A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY. This disorder is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
A principal or polar form of LEPROSY in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike lepromatous leprosy (LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS), the lepromin test is positive. Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others.
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.
Substances that suppress Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
Lepromin is a sterile suspension of Mycobacterium leprae, utilized in intradermal tests to determine the type of immune response in leprosy patients, distinguishing between tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.
A form of LEPROSY classified by the World Health Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients with multibacillary leprosy have six or more lesions with or without positive skin smear results for the causative agent MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Multibacillary leprosy encompasses borderline lepromatous, midborderline, and lepromatous leprosy.
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A form of LEPROSY classified by the World Health Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients with paucibacillary leprosy have fewer than six skin lesions with no causative agent MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE on any slit-skin smear testing. Paucibacillary leprosy encompasses indeterminate, borderline tuberculoid, and tuberculoid leprosy.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
An order of New World mammals characterized by the absence of incisors and canines from among their teeth, and comprising the ARMADILLOS, the SLOTHS, and the anteaters. The order is distinguished from all others by what are known as xenarthrous vertebrae (xenos, strange; arthron, joint): there are secondary, and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar series. The order was formerly called Edentata. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, vol. I, p515)
The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
Facial dermatoses refers to various skin conditions that affect the face, causing symptoms such as redness, inflammation, papules, pustules, scaling, or pigmentation changes, which can be caused by a range of factors including genetics, infections, allergies, and environmental factors.
Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients.
Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
Diseases affecting the eye.
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that have been widely studied for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties, and can be found in various natural sources such as bacteria and fungi, or synthesized chemically.
Proteins, protein complexes, or glycoproteins secreted by suppressor T-cells that inhibit either subsequent T-cells, B-cells, or other immunologic phenomena. Some of these factors have both histocompatibility (I-J) and antigen-specific domains which may be linked by disulfide bridges. They can be elicited by haptens or other antigens and may be mass-produced by hybridomas or monoclones in the laboratory.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.

Infectious keratitis in leprosy. (1/186)

AIM: To describe leprosy characteristics, ocular features, and type of organisms that produce infective corneal ulcers in leprosy patients. METHOD: The records of all leprosy patients admitted for treatment of corneal ulcers between 1992 and 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: 63 leprosy patients, 53 males and 10 females, are described. 16 were tuberculoid and 47 lepromatous. 25 patients had completed multidrug therapy. 10 patients had face patches, eight had type I reaction, and 10 had type II reaction. 43 (68%) patients had hand deformities. In 54% of patients pain was absent as a presenting symptom. 19 patients gave a history of trauma. In 15 patients ulcers had also occurred on the other eye, five of them having occurred during the study period and the rest before 1992. Of the 68 eyes with corneal ulcers, 28 had madarosis, 34 had lagophthalmos, nine had ectropion, three had trichiasis, six had blocked nasolacrimal ducts, and 39 decreased corneal sensation. In 14 eyes, a previous lagophthalmos surgery had been done. 16 patients were blind at presentation. 32% of ulcers were located centrally. After treatment only 18% of the eyes showed visual improvement. Five types of fungus were cultured, two of them rare ocular pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal ulcers occur more in males and in the lepromatous group of patients. Decreased corneal sensation, lagophthalmos and hand deformity are closely associated. Indigenous treatment and late presentations were notable in many patients. Visual outcome is not good. There is increased risk of developing an ulcer in the other eye. Fungal corneal ulcers are not uncommon.  (+info)

Inhibition of apoptosis by ionomycin and zinc in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of leprosy patients. (2/186)

PBMC from tuberculoid (BT/TT) and lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) leprosy patients showed spontaneous apoptosis when cultured in the absence of mitogen for 24 h, which was inhibited by anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antibodies. Apoptosis was also inhibited by ionomycin and zinc, which also increased IL-2 and decreased TNF-alpha production. The increase in IL-2 production suggests a mechanism whereby dietary supplements with zinc might alter the cell-mediated immunity response in leprosy patients.  (+info)

Antibodies to sulfatide in leprosy and leprosy reactions. (3/186)

Antibodies to sulfatide have been reported in various demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathies. We have investigated the diagnostic value of these antibodies in leprosy. Anti-sulfatide IgM in leprosy patients was not significantly elevated. High anti-sulfatide IgG titers were observed in individuals from endemic areas, irrespective of their leprosy status, while western European controls were negative. No significant correlation was found between IgM or IgG antibody titers and leprosy classification, although multibacillary patients had higher anti-sulfatide IgM titers than paucibacillary patients. In addition, 23 patients developing leprosy reactions were followed longitudinally. Antibody titers in these patients fluctuated slightly during the follow-up period. There was no association with the occurrence of leprosy reactions or treatment. Thus, IgG titers against sulfatides are high in both leprosy patients and healthy controls in endemic areas, whereas such antibodies are not found in western European controls, suggesting that these antibodies are induced by environmental factors, such as microorganisms.  (+info)

Differential representations of memory T cell subsets are characteristic of polarized immunity in leprosy and atopic diseases. (4/186)

We identified functionally polarized subsets of CD4 memory T cells on the basis of the expression of CD11a, CD45RA and CD62L. Within the several phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4 memory cells are two that, upon stimulation, produce primarily IL-4 (MT(2), CD45RA(-)CD62L(+)CD11a(dim)) or primarily IFN-gamma (MT(1), CD45RA(-)CD62L(-)CD11a(bright)). In addition, four other phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4 cells have unique cytokine profiles. To determine the clinical relevance of the representation of these cell types, we analyzed blood from patients with the chronic diseases leprosy and atopy. These diseases are characterized as immunologically polarized, since T cell responses in affected individuals are often strongly biased towards T(h)1 (dominated by IFN-gamma production) or T(h)2 (IL-4 production). We show here that this polarization reflects homeostatic or differentiation mechanisms affecting the representation of the functionally distinct subsets of memory CD4 T cells, MT(1) and MT(2). Significantly, the representation of the MT(1) and MT(2) subsets differs dramatically between subjects with tuberculoid leprosy (a T(h)1 disease), or lepromatous leprosy or atopic disease (T(h)2 diseases). However, there was no difference in the cytokine profiles of these or any of the other finely resolved CD4 subsets, when compared between individuals across all disease states. Thus, it is the representation of these subsets in peripheral blood that is diagnostic of the polarized state of the immune system.  (+info)

Granulomatous reaction to intradermal injection of lepromin (Mitsuda reaction) is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene in Vietnamese leprosy sibships. (5/186)

The Mitsuda test, which measures the specific immune response against intradermally injected lepromin, has a high prognostic value for susceptibility or resistance to the lepromatous form of leprosy. A sib-pair linkage analysis between the Mitsuda response and the NRAMP1 gene was done among 20 nuclear families with leprosy (totaling 118 sibs) from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All family subjects were genotyped for several intragenic and flanking NRAMP1 markers, leading to the definition of a fully informative NRAMP1 haplotype. Significant linkage was observed between NRAMP1 and Mitsuda reaction when considered either as a quantitative (P<.002) or as a categorical (P=.001) trait. Separate analyses among healthy and affected sibs showed evidence for linkage in both subsamples, indicating that linkage between the Mitsuda reaction and NRAMP1 is independent of leprosy status. These results support the view that NRAMP1 plays a regulatory role for the development of acquired antimycobacterial immune responses as determined by in vivo Mitsuda test reaction.  (+info)

Vasculitic neuropathy in a patient with inactive treated lepromatous leprosy. (6/186)

A 46 year old Asian male with previously treated lepromatous leprosy developed a stepwise multifocal sensory disturbance 25 years later. Neurophysiology demonstrated marked deterioration from previous studies. Sural nerve biopsy disclosed a vasculitic process superimposed on inactive lepromatous leprosy. Immunocytochemical stains for mycobacterial antigen showed deposits within nerve and vessel walls. A delayed vasculitic neuropathy precipitated by persisting mycobacterial antigen is proposed.  (+info)

A role for CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in the generation of type 1 cytokine responses in human leprosy. (7/186)

The interaction of CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed by activated T cells with CD40 on macrophages has been shown to be a potent stimulus for the production of IL-12, an obligate signal for generation of Th1 cytokine responses. The expression and interaction of CD40 and CD40L were investigated in human infectious disease using leprosy as a model. CD40 and CD40L mRNA and surface protein expression were predominant in skin lesions of resistant tuberculoid patients compared with the highly susceptible lepromatous group. IL-12 release from PBMC of tuberculoid patients stimulated with Mycobacterium leprae was partially inhibited by mAbs to CD40 or CD40L, correlating with Ag-induced up-regulation of CD40L on T cells. Cognate recognition of M. leprae Ag by a T cell clone derived from a tuberculoid lesion in the context of monocyte APC resulted in CD40L-CD40-dependent production of IL-12. In contrast, M. leprae-induced IL-12 production by PBMC from lepromatous patients was not dependent on CD40L-CD40 ligation, nor was CD40L up-regulated by M. leprae. Furthermore, IL-10, a cytokine predominant in lepromatous lesions, blocked the IFN-gamma up-regulation of CD40 on monocytes. These data suggest that T cell activation in situ by M. leprae in tuberculoid leprosy leads to local up-regulation of CD40L, which stimulates CD40-dependent induction of IL-12 in monocytes. The CD40-CD40L interaction, which is not evident in lepromatous leprosy, probably participates in the cell-mediated immune response to microbial pathogens.  (+info)

