with the potency and effectiveness of our formulation. LeptiFit™ has been ...
Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al: Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and ... Bruno A, Alessi M, Soresi S, et al: Increased leptin/leptin receptor pathway affects systemic and airway inflammation in COPD ... The additional correlation between leptin and TNF-α during exacerbations may support the closer association of leptin with ... whilst leptin levels tended to elevate in exacerbation groups. Conclusions: The normal regulatory mechanism of leptin is ...
Leptin Receptor. Leptin receptor (OB R) was identified as a leptin binding protein (Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a ... Leptin receptor may act as a negative regulator of Leptin activity and it may maintain a pool of available bioactive Leptin by ... Soluble Leptin receptor levels are indirectly proportional to adiposity and are increased in females versus males. Leptin ... Alternate splicing from a single gene derives the six isoforms of the Leptin receptor. The soluble form of the Leptin receptor ...
While leptin is a well-known regulator of body fat mass, it remains unclear how circulating leptin is sensed centrally to ... Adult NG2-Glia Are Required for Median Eminence-Mediated Leptin Sensing and Body Weight Control. In: Cell Metabolism, Vol. 23, ... We reveal that NG2-glia contact the dendritic processes of arcuate nucleus leptin receptor (LepR) neurons in the median ... Our data therefore indicate that LepR dendrites in the ME represent the principal conduits of leptins anorexigenic action and ...
  • Just like insulin resistance, the key to preventing or reversing leptin resistance lies primarily in the foods you eat. (holistichelp.net)
  • Potentially, pre- and post-operative changes in adiponectin and leptin expression are involved in this process. (sages.org)
  • This study attempts to identify differences in gene expression in diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery with regards to adiponectin and leptin. (sages.org)
  • Conclusions: Leptin and adiponectin are critical for glucose homeostasis and there are distinct genetic differences for these two hormones between diabetic and non-diabetic morbidly obese patients. (sages.org)
  • Objective: We investigated whether lifestyle intervention during pregnancy modifies pregnancy leptin and adiponectin levels, adipokines and their association with body mass index (BMI). (scirp.org)
  • In covariance analysis including all covariates change in leptin was associated with gestational weight gain (p = 0.036), but change in adiponectin was not (p = 0.93). (scirp.org)
  • L. Hilakivi-Clarke, S. Assis, J. Raitanen and R. Luoto, "Effects of Dietary and Physical Activity Intervention during Pregnancy on Circulating Leptin and Adiponectin Levels," Food and Nutrition Sciences , Vol. 3 No. 4, 2012, pp. 556-567. (scirp.org)
  • M. Matsubara, S. Maruoka and S. Katayose, "Inverse Relationship between Plasma Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Women," European Journal of Endocrinology, Vol. 147, No. 2, 2002, pp. 173-180. (scirp.org)
  • Training intervention leads to a decrease in leptin level of middle-aged or older, overweight or obese male and female groups, even without major weight loss, indicated by unchanged serum adiponectin levels. (plos.org)
  • Among adipokines, leptin and adiponectin are the most abundantly secreted peptides [ 11 ]. (plos.org)
  • DaVinci Laboratories Adipo-Leptin Benefits Supports appetite control, healthy blood sugar levels, cravings, fat metabolism, metabolic hormones leptin & Adiponectin, and thermogenisis. (ovitaminpro.com)
  • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Placental samples were analyzed using stereological techniques to quantify volumes and surface areas of key placental components in 88 OT1DM and 39 control subjects, and results related to maternal A1C and umbilical cord analytes (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, IGF-I, hematocrit, lipids, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6). (ed.ac.uk)
  • Serum adipokines including high molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) were measured at the follow-up visit (2002-2003). (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: Our findings suggest that molybdenum was associated with favorable profiles of HMW-adiponectin, leptin, and sOB-R. Exposures to cadmium , cesium, and lead were associated with adverse adipokine profiles. (cdc.gov)
  • Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin" or "light" or "small") is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Predominantly, the "energy expenditure hormone" leptin is made by adipose cells, and is thus labeled fat cell-specific. (wikipedia.org)
  • Location of action The central location of action (effect) of the fat cell-specific hormone leptin is the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, which is a part of the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Function The primary function of the hormone leptin is the regulation of adipose tissue mass through central hypothalamus mediated effects on hunger, food energy use, physical exercise and energy balance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The leptin receptor is turned on (activated) by a hormone called leptin that attaches (binds) to the receptor, fitting into it like a key into a lock. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In an open-label study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, the research team predicted the response of 23 patients with partial lipodystrophy-associated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (fatty liver) to metreleptin, a man-made version of the naturally occurring hormone leptin, which regulates fat and glucose metabolism. (newswise.com)
  • Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as the afferent signal in a negative feedback loop regulating body weight. (nih.gov)
  • The hormone leptin is intricately involved in the regulation of appetite, metabolism and calorie burning. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Scientists have found that a midgestation increase in the hormone leptin, which most of us associate with appetite suppression, produces problematic blood vessel dysfunction and restriction of the baby's growth in preeclampsia that put mother and baby at risk. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When they infused leptin in pregnant mice to mimic the surge that happens in preeclampsia, they saw an unhealthy chain reaction with the adrenal gland making more of the steroid hormone aldosterone which could be increasing the production of endothelin 1, also by the placenta. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Leptin is a 167 amino acid long protein hormone with important effects in regulating body weight, metabolism and reproductive function. (thermofisher.com)
