Lens cortex crystalline. Medical search

The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. It contains lens fibers and amorphous, intercellular substance.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.

Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.

Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.

Artificial implanted lenses.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.

'Lens diseases' is a broad term referring to various pathological conditions affecting the lens of the eye, including cataracts, subluxation, and dislocation, which can lead to visual impairment or blindness if not managed promptly.

Human lens epithelial layer in cortical cataract. (1/122)

Normal and cataractous human eye lenses were studied by morphology and protein analysis. A marked decrease in protein sulfhydryl (PSH) and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NSPH) was observed in nuclear and cortical cataractous epithelia. Moreover, decrease in PSH contents and an increase in insoluble proteins were found to be correlated only in cortical cataractous epithelium which is also accompanied by various morphological abnormalities. In nuclear cataractous epithelium, however, there was very little insolubilisation of proteins. The epithelial morphology in nuclear cataracts was almost similar to normal lens epithelium. Hence, it is assumed that the protein insolubilisation and various morphological abnormalities are characteristics of cortical cataractous epithelium. This leads us to believe that opacification in cortical cataract might initiate in the epithelial layer. (+info)

Conservation of gene expression during embryonic lens formation and cornea-lens transdifferentiation in Xenopus laevis. (2/122)

Few molecular comparisons have been made between the processes of embryogenesis and regeneration or transdifferentiation that lead to the formation of the same structures. In the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, the cornea can undergo transdifferentiation to form a lens when the original lens is removed during tadpole larval stages. Unlike the process of embryonic lens induction, cornea-lens transdifferentiation is elicited via a single inductive interaction involving factors produced by the neural retina. In this study, we compared the expression of a number of genes known to be activated during various phases of embryonic lens formation, during the process of cornea-lens transdifferentiation. mRNA expression was monitored via in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes of pax-6, Xotx2, xSOX3, XProx1, and gamma6-cry. We found that all of the genes studied are expressed during both embryogenesis and cornea-lens transdifferentiation, though in some cases their relative temporal sequences are not maintained. The reiterated expression of these genes suggests that a large suite of genes activated during embryonic lens formation are also involved in cornea-lens transdifferentiation. Ultimately functional tests will be required to determine whether they actually play similar roles in these processes. It is significant that the single inductive event responsible for initiating cornea-lens transdifferentiation triggers the expression of genes activated during both the early and late phases of embryonic lens induction. These findings have significant implications in terms of our current understanding of the "multistep" process of lens induction. Dev Dyn 1999;215:308-318. (+info)

Endogenous casein kinase I catalyzes the phosphorylation of the lens fiber cell connexin49. (3/122)

The lens fiber cell-specific gap junction protein connexin49 is a substrate for a membrane-associated Ser/Thr protein kinase that can be extracted from lens cell membranes by 0.6 M KCl. However, the identity of this protein kinase has not been defined. In this report, evidence is presented indicating that it is casein kinase I. Thus, connexin49 was shown to be a substrate for purified casein kinase I but not for casein kinase II; the endogenous connexin49 protein kinase activity extracted from lens membranes with KCl was inhibited by the casein kinase I-specific inhibitor, N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide (CKI-7); the connexin49 protein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract, which could be partially purified by gel filtration and affinity purification with a casein-Sepharose 4B column, copurified with casein kinase activity; phosphopeptide analysis showed that casein kinase I and the connexin49 protein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract probably share the same phosphorylation sites in connexin49. Reverse transcription-PCR using total ovine lens RNA and casein kinase I isoform-specific oligonucleotide primers resulted in the amplification of cDNAs encoding casein kinase I-alpha and -gamma, while an in-gel casein kinase assay indicated casein kinase activity in the lens membrane KCl extract was associated with a major 39.2-kDa species, which is consistent with the 36 to 40-kDa size of casein kinase I-alpha in other animal species. These results demonstrate that the protein kinase activity present in the lens membrane 0.6 M KCl extract that catalyzes the phosphorylation of connexin49 is casein kinase I, probably the alpha isoform. (+info)

Direct evidence for immiscible cholesterol domains in human ocular lens fiber cell plasma membranes. (4/122)

The molecular structure of human ocular lens fiber cell plasma membranes was examined directly using small angle x-ray diffraction approaches. A distinct biochemical feature of these membranes is their high relative levels of free cholesterol; the mole ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid (C/P) measured in these membranes ranges from 1 to 4. The organization of cholesterol in this membrane system is not well understood, however. In this study, the structure of plasma membrane samples isolated from nuclear (3.3 C/P) and cortical (2.4 C/P) regions of human lenses was evaluated with x-ray diffraction approaches. Meridional diffraction patterns obtained from the oriented membrane samples demonstrated the presence of an immiscible cholesterol domain with a unit cell periodicity of 34.0 A, consistent with a cholesterol monohydrate bilayer. The dimensions of the sterol-rich domains remained constant over a broad range of temperatures (5-20 degrees C) and relative humidity levels (31-97%). In contrast, dimensions of the surrounding sterol-poor phase were significantly affected by experimental conditions. Similar structural features were observed in membranes reconstituted from fiber cell plasma membrane lipid extracts. The results of this study indicate that the lens fiber cell plasma membrane is a complex structure consisting of separate sterol-rich and -poor domains. Maintenance of these separate domains may be required for the normal function of lens fiber cell plasma membrane and may interfere with the cataractogenic aggregation of soluble lens proteins at the membrane surface. (+info)

Galectin-3 is associated with the plasma membrane of lens fiber cells. (5/122)