Anti-inflammatory drugs block cytokine mRNA accumulation in the skin and improve the clinical condition of reactional leprosy patients. (8/186)

The aim of this study was to investigate in what ways in vivo anti-inflammatory treatment affects cytokine mRNA expression in situ in both erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reaction patients. Serial biopsies were collected from the patients undergoing leprosy reactions before and during pentoxifylline (n = 7) or thalidomide (n = 3) treatment for erythema nodosum leprosum and prednisone (n = 3) for reversal reaction. Clinical evolution of the skin lesion was assessed during the study and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate cytokine mRNA expression at the lesion site. Results showed expression of interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-12 p40, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all patients tested at the onset of reactional episodes, but interleukin-4 mRNA was rarely detected in the lesions (n = 4). Follow-up analysis showed that, irrespective of the drugs used, tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA was diminished in 10 of the 13 patients tested. A concomitant decrease of mRNA accumulation was also observed for interferon-gamma (nine of 11 patients), interleukin-6 (nine of 11), and interleukin-12 p40 (six of eight). An inhibitory effect on interleukin-10 mRNA was likewise seen after thalidomide and pentoxifylline, but not subsequent to prednisone treatment. The data also demonstrated that cytokine mRNA inhibition correlates to the resolution of the inflammatory response in situ (n = 10), whereas the persistence/enhancement of cytokine message expression after treatment was associated with worsening of the skin condition, as seen in three erythema nodosum leprosum patients whose maintenance of local inflammation was accompanied by the appearance/persistence of interleukin-4 gene expression in situ subsequent to anti-inflammatory treatment. In summary, the participation of cytokines in leprosy inflammatory episodes seems to be directly associated with the patients' clinical evolution following therapy for reaction.  (+info)

Lepromatous leprosy is a type of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. In this form of the disease, there is a widespread and diffuse involvement of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves. The bacteria multiply slowly and spread to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and peripheral nerves.

In lepromatous leprosy, the immune response is weak, allowing for extensive bacterial multiplication and widespread tissue damage. The skin lesions are typically numerous, pale, and have a smooth surface. Nerve involvement can lead to loss of sensation, muscle weakness, and deformities, particularly in the hands and feet.

Lepromatous leprosy is a more severe form of the disease compared to tuberculoid leprosy, which has a stronger immune response and localized skin lesions. Both forms of the disease are treatable with multidrug therapy (MDT), recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for all leprosy patients. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent disability and reduce transmission.

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. The disease mainly spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people.

Leprosy is characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which leads to the formation of distinctive skin lesions and nerve damage. If left untreated, it can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. However, with early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT), the disease can be cured, and disability can be prevented or limited.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies leprosy into two types based on the number of skin lesions and bacteriological index: paucibacillary (one to five lesions) and multibacillary (more than five lesions). This classification helps determine the appropriate treatment regimen.

Although leprosy is curable, it remains a public health concern in many developing countries due to its stigmatizing nature and potential for social exclusion of affected individuals.

"Mycobacterium leprae" is a slow-growing, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, and is named after him as "Hansen's bacillus."

"Mycobacterium leprae" has a unique cell wall that contains high amounts of lipids, which makes it resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. It can survive and multiply within host macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection.

Leprosy is a treatable disease with multidrug therapy (MDT), which combines several antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce its transmission to others.

Tuberculoid leprosy is a form of leprosy caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is one of the two major forms of the disease, with the other being lepromatous leprosy.

Tuberculoid leprosy typically presents with fewer lesions (generally less than five) that are well-defined, asymmetric, and dry. The lesions can be hypopigmented or erythematous and may have a raised border. Nerve involvement is common in tuberculoid leprosy, leading to symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and paralysis.

The disease primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a strong cell-mediated immune response, which can lead to the destruction of mycobacteria but may also cause tissue damage. It is generally a milder form of the disease compared to lepromatous leprosy and responds well to treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT).

"Borderline leprosy," also known as "borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT)," is a type of leprosy that falls in the middle of the clinical spectrum of the disease. It has features of both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, but they are not well-defined. The immune response in borderline leprosy is unstable, which means that the condition can either improve or deteriorate over time.

In borderline leprosy, there are usually a few well-defined lesions with some sensory loss. The bacteria are present in the skin and nerves, but they have not yet caused extensive damage. Treatment for borderline leprosy is similar to that of other forms of leprosy, which typically involves multidrug therapy (MDT) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

It's important to note that leprosy is a curable disease, and early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and reduce transmission.

Erythema nodosum is a type of inflammation that occurs in the fatty layer of the skin, causing painful, red or purple bumps (nodules) to form. It is a type of panniculitis, which refers to any condition that causes inflammation of the fatty layer of tissue beneath the skin.

Erythema nodosum is often associated with a variety of underlying conditions, such as infections (e.g., streptococcus, tuberculosis), medications (e.g., sulfa drugs, oral contraceptives), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and pregnancy.

The bumps associated with erythema nodosum typically appear on the shins, ankles, knees, or other areas of the legs, although they can also occur on the arms, hands, or face. The bumps may be tender to the touch, warm, and swollen, and they may cause pain or discomfort when walking or standing for prolonged periods.

In most cases, erythema nodosum resolves on its own within a few weeks to several months, although symptoms can be managed with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. Treating the underlying condition is also important for resolving erythema nodosum and preventing recurrences.

Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.

The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Lepromin is not a medical condition but rather a diagnostic test used in the diagnosis and classification of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. The Lepromin test measures the cell-mediated immunity of an individual to the bacteria that causes leprosy.

The test involves injecting two types of antigens derived from M. leprae, one more soluble and the other less soluble, into the skin of the forearm. The response of the immune system to these antigens is then observed after 24 hours (for the soluble antigen) and 48 hours (for the less soluble antigen).

A positive reaction to the more soluble antigen indicates a strong cell-mediated immunity, which is associated with tuberculoid leprosy, a milder form of the disease. A positive reaction to the less soluble antigen suggests a weaker cell-mediated immunity and is associated with lepromatous leprosy, a more severe form of the disease.

It's important to note that the Lepromin test has limited availability and is not widely used in many parts of the world due to its complexity and the need for specialized laboratory facilities.

Multibacillary (MB) leprosy, also known as lepromatous leprosy, is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the widespread dissemination of the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae throughout the body. It is one of two major forms of leprosy, with the other being paucibacillary (PB) leprosy.

In MB leprosy, there are typically numerous skin lesions that may be widespread and often have a symmetrical distribution. The lesions can appear as nodules, plaques, or macules and can be hypopigmented or erythematous. They may also have a characteristic appearance with loss of sensation due to nerve damage.

MB leprosy is characterized by the presence of large numbers of bacilli in the skin lesions and nasal mucosa, as well as involvement of multiple nerves leading to deformities and disabilities if left untreated. The diagnosis of MB leprosy is usually made based on clinical examination, skin smears, and/or biopsy.

MB leprosy is treated with a multidrug therapy (MDT) regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months. Early diagnosis and treatment of MB leprosy can prevent disability and reduce transmission.

Dapsone is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called sulfones. It is primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections such as leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition associated with coeliac disease). Dapsone works by killing the bacteria responsible for these infections.

In addition, dapsone has anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and chronic urticaria. It is available in oral tablet form and topical cream or gel form.

Like all medications, dapsone can cause side effects, which may include nausea, loss of appetite, and headache. More serious side effects, such as methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder that affects the body's ability to transport oxygen), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage that causes pain, numbness, or weakness in the hands and feet), and liver damage, can occur but are less common.

It is important for patients taking dapsone to be monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

An armadillo is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of mammal that is native to the Americas, known for its distinctive armor-like shell. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or topic, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

Paucibacillary leprosy is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the presence of fewer than 5 skin lesions and no bacterial growth in slit skin smears or biopsies. It is also known as tuberculoid leprosy and is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. The condition primarily affects the nerves and skin, leading to numbness, muscle weakness, and disfigurement if left untreated. Paucibacillary leprosy tends to have a better prognosis compared to multibacillary leprosy, which is characterized by more numerous skin lesions and bacterial growth.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.

There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.

Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.

Xenarthra is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the order of mammals that consists of anteaters, sloths, and armadillos. These animals are characterized by their unique skeletal and dental structures, including extra joints between their vertebrae and specialized teeth for grinding or tearing food.

While Xenarthra is not a medical term, it is worth noting that these animals have some unique adaptations that can impact their health and veterinary care. For example, anteaters have an extremely long and sticky tongue to eat ants and termites, which can make dental care challenging. Sloths have a slow metabolism and spend most of their time hanging upside down in trees, which can affect their digestion and musculoskeletal health. Armadillos are known to be carriers of leprosy, which can impact human health in certain areas where they are common.

'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' is not typically associated with human leprosy or any medical conditions affecting humans. It is a species of mycobacteria that primarily infects rodents, particularly mice and rats. This bacterium is the causative agent of a form of leprosy-like disease in these animals, known as murine leprosy.

Human infections with 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' are extremely rare and have only been reported in a handful of cases worldwide. When they do occur, they usually result from close contact with infected rodents or their excrement. The disease caused by this bacterium in humans is typically milder than human leprosy and often resolves on its own without specific treatment.