  • This course is designed to show you how mastering the fat hormone leptin is the key to permanent weight loss, better energy, and improved health! (payhip.com)
  • Mastering the fat hormone leptin is the single most important factor in preventing obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. (payhip.com)
  • Leptin is a hormone that is produced in the fat cells and helps regulate hunger by providing us with feelings of satiation after we eat via the hypothalamus. (holistichelp.net)
  • So in other words, ghrelin is your hunger hormone, leptin is your satiety hormone. (holistichelp.net)
  • Ghrelin is a peptide that plays an important role in short-term appetite regulation, whereas leptin is a factor that controls long-term energy balance and is considered as a satiety hormone. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • In that book, I fail to talk about the connection between the hormone leptin and type 2 diabetes , although I'm fully aware of it. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Leptin is a hormone produced by the brain that controls metabolism and body weight. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin is a crucial hormone in the human body that plays an essential role in controlling energy balance, weight, and metabolism. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin is a hormone that signals the brain when the body has enough fat stored. (generatorresearch.com)
  • In the former, the body's response to the hormone leads to hyperleptinemia, and in the latter, the body's response to the weight-reducing effect of recombinant Leptin is reduced. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin is a hormone that is involved in our metabolism and a critical part of our health. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin is a hormone that regulates homeostasis energy through the central- peripheral mechanism as well as regulates hunger and satiety. (ajol.info)
  • Background: The adipocyte products, leptin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha are associated with atherosclerotic diseases and may be factors contributing to the enhanced cardiovascular risk in hypopituitary patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency. (lu.se)
  • Introduction: Leptin, adipose-tissue-derived hormone has a prominent role in bone remodeling by activating, through CNS relay, the sympathetic tone which inhibits bone formation. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Leptin is a hormone involved in regulating energy balance and higher levels are associated with obesity. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipocytes that has anorexigenic effects upon appetite while regulating immunity. (peerj.com)
  • Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue, where it then circulates to the hypothalamus to act as a satiety hormone. (peerj.com)
  • In this paper, a review of the main aspects interconnecting leptin and anorexia nervosa is made, as well as of the effects of excess and deficiency of this hormone on feeding disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The condition in which the body does not responds to leptin hormone, which is known to control appetite, is known as leptin resistance. (nutrineat.com)
  • The hormone leptin controls your appetite. (nutrineat.com)
  • Leptin is a protein hormone that regulates your feeding behavior and hunger. (nutrineat.com)
  • Leptin, the master hormone, is secreted by the fatty tissue or adipose tissue. (nutrineat.com)
  • Leptin is the hormone which determines the rate and degree of hunger that you experience. (nutrineat.com)
  • The primary effect of leptins is in the hypothalamus, a part of the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leptin receptors are expressed not only in the hypothalamus but also in other brain regions, particularly in the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the hypothalamus, the binding of leptin to its receptor triggers a series of chemical signals that affect hunger and help produce a feeling of fullness (satiety). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leptin receptors are highly expressed in areas of the hypothalamus known to be important in regulating body weight, as well as in T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • In the hypothalamus Leptin acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption and also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones. (prospecbio.com)
  • Long forms of OB-R transcripts were reported to be expressed predominantly in regions of the hypothalamus which provides evidence that Leptin receptor is important in body weight regulation. (biovendor.com)
  • AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) coordinate homeostatic changes in appetite associated with fluctuations in food availability and leptin signaling. (biorxiv.org)
  • When scientists tested the ability of various tissues from leptin resistant animals to respond to leptin in vitro, most of the time leptin receptors isolated from the hypothalamus were still somewhat sensitive. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • His fat cells can't properly communicate with his hypothalamus because he has no leptin. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Leptin is naturally produced in the fat cells and works to regulate energy balance by signaling to the brain and hypothalamus when an individual has eaten enough. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Leptin receptor is important in leptin signal transduction that is located mainly in the hypothalamus. (ajol.info)
  • In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs (similar to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes), resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores and high levels of leptin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies have investigated the role of leptin in obesity, anorexia nervosa, insulin resistance, and hypertension. (thermofisher.com)
  • Aging has been demonstrated to aggravate obesity and to induce leptin resistance and hyperleptinemia. (plos.org)
  • Resistance training appears to be more efficient in reducing blood leptin level than aerobic training alone. (plos.org)
  • When bodyfat levels are above about 15 percent for men and 20 percent for women, leptin resistance becomes a major player in body composition. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • What is Leptin Resistance and Why Should You Care? (holistichelp.net)
  • Leptin resistance is similar to insulin resistance and they go hand in hand. (holistichelp.net)
  • Just like neurotransmitters and insulin, the leptin receptors become unresponsive when they are overtimulated on a continuous basis and leptin resistance develops. (holistichelp.net)