PURPOSE: To discover proteins that have the potential to contribute to the tight packing of fiber cells in the lens. METHODS: Crude fiber cell membranes were isolated from ovine lens cortex. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and selected protein spots identified by micro-sequencing. The identification of galectin-3 was confirmed by immunoblotting with a specific antibody. The association of galectin-3 with the fiber cell plasma membrane was investigated using immunofluorescence microscopy, solubilization trials with selected reagents, and immunoprecipitation to identify candidate ligands. RESULTS: A cluster of three protein spots with an apparent molecular weight of 31,000 and isoelectric points ranging between 7 and 8.5 were resolved and identified as galectin-3. This protein was associated peripherally with the fiber cell plasma membrane and interacted with MP20, an abundant intrinsic membrane protein that had been identified previously as a component of membrane junctions between fiber cells. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of galectin-3 in the lens is a novel result and adds to the growing list of lens proteins with adhesive properties. Its location at the fiber cell membrane and its association with the junction-forming MP20 is consistent with a potential role in the development or maintenance of the tightly packed lens tissue architecture. (+info)

Risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the POLA study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. (6/122)

The POLA (Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L'Age) Study is a population-based study of cataract and age-related macular degeneration and their risk factors being carried out among 2,584 residents of Sete, southern France, aged 60-95 years. Recruitment took place between June 1995 and July 1997. Cataract classification was based on a standardized lens examination by slit lamp, according to Lens Opacities Classification System III. This paper presents results obtained from cross-sectional analysis of the first phase of the study. In polytomous logistic regression analyses, an increased risk of cataract was found for female sex (cataract surgery: odds ratio (OR) = 3.03; cortical cataract: OR = 1.67), brown irises (cortical, nuclear, and mixed cataracts: OR = 1.61), smoking (cataract surgery: OR = 2.34 for current smokers and OR = 3.75 for former smokers), known diabetes of 10 or more years' duration (posterior subcapsular, cortical, and mixed cataracts and cataract surgery: OR = 2.72), use of oral corticosteroids for at least 5 years (posterior subcapsular cataract: OR = 3.25), asthma or chronic bronchitis (cataract surgery: OR = 2.04), cancer (posterior subcapsular cataract: OR = 1.92), and cardiovascular disease (cortical cataract: OR = 1.96). Decreased risk of cataract was found with higher education (all types of cataract and cataract surgery: OR = 0.59), hypertension (cataract surgery: OR = 0.57), and high plasma retinol levels (nuclear and mixed cataracts and cataract surgery: OR = 0.75 for a 1-standard-deviation increase). Most of the risk factors identified in this study confirm the findings of other studies. The association of cataract with plasma retinol level requires further investigation. (+info)

A human lens model of cortical cataract: Ca2+-induced protein loss, vimentin cleavage and opacification. (7/122)

PURPOSE: Cortical cataract in humans is associated with Ca2+ overload and protein loss, and although animal models of cataract have implicated Ca2+-activated proteases in this process, it remains to be determined whether the human lens responds in this manner to conditions of Ca2+ overload. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate Ca2+-induced opacification and proteolysis in the organ-cultured human lens. METHODS: Donor human lenses were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM) for up to 14 days. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin was used to induce a Ca2+ overload. Lenses were loaded with [3H]-amino acids for 48 hours. After a 24-hour control efflux period, lenses were cultured in control EMEM (Ca2+ 1.8 mM), EMEM + 5 microM ionomycin, or EMEM + 5 microM ionomycin + 5 mM EGTA (Ca2+ < 1 microM). Efflux of proteins and transparency were monitored daily. Protein distribution and cytoskeletal proteolysis were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Cytoskeletal proteins were isolated and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Western blot analyses were probed with anti-vimentin antibody (clone V9) and detected by enhanced chemiluminescence. RESULTS: Lenses cultured under control conditions remained transparent for 14 days in EMEM with no added supplements or serum. The lenses synthesized proteins and had a low rate of protein efflux throughout the experimental period. Ionomycin treatment resulted in cortical opacification, which was inhibited when external Ca2+ was chelated with EGTA. Exposure to ionomycin also led to an efflux of [3H]-labeled protein, amounting to 41% of the labeled protein over the 7-day experimental period, compared with 12% in ionomycin + EGTA-treated lenses. Efflux was accounted for by loss from the lens soluble protein (crystallin) fraction. Western blot analysis of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin (56 kDa) revealed a distinct breakdown product of 48 kDa in ionomycin-treated lenses that was not present when Ca2+ was chelated with EGTA. In addition, high-molecular-weight proteins (approximately 115 kDa and 235 kDa) that cross-reacted with the vimentin antibody were observed in ionomycin-treated lenses. The Ca2+-induced changes were not age dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Human lenses can be successfully maintained in vitro, remaining transparent for extended periods. Increased intracellular Ca2+ induces cortical opacification in the human lens. Ca2+-dependent cleavage and cross-linking of vimentin supports possible roles for calpain and transglutaminase in the opacification process. This human lens calcium-induced opacification (HLCO) model enables investigation of the molecular mechanisms of opacification, and the data help to explain the loss of protein observed in human cortical cataractous lenses in vivo. (+info)

Polymorphic glutathione S-transferases as genetic risk factors for senile cortical cataract in Estonians. (8/122)

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible association between glutathione S-transferase GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphism and the occurrence of age-related cataracts in Estonian patients. METHODS: Patients with cortical (155), nuclear (77), posterior subcapsular (120), mixed type (151) of senile cataract and control individuals (202) were phenotyped for GSTM1 and GSTT1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and genotyped for GSTM3 and GSTP1 by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The frequency of the GSTM1-positive phenotype was significantly higher in the cortical cataract group (60.6%) than in the controls (45.0%) with odds ratio of 1.88 (95% CI, 1.23-2.94; P = 0.004). The cortical cataract risk associated with the GSTM1-positive phenotype was increased in carriers of the combined GSTM1-positive/GSTT1-positive phenotype (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.30-3.11; P = 0.002) and the GSTM1-positive/GSTM3 AA genotype (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.51-3.73; P < 0.001). The highest risk of cortical cataract was observed in patients having all three susceptible genotypes (OR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.59-4.11; P < 0.001). Also, a significant interaction between the presence of the GSTP1* A allele and cortical cataract was found with prevalence of the GSTP1* A allele among the cortical cataract cases compared with the controls. Ninety-five percent of subjects with cortical cataract had the GSTP1 (AA, AB, or AC) genotype, whereas in controls 87% of persons had a genotype with GSTP1*A allele (OR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.31-7.35; P = 0.007). In contrast to the GSTP1*A allele, the presence of the GSTP1*B allele in one or two copies leads to decreased cortical cataract risk (OR = 0.09 for GSTP1 BB genotype). CONCLUSIONS. The GSTM1-positive phenotype as well as the presence of the GSTP1*A allele may be a genetic risk factor for development of cortical cataract. (+info)

The crystalline lens in the eye is composed of three main parts: the capsule, the cortex, and the nucleus. The lens cortex is the outer layer of the lens, located between the capsule and the nucleus. It is made up of proteins and water, and its primary function is to help refract (bend) light rays as they pass through the eye, contributing to the focusing power of the eye.