Therefore, 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' should not be confused with the mycobacterial species that cause leprosy in humans, such as 'Mycobacterium leprae' or 'Mycobacterium lepromatosis'.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

A granuloma is a small, nodular inflammatory lesion that occurs in various tissues in response to chronic infection, foreign body reaction, or autoimmune conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages, which are specialized immune cells with enlarged nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, often arranged in a palisading pattern around a central area containing necrotic debris, microorganisms, or foreign material.

Granulomas can be found in various medical conditions such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections, and certain autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. The formation of granulomas is a complex process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, which aim to contain and eliminate the offending agent while minimizing tissue damage.

Facial dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the face. These can include a wide range of disorders, such as:

1. Acne vulgaris: A common skin condition characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) and inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules. It primarily affects the face, neck, chest, and back.
2. Rosacea: A chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels on the face, along with bumps or pimples and sometimes eye irritation.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis: A common inflammatory skin disorder that causes a red, itchy, and flaky rash, often on the scalp, face, and eyebrows. It can also affect other oily areas of the body, like the sides of the nose and behind the ears.
4. Atopic dermatitis (eczema): A chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes red, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin. While it can occur anywhere on the body, it frequently affects the face, especially in infants and young children.
5. Psoriasis: An autoimmune disorder that results in thick, scaly, silvery, or red patches on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the face.
6. Contact dermatitis: A skin reaction caused by direct contact with an allergen or irritant, resulting in redness, itching, and inflammation. The face can be affected when allergens or irritants come into contact with the skin through cosmetics, skincare products, or other substances.
7. Lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disorder that can cause a butterfly-shaped rash on the cheeks and nose, along with other symptoms like joint pain, fatigue, and photosensitivity.
8. Perioral dermatitis: A inflammatory skin condition that causes redness, small bumps, and dryness around the mouth, often mistaken for acne. It can also affect the skin around the nose and eyes.
9. Vitiligo: An autoimmune disorder that results in the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, which can occur on the face and other parts of the body.
10. Tinea faciei: A fungal infection that affects the facial skin, causing red, scaly, or itchy patches. It is also known as ringworm of the face.

These are just a few examples of skin conditions that can affect the face. If you experience any unusual symptoms or changes in your skin, it's essential to consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Transfer factors are natural immune system components that are passed from one individual to another, usually through blood products. They are small proteins called cytokines that are secreted by certain white blood cells (T-lymphocytes or T-cells) and function to regulate the immune system's response to foreign substances.

Transfer factors can be extracted from human blood and given to individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or suffering from immune deficiency disorders, to help enhance their immune response. They have also been used in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, allergies, and certain viral infections.

It's important to note that while transfer factors have shown promise in some studies, more research is needed to fully understand their effectiveness and safety.

Prothionamide is an antimicrobial medication used primarily in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It's a second-line drug, which means it's used when first-line treatments aren't effective or if the strain of TB is resistant to other drugs.

Prothionamide is a bacteriostatic agent, meaning it inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, rather than killing it outright. It does this by interfering with the bacterium's ability to synthesize its cell wall.

Like many other medications used to treat TB, prothionamide is often used in combination therapy, where it's given alongside other antimicrobial drugs, to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing resistance to the treatment.

Please note that this definition is a general overview and may not include all the potential uses, precautions, side effects, and interactions related to this drug. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Skin tests are medical diagnostic procedures that involve the application of a small amount of a substance to the skin, usually through a scratch, prick, or injection, to determine if the body has an allergic reaction to it. The most common type of skin test is the patch test, which involves applying a patch containing a small amount of the suspected allergen to the skin and observing the area for signs of a reaction, such as redness, swelling, or itching, over a period of several days. Another type of skin test is the intradermal test, in which a small amount of the substance is injected just beneath the surface of the skin. Skin tests are used to help diagnose allergies, including those to pollen, mold, pets, and foods, as well as to identify sensitivities to medications, chemicals, and other substances.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Rifampin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as rifamycins. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Legionella pneumophila. It is also used to prevent meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.

Rifampin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. The medication is usually taken two to four times a day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Rifampin may be given alone or in combination with other antibiotics.

It is important to note that rifampin can interact with several other medications, including oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and anti-seizure drugs, among others. Therefore, it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with rifampin.

Rifampin may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of urine, tears, sweat, and saliva to a reddish-orange color. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, it is important to consult your healthcare provider.

In summary, rifampin is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections and prevent meningococcal disease. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin may interact with several other medications, and it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of body fluids.

Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is a type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (T cells), to protect the body against infected or damaged cells. This form of immunity is important for fighting off infections caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria, as well as for recognizing and destroying cancer cells.

Cellular immunity involves a complex series of interactions between various immune cells and molecules. When a pathogen infects a cell, the infected cell displays pieces of the pathogen on its surface in a process called antigen presentation. This attracts T cells, which recognize the antigens and become activated. Activated T cells then release cytokines, chemicals that help coordinate the immune response, and can directly attack and kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells to do so.

Cellular immunity is an important component of the adaptive immune system, which is able to learn and remember specific pathogens in order to mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure. This form of immunity is also critical for the rejection of transplanted organs, as the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.

In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

"Mycobacterium bovis" is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, and can also cause tuberculosis in humans, particularly in those who come into contact with infected animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and survive for long periods in a dormant state, making them difficult to eradicate from the environment. "Mycobacterium bovis" is closely related to "Mycobacterium tuberculosis," the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans, and both species share many genetic and biochemical characteristics.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Phenazines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of two nitrogen atoms connected by a five-membered ring. They are naturally occurring in various species of bacteria and fungi, where they play a role in chemical defense and communication. Some phenazines have been found to have antibiotic, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Synthetic phenazines are also used in various industrial applications, such as dyes and pigments, and as components in some pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Suppressor factors, immunologic, refer to substances that can suppress or decrease the immune response. They were first described in the 1970s and are produced by certain cells of the immune system, such as T cells. Suppressor factors help to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent overactive immune responses that can lead to autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammation.

Immunologic suppressor factors can inhibit the activation and proliferation of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. They can also suppress the production of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help regulate the immune response. Suppressor factors have been studied in the context of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and transplant rejection.

However, the concept of immunologic suppressor factors has been controversial, and their precise mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Some researchers have questioned whether they truly exist as distinct entities or whether they represent a heterogeneous group of regulatory molecules with diverse functions. Nonetheless, the study of immunologic suppressor factors remains an active area of research, as understanding how they work could lead to new therapies for a variety of diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a soluble cytokine that is primarily produced by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, as well as tumor cells. IFN-γ has several functions, including activating macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activity, increasing the presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, IFN-γ has direct antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells and can enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells against infected or malignant cells.

Delayed hypersensitivity, also known as type IV hypersensitivity, is a type of immune response that takes place several hours to days after exposure to an antigen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells (a type of white blood cell) and the release of various chemical mediators, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This reaction is typically associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as contact dermatitis, granulomatous disorders (e.g. tuberculosis), and certain autoimmune diseases.

The reaction process involves the following steps:

1. Sensitization: The first time an individual is exposed to an antigen, T cells are activated and become sensitized to it. This process can take several days.
2. Memory: Some of the activated T cells differentiate into memory T cells, which remain in the body and are ready to respond quickly if the same antigen is encountered again.
3. Effector phase: Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, the memory T cells become activated and release cytokines, which recruit other immune cells (e.g. macrophages) to the site of inflammation. These cells cause tissue damage through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of reactive oxygen species.
4. Chronic inflammation: The ongoing immune response can lead to chronic inflammation, which may result in tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring).

Examples of conditions associated with delayed hypersensitivity include:

* Contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy, nickel allergy)
* Tuberculosis
* Leprosy
* Sarcoidosis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Type 1 diabetes mellitus
* Multiple sclerosis
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system. They are large cells with a round or oval shape and a nucleus that is typically indented or horseshoe-shaped. Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then circulate in the bloodstream, where they can differentiate into other types of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells.

Monocytes play an important role in the body's defense against infection and tissue damage. They are able to engulf and digest foreign particles, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells, which helps to clear them from the body. Monocytes also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response.

Elevated levels of monocytes in the bloodstream can be a sign of an ongoing infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions such as cancer or autoimmune disorders.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

Mononuclear leukocytes are a type of white blood cells (leukocytes) that have a single, large nucleus. They include lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells), monocytes, and dendritic cells. These cells play important roles in the body's immune system, including defending against infection and disease, and participating in immune responses and surveillance. Mononuclear leukocytes can be found in the bloodstream as well as in tissues throughout the body. They are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, providing specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms to protect the body from harmful pathogens and other threats.

Concanavalin A (Con A) is a type of protein known as a lectin, which is found in the seeds of the plant Canavalia ensiformis, also known as jack bean. It is often used in laboratory settings as a tool to study various biological processes, such as cell division and the immune response, due to its ability to bind specifically to certain sugars on the surface of cells. Con A has been extensively studied for its potential applications in medicine, including as a possible treatment for cancer and viral infections. However, more research is needed before these potential uses can be realized.