  • Obese people are found to have high levels of leptin in their blood, but it is not performing its job - leptin resistance. (holistichelp.net)
  • When there is leptin resistance and the receptors are not responding, then cravings for sweets develop. (holistichelp.net)
  • A vicious cycle ensues, sugar and carbohydrates lead to leptin resistance and insulin resistance which results in more cravings for sugar and carbs, which leads to more insulin and leptin resistance. (holistichelp.net)
  • Here we show that genetic and pharmacological ablation of adult NG2-glia (also known as oligodendrocyte precursors), but not microglia, leads to primary leptin resistance and obesity in mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • According to the author of this product, the famous researcher Morgan Hurst, weight gain occurs due to leptin resistance, which is triggered by viruses and toxins in the body. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Animal studies have found that it could significantly reduce the level of leptin resistance as well as insulin resistance caused by having a high-fat diet. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • High levels of leptin and the accompanying leptin resistance can also decrease fertility, age you more quickly and contribute to obesity. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • All these natural ingredients work together to remove the leptin resistance toxins from your body and to help you lose the extra weight in a matter of weeks. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • High doses of fructose cause leptin resistance. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Theoretically, any diet that raises leptin levels while decreasing leptin resistance should have the maximal effect - two bangs for one buck, and I believe this is precisely what is achieved on such advice. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Only fructose fails to raise leptin levels while simultaneously inducing leptin resistance. (180degreehealth.com)
  • For this reason, people with diabetes tend to develop leptin resistance. (generatorresearch.com)
  • In addition to losing weight, leptin resistance can lead to metabolic disorders, but doctors can find a cure by identifying the cause. (generatorresearch.com)
  • What is Leptin resistance? (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin resistance is a common medical condition that can be caused by both too much and too little secretion. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin resistance is prevalent in most rodents, including humans. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Although recent breakthroughs in research on the circuits that regulate the body's release of Leptin have led to a better understanding of leptin signaling, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying leptin resistance remain largely unknown. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin resistance is caused when the brain is unable to respond to Leptin. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Thankfully, it is possible to treat the symptoms with a leptin resistance diet and lifestyle modifications. (generatorresearch.com)
  • The cause of leptin resistance is unknown, but you can easily recognize the symptoms of this condition. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Symptoms include increased appetite, fatigue, and increased fat storage, and the treatment usually consists of maintaining a leptin resistance diet. (generatorresearch.com)
  • The mutation in leptin receptor (LEPR) gene causes splicing abnormality that resulted in truncated receptor, aberrant signal transduction, leptin resistance, and obesity. (ajol.info)
  • Conclusion: Higher serum leptin levels in female patients after adjusting for BMI may suggest leptin resistance. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Leptin has been shown to inhibit bone formation so it is tempting to speculate that weight gain together with leptin resistance during long term therapy with LAIR may be protective to the bone in patients with schizophrenia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • When cells in the body do not respond to leptin, the condition is termed as leptin resistance. (nutrineat.com)
  • The vicious cycle of obesity and leptin resistance is difficult to break. (nutrineat.com)
  • As scientifically known so far, the general effects of leptin in the central nervous system are: Deficiency of leptin has been shown to alter brain proteins and neuronal functions of obese mice which can be restored by leptin injection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Weight loss among both lean and obese subjects results in decreased plasma levels of leptin, which lead to a state of positive energy balance and a number of other physiologic responses. (nih.gov)
  • However, post-operative leptin expression was up-regulated 2 fold using QPCR Of note, post-operative leptin expression was similar to leptin expression in non-obese, non-diabetic patients. (sages.org)
  • Leptin is frequently also referred to as OB protein, the product of the ob (obese) gene. (rndsystems.com)
  • Leptin is approximately 16 kDa in mass and encoded by the obese (ob) gene. (thermofisher.com)
  • Empirical research papers were eligible provided that they reported data of middle-aged or older (above 45 years of age) overweight or obese (body mass index above 25) individuals and included physical training intervention or at least fitness status of groups together with corresponding blood leptin values. (plos.org)
  • People who are obese or have a high level of Leptin are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (generatorresearch.com)
  • This study aims to determine the association of LEPR gene polymorphisms, rs1137100 and rs1137101, on phenotype and leptin level between obese and control groups in Yogyakarta population. (ajol.info)
  • Body mass index, waist circumference and leptin level in obese group were significantly higher than those in the control group. (ajol.info)
  • Male C57BL/6j (lean) and ob/ob mice (leptin-deficient mice exhibiting obese phenotype) were subjected to SF or control conditions for 24 h using an automated SF chamber. (peerj.com)
  • Serum leptin levels are directly related to adipose tissue mass, which leads to increased leptin levels associated with the obese (OB) phenotype ( Al Maskari & Alnaqdy, 2006 ). (peerj.com)