The cortex is more flexible than the central nucleus, allowing it to change shape and adjust the focus of the eye for different distances. However, with age, the lens cortex can become less elastic, leading to presbyopia, a common age-related condition that affects the ability to focus on close objects. Additionally, changes in the lens cortex have been associated with cataracts, a clouding of the lens that can impair vision.

The crystalline lens is a biconvex transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina. It is located behind the iris and pupil and is suspended by small fibers called zonules that connect it to the ciliary body. The lens can change its shape to accommodate and focus on objects at different distances, a process known as accommodation. With age, the lens may become cloudy or opaque, leading to cataracts.

The lens nucleus, also known as the crystalline lens nucleus, is the central part of the crystalline lens in the eye. The crystalline lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris and pupil, which helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina.

The lens nucleus is composed of densely packed lens fibers that have lost their nuclei and cytoplasm during differentiation. It is surrounded by the lens cortex, which consists of younger lens fiber cells that are still metabolically active. The lens nucleus is relatively avascular and receives its nutrients through diffusion from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The lens nucleus plays an important role in the accommodation process, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract and release tension on the lens zonules, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its curvature. This results in a decrease in the focal length of the lens and enables the eye to focus on nearby objects. The lens nucleus is more rigid than the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the lens during accommodation.

Changes in the lens nucleus are associated with several age-related eye conditions, including cataracts and presbyopia. Cataracts occur when the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to a decrease in vision clarity. Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects and is caused by a hardening of the lens nucleus and a loss of elasticity in the lens fibers.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Crystallins are the major proteins found in the lens of the eye in vertebrates. They make up about 90% of the protein content in the lens and are responsible for maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the lens, which are essential for clear vision. There are two main types of crystallins, alpha (α) and beta/gamma (β/γ), which are further divided into several subtypes. These proteins are highly stable and have a long half-life, which allows them to remain in the lens for an extended period of time. Mutations in crystallin genes have been associated with various eye disorders, including cataracts and certain types of glaucoma.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

In the context of medical terminology, "lenses" generally refers to optical lenses used in various medical devices and instruments. These lenses are typically made of glass or plastic and are designed to refract (bend) light in specific ways to help magnify, focus, or redirect images. Here are some examples:

1. In ophthalmology and optometry, lenses are used in eyeglasses, contact lenses, and ophthalmic instruments to correct vision problems like myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia.
2. In surgical microscopes, lenses are used to provide a magnified and clear view of the operating field during microsurgical procedures like ophthalmic, neurosurgical, or ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat) surgeries.
3. In endoscopes and laparoscopes, lenses are used to transmit light and images from inside the body during minimally invasive surgical procedures.
4. In ophthalmic diagnostic instruments like slit lamps, lenses are used to examine various structures of the eye in detail.

In summary, "lenses" in medical terminology refer to optical components that help manipulate light to aid in diagnosis, treatment, or visual correction.

Contact lenses are thin, curved plastic or silicone hydrogel devices that are placed on the eye to correct vision, replace a missing or damaged cornea, or for cosmetic purposes. They rest on the surface of the eye, called the cornea, and conform to its shape. Contact lenses are designed to float on a thin layer of tears and move with each blink.

There are two main types of contact lenses: soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP). Soft contact lenses are made of flexible hydrophilic (water-absorbing) materials that allow oxygen to pass through the lens to the cornea. RGP lenses are made of harder, more oxygen-permeable materials.

Contact lenses can be used to correct various vision problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. They come in different shapes, sizes, and powers to suit individual needs and preferences. Proper care, handling, and regular check-ups with an eye care professional are essential for maintaining good eye health and preventing complications associated with contact lens wear.

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.

The visual cortex is the part of the brain that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe, which is at the back of the brain. The visual cortex is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the retina, which are then transmitted through the optic nerve and optic tract.

The visual cortex contains several areas that are involved in different aspects of visual processing, such as identifying shapes, colors, and movements. These areas work together to help us recognize and understand what we see. Damage to the visual cortex can result in various visual impairments, such as blindness or difficulty with visual perception.

The motor cortex is a region in the frontal lobe of the brain that is responsible for controlling voluntary movements. It is involved in planning, initiating, and executing movements of the limbs, body, and face. The motor cortex contains neurons called Betz cells, which have large cell bodies and are responsible for transmitting signals to the spinal cord to activate muscles. Damage to the motor cortex can result in various movement disorders such as hemiplegia or paralysis on one side of the body.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

Hydrophilic contact lenses are a type of contact lens that is designed to absorb and retain water. These lenses are made from materials that have an affinity for water, which helps them to remain moist and comfortable on the eye. The water content of hydrophilic contact lenses can vary, but typically ranges from 30-80% by weight.

Hydrophilic contact lenses are often used to correct refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. They can be made in a variety of materials, including soft hydrogel and silicone hydrogel.

One advantage of hydrophilic contact lenses is that they tend to be more comfortable to wear than other types of contacts, as they retain moisture and conform closely to the shape of the eye. However, they may also be more prone to deposits and buildup, which can lead to protein accumulation and discomfort over time. Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintain the health of the eyes when wearing hydrophilic contact lenses.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lens implants that are placed inside the eye during ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract removal. These lenses are designed to replace the natural lens of the eye that has become clouded or damaged, thereby restoring vision impairment caused by cataracts or other conditions.