... is a form of leprosy characterized by pale macules in the skin.: 346 It results from the failure of Th1 ... Lepromatous leprosy, in contrast to the tuberculoid form of leprosy, is characterized by the absence of epithelioid cells in ... Contrary to popular belief, both forms of leprosy are curable, with the lepromatous form classically treated with antibiotics ... This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy. This debilitating form of leprosy begins to spread causing the ...
... is a skin condition with numerous, symmetrical skin lesions.: 346 Leprosy Cutaneous conditions ...
Akhtar M, Ali MA, Mackey DM (1980). "Lepromatous leprosy presenting as orchitis". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 73 (5 ... leprosy, tuberculosis. Hedger MP, Hales DB (2006). "Immunophysiology of the Male Reproductive Tract". In Neill JD (ed.). Knobil ...
The most common infection may be leprosy, such as lepromatous leprosy . Syphilis or other viral infections like herpes or HIV ... Parrino, D.; Di Bella, S. (2016). "Hertoghe sign: a hallmark of lepromatous leprosy". QJM. 109 (7): 497-497. doi:10.1093/qjmed/ ... In many leprosy cases, madarosis is a symptom or a quality after diagnosis. However, in India, leprosy is common and ... A majority of patients with madarosis have leprosy, and it was reported that 76% of patients with varying types of leprosy had ...
The acute infiltration reaction of lepromatous leprosy. (1955) Tajiri I. Int J Lepr. 23(1):370-84. The papers of Isamu Tajiri ( ... 1935 Leprosy and childbirth Int J Lepr 4,2,1936 Acute infiltration of leprosy Int J Lepr 23,370-84,1955 (Book)Leprosy medicine ... Leprosy of the respiratory system Report 1 Trachea, lung, Chiba Igaku Zasshi, 11,2,1933 Leprosy of the respiratory system ... He became Ph.D. for his studies on leprosy of the respiratory system. In 1947 he went to Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium. Between 1958 ...
Parrino, Daniela; Di Bella, Stefano (2016-03-29). "Hertoghe sign: an hallmark of lepromatous leprosy". QJM: Monthly Journal of ... but it can also be detected in lepromatous leprosy. The sign is named after the Belgian Internist Eugene Ludovic Christian ...
Sheskin, J. (1980). The treatment of lepra reaction in lepromatous leprosy. International Journal of Dermatology, 19(6), 318- ... Wahba, A., Dorfman, M., & Sheskin, J. (1980). Psoriasis and other common dermatoses in leprosy. International Journal of ... Sheskin, J. (1975). The case for invisible leprosy. International Journal of Dermatology, 14(5), 345-346. Sheskin, J., Sabatto ... anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties of thalidomide in leprosy. Unpublished dissertation, Louisiana State University ...
... can induce diffuse lepromatous leprosy (DLL), typically known to occur in Mexico and the Caribbean. ... December 2008). "A new Mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 130 ... December 2008). "A new Mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 130 ... Dermatologic Manifestations of Leprosy at eMedicine Han XY, Seo YH, Sizer KC, Schoberle T, May GS, Spencer JS, et al. ( ...
The Dharmendra test allows to differentiate tuberculoid leprosy from lepromatous leprosy. Mohanty J, Mohanty H C. Lepromin ... The antigen is a suspension of de-fatted leprosy bacilli which has been extracted with chloroform-ether and killed, either by ... response with dharmendra antigen in patients with leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 1997 [cited 2016 ... Jun 20];63:385-7. Available from: http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?1997/63/6/385/4627 (Antigen presenting cells, Leprosy). ...
Baldwin IV, who suffered from lepromatous leprosy, had made his nephew (the only son of his sister, Sibylla by her first ... Before long, it became obvious that Baldwin suffered from lepromatous leprosy. To secure the succession of the ailing king, his ...
"Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy". Lancet. 1 (8283): 1199-1202. doi: ... and elimination of leprosy" (PDF). International Journal of Leprosy. 62 (3): 412-427. Edmond, Rod (2006). Leprosy and Empire: A ... These three anti-leprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens. The word leprosy comes from ancient Greek Λέπρα [ ... Angela Leung's Leprosy in China: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) is the authoritative source on leprosy ...
M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy in ... Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of leprosy patients ... as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and stigma against those with leprosy was high (see Leprosy stigma ... Although Leprosy continues to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was ...
"A clinical trial of ethionamide and prothionamide for treatment of lepromatous leprosy". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74 (3): 457-61 ... It has also been tested for use in the treatment of leprosy. Wang F, Langley R, Gulten G, et al. (January 2007). "Mechanism of ... thioamide drug action against tuberculosis and leprosy". J. Exp. Med. 204 (1): 73-8. doi:10.1084/jem.20062100. PMC 2118422. ...
Pink and red discolorations are also associated in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Some medications, such as tetracycline ...
... biomolecular and geochemical examination of an Early Anglo-Saxon case of lepromatous leprosy. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1-128. [e0124282 ...
Leprosy was suspected, but there were no visible symptoms yet and physicians hesitated to diagnose because of the stigma the ... Puberty may have accelerated the development of the lepromatous form of the illness. His condition worsened rapidly. Most ... During the regency it became clear that the king was indeed affected by leprosy. It is not clear from whom he caught it, but it ... Leprosy precluded Baldwin from marrying. He hoped to abdicate when his sister, Sibylla, married William of Montferrat in 1176, ...
There is even a "Latapi Lepromatosis" which is a form of diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy. "En el centenario del ... The AMAL Center of Leprosy served as a hospital for all cases of leprosy and some years later became a dermatological center, ... He changed the way leprosy was perceived, classified different types of leprosy patients, and made important contributions to ... Leprosy became his passion for 45 years, and the source behind his major medical contributions. He published a great deal of ...
It was effective to some degree in neuralgic pain, but not effective in lepromatous leprosy. "On the leprosy settlement ( ... 5th Leprosy Congress at Osaka. "Studies on murine leprosy: pathological differences from human leprosy" (1932). 5th Leprosy ... Discussed were various problems such as why leprosy patients gathered there, on the ease of life of leprosy patients. Leprosy ... 5th Leprosy Congress at Osaka. "Studies on murine leprosy: Mitsuda reaction" (1932). 5th Leprosy Congress at Osaka. He was ...
Treatment of tuberculoid leprosy is continued for at least 1 to 2 years, while patients with lepromatous leprosy are generally ... At the other extreme, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by depressed cell-mediated immunity, numerous bacilli within the ... especially those found in lepromatous leprosy patients, are less susceptible and can persist for many years, resulting in ... they may progress to either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy. Sulfone - Dapsone (DDS), Phenazine derivative - Clofazimine, ...
His only son, Baldwin IV, was crowned king four days later, although he was a minor and had lepromatous leprosy. The ... For the king was afflicted more grievously than usual by his illness and day by day the symptoms of leprosy became more and ...
Lepromatous leprosy, seen when the host lacks resistance to the organism, presents with widespread skin lesions and palpably ... Leprosy is frequently characterized by direct neural infection by the causative organism, mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy ... Tuberculoid leprosy, seen in cases where host immunity is high, is not commonly associated with neuritis. It presents with a ... Disease involvement in this form of leprosy characteristically progresses from cooler regions of the body, such as the tip of ...
The second form of leprosy is the "lepromatous" form, in which the microbes proliferate within the macrophages at the site of ... This bacteria often occur in large numbers within the lesions of lepromatous leprosy and are usually grouped together as a ... MDT is used to treat leprosy because treatment of leprosy with one drug (monotherapy) can result in drug resistance. The drug ... In Scollard DM, Gillis TP (ed), International textbook of leprosy. www.internationaltextbookofleprosy.org. "Leprosy: ...
It is seen in multiple conditions and has been classically described for lepromatous leprosy as well as Paget's disease of bone ... Differential diagnoses include the following: Lepromatous leprosy Paget's disease of bone Mycosis fungoides Polyostotic fibrous ... Leprosy : Article by Felisa S Lewis". Archived from the original on 2008-11-04. "eMedicine - Lichen Myxedematosus : Article by ...
... or combined with dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy". ... The primary use of clofazimine is for the treatment of leprosy. Other uses have not been proven to be safe or effective. It has ... Clofazimine, sold under the brand name Lamprene, is a medication used together with rifampicin and dapsone to treat leprosy. It ... Kashyap A, Sehgal VN, Sahu A, Saha K (February 1992). "Anti-leprosy drugs inhibit the complement-mediated solubilization of pre ...
... also known as diffuse lepromatous leprosy or "pretty leprosy", is a clinical variety of lepromatous leprosy. It was first ... Latapí re-described it in 1938 and reported it as 'spotted' leprosy of Lucio in 1948. It was named the diffuse leprosy of Lucio ... Vargas-Ocampo F (2007). "Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí: a histologic study". Leprosy Review. 78 (3): 248-260. doi: ... It is common in Mexico (23% of leprosy cases) and in Costa Rica and very rare in other countries. The spotted or lazarine ...
... is an unusual reaction seen almost exclusively in patients from the Caribbean and Mexico with diffuse lepromatous leprosy, ... The "spotted" Leprosy of Lucio (La lepra "manchada" de Lucio); an introduction to its clinical and histological study. Int. J. ... He himself got infected with this type of Leprosy from which he died in 1886, aged 66 years. Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, ... Lucio's phenomenon is treated by anti-leprosy therapy (dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine), optimal wound care, and treatment ...
... lepromatous leprosy) of leprosy based on his experiments using well-defined leprosy patient samples. Using anti-porin ... His primary areas of study interest were thereafter typhoid and leprosy immunology. He proved the impairment of the alternative ...
Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer (Bairnsdale ulcer, Searl ulcer, ... Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Lichen scrofulosorum (tuberculosis cutis lichenoides) Lupus ... Tuberculoid leprosy Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial ...
... leprosy MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386.110 - leprosy, borderline MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386.500 - leprosy, lepromatous MeSH ... C01.252.410.040.552.386.700 - leprosy, tuberculoid MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.475 - mycobacterium infections, atypical MeSH ...
... lepromatous leprosy, Q fever, poststreptococcal nephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, coccidioidomycosis, malaria, ...