  • Leptin receptors are expressed by a variety of brain and peripheral cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although regulation of fat stores is deemed to be the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes, as evidenced by its many sites of synthesis other than fat cells, and the many cell types beyond hypothalamic cells that have leptin receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mode of action Leptin acts directly on leptin receptors in the cell membrane of different types of cells in the human body in particular, and in vertebrates in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus some leptin receptors in the brain are classified as central (hypothalamic) and some as peripheral (non-hypothalamic). (wikipedia.org)
  • To address this, we and others have been removing leptin receptors from candidate first-order neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Belin de Chantemele's lab has pioneered work showing that fat-derived leptin directly prompts the adrenal glands to make more aldosterone which activates mineralocorticoid receptors found throughout the body, notably in the blood vessels in females, which is important to blood pressure levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • That work made them hypothesize that the infusion of leptin that occurs midgestation in preeclampsia had a similar impact that deletion of the mineralocorticoid receptors lining blood vessels could resolve. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Leptin is involved in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and adiposity through hypothalamic leptin receptors. (thermofisher.com)
  • Additionally leptin has been found to target receptors on your tongue and serve as a modulator for sweets. (holistichelp.net)
  • where leptin levels, even if they rise, do not have the intended effect because the leptin isn't getting through to its receptors. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Leptin receptor deficiency is a condition that causes severe obesity beginning in the first few months of life. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with leptin receptor deficiency also have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which is a condition caused by reduced production of hormones that direct sexual development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leptin receptor deficiency is a rare cause of obesity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leptin receptor deficiency is caused by mutations in the LEPR gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • LEPR gene mutations that cause leptin receptor deficiency prevent the receptor from responding to leptin, leading to the excessive hunger and weight gain associated with this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurs in leptin receptor deficiency, researchers suggest that leptin receptor signaling is also involved in regulating the body's response to hormones that control sexual development, and that this response is affected by LEPR gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our aim was to study the localization of LPL and its endothelial anchoring protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) in mouse pancreas, and effects of diet and leptin deficiency on their expression patterns. (columbia.edu)
  • Conversely, leptin deficiency decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in heart (IL-1β, TNF-α). (peerj.com)
  • Taken together, these findings suggest that leptin deficiency affects cytokine gene expression differently in the brain compared to peripheral tissues with minimal interaction from acute SF. (peerj.com)
  • For people with leptin deficiency, treatment with leptin leads to sustained improvement in adiposity. (cdc.gov)
  • These data suggest that leptin- induced inhibition of food intake is mediated by an integrated network involving both the forebrain and hindbrain and that activation of NTS ObRb lowers the threshold for leptin responsiveness in the forebrain. (atsbio.com)
  • In humans, both the intrinsic sensitivity to leptin and its rate of production vary and both appear to contribute to differences in weight. (nih.gov)
  • Conclusions: In contrast to the control group, women in the life-style intervention group exhibited a stronger association between gestational weight gain and leptin levels, indicating that they maintained insulin sensitivity. (scirp.org)
  • Fish oils will do wonders for leptin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation, so if you like salmon or mackerel, dig in. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Use the tools in this article to increase your leptin sensitivity. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • This study tested the impact of ObRb activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) on sensitivity to leptin in the forebrain. (atsbio.com)
  • Here follows necessary information which can help break the vicious cycle of obesity and overeating, induced by low sensitivity to leptin. (nutrineat.com)
  • Various tests help diagnose low sensitivity to leptin. (nutrineat.com)
  • Women with ovarian cysts and endometrium are likely to have decreased leptin sensitivity. (nutrineat.com)
  • Loss of leptin sensitivity may lead to chronic inflammatory condition which may in turn increase the chances of developing diabetes and dementia. (nutrineat.com)
  • These medicines promote weight loss and help break the vicious cycle of obesity and low sensitivity to leptin. (nutrineat.com)
  • Extract of an African herb Irvingia gabonensis helps improve leptin sensitivity. (nutrineat.com)
  • At an optimal cut-off value of 16 ng/mL, leptin had positive predictive value ( sensitivity ) up to 70% and negative predictive value ( specificity ) of 91% for indicating oocyte maturity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of ghrelin is basically the exact opposite of leptin: It tells your brain when you need to eat, when it should stop burning calories and when it should store energy as fat. (howstuffworks.com)
  • With shorter nights comes less sleep, less leptin and more ghrelin, making the body eat as much as possible and save those calories for the long winter ahead. (howstuffworks.com)
  • With winter comes more sleep, meaning more leptin and less ghrelin, both of which tell the body it's time to burn those calories it stored during the summer. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Different concentrations of hormones, such as ghrelin, leptin and insulin during foetal life raises the question whether or not they can be modulated, thereby avoiding obesity before birth. (aaem.pl)
  • Leptin decreases the production of ghrelin and tells you your full. (holistichelp.net)
  • Ghrelin is released to tell your brain your hungry and then leptin is released to say you've had enough. (holistichelp.net)
  • Insulin decreases ghrelin and increases leptin. (holistichelp.net)
  • Leptin is not available to reduce ghrelin, thus hunger doesn't turn off. (holistichelp.net)