There are several types of intraocular lenses available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodative lenses. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision at a single fixed distance, while multifocal IOLs offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, and accommodative IOLs can change shape and position within the eye to allow for a range of vision.

The selection of the appropriate type of intraocular lens depends on various factors, including the patient's individual visual needs, lifestyle, and ocular health. The implantation procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and involves minimal discomfort or recovery time. Overall, intraocular lenses have become a safe and effective treatment option for patients with vision impairment due to cataracts or other eye conditions.

The somatosensory cortex is a part of the brain located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, which is responsible for processing sensory information from the body. It receives and integrates tactile, proprioceptive, and thermoception inputs from the skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs, allowing us to perceive and interpret touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, position, and movement of our body parts. The somatosensory cortex is organized in a map-like manner, known as the sensory homunculus, where each body part is represented according to its relative sensitivity and density of innervation. This organization allows for precise localization and discrimination of tactile stimuli across the body surface.

The crystalline lens of the eye is covered by a transparent, elastic capsule known as the lens capsule. This capsule is made up of collagen and forms the continuous outer layer of the lens. It is highly resistant to both physical and chemical insults, which allows it to protect the lens fibers within. The lens capsule is important for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, which are essential for proper focusing of light onto the retina.

Lens diseases refer to conditions that affect the lens of the eye, which is a transparent structure located behind the iris and pupil. The main function of the lens is to focus light onto the retina, enabling clear vision. Here are some examples of lens diseases:

1. Cataract: A cataract is a clouding of the lens that affects vision. It is a common age-related condition, but can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication.
2. Presbyopia: This is not strictly a "disease," but rather an age-related change in the lens that causes difficulty focusing on close objects. It typically becomes noticeable in people over the age of 40.
3. Lens dislocation: This occurs when the lens slips out of its normal position, usually due to trauma or a genetic disorder. It can cause vision problems and may require surgical intervention.
4. Lens opacity: This refers to any clouding or opacification of the lens that is not severe enough to be considered a cataract. It can cause visual symptoms such as glare or blurred vision.
5. Anterior subcapsular cataract: This is a type of cataract that forms in the front part of the lens, often as a result of injury or inflammation. It can cause significant visual impairment.
6. Posterior subcapsular cataract: This is another type of cataract that forms at the back of the lens, often as a result of diabetes or certain medications. It can also cause significant visual impairment.

Overall, lens diseases can have a significant impact on vision and quality of life, and may require medical intervention to manage or treat.

... lens capsule, crystalline MeSH A09.371.509.225 - lens cortex, crystalline MeSH A09.371.509.670 - lens nucleus, crystalline MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A09)

... congenital anomaly of the eye characterized by a conical protrusion on the crystalline lens capsule and the underlying cortex. ... sharply demarcated conical projection of the lens capsule and cortex, usually axial in localization. In an early stage, retro- ... This phenomenon is due to the different refraction in the central and the peripheral area of the lens. Ultrasonography also can ... It produces a decrease in visual acuity and irregular refraction that cannot be corrected by either spectacle or contact lenses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticonus

... the inner and outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens ... "equator of the crystalline lens - definition of equator of the crystalline lens in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online ... The lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers. The lens capsule is a relatively ... The lens epithelium is a single layer of cells at the front of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers. By ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)

276 The crystalline lens of the human eye is an example of a GRIN lens with a refractive index varying from about 1.406 in the ... inner core to approximately 1.386 at the less dense cortex.: 203 Some common mirages are caused by a spatially varying ... For lenses (such as eye glasses), a lens made from a high refractive index material will be thinner, and hence lighter, than a ... It determines the focusing power of lenses, the dispersive power of prisms, the reflectivity of lens coatings, and the light- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

Cataracts are the greying or opacity of the crystalline lens, which can be caused in children by intrauterine infections, ... Disorders of the visual cortex (4.1%) Cerebrovascular disease (3.2%) Degeneration of the macula and posterior pole (3.0%) ... Legally blind indicates that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the better eye after best correction (contact lenses or ... or lens), as well as can create complication that can cause cataracts, glaucoma, retinal damage, age-related macular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment

They form photosensitizers in the crystalline lens, which has implications for cataract development. Reduced muscle function is ... lens and renal cortex of diabetic rats. The inhibition of AGE formation reduced the extent of nephropathy in diabetic rats. ... "Advanced Glycation Endproducts Induce Photocrosslinking and Oxidation of Bovine Lens Proteins Through Type-I Mechanism". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product

Blindness can result from damage to the optical pathway (cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, and vitreous). This can ... Recent efforts in visual cortex prosthesis have evaluated efficacy of visual cortex stimulation in a non-human primate. In this ... The optical nerve can be stimulated in order to create an image, or the visual cortex can be stimulated, although clinical ... G. S. Brindley and W. S. Lewin, "The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex," J. Physiol., vol. 196 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics

... the crystalline lens and the cornea adjust to overcome the associated myopia (the range of vision under water is short). A ... The beluga has a very specialised sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the ... They produce a rapid sequence of clicks that pass through the melon, which acts as an acoustic lens to focus the sounds into a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluga_whale

... somatosensory cortex), movement (motor cortex), and vision (visual cortex), was first proposed by Franz Joseph Gall in 1810. ... The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina. The retina consists of many ... The armored shell of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata is also covered with hundreds of aragonite crystalline eyes, named ... "The Role of Visual Cortex for Binocular Interactions in the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus." The Role of Visual Cortex for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system

The remaining lens cortex (outer layer of lens) material from the capsular bag is also carefully aspirated, using an irrigation ... connecting the crystalline lens capsule to the ciliary body. Dropped nucleus: A cataract nucleus which has fallen through into ... After removing all hard central lens nucleus material by emulsification, the softer outer lens cortex is removed with suction ... In hydrodelineation, fluid is injected into the body of the lens through the cortex against the nucleus of the cataract, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacoemulsification

In general, the lens is not spherical. Spherical lenses produce spherical aberration. In refractive corneas, the lens tissue is ... there is a single large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline ... these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and ... The number of lenses in such an eye varied widely; some trilobites had only one while others had thousands of lenses per eye. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye

This is only temporary and is called second sight.[citation needed] Cortical cataracts are due to the lens cortex (outer layer ... Aliancy, Joah F.; Mamalis, Nick (1995), Kolb, Helga; Fernandez, Eduardo; Nelson, Ralph (eds.), "Crystalline Lens and Cataract ... In all types of surgery, the cataractous lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens, known as an intraocular lens, ... Lens insertion - A plastic, foldable lens is inserted into the capsular bag that formerly contained the natural lens. Some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

The EPI-RET device contains 25 electrodes and requires the crystalline lens to be replaced with a receiver chip. All subjects ... Foerster was the first to discover that electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex could be used to create visual percepts ... G. Brindley; W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_implant

Lens diseases Cataracts* are an opacity in the lens of the eye. Most cataracts in dogs are caused by a genetic predisposition, ... Corneal dystrophy can also have a crystalline appearance. Corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory condition ... It is possible not to see any symptoms of the disease until the adrenal cortex is 90% dysfunctional. Addison's can occur when ... Lens luxation is a displacement of the lens from its normal position. Terrier breeds are predisposed. Nuclear sclerosis is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases

... , also called lens replacement surgery, is the removal of the natural lens (also called the "crystalline lens ... the cataract is destroyed using ultrasound and the remaining lens cortex (outer layer of lens) material from the capsular bag ... In 1753, Samuel Sharp performed the first-recorded surgical removal of the entire lens and lens capsule: the lens was removed ... "crystalline lens") of the human eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract_surgery

... causing the central surfaces of the crystalline lens to steepen, the central thickness of the lens to increase (anterior- ... "Hyposmotic stress causes ATP release in a discrete zone within the outer cortex of rat lens". Molecular Vision. 28: 245-256. ... model of lens focus proposed by Coleman demands less tension on the ligaments suspending the lens. Rather than the lens as a ... The age related changes in the human lens may also be related to changes in the water dynamics in the lens. The young human eye ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(vertebrate_eye)

On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens Source: 1800 Everard Home ... Smith, G.Elliot (1919). "Croonian Lectures on the significance of the Cerebral Cortex: Delivered before the Royal College of ... 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the ... 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croonian_Medal

Colin Sixty was part of the clone output created by A.I.M. He was created specifically to be sold to Cortex Inc. As "C. ... After touching the ship's crystalline power source, he was altered by its power and discovered 10 gems within, which he ... "lens" to attract and focus all manner of dark power. The Mandarin uses its power to turn back time in China, and literally ... he revealed Anderson Sixty's true nature to the press to discredit Cortex by having allied with A.I.M.. With his life ruined, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(character)

The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds. With the exception of pigeons ... without which the crystalline structure would be too brittle to keep its form; the organic matrix is thought to have a role in ... which is covered by a thin and translucent outer layer or cortex that features longitudinal internal ridges on the dorsal side ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms

Glasser, Adrian; Campbell, Melanie C.W. (January 1998). "Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with ... Neuritic plaques, that target the outer regions of the cortex, consist of withering neuronal material from a protein, amyloid- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_development

cortex A region of tissue located between the surface cells and the vascular cylinder. corticolous Growing on bark or on wood ... lenticular 1. lens-shaped. 2. covered in lenticels. lepidote covered with small scales. leprose powdery liana a woody climbing ... epicuticular wax A layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the cuticle. epidermis An organ's ... lenticel Typically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms

... lens capsule, crystalline MeSH A09.371.509.225 - lens cortex, crystalline MeSH A09.371.509.670 - lens nucleus, crystalline MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A09)

The viscoelastic properties of the lens nuclei and 16 of the lens cortices were quantified within 42±10 h of death using a ... There was no statistical difference in these measures between the lens cortices and their respective lens nuclei. There was a ... Human crystalline lens. *material properties. *elastic shear modulus. *viscous shear modulus. *complex shear modulus ... Results The means (±SD) of the viscoelastic properties of the lens nuclei at a frequency of 75 Hz were: elastic shear modulus, ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/95/7/1010

Lens Capsule, Crystalline A9.371.509.155 A9.371.60.500.155. Lens Cortex, Crystalline A9.371.509.225 A9.371.60.500.225. Lens ... Lens Nucleus, Crystalline A9.371.509.670 A9.371.60.500.670. Lens, Crystalline A9.371.509 A9.371.60.500. Leptin D6.472.699.400 ... Auditory Cortex A8.186.211.730.885.213.863.297 A8.186.211.730.885.287.500.863.297. Azathioprine D2.886.759.111. D13.570.900.111 ... Visual Cortex A8.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 A8.186.211.730.885.287.500.571.735. Vitelline Duct A16.254.891 A16.920. Vitelline ...

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2010.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

Lens, CrystallineCells, CulturedCell LineLens Nucleus, CrystallineChick EmbryoLens Cortex, CrystallineTumor Cells, Cultured ... Lens Cortex, Crystalline. The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium ... Lens Nucleus, Crystalline. The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.. ... In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/beta-crystallin-a-chain

Lens Cortex, Crystalline. The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium ... Lens Capsule, CrystallineLens, CrystallineAnterior ChamberLens Nucleus, CrystallineVitreous BodyIrisAqueous HumorCorneaMacula ... Lens Nucleus, Crystalline. The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.. ... PostcataractLens, CrystallinePseudophakiaPostoperative ComplicationsLens DiseasesAnterior ChamberLens Nucleus, CrystallineEye ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/cataract-extraction

Crystalline" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Lens, Crystalline" was a major or minor topic of ... "Lens, Crystalline" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Lens, Crystalline" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Lens, Crystalline". ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Lens,%20Crystalline