Lepromatous leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by pale macules in the skin.: 346 It results from the failure of Th1 ... Lepromatous leprosy, in contrast to the tuberculoid form of leprosy, is characterized by the absence of epithelioid cells in ... Contrary to popular belief, both forms of leprosy are curable, with the lepromatous form classically treated with antibiotics ... This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy. This debilitating form of leprosy begins to spread causing the ...
The THELEP controlled clinical trials in lepromatous leprosy / Louis Levy, editor  Levy, Louis; UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special ...
The Armadillo Factor: Lepromatous Leprosy Laura C Cleary 1 , Smitha Suraj 2 , David Haburchak 3 , Jake E Turrentine 4 ... The Armadillo Factor: Lepromatous Leprosy Laura C Cleary et al. Am J Med. 2017 Oct. ... Two Cases of Lepromatous Leprosy from Exposure to Armadillos in Florida. Harb J, Pothiawala S, Yonkosky D, Talley J, Jukic D. ... Molluscum contagiosum-like lesions in lepromatous leprosy. Mukhopadhyay AK. Mukhopadhyay AK. Indian J Lepr. 2005 Apr-Jun;77(2): ...
Virk A, Pritt B, Patel R, Uhl JR, Bezalel SA, Gibson LE, et al. Mycobacterium lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy in US citizen ... Mycobacterium lepromatosis Lepromatous Leprosy in US Citizen Who Traveled to Disease-Endemic Areas On This Page ... Mycobacterium lepromatosis Lepromatous Leprosy in US Citizen Who Traveled to Disease-Endemic Areas. Volume 24, Number 5-May ... The authors then concluded that M. lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy is a travel-related hazard for travelers to Mexico or other ...
However, in Urabá (Colombia), there has been an increase in leprosy cases beginning in 2020. This case report shows a leprosy ... Colombia achieved the goal of leprosy elimination in 1997. ... Leprosy is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae ... Relapse in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 75: 126-135.. Kaimal. S. Thappa. DM. , 2009. . Relapse in leprosy. . ... Relapse in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 75: 126-135.. Kaimal. S. Thappa. DM. , 2009. . Relapse in leprosy. . ...
In 1982-1984 we conducted a six-month clinical trial in 50 previously untreated lepromatous leprosy patients randomly assigned ... A clinical trial of ethionamide and prothionamide for treatment of lepromatous leprosy Tranquilino T Fajardo 1 , Ricardo S ... A clinical trial of ethionamide and prothionamide for treatment of lepromatous leprosy Tranquilino T Fajardo et al. Am J Trop ... Chemotherapy of lepromatous leprosy: recent developments and prospects for the future. Gelber RH. Gelber RH. Eur J Clin ...
In all patients with leprosy, the nerve tissue is involved. ... Background Leprosy is the most common treatable cause of ... Lepromatous disease. Lepromatous (LL) leprosy is associated with characteristic features on nerve biopsy, as follows. ... Cardiac dysautonomia in lepromatous leprosy. Indian J Lepr. 1984 Jul-Sep. 56(3):563-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Patient with lepromatous leprosy showing multiple skin nodules with diffuse infiltration. View Media Gallery ...
Leonine Facies of Lepromatous Leprosy. Poondru, Sneha; Shi, Victoria; Rajpara, Anand. *Poondru S; Department of Dermatology, ...
Seidman C, Khetpal V, Janigian R. Ocular Leproma in Lepromatous Leprosy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(12):1522. doi:10.1001/ ...
Virk A, Pritt B, Patel R, Uhl JR, Bezalel SA, Gibson LE, et al. Mycobacterium lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy in US citizen ... Mycobacterium lepromatosis Lepromatous Leprosy in US Citizen Who Traveled to Disease-Endemic Areas On This Page ... Mycobacterium lepromatosis Lepromatous Leprosy in US Citizen Who Traveled to Disease-Endemic Areas. Volume 24, Number 5-May ... The authors then concluded that M. lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy is a travel-related hazard for travelers to Mexico or other ...
This review and family cluster suggests considerable transmission of leprosy in Mexico. ... Mycobacterium lepromatosis has been recently recognized as a cause of diffuse lepromatous leprosy, ... These cases included diffuse lepromatous leprosy (DLL) and other leprosy forms. Genomes of M lepromatosis strains have lately ... Leprosy Type. Year. Age, y. Onset. Transmitter. Incubation, y (Date). Grandfather. Lepromatous. 1993. 60. Before 1993. ...
The THELEP controlled clinical trials in lepromatous leprosy / Louis Levy, editor  Levy, Louis; UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special ... Tropical disease research : progress 1997-98 : fourteenth programme report : leprosy / UNDP/WORLD BANK/WHO Special Programme ...
BL, borderline lepromatous leprosy; DLL, diffuse lepromatous leprosy; LL, lepromatous leprosy.. Main Article ...
A clinical trial of ethionamide and prothionamide for treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:457-61. [ ... Ethionamide also has activity against lepromatous leprosy. Ethionamide is available as 250 mg tablets in generic forms and ... Among 46 patients with leprosy treated with either ethionamide or prothionamide for 6 months, elevations in AST [35-88 U/L] ... 22 year old man with leprosy and HBsAg carrier state developed jaundice and pruritus 2 years after starting thalidomide, ...
Leprosy dosing for dapsone, frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... Leprosy. 100 mg PO qDay, in combination with other antileprosy drugs. Tuberculoid or Lepromatous Disease. 100 mg PO qDay with ... Leprosy. 1-2 mg/kg PO qDay; not to exceed 100 mg/day in combination with other antileprosy agents ... Reactional states (ie, abrupt changes in clinical activity occurring during any leprosy treatment; classified as reversal of ...
THE HISTOID VARIETY OF LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY. WADE HW. WADE HW. Int J Lepr. 1963 Apr-Jun;31:129-42. Int J Lepr. 1963. PMID: ... Leprosy and cancer. WAALER E. WAALER E. Int J Lepr. 1954 Apr-Jun;22(2):200-4. Int J Lepr. 1954. PMID: 13211041 No abstract ... SARCOIDOSIS AND LEPROSY. KOOIJ R. KOOIJ R. Int J Lepr. 1965 Jan-Mar;33:95-8. Int J Lepr. 1965. PMID: 14282358 No abstract ... Lepromatous myositis. CONVIT J, ARVELO JJ, MENDOZA S. CONVIT J, et al. Int J Lepr. 1960 Oct-Dec;28:417-22. Int J Lepr. 1960. ...
... is usually seen in patients with diffuse lepromatous leprosy who are of Mexican ancestry. ... The photo shows the left thigh of a patient who had presented to a clinical setting with a case of multibacillary leprosy. One ... Type 2 reactions or Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) are most frequently seen in patients with MB or lepromatous Hansens ... this patient had presented to a clinical setting with a case of multibacillary leprosy, and one of its symptoms shown here is ...
Leprosy type 1 reaction as the first manifestation of borderline lepromatous leprosy in a young native German.. Biedermann T; ... 9. Lepromatous leprosy with dermatofibroma features: colonization or morphological variant of histoid leprosy with epidermal ... Sub-polar lepromatous leprosy localized to the face.. George M; Rajan U; George S; Pakran J; Thomas S. Dermatol Online J; 2010 ... Lepromatous leprosy: An Unusual Presentation.. Gupta SK; Kaur S; Malhotra V; Arora AK; Sood N; Gupta V. Indian J Lepr; 2015; 87 ...
Categories: Leprosy, Lepromatous Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
... clofazimine daily for the first six months of treatment was evaluated in 30 patients of bacteriologically positive lepromatous ... leprosy patients. Moderate to marked clinical improvement was seen in all the patients and a very rapid … ... This regimen is thus ideal for initial, intensive treatment of lepromatous leprosy and may help in preventing the spread of the ... in the initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy A G Chandorkar, N P Burte, R K Gade, P M Bulakh ...
13 Sheskin J. The treatment of lepra reaction in lepromatous leprosy. Fifteen years experience with thalidomide. International ... Comparative study of CD26 as a Th1-like and CD30 as a potential Th2-like operational marker in leprosy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997 ...
Leprosy answers are found in the 5-Minute Clinical Consult powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, ... Indeterminate, tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), midborderline, borderline lepromatous (BL), lepromatous (LL) ... Concurrent leprosy may accelerate HIV disease course; the interaction between leprosy and HIV is less clear than between HIV ... 95% of humans are not susceptible to leprosy.. *Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with genetic susceptibility to leprosy (2). ...
Small-fibre neuropathy in leprosy the role of in vivo confocal microscopy: A cross-sectional study ... a) Confocal microscopy images of nerve fibres in the central region of the cornea; (b) Patients with lepromatous-type Hansens ... Sarode G, Sarode S, Anand R, Patil S, Jafer M, Baeshen H, et al. Epidemiological aspects of leprosy. Dis Mon. 2020;66:1-8. [ ... Leprosy (or Hansens disease) continues to present considerable challenges regarding containment and early diagnosis. Leprosy ...
... lepromatous leprosy), or (3) borderline leprosy. *Paucibacillary Hansens disease is characterized by one or more hypopigmented ... Leprosy Mission of Canada. 2007. Leprosy could cause a new threat says BBC report. Leprosy Mission of Canada. Retrieved August ... and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy. ... 1963). Fairly large numbers of M. leprae have been found in the superficial keratin layer of the skin of lepromatous leprosy ...
Oral zinc as an adjunct to dapsone in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1984;52:331-8. View abstract. ... Leprosy. Taking zinc by mouth in combination with anti-leprosy drugs seems to help treat leprosy. ... George J, Bhatia VN, Balakrishnan S, Ramu G. Serum zinc/copper ratio in subtypes of leprosy and effect of oral zinc therapy on ...
Granulomatous mycosis fungoides with hypohidrosis mimicking lepromatous leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010 Nov- ...
The clinical presentation in the three family groups was lepromatous leprosy. One case of spousal leprosy was identified, and ... as an input to improve leprosy treatment. ...
Quality of life in patients with lepromatous leprosy in China.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Jul;24(7):827-32. ... Quality of life in leprosy: a comparative analysis between patients in the Amazon region and patients in Santo André in the ABC ... Quality of life in leprosy: a comparative analysis between patients in the Amazon region and patients in Santo André in the ABC ...
Necrotizing Purpura and Lucio Phenomenon as the First Diagnostic Presentation of Diffuse Nonnodular Lepromatous Leprosy Author: ... Leprosy is a great mimicker of many connective tissue diseases, including vasculitis. ...
Telematic diagnosis of leprosy - Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 2003 February;138(1):57-60 - Minerva Medica ... The diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy arose from the ensuing telediscussion.. top of page ... The epidemiology of leprosy had taken on a quite different physiognomy at the end of the last century to the extent that 70% of ... Telematic diagnosis of leprosy. Nunzi E. 1, Forgione P. 2, Clapasson A. 1, Persi A. 1 ...