  • Additionally, the consumption of fructose (high fructose corn syrup, table sugar, honey, fruit), plays a powerful role in this condition as well, as it directly results in an increase of ghrelin and a suppressing of leptin. (holistichelp.net)
  • Ghrelin actives the reward center in the brain and the neurotransmitter dopamine and although the mechanism of action is not completely clear yet, research indicates that leptin has at least some role in modulating endocannobonoids, which are similar to endorphins, and dopamine. (holistichelp.net)
  • All the elements required to keep leptin, ghrelin and insulin in balance and working effectively are integral to the Paleolithic diet, the diet that you are genetically coded to eat. (holistichelp.net)
  • Newswise - ANN ARBOR, Mich. - Researchers at Michigan Medicine have found the livers of patients with a rare disease that affects metabolism have responded positively to leptin therapy. (newswise.com)
  • The decrease in leptin brought on by sleep deprivation can result in a constant feeling of hunger and a general slow-down of your metabolism. (howstuffworks.com)
  • This enables Leptin to then yoke metabolism and sleep directly to the light and dark cycles of our day. (jackkruse.com)
  • The more we eat, the more Leptin is released, so a person's metabolism will increase, and their leptin levels will decrease. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin also plays an important role in fat metabolism, formation and growth of new blood cells, blood vessel formation and immune function. (nutrineat.com)
  • Leptin is coded for by the LEP gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the leptin receptor, which is involved in the regulation of body weight. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Andiran N, Celik N, Andiran F. Homozygosity for two missense mutations in the leptin receptor gene (P316:W646C) in a Turkmenian girl with severe early-onset obesity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leptin receptor (OB R) was identified as a leptin binding protein (Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a single chain 16 kDa protein consisting of 146 amino acid residues. (biovendor.com)
  • Alternate splicing from a single gene derives the six isoforms of the Leptin receptor. (biovendor.com)
  • Poor Jumbo has a mutation in the gene coding for leptin - he's totally missing it! (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • In this study, Dr Omneya Magdy Omar and colleagues at Alexandria University Hospital Children's Hospital, Egypt, tested for epigenetic modifications to the leptin gene in 50, 6-month old babies, 25 of which were breastfed. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Mendelian randomization supports causality between maternal hyperglycemia and epigenetic regulation of leptin gene in newborns. (populationmedicine.org)
  • There is a different relative importance of central and peripheral leptin interactions under different physiologic states, and variations between species. (wikipedia.org)
  • We aimed to review the literature on the effects of training intervention on peripheral leptin level in obesity during aging, in order to evaluate the independent efficacy of this method. (plos.org)
  • Loss of NTS ObR was confirmed with RNAScope in situ hybridization and pSTAT3 response to peripheral leptin in representative Lep- Sap rats. (atsbio.com)
  • Leptin also has thermogenic actions and regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. (thermofisher.com)
  • LeptiFit™ promotes healthy weight management, satiety, and regulates your body's Leptin levels. (wholehealth.com)
  • Leptin is an adipokine that acts in the central nervous system and regulates energy balance. (populationmedicine.org)
  • We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of people, influenced CDI-induced neutrophil CXCR2 expression and tissue neutrophilia. (frontiersin.org)
  • We reveal that NG2-glia contact the dendritic processes of arcuate nucleus leptin receptor (LepR) neurons in the median eminence (ME) and that these processes degenerate upon NG2-glia elimination, which explains the consequential attenuation of these neurons' molecular and electrical responses to leptin. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Plasma leptin, insulin, and neuropeptide Y concentrations in infants. (aaem.pl)
  • Fasting concentrations of leptin, TNF alpha and insulin were analysed in patients and controls. (lu.se)
  • However, when serum leptin concentrations were expressed per kilogram fat mass, the patients had significantly greater concentrations (P = 0.01). (lu.se)
  • In the patients, serum leptin concentrations correlated positively with kilogram fat mass (r = 0.54, P = 0.002). (lu.se)
  • However, the patients had increased leptin concentrations per unit fat mass, indicating an altered adipocyte secretory function in this group. (lu.se)
  • For this, immunofluorescence microscopy was used on pancreatic tissue from C57BL/6 mouse embryos (E18), adult mice on normal or high-fat diet, and adult ob/ob-mice treated or not with leptin. (columbia.edu)
  • Leptin treatment of ob/ob mice for 12 days reversed this pattern, so that most of the islets expressed LPL in beta cells. (columbia.edu)
  • The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • However when you eat sugar and carbohydrates this results in insulin levels that are too high then you also have high levels of leptin. (holistichelp.net)
  • Previous research has indicated that breastfed children have a lower risk of obesity but how this may be related to epigenetic regulation of leptin has not been investigated. (bioscientifica.com)
  • The team plan to conduct larger, multicentre studies assessing the long-term role of genetic and environmental factors on epigenetic regulation of leptin, to put these data into context and explore possible therapeutic interventions that could be developed to prevent and treat childhood obesity. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Early postnatal growth in preterm infants and cord blood leptin. (aaem.pl)
  • than 0.1% as determined by inducing proliferation of BAF/3 cells stably transfected with the long form of human leptin receptor. (prospecbio.com)
  • The leucocytes were washed and stained with FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD14 (Cat No. 555397/557153/561712), BD Horizon™ V450 Mouse Anti-Human CD19 (Cat No. 644491) antibodies and either Alexa Fluor® 647 Mouse IgG2b, κ Isotype Control (Cat No. 557903) or Alexa Fluor® 647 Mouse Anti-Human Leptin Receptor (CD295) antibody (Cat No. 564376). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Observational studies comparing circulating leptin levels between COPD patients and healthy controls were included. (karger.com)
  • Circulating leptin levels were correlated with the body mass index (BMI) as well as percent fat mass in stable COPD patients. (karger.com)