In vivo imaging and mechanical modeling of the crystalline lens allow estimations of the crystalline lens mechanical ... lens matched the participants lens at -4.5 D. Results: The shear moduli of the nucleus and cortex were 1.62 ± 1.32 and 8.18 ± ... An inverse modeling scheme was used to determine the shear moduli of the nucleus and cortex of the lens, such that the ... Estimation of Crystalline Lens Material Properties From Patient Accommodation Data and Finite Element Models. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=mh:Presbiopia

A TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF LYSERGIDE ON THE LENS HAS BEEN SHOWN TO RESULT FROM ADMINISTRATION OF LARGE DOSES TO PREGNANT MICE, ... COLORLESS AND ODORLESS CRYSTALLINE SOLID. MELTING POINT: 176-185 F (80-85 C) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: NOT AVAILABLE SOLUBILITY IN ... OPTIC NERVE AND THE OCCIPITAL VISUAL CORTEX IN SEVERELY POISONED CATS. NO OCULAR OR PERMANENT ALTERATION OF VISION HAS BEEN ... CAUSING HISTOLOGICALLY OBSERVABLE ABNORMALITIES IN THE LENS EPITHELIUM SIMILAR TO EFFECTS PRODUCED BY X-IRRADIATION. CHRONIC ...

https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_data_sheet.shtml

Crystalline Lens 10% * Biometry 10% * Low Vision 10% * Lutein 10% * Visual Cortex 10% ...

https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/organisations/ophthalmic-research-group/fingerprints/

Cataract is a disease in which the crystalline lens becomes muddy. Lets think about surgery when living and working get ... Cataracts are a disease in which the crystalline lens becomes clouded.. The lens is in the eye, it corresponds to the lens in a ... Cataracts (cloudy lenses) are divided into the nucleus, the cortex surrounding it, and the outermost capsule (anterior capsule ... Astigmatism is caused by distortion of the crystalline lens and cornea, which is the lens of the eye. Cataract surgery ...

http://www.miyoshi-eye-clinic.com/en/cataracta.html

A partial or complete opacity of the lens and/or its capsule. In cases where cataracts are complete and affect both eyes, ... In the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, onset is at an early age (less than 6 months), affecting the cortex and nucleus with ... In these dogs, lesions are circular or semicircular central crystalline deposits in the anterior corneal stroma that appear ... Cataracts may involve the lens completely (diffuse) or in a localized region. ...

https://www.ackcsc.org/index.php/health/eyes

The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be ... to the visual cortex. Visual system. The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to ... The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be ... The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various ...

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Eye

... and the back part called the crystalline lens. The cornea allows us to see clearly, but the crystalline lens focuses our vision ... In addition, the cortex also helps regulate the amount of fluid inside the eye. When the eye lens is healthy, the cortex is. - ... The eye lens is composed of two layers; the outer layer is the cortex, and the innermost layer is the nucleus. The cortex is ... Objective Lens Diameter. The second number is how big each objective lens is in millimetres. The larger the objective lens, the ...

https://omytheater.org/seeing-through-binoculars

At first, the light waves are twisted in the cornea then it progress to the crystalline lens then to the nodal point, which is ... Inside the retina, the light waves are transformed into electrical signals then transported to the occipital cortex through the ... Lens. Light that enters the eye is focused on the retina by the lens, a flexible biconvex crystal-like structure. The lens is ... The lens, the main focusing apparatus of the eye, is supported upright inside the eye and is composed of two chambers.. The ...

https://www.allhealthsite.com/metamorphopsia-definition-causes-symptoms-treatment.html

Introduction to Lenses and Geometrical Optics - The action of a simple lens, similar to many of those used in the microscope, ... This information is processed in several stages, ultimately reaching the visual cortices of the cerebrum. ... distinct axes and interact with light by a mechanism that is dependent upon the orientation of the crystalline lattice with ... Fortunately, magnetic lenses can focus diffracted electrons in the electron microscope, and glass lenses are very useful for ...

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/index.html

Systems, methods and laser delivery patterns and operations for structural pillars in the lens of the eye to permit deformation ... of laser effected areas of the lens that are adjacent to the pillars. ... The terms ocular lens, natural crystalline lens, natural lens, natural human crystalline lens, and lens (when referring to the ... The lens 103 is a multi-structural system. The lens 103 structure includes a cortex 113, and a nucleus 129, and a lens capsule ...

https://patents.justia.com/patent/11607339

Lens. The lens is a crystalline structure, biconvex, and covered by a lens capsule. Attached to it are the zonular fibers that ... along with visual pathway to the occipital cortex. Within the occipital cortices, these electrical signals are processed and ... Light is further converged by the crystalline lens located posterior to the iris. ... The lens is avascular and derives it nutrients from the aqueous humor. It is elastic and transparent and held in place by ...

https://emedicine.dev01.medscape.com/article/1923010-overview

https://reference.dev01.medscape.com/article/1923010-overview

The light enters the eye and is focused by the cornea and the crystalline lens onto the retinal surface where it passes through ... on its way to the Occipital cortex within the brain enabling us to see the world around us. As you can see the retina is very ...

http://www.grhardwick.co.uk/amd.html

The crystalline lens after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy.Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1480-1484. ... An eye that has undergone limited vitrectomy and has an untouched clear anterior vitreous cortex will likely fare better than ... 7: Lens-iris diaphragm retropulsion. Eyes that have previously undergone vitrectomy are more likely to experience lens-iris ... The shift will be greater for an eye with a biconvex lens than for an eye with a planoconvex lens with a posteriorly facing ...

https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2013-julaug/phacoemulsification-in-the-vitrectomized-eye/

Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. (lookformedical.com)
The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (lookformedical.com)
A partial or complete opacity of the lens and/or its capsule. (ackcsc.org)
Cataract formation can also result after lens touch with intraocular instruments, in response to the introduction of intraocular tamponading agents such as silicone oil and gas, and if crystallization on the anterior hyaloid or posterior capsule results in posterior capsular lens feathering and inflammation. (crstodayeurope.com)
It is a cataract-removal surgery that involves removing the front portion of the lens from the eye while retaining the posterior capsule. (scopeheal.com)
After making the incisions, the crystalline lens capsule must be opened so that the opacified nucleus can be removed through this opening. (scopeheal.com)
Once the posterior lens cortex and capsule have been hydrodissected, the surgeon can rotate the nucleus within the capsular bag to facilitate removal by phacoemulsification. (scopeheal.com)
In my hands, prechopping the lens permits the safe use of the highest aspiration level, and the laser chop instrument helps me to manipulate pieces to the central safety zone and protects the posterior capsule during removal of the last portions of the lens. (crstoday.com)
If, instead, I find a large, 5-mm-thick crystalline lens, I might make the opposite choice, because I would expect the lens to sit farther back in that capsule. (crstoday.com)

Conclusions The observed age-related increase in tissue stiffness of the lens nucleus, ∼0.4 Pa/year, is too small to account for the 10 dioptre decline in accommodative amplitude in this age group. (bmj.com)
In the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, onset is at an early age (less than 6 months), affecting the cortex and nucleus with rapid progression to complete cataract, resulting in blindness. (ackcsc.org)
Drooped nucleus and retained lens fragment is a complication not so rare in clinical practice. (eophtha.com)
Definisi Katarak adalah adanya kekeruhan pada lensa, bisa terjadi pada cortex, nucleus, atau kapsul posterior. (scribd.com)

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. (lookformedical.com)
Microphthalmia is a congenital defect characterized by a small eye often associated with other ocular malformations, including defects of the cornea, anterior chamber, lens and/or retina. (ackcsc.org)
The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Light that enters the eye is focused on the retina by the lens, a flexible biconvex crystal-like structure. (allhealthsite.com)
Inside the retina, the light waves are transformed into electrical signals then transported to the occipital cortex through the optic nerve. (allhealthsite.com)
Generally, sight occurs when light enters the eye through the cornea 101 and pupil, then proceeds through the ocular lens 103 through the vitreous 110 along the visual axis 104 , strikes the retina 105 at the back of the eye, forming an image at the macula 106 that is transferred by the optic nerve 107 to the brain. (justia.com)
The space between the cornea 101 and the retina 105 is filled with a liquid called the aqueous 117 in the anterior chamber 109 and the vitreous 110 , a gel-like clear substance, in the chamber posterior to the lens. (justia.com)
Within the layers of the retina, photons trigger a series of electrical and chemical reactions, ultimately sending electrical signals by way of the optic nerve, along with visual pathway to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
By applying our model to the large-scale visual system model, it is expected to be able to evaluate the phenomena, for example, age dependent perception on visual illusions, blur compensation in retina or visual cortex, and so on. (biomedcentral.com)
The lens changes shape to assist the cornea in focusing and directing light onto the retina. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
Light is focused by the cornea and through the lens to reach the retina, which is the highly sensitive inner lining of the eye. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
The receptors throughout the retina convert the images through the optic nerve, which transmits the image signals through the processing parts of the vision system to land at the visual cortex, the portion of our brain that is dedicated to the sense of sight. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
After passing through the cornea, the light is bent again by the lens for refinement and focused onto the retina in a process called refraction. (springhouseeye.net)
The lens focuses the light on the retina. (emeraldparkeyecare.com)
This is achieved by the ciliary muscles in the eye, changing the shape of the lens, bending or flattening it to focus the light rays on the retina. (emeraldparkeyecare.com)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcome, light distortion index (LDI), and quality of life (QoL) of patients implanted with two complementary intraocular lenses (IOLs) to treat cataract and presbyopia. (bvsalud.org)
Currently, the advanced multifocal intraocular lenses Minifell Lady ® (SIFI) and Technics Symphony ® Opti Blue (AMO) are called Extended depth of focus intraocular lens (EDOF) and have depth of focus. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
EDOF intraocular lenses have lower contrast sensitivity (quality of appearance), halo, glare (glare), while acquiring a far wider clear vision range (range of focus) compared to single focus intraocular lenses, ghost (you can see something like a shadow), and so on. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
EDOF intraocular lens is a lens that can be used more reliably than many traditional multifocal intraocular lenses, with fewer secondary symptoms, although the near vision will be slightly reduced. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
Especially Miniwell Lady ® (SIFI) thinks that it is one of the most superior intraocular lenses today with fewer side effects than Tecniques Symphony ® Opti Blue (AMO). (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
Multifocal intraocular lenses are expensive due to their own burden, but patients who wish to reduce the frequency of use of eyeglasses after cataract surgery become more and more year by year, and more people who choose multifocal intraocular lens are increasing. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
Because multifocal intraocular lenses are highly functional, precise surgery and examination are required, and depending on the patient's eyes, personality and life, it may be worse than monofocal intraocular lenses. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)

Virtual histology of multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cortex in young men. (cardiff.ac.uk)

The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (lookformedical.com)
Light rays are bent in the eye as they encounter the cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor. (allhealthsite.com)
We do not know whether they, like the crystalline lens and aqueous humor of the eye, have the optical properties necessary for the functions we would assign to them. (emergentpublications.com)

A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (lookformedical.com)
An intraocular lens is an artificial lens that is implanted in the eye instead of the lens extracted by cataract surgery. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
The intraocular lens affects the most visible operation (quality of appearance, quality of life) of various surgical items and devices related to cataract surgery. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
If you would like a multifocal intraocular lens during cataract surgery, if you are interested, please do not hesitate to contact your doctor or staff. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
The Toric intraocular lens, instead of the lens cloudy in cataract surgery, intraocular lens to be implanted one of the, correct astigmatism you can. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
A significant advantage of the femtosecond laser-and one that was possibly not anticipated in the early days of laser cataract surgery-is that the incorporated OCT imaging gives the surgeon much more information about the anatomy of the eye, the anterior chamber, and the lens thickness. (crstoday.com)

Therefore, we have developed an eye optics model which can calculate the blurred retinal image based on known physiological evidences to provide a more realistic input to retinal and visual cortex model. (biomedcentral.com)
En face OCT reflectance images which accompany OCTA studies offer a glimpse of the macrophage-like cellular activity above the retinal surface which responds to systemically instigated vascular events below. (stanford.edu)