  • In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are found in lesion in large numbers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease is believed to be spread through respiratory droplets in close quarters like its relative Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and similarly requires extended exposure to an individual in most situations, so outsiders and healthcare workers are normally not infected (except with the most infective individuals such as those in the most progressed lepromatous forms, as those patients have the highest bacterial loads). (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 ) highlighted that a person can acquire Mycobacterium lepromatosis infection without exposure to a person infected with leprosy or to known vectors during short stays (2 trips of 7 days each over 3 calendar years) in Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Leprosy-like illness in a patient with Mycobacterium lepromatosis from Ontario, Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • Viability of Mycobacterium leprae in the environment and its role in leprosy dissemination. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a recently recognized cause of leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae and is the only known bacterium that infects peripheral nerves . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infection usually caused by the acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium leprae or the closely related organism M. lepromatosis . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). (who.int)
  • Leprosy is a disease that is brought on by the bacteria, Mycobacterium leprae, and it is thought that it is very contagious when in fact, almost all people have built up a natural immunity. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Leprosy, which is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae (see Chapter 5.1 ), is a disease of low contagion that presents with protean manifestations. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Skin scrapings obtained from the lesions of leprosy patients of all types showed 96 % positivity to the serum antibody competition test using monoclonal antibody (ML04)to 35 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium leprae . (ias.ac.in)
  • Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. (auroskin.in)
  • Leprosy is a chronic minimally contagious, granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae , primarily affecting the peripheral nerves and skin. (cyberderm.net)
  • Mycobacterium leprae is an acid fast bacillus, non motile, non spore forming, straight or slightly curved bacterium, responsible for causing leprosy. (howmed.net)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly affects skin, peripheral nerves. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Leprosy, a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae , is endemic in many regions of the world. (jsstd.org)
  • Leprosy, a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae , is one of the oldest diseases known and it still remains an elusive entity. (jsstd.org)
  • Leprosy is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae which is a type of aerobic bacteria that forms bacilli and has acid-resistant properties. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • The BCG vaccine, besides preventing leprosy, can also prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection due to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Lepromatous leprosy, in contrast to the tuberculoid form of leprosy, is characterized by the absence of epithelioid cells in the lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molluscum contagiosum-like lesions in lepromatous leprosy. (nih.gov)
  • The dermal nerves are infected in all skin lesions, including those due to indeterminate leprosy of childhood. (medscape.com)
  • Usually these maculopapular plaques crop up between already-existing lepromatous lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • Other leprosy symptoms include lesions on the skin that are not sensitive to touch, pain, or that do not heal. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: good cell mediated immunity and few skin lesions. (cyberderm.net)
  • Borderline leprosy: skin lesions intermediate between the 2 polar tuberculoid and the lepromatous forms. (cyberderm.net)
  • 2-5 skin lesions (Paucibacillary leprosy). (cyberderm.net)
  • More than 5 skin lesions (Multibacillary leprosy). (cyberderm.net)
  • Here, we investigated gene expression profiles derived from skin lesions for each clinical subtype of leprosy, analyzing gene coexpression modules by cell-type deconvolution. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In lesions from tuberculoid leprosy patients, those with the self-limited form of the disease, dendritic cells were linked with MMP12 as part of a tissue remodeling network that contributes to granuloma formation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In lesions from lepromatous leprosy patients, those with disseminated disease, macrophages were linked with a gene network that programs phagocytosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lepromatous leprosy is one of three main types of leprosy, and people who are infected with it have widespread sores and lesions. (usa-headlines.com)
  • Medicine portal Tuberculoid leprosy Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí James, William D. (wikipedia.org)
  • These cases included diffuse lepromatous leprosy (DLL) and other leprosy forms. (medscape.com)
  • It is endemic in Mexico and is likely the specific cause of diffuse lepromatosis leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • Lucio's phenomenon, a rare reaction characterized by multiple hard-to-heal ulcers of varying size, is usually seen in patients with diffuse lepromatous leprosy who are of Mexican ancestry. (cdc.gov)
  • 19. [Diffuse lepromatous leprosy disclosed by cutaneous vasculitis. (nih.gov)
  • Primary diffuse lepromatous leprosy with erythema necrotisans (lucio phenomenon)" Arch Dermatol , 97.5 (1968):593-4. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1982-1984 we conducted a six-month clinical trial in 50 previously untreated lepromatous leprosy patients randomly assigned to directly observed monotherapy with one of two thioamides, ethionamide or prothionamide, each given six times a week at doses of either 250 mg or 500 mg. (nih.gov)
  • The photo shows the left thigh of a patient who had presented to a clinical setting with a case of multibacillary leprosy. (cdc.gov)
  • Viewed from a right posterolateral perspective, this patient had presented to a clinical setting with a case of multibacillary leprosy, and one of its symptoms shown here is erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). (cdc.gov)
  • 1. Lepromatous leprosy, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma: clinical-histopathologic association. (nih.gov)
  • Leprosy pathogenesis appears to be a three-step process: (i) One group of genes confers susceptibility to infection, (ii) different genes impact the clinical manifestation of disease, and (iii) a third set of genes influences leprosy reversal reaction ( 1 ). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816054/all/Leprosy. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The objective of the study was to identify common sociodemographic, cultural,and clinical characteristics in family groups with a history of Hansen's disease, as an input to improve leprosy treatment. (scielo.sa.cr)
  • The clinical presentation in the three family groups was lepromatous leprosy. (scielo.sa.cr)
  • for patients with Borderline Lepromatous (BL) leprosy the clinical and histological diagnosis rates were 53.7% and 46.2% respectively. (eurekamag.com)
  • Expression of these RNAs in clinical samples showed varying patterns among patients, thus indicating that the analysis of RNA expression patterns, including non-coding regions and pseudogenes, may be useful for understanding the pathological state, prognosis, and assessment of therapeutic progress in leprosy. (go.jp)
  • In the UK, the clinical diagnosis of leprosy was not suspected in 80% or more of patients on their first visit, and the diagnostic delay averaged 1.8 years [1] . (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • The clinical recognition of the subtle signs of leprosy is of great value in its diagnosis, as that recognition clinches the diagnosis in most of the cases. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Leprosy as a disease frequently undergoes changes in clinical presentation depending on the immune status of the individual. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • He later became Clinical Assistant of the Municipal Clinic for Leprosy and Syphilis at the same hospital in 1954-6, under the direction of Dr Jesus Pedroso Crucet. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Unusual clinical expressions of leprosy" Lahey Clinic Bull 20 (1972):143-149. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Blood levels of vitamin D do not play any role in clinical manifestations of any forms of leprosy. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Leprosy provides an outstanding model to study host defense and pathogenesis in a human infectious disease, given its clinical spectrum, which interrelates with the host immunologic and pathologic responses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Objective: This study aimed to identify systematically clinical factors associated with physical disability in patients with leprosy. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • Study selection: We included studies that evaluated patients using the WHO leprosy disability grading and reported the number of patients with and without disability by clinical characteristics. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • The response of the immune system plays a role in determining the form of the clinical manifestation of leprosy. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the type of leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment is specific to the type of leprosy and severity of the condition. (who.int)
  • Contrary to popular belief, both forms of leprosy are curable, with the lepromatous form classically treated with antibiotics dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine for as long as 2-5 years, but if left untreated the person may die up to 20 or 30 years from its inception. (wikipedia.org)
  • This early presentation is the same for both tuberculous and lepromatous forms of leprosy as they are a spectrum of the same disease (lepromatous being the more contagious and severe form in patients with impaired Th1 response). (wikipedia.org)
  • Leprosy: All forms of leprosy except for cases of proven Dapsone resistance. (nih.gov)
  • Type 2 reactions or Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) are most frequently seen in patients with MB or lepromatous Hansen's disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The term Tzaraath from the Hebrew Bible is commonly translated as leprosy, although the symptoms of Tzaraath are not entirely consistent with leprosy and might refer to a variety of skin disorders other than Hansen's disease (Heller et al. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The national reference centre for Hansen's disease in Genoa organised 11 courses on leprology for medical personnel with the purpose of providing physicians with the information necessary to arrive at the diagnostic suspicion of leprosy. (minervamedica.it)
  • National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program Caring and Curing Since 1894. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is why today, leprosy is also called Hansen's disease. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Cutaneous leprosy in Central Florida man with significant armadillo exposure. (nih.gov)
  • Sensory cutaneous nerves running to the proximal edge of a skin lesion may be thickened in tuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • 2. Cutaneous-malignancy and leprosy. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Cutaneous malignancy and leprosy. (nih.gov)