  • Most studies indicated that circulating leptin levels in stable COPD patients were not significantly different from those in healthy controls when adjusted for gender and BMI, whilst leptin levels tended to elevate in exacerbation groups. (karger.com)
  • Named leptin (from leptos , Greek for thin) because of its ability to reduce fat stores, the protein shows high interspecies conservation, with mature human leptin being 87% and 84% identical to mouse and rat leptin proteins, respectively. (rndsystems.com)
  • Lyophilized Pegylated Leptin N82K although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution Pegylated Leptin N82K should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA). (prospecbio.com)
  • You can also experiment with higher intakes, as protein stimulates CCK, which is quite synergistic with leptin. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • The discovery of Leptin in the human body has made it a prime target for scientists, especially those who are searching for new treatments for Type 2 diabetes. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Results: Chronic preweaning, by peripheral infusion of leptin through subcutaneous routes, advanced the onset of puberty in leptin-treated sham and pinealectomized groups as determined by vaginal opening, while causing no significant change in serum estradiol levels and uterus weight. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Serum leptin did not differ significantly between patients and controls. (lu.se)
  • serum leptin did not differ from that in controls, implying that leptin is not a major contributor to the previously found increase in cardiovascular morbidity in the hypopituitary women investigated. (lu.se)
  • This data release, Series 11 No. 12A, contains the NHANES III Serum Leptin data file and documentation. (cdc.gov)
  • Leptin takes an important part in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control.After entering the circulation, Leptin binds LEPRwhich results in the activation of several major signalling pathways. (prospecbio.com)
  • Leptin regulation of GnRHR through three potential pathways. (cytochemistry.net)
  • Leptin regulation of pubertal maturation in intact and pinealectomized" by EMİNE KAÇAR, SİĞNEM EYUBOĞLU DİNÇ et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Our study supports that maternal glycemia is part of causal pathways influencing offspring leptin epigenetic regulation. (populationmedicine.org)
  • It was an effort to convert a large amount of knowledge obtained from literature into a condensed text, aiming to provide an updated view, how leptin functioning as a peripheral signal of energy availability to central nervous system influences on the neural activity involved in regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • A decrease in leptin causes the slowing of fat loss, increase in hunger and cravings, loss of energy and general malaise that accompany prolonged dieting. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Leptin receptor levels are highest in infants, decrease into adolescence, and remain relatively stable throughout adulthood. (biovendor.com)
  • Epigenetic modifications that decrease leptin levels were significantly more common in formula-fed babies, and one of these modifications was also associated with higher body weight in the non-breastfed infants. (bioscientifica.com)
  • As one of the major signals of energy status, leptin levels influence appetite, satiety, and motivated behaviors oriented towards the maintenance of energy reserves (e.g., feeding, foraging behaviors). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sugar acts directly in the brain to inhibit the effect of leptin and increased appetite so you never feel full. (holistichelp.net)
  • Overweight, large appetite and craving carbs are signs you're Leptin Resistant. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Hypothetical role of Leptin in the reproductive system. (rndsystems.com)
  • The role of leptin in mediating inflammatory responses to SF is incompletely understood. (peerj.com)
  • To conduct a meta-analysis to determine whether the level of leptin is related to the disease status of COPD. (karger.com)
  • When the body does not respond to Leptin, it goes into starvation mode, causing it to store fat. (generatorresearch.com)
  • As the cells do not respond to leptin, the person tends to overeat and chances of gaining weight increase considerably. (nutrineat.com)
  • Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo confirm the role of IRF3 in mediating the acute satiety-evoking effects of leptin in AgRP neurons, while live-cell imaging in vitro indicate that leptin can activate neuronal IRF3 in a cell autonomous manner. (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus, our findings identify AgRP neuron-expressed IRF3 as a key transcriptional effector of the hunger-suppressing effects of leptin. (biorxiv.org)
  • Their previous work has shown that outside of pregnancy, an infusion of leptin results in endothelial dysfunction. (sciencedaily.com)
  • and primary vs secondary is an arbitrary description of a particular function of leptin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The new research looking at the impact shows for the first time that the increase in leptin results in endothelial dysfunction in which blood vessels constrict, their ability to relax is impaired and the baby's growth is restricted. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Control women having the highest pre-pregnancy BMI tended to exhibit the lowest increase in leptin levels during pregnancy (p = 0.10), whilst in the intervention group, women who had the highest pre-pregnancy BMI exhibited the highest increase in pregnancy leptin (p = 0.058). (scirp.org)
  • Polymorphism of rs1137100 (K109R) and rs1137101 (Q223R) were associated with obesity and leptin level. (ajol.info)
  • A positive correlation between leptin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels was found in COPD exacerbations, while it disappeared in patients with stable disease. (karger.com)
  • The additional correlation between leptin and TNF-α during exacerbations may support the closer association of leptin with changes in nutritional parameters and suggests its valuable role in the evaluation of systemic inflammatory responses in COPD patients during exacerbation, which merits further study. (karger.com)