The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye. (lookformedical.com)

BACKGROUND: As the trend of refractive lens exchange for presbyopia continues to grow, our case report shows the first occurrence of an acute bilateral outer retinopathy following uncomplicated sequential clear lens extraction in an otherwise healthy individual. (bvsalud.org)
CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old male without significant medical history benefited from a sequential bilateral lens exchange for presbyopia. (bvsalud.org)
The present invention relates to systems and methods for treating the structure of the natural human crystalline lens with a laser to address a variety of medical conditions, such as presbyopia and refractive error. (justia.com)
This condition is called presbyopia, and results from the crystalline lens being less flexible, and therefore less able to bend light. (emeraldparkeyecare.com)

Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place. (lookformedical.com)
After this, the cataract surgeon inserts a new artificial lens called as intraocular lens (IOL) and the procedure is called intraocular lens implantation.Mrs. Khan showed tremendous improvement in her vision post-surgery. (rnreyecare.com)

The ocular or natural crystalline lens 103 , a more detailed picture of which is shown in FIG. 8 A , (utilizing similar reference numbers for similar structures) is located just posterior to the iris 102 . (justia.com)
Light is further converged by the crystalline lens located posterior to the iris. (medscape.com)
Located behind the iris, is our natural lens. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
The crystalline lens is located behind the iris, controlling the focusing ability of the eye. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
After passing through the pupil (the aperture in the iris diaphragm) light is further refracted by the crystalline lens . (answersingenesis.org)

Scleral Lenses: Current Practice and Future Directions. (harvard.edu)
This presentation used two imaging methods to measure ocular sagittal height to fit scleral lenses in eyes with and without keratoconus. (coetf.ca)

Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses. (lookformedical.com)

Millions of impulses travel along the nerve fibres of the optic nerve at the back of the eye, eventually arriving at the visual cortex (and other areas) of the brain, located at the back of the head. (emeraldparkeyecare.com)

A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
Stroud has pointed out that if we had only one such substance to work with, we could still build a lens into our receptors to secure differential sensitivity to different wavelengths, and that the cones with their refractive globules may do just that. (emergentpublications.com)

Ocular Impression-Based Scleral Lens With Wavefront-Guided Optics for Visual Improvement in Keratoconus. (harvard.edu)
Generally, the ocular lens changes shape through the action of the ciliary muscle 108 to allow for focusing of a visual image. (justia.com)
Within the occipital cortices, these electrical signals are processed and interpreted, (ie, "seen") by the brain as a visual image. (medscape.com)
When these signals reach the visual cortex located in the back of the brain, they are deciphered and translated, so we can make sense of the visual information. (springhouseeye.net)
9 - 11 The goal of prevention is supported by (1) prospective studies of animal models demonstrating that abnormal visual experience can lead to abnormal development of synaptic circuitry in visual cortex, 12 - 18 and (2) the hypothesis that providing "normal" visual experience to human infants will prevent the development of clinical abnormality. (arvojournals.org)
On the basis of destructive changes in certain layers of the geniculate produced by raising monkeys in a red light, and on the basis of the destruction of their layers by toxins producing a loss of sensitivity to blue light, Le Gros Clark thinks that colors are separated into separate channels in the lateral geniculate, and so, in their projection to the visual cortex, notably the area striata. (emergentpublications.com)
Upon detailed eye examination, which began with Visual Acuity, it showed that vision loss was because of cloudy lens i.e. she had developed moderate cataract (Anterior capsular cataract along with Nuclear Sclerosis Grade II) mainly due to her age. (rnreyecare.com)

Cataracts are a disease in which the crystalline lens becomes clouded. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)
Cataracts may involve the lens completely (diffuse) or in a localized region. (ackcsc.org)
Well-developed cataracts appear as gray, white, or yellow-brown opacities in the lens. (msdmanuals.com)
Dense white cataracts tend to be in older patients and on slit lamp examination there is a yellow to brown hue to the central portion of the crystalline lens. (cataractcoach.com)
These white intumescent cataracts pose a challenge during capsulorrhexis creation because the intra-lenticular pressure increases as the lens cortex liquefies. (cataractcoach.com)

In a routine cataract, the lens material is solid and the pressure within the capsular bag is lower than the pressure in the anterior chamber, making capsulorrhexis creation straightforward. (cataractcoach.com)
But with the white intumescent cataract, the liquefied cortex increases the intracapsular pressure and forces the capsular bag to rip uncontrollably once it is opened. (cataractcoach.com)
Is there fluid from decomposed lens proteins within the capsular bag? (cataractcoach.com)
The dreaded Argentinian flag sign is due to pressure within the capsular bag due to the liquified cortex (intumescent cataract). (cataractcoach.com)

A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. (lookformedical.com)
The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)
Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)
This presentation reviews what will happen when confocal images are used to model and simulate contractions of proteins in the chicken lens. (coetf.ca)
The lens is a transparent eye structure made mostly of proteins that plays a role in bending and focusing light. (springhouseeye.net)

The terms ocular lens, natural crystalline lens, natural lens, natural human crystalline lens, and lens (when referring to the prior terms) are used interchangeably herein and refer to the same anatomical structure of the human eye. (justia.com)
A neural feedback mechanism from the brain allows the ciliary muscle 108 , acting through the attachment of the zonules 111 , to change the shape of the ocular lens. (justia.com)
An ocular cataract is the clouding of the natural lens of the eye, which causes considerable loss of vision, especially in people over 40 years of age. (scopeheal.com)

An ultrasonic probe is used to fragment the opacified crystalline lens, and the resulting material is extracted through a minimal incision using a suction system always under the control of the surgeon. (scopeheal.com)

The lens is located in the ciliary body. (allhealthsite.com)
The lens is held upright in the eye by suspensory ligaments attached to the ciliary body. (allhealthsite.com)

On the other hand, a cortical cataract begins at the periphery of the lens and spreads toward the center. (scopeheal.com)

After placing Healon