  • Leprosy reactional states, including cutaneous, are not hypersensitivity reactions to Dapsone and do not require discontinuation. (nih.gov)
  • This regimen is thus ideal for initial, intensive treatment of lepromatous leprosy and may help in preventing the spread of the disease and development of dapsone resistance. (nih.gov)
  • Daily administration (50 to 100 mg) in leprosy patients will provide blood levels in excess of the usual minimum inhibitory concentration even for patients with a short Dapsone half-life. (nih.gov)
  • Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT), a combination of antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. (auroskin.in)
  • For the treatment of multibacillary leprosy, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other clinicians recommend that adults receive clofazimine in a dosage of 50 mg once daily (with an additional 300-mg dose given once monthly) in conjunction with rifampin (600 mg once daily) and dapsone (100 mg daily) given for 12 months. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • If a patient with multibacillary leprosy experiences severe adverse effects related to dapsone, dapsone may be discontinued and therapy continued with rifampin and clofazimine given in the usually recommended dosages. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • If a patient with paucibacillary leprosy receiving the usually recommended regimen of rifampin and dapsone experiences severe adverse effects related to dapsone, dapsone may be discontinued from the regimen and clofazimine substituted (using the dosage recommended for the treatment of multibacillary leprosy) for 6 months. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Drugs given to leprosy patients include dapsone, clofazimine and rifampicin, which need to be given for 6-12 months. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • M lepromatosis is a significant cause of leprosy in Mexico and requires better surveillance and control. (medscape.com)
  • When Hansen began to look into the "invisible" world for the cause of leprosy, he risked everything he had in order to help those that no one else wanted to touch. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • M. leprae was the only known cause of leprosy until 2008, when a second species, M. lepromatosis was identified in Mexico. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the diagnosis of leprosy is made difficult not only by the fact that it is rare but also by the many-faceted aspects it can assume. (minervamedica.it)
  • The Genoa Centre not only created a web site but also set up a remote medical service which supplies a diagnostic support to facilitate the diagnosis of leprosy. (minervamedica.it)
  • Skin biopsies taken at enrolment were assessed using a standardised proforma to collect data on the histological diagnosis of leprosy, leprosy reactions and the certainty level of the diagnosis. (eurekamag.com)
  • A lack of awareness about the signs and symptoms of the disease makes the diagnosis of leprosy very challenging, especially for practitioners in areas of low endemicity. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • As a result, slit-skin smears (SSS) and histopathology (see Chapter 2.4 ) are simple but important investigative tools in the diagnosis of leprosy. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • The diagnosis of leprosy is often complicated by what have been defined as the 'spectral' manifestations of the disease, which are due to the variability in the type and strength of the body's immune response (see Chapter 6.2 ) to M. leprae . (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Women with leprosy who become pregnant are more likely to develop types I and II reactions and disease relapse postpartum, during the 3rd trimester and with lactation, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The ILEP Nerve Function Impairment in Reaction (INFIR) is a cohort study designed to identify predictors of reactions and nerve function impairment in leprosy. (eurekamag.com)
  • Leprosy reactions may be under-diagnosed by clinicians and increasing biopsy rates would help in the diagnosis of reactions. (eurekamag.com)
  • Biological false positive reactions in sera from cases of lepromatous leprosy and in sera from the inhabitants of the Okapa region of New Guinea are also discussed. (bmj.com)
  • Present study was carried out to find out the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of VDR gene and level of vitamin D with leprosy reactions and leprosy patients. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Patients having leprosy reactions were more likely to have disability (pooled OR 2.43, CI95% 1.35-4.36). (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • Conclusion and Relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis confirms the strong association between the presence of physical disabilities and male gender, MB leprosy, leprosy reactions and lepromatous presentation. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • These findings can guide the development of targeted interventions to identify early individuals at greater risk of developing physical disabilities and education campaigns to promote early consultation to institute treatment for leprosy reactions and to prevent physical disability. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • Evaluation of multidrug therapy with rifampicin, clofazimine and D.D.S. in multibacillary leprosy cases. (nih.gov)
  • With introduction of multidrug therapy in 1982, there has been a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of leprosy, but new cases continue to appear. (jsstd.org)
  • With the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in 1982 and declaration of free MDT to all leprosy patients by the WHO in 1995, there has been a drastic reduction in global disease burden of leprosy. (jsstd.org)
  • Even though it is one of the least contagious of all bacterial diseases, the fear of physical disfigurement and the loss of social status that it brings, has made leprosy one of the most dreaded of all diseases. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • She persuaded the leaders that leprosy was not contagious and got the lepers to build a colony at Titagarh that she named after Mahatma Gandhi . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Although leprosy is not highly contagious (contrary to popular belief), rarely causes death, and can be effectively treated with antibiotics, it continues to be associated with considerable social stigma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tuberculoid leprosy is a mild, less severe and less contagious form of leprosy. (who.int)
  • Leprosy, also known as Morbus Hansen, is a contagious infectious disease with a high incidence of transmission worldwide. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Based on reports from the World Health Organization, in 2017 there were 210,671 reported cases of leprosy worldwide with 192,713 cases currently being treated. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Leprosy also caused Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) to reach 31,500 in 2017 [2]. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • International organizations and governments have made significant strides in reducing the prevalence of leprosy through awareness campaigns, early detection programs, and accessible treatment. (auroskin.in)
  • MDT treatment has contributed to reducing the prevalence of leprosy from 0.32 per 10,000 population in 2014 to 0.29 per 10,000 in 2016 [5]. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • While the 12-month regimen is adequate for most patients with multibacillary leprosy, the WHO recommends that multibacillary leprosy patients with a high bacteriologic index who demonstrate no improvement (with evidence of worsening) of leprosy following completion of the initial 12 months of treatment should receive an additional 12 months of therapy. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Further, in vitro culture of full thickness skin biopsies from lepromatous patients were noted to release IgG antibodies to M. leprae with a peak antibody response at 48 h. (ias.ac.in)
  • The significance of this local antibody response to M. leprae in skin has been discussed for its possible use in diagnosing early leprosy. (ias.ac.in)
  • Leprosy is caused by the slow-growing bacterium M. leprae. (auroskin.in)
  • Lepromatous leprosy: low reactivity for M leprae , causing uncontrolled bacterial spread and skin and mucosal infiltration. (cyberderm.net)
  • The pathogen M. leprae can be transmitted through nasal droplets which can last for nine days outside the human body or through direct contact with leprosy patients. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • One of the developments of a vaccine for leprosy is LepVax, a leprosy vaccine formulated from M. leprae bacterial antigens in combination with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist which has the potential to prevent leprosy [9]. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • The authors then concluded that M. lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy is a travel-related hazard for travelers to Mexico or other disease-endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
  • 2 ) reported M. lepromatosis infection and leprosy-like illness in a patient in Canada who had no history of contact or travel to leprosy-endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
  • have not disentangled other possible sources (existence of unrecognized subclinical cases, contact with hidden leprosy cases, and environmental reservoir) of prolonged exposure of M. lepromatosis to the study patient in his vicinity. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 ) that United States citizens can acquire M. lepromatosis when traveling to Mexico or other leprosy-endemic areas as tourists is misleading and demands extensive research to prove it. (cdc.gov)
  • Lepromatous leprosy in a 54-year-old man in central Florida in 2022. (usa-headlines.com)
  • Lepromatous leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by pale macules in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This debilitating form of leprosy begins to spread causing the eyebrows to disappear and spongy tumor like swellings appear on the face and body. (wikipedia.org)
  • A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY . (nih.gov)
  • In the United States, the prevalence of leprosy may increase with increasing immigration from regions in which the disease is endemic. (medscape.com)
  • In the African Region, leprosy prevalence rates have dropped from 57 516 cases in 2000 to 33 690 in 2010, this represents a 42% decrease. (who.int)
  • Four hundred leprosy patients comprising of 140 lepromatous leprosy, 72 borderline and 188 tuberculoid leprosy patients were examined for corneal hypoaesthesia. (e-ijd.org)
  • The authors said that the Sunshine State has "witnessed an increased incidence of leprosy cases lacking traditional risk factors," with trends contributing to "rising evidence that leprosy has become endemic in the southeastern United States. (usa-headlines.com)
  • Whereas leprosy in the United States previously affected persons who had immigrated from leprosy-endemic areas, ≈34% of new case-patients during 2015-2020 appeared to have locally acquired the disease. (usa-headlines.com)
  • He denied recent foreign or domestic travel, exposure to armadillos, prolonged contact with immigrants from leprosy-endemic countries or connections with someone known to have leprosy. (usa-headlines.com)