  • Significant negative correlation between leptin and osteocalcin ( r =−0.376, P =0.050) was found only in patients with schizophrenia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • High leptin levels are interpreted by the brain that energy reserves are high, whereas low leptin levels indicate that energy reserves are low, in the process adapting the organism to starvation through a variety of metabolic, endocrine, neurobiochemical, and behavioral changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leptin is signaled by fat stores as well as by nutrient intake'specifically, various foodstuffs and their metabolic by-products. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • During sleep, leptin levels increase, telling your brain you have plenty of energy for the time being and there's no need to trigger the feeling of hunger or the burning of calories. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Leptin levels steadily increase in a healthy pregnancy, but specifically what leptin is doing even normally in this scenario is unclear. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But in preeclamptic patients leptin levels go up more than they should," Faulkner says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To make matters worse, the scientists also have evidence that leptin plays a role in increasing levels of the blood vessel constrictor endothelin 1. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Results: Pre-pregnancy BMI correlated with baseline (p = 0.023 and p = 0.079) and end leptin levels (p = 0.128 and p (scirp.org)
  • Similarly, gestational weight gain correlated with both baseline (p = 0.009 and p = 0.046) and end leptin levels (p = 0.065 and p = 0.011). (scirp.org)
  • BMI at the end of pregnancy correlated with the end leptin levels, but the correlation was weaker in the control (p = 0.043) than intervention women (p (scirp.org)
  • Assays for determining an individual's leptin levels aren't readily available anyway, so general guidelines combined with monitoring your experience will be your primary tool for rational manipulation. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Soluble Leptin receptor levels are indirectly proportional to adiposity and are increased in females versus males. (biovendor.com)
  • Increasing dietary calcium suppresses adipocyte calcitriol levels and puts leptin-resistant fat cells back into "fat-burning" mode. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Learn More Researchers at the Mayo Clinic studied two African tribes' leptin levels. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • In some studies, for instance, low-fat meals seemed to result in higher levels of circulating leptin than high-fat meals. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • Blood tests showed that the women's leptin levels were 35% lower when they drank fructose-sweetened beverages than when they drank glucose beverages. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Are you aware of any studies on milk / dairy and leptin levels? (180degreehealth.com)
  • Theoretically, any diet that raises leptin levels while decreasing leptin levels should have that effect, and this is precisely what is achieved on such advice. (180degreehealth.com)
  • Leptin levels adjusted for BMI in females were significantly higher in patients than in healthy female subjects ( P =0.018). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The study reported that genetic modifications known to suppress leptin levels were more common in breastfed babies than formula-fed, and that these differences may play a role in the development of obesity. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Dr Omar states, "As we know that these genetic modifications in formula-fed babies reduce leptin levels, which is associated with obesity, these findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may play a role in the development of obesity. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Also, we did not measure leptin levels or follow what happens as the babies grow. (bioscientifica.com)
  • We investigated whether DNA methylation levels near LEP locus mediate the relation between maternal glycemia and neonatal leptin levels using the 2-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization approach. (populationmedicine.org)
  • The leptin concentration in follicular fluid was significantly higher in women with normal AMH level than in those with low or high levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • In humans, low circulating plasma leptin has been associated with cognitive changes associated with anorexia, depression, and Alzheimer's Disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Weight gain results in an increased plasma leptin level, which elicits a biologic response characterized in part by a state of negative energy balance. (nih.gov)
  • Soluble Leptin receptor is also found upregulated in patients with chronic heart failure, end-stage renal disease and anorexia. (biovendor.com)
  • ob/ob 마우스에서 아디포카인 렙팁(Adipokine leptin)의 결핍은 먹이 섭취 증가와 이동운동(Locomotion) 및 열 발생(Thermogenesis) 감소에 따른 에너지 소비 감소에 의해 비만을 유발한다. (natureasia.com)
  • The expression of leptin is very limited and has been found only in adipocytes. (rndsystems.com)
  • Leptin is expressed predominantly by adipocytes, which fits with the idea that body weight is sensed as the total mass of fat in the body. (thermofisher.com)
  • This suggests that excessive adiposity overrides the absence of leptin to promote a low-grade inflammatory environment in these tissues. (peerj.com)
  • Recent research has revealed that leptin can induce expression of a neuropeptide called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) through the VIP cytokine response element. (jackkruse.com)
  • Here we generated AgRP neuron-specific transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiles during opposing states of fasting-induced hunger and leptin-induced hunger suppression. (biorxiv.org)
  • Raising leptin is key, and since glucose raises leptin more than straight fructose or any carbohydrate containing fructose such as High-Fructose Corn Syrup or sucrose (white sugar), it is vastly preferable. (180degreehealth.com)
  • While leptin is a well-known regulator of body fat mass, it remains unclear how circulating leptin is sensed centrally to maintain energy homeostasis. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • While Leptin is important for controlling the body's hunger, a person can become diseased if their body is resistant to it. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Y. B. Kim, S. Uotani, D. D. Pierroz, J. S. Flier and B. B. Kahn, "In Vivo Administration of Leptin Activates Signal Transduction Directly in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues: Overlapping But Distinct Pathways from Insulin," Endocrinology, Vol. 141, No. 7, 2000, pp. 2328-2339. (scirp.org)
  • Non-hypothalamic targets of leptin are referred to as peripheral targets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Summary: We previously reported that fourth ventricle infusions of leptin that cause weight loss are associated with an increase in hypothalamic phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin receptor (ObRb) activation, implying an integrated response to central leptin. (atsbio.com)
  • Cis-regulatory analysis of these integrated datasets enabled the identification of 28 putative hunger-promoting and 29 putative hunger-suppressing transcriptional regulators in AgRP neurons, 16 of which were predicted to be transcriptional effectors of leptin. (biorxiv.org)
  • Within our dataset, Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) emerged as a leading candidate mediator of leptin-induced hunger-suppression. (biorxiv.org)
  • When cells stop accepting leptin messages, you experience excessive hunger pangs. (nutrineat.com)
  • So then you keep eating, and you become leptin-resistant. (holistichelp.net)
  • When you are Leptin resistant (often caused by poor diet and stress), your brain has a difficult time knowing when to stop eating, leading to unwanted weight gain. (wholehealth.com)
  • In a leptin-resistant state, fat cells seem to have more calcitriol, which has been linked to decreased fat burning and increased fat storage. (firstimpressionsbaby.com)
  • If you are resistant to Leptin, you may also undergo treatment. (generatorresearch.com)
  • Leptin is an important regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. (karger.com)
  • Adequate leptin signaling'and the fed state'are associated with anabolism and high rates of fatty acid oxidation. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • When the scientists inhibited the precursor for the powerful, natural blood vessel dilator nitric oxide, like what happens in hypertension, it pretty much replicates the effect of the midgestation leptin increase. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When temperature becomes the dominant environmental trigger and not light cycles, leptin induces endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) that shuts down the photic effects of VIP on the SCN. (jackkruse.com)
  • Leptin is the chemical that tells your brain when you're full, when it should start burning up calories and, by extension, when it should create energy for your body to use. (howstuffworks.com)
  • When you don't get enough sleep, you end up with too little leptin in your body, which, through a series of steps, makes your brain think you don't have enough energy for your needs. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Leptin is the primary hormonal signal indicating the nutritional state of the cell and, thus the body. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Leptin also tells your body when to burn more fat and reduce storage of fat. (holistichelp.net)
  • Conclusion: Preweaning leptin administration advances the onset of puberty regardless of body weight, and the pineal gland does not seem to have a modulatory effect on leptin-induced pubertal maturation. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The amount of Leptin released in the blood is directly related to the amount of fat in a person's body. (generatorresearch.com)
  • The more fat in the body, the more Leptin is released into the bloodstream. (generatorresearch.com)
  • A correlation study was done between body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and leptin level with their genotypes. (ajol.info)
  • Objective: To investigate whether leptin and TNF alpha are increased in a group of hypopituitary women previously found to have increased cardiovascular morbidity, and to compare them with matched individuals of the same sex and age and with similar body composition. (lu.se)
  • Fat cells from your body release leptin. (nutrineat.com)
  • With more fat on your body, more will the leptin resist to tell your brain that you are satiated. (nutrineat.com)
  • nificance of individual coefficients in the en, bone mineral status is much more Daily routine calibration was done model was assessed by the Hosmer- closely associated with total body fat using the standard phantom supplied Lemeshow test for goodness of fit and [4] and in a multivariate model total fat by the manufacturer. (who.int)
  • Sandwich ELISA: To detect Rat Leptin by sandwich ELISA (using 100 µL/well antibody solution) a concentration of 0.5-2.0 µg/mL of this antibody is required. (thermofisher.com)
  • Severe hereditary obesity in rodents and humans can be caused by defects in leptin production. (thermofisher.com)
  • The underlying neurocircuitry responsible for this is poorly understood, in part because of incomplete knowledge regarding first-order, leptin-responsive neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Leptin, working directly on presynaptic GABAergic neurons, many of which appear not to express AgRP, reduces inhibitory tone to postsynaptic POMC neurons. (nih.gov)
  • As POMC neurons prevent obesity, their disinhibition by leptin action on presynaptic GABAergic neurons probably mediates, at least in part, leptin's antiobesity effects. (nih.gov)
  • Leptin-Saporin (Lep-Sap) injections were used to delete ObR- expressing neurons in the NTS of 300g male Sprague Dawley rats. (atsbio.com)
  • This mutation results in a mature, non-functional, 81 aa residue, truncated leptin that contributes to the general obesity associated with the ob/ob mouse phenotype. (rndsystems.com)
  • Recent studies demonstrate the importance of leptin in feeding behavior. (bvsalud.org)
  • Preparation: Produced from sera of goats immunized with highly pure Recombinant Rat Leptin. (thermofisher.com)
  • This antigen affinity purified antibody, in conjunction with PeproTech Biotinylated Anti-Rat Leptin (500-P185GBt) as a detection antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2-0.4 ng/well of Recombinant Rat Leptin. (thermofisher.com)
  • Used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents the detection limit for Recombinant Rat Leptin is 1.5-3.0 ng/lane, under either reducing or non-reducing conditions. (thermofisher.com)
  • Pegylated Leptin N82K Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single non-glycosilated polypeptide chain containing 146 amino acids, an additional Ala at N-terminus and one molecule of PEG 20 kDa at its N-terminus acids and having a molecular weight of 35.6kDa. (prospecbio.com)
  • Pegylated Leptin N82K Human Recombinant was purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. (prospecbio.com)
  • Multicolor flow cytometric analysis of Leptin Receptor (CD295) on human mononuclear cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The flow cytometric dot plots show the correlated expression patterns of CD19 (Upper Panels) or CD14 (Lower Panels) versus Leptin Receptor (CD295) [or Ig Isotype control staining] for gated events with the forward and side light-scatter characteristics of viable mononuclear leucocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)