  • This is because there are patients who drop out of treatment in areas where leprosy is endemic. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • The authors said a link to migration may account for the increase in incidence of leprosy in historically nonendemic areas and that further reports show that rates of new diagnoses in people born outside the U.S. has been declining since 2002. (usa-headlines.com)
  • This parasite-induced immunomodulation of the response to mycobacteria correlates with a previous report of doubled incidence of lepromatous leprosy in onchocerciasis hyperendemic regions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The administration of the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a preventative action that can be taken to reduce the incidence of leprosy. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Several studies have shown that some BCG vaccines can reduce TB incidence by 83%, but BCG vaccines are not able to reduce the incidence of leprosy effectively [8]. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Leprosy symptoms can vary a great deal depending on the type that they have caught as there are two kinds, paucibacillary leprosy and lepromatous leprosy. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Paucibacillary leprosy has milder symptoms than the latter and may begin with no more than a red rash on the trunk and other parts of the body. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Two Cases of Lepromatous Leprosy from Exposure to Armadillos in Florida. (nih.gov)
  • A complication of leprosy is erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) which is caused by high levels of proinflammatory cytokines producing inflammation throughout the patient's body [3]. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • It spans from indeterminate leprosy (IL, potential initial stage), tuberculoid leprosy (TT), to lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline leprosy (spectrum of transient forms, BT, BL, BB). (cyberderm.net)
  • If an adult with multibacillary leprosy will not accept or cannot tolerate clofazimine, the WHO states that these adults may receive supervised administration of a once-monthly rifampin-based multiple-drug regimen (ROM) that includes rifampin (600 mg once monthly), ofloxacin (400 mg once monthly), and minocycline (100 mg once monthly) given for 24 months. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • About half of people with leprosy probably contracted it through close, long-term contact with an infected person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 200,000 people with leprosy at the end of 2018. (jsstd.org)
  • The epidemiology of leprosy had taken on a quite different physiognomy at the end of the last century to the extent that 70% of patients are now represented by extra-european immigrants. (minervamedica.it)
  • Alter A , Alcaïs A , Abel L , Schurr E . Leprosy as a genetic model for susceptibility to common infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • The review and family cluster hint at considerable transmission of leprosy in Mexico, which calls for better surveillance and control of this infection. (medscape.com)
  • Household contact with a person with leprosy is a strong risk factor for infection. (cyberderm.net)
  • Type-2 responses and diminished type-1 responses to mycobacteria have been previously correlated with active infection states such as pulmonary tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this review will be to discuss the potential of LepVax as a leprosy vaccine and its mechanism in the body for the prevention of leprosy infection. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Data source: Searches were performed in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify studies published up to May 2018, using the keywords leprosy and physical disability and related terms. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • Unveiling healthy carriers and subclinical infections among household contacts of leprosy patients who play potential roles in the disease chain of transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • 6. Double trouble: a case of von Recklinghausen's disease with coexistent lepromatous leprosy. (nih.gov)
  • HIV-positive patients with early or subclinical leprosy are somewhat more likely to develop overt disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The crucial breakthrough in the cure for leprosy came when G. H. A. Hansen followed the lead of Robert Koch, who first suggested that microorganisms could cause disease. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • A disease called "leprosy" was recorded in ancient India (fifteenth century B.C.E. ), in Japan (tenth century B.C.E. ), and in Egypt (sixteenth century B.C.E. ). Some propose that the spread of this disease to the West originated from Egypt (Souvay and Donovan 1910). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Misunderstanding about the disease probably exists because leprosy was incurable before the advent of effective antibiotic therapy in the 1940s. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Once a person catches this disease it takes time for the bacteria to start to multiply and the leprosy symptoms will not surface for as many as five years. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • The Ridley-Jopling system classifies leprosy as an immune-mediated spectral disease with tuberculoid leprosy (TT) at one end of the spectrum and lepromatous leprosy (LL) at the other end. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • The type of disease developed is partially linked to the HLA genes: HLA DR2 and HLA DR3 predispose to tuberculoid disease and HLA-Mt1 to lepromatous disease. (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • We observed that SNP of VDR gene (Fok1 and Taq1) are associated with the leprosy disease. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Surprisingly, level of vitamin D in leprosy patients was not found to be associated with the disease and its manifestations. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Cases of leprosy are surging in central Florida, according to a recent research letter shared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (usa-headlines.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] It is suggested that there are millions of undetected cases of leprosy globally, contributing to the hidden transmission of the disease and appearance of new cases with Grade 2 disability. (jsstd.org)
  • Two forms of the disease occur depending on whether the host mounts a Tcell mediated immune response tuberculoid leprosy or the host is anergic lepromatous leprosy. (kathleenssugarandspice.com)
  • Leprosy is a disease with a high rate of transmission around the world. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Three hundred and three newly diagnosed patients with World Health Organization multibacillary (MB) leprosy from two centres in India were enrolled in the study. (eurekamag.com)
  • Importance: The World Health Organization (WHO) 2016-2020 Global Leprosy Strategy aims to reinvigorate efforts to control leprosy and avert leprosy disability to less than one per million population. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • 18. Leprosy type 1 reaction as the first manifestation of borderline lepromatous leprosy in a young native German. (nih.gov)
  • The Ridley-Jopling classification of patients (n = 303) was 42.8% BT, 27.4% BL, 9.4% Lepromatous Leprosy (LL), 13.0% Indeterminate and 7.4% with non-specific inflammation. (eurekamag.com)
  • The data from these reports suggest that the epidemiologic studies of leprosy in nonendemic areas should consider travel history to delineate this issue. (cdc.gov)
  • 3. Nodular melanoma in trophic ulceration of a leprosy patient: a case study. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies have also reported the roles of subclinical cases and environmental reservoirs in the transmission of leprosy ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 94% of new leprosy cases were reported from 14 countries (WHO). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Globally, the number of leprosy cases is declining. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most cases of leprosy in the US involve people who emigrated from or worked in countries where leprosy is common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Among them, 25 cases of lepromatous, 4 of borderline and 21 tuberculoid patients showed corneal hypoaesthesia. (e-ijd.org)
  • It is an antibacterial drug for susceptible cases of leprosy. (nih.gov)
  • The letter said that the number of reported leprosy cases in southeastern states has more than doubled in the last decade. (usa-headlines.com)
  • Many cases reported in eastern United States, including Georgia and central Florida, lacked zoonotic exposure or recent residence outside the U.S., and the letter said that there is some support for the theory that international migration of persons with leprosy is a potential source of autochthonous, or native, transmission. (usa-headlines.com)
  • Besides, the efficacy of MDT treatment is limited to cases of low bacterial load (Bacillary Index (BI) ≤4 +) with high relapse rates and high costs due to long treatment periods making it less effective at eliminating leprosy. (cambridgemedicine.org)
  • Because of this social stigma, the psychologic impact of leprosy is often significant. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Despite effective treatment, leprosy is associated with social stigma and discrimination. (auroskin.in)
  • Notorious for its predilection for the peripheral nerves and skin, leprosy is also much often detested for the social stigma associated with it, leading to ostracization in society. (jsstd.org)
  • Something that people do not hear much about these days is leprosy and leprosy symptoms. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • The leprosy symptoms advance and can include intense and severe pain, weakness in the hands and feet, very dry skin and possible stiffness, possible blindness, and enlarged nerves around the knees and elbows. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • The doctor will need to know your leprosy symptoms and about your current medical condition. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • This is necessary since there are numerous diseases and conditions that share symptoms with leprosy. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Today, leprosy symptoms can be alleviated and leprosy can be cured with antibiotics. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Supportive care is also available to reduce leprosy symptoms and to eliminate any complications that could develop. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Lepromatous leprosy: widely and symmetrically distributed, poorly defined hypopigmented or erythematous macules. (cyberderm.net)
  • The therapeutic effect of rifampicin 1200 mg once monthly and 100 mg clofazimine daily for the first six months of treatment was evaluated in 30 patients of bacteriologically positive lepromatous leprosy patients. (nih.gov)
  • In 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that between two and three million individuals were permanently disabled because of leprosy (WHO 1995). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The word "leprosy" derives from the ancient Greek words lepros, a "scale," and lepein, "to peel" (Barnhart 1995). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The usual adult dosage of clofazimine for the treatment of leprosy is 50-100 mg once daily. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • In one central Florida man , a 54-year-old without risk factors for known transmission routes, the authors reported lepromatous leprosy. (usa-headlines.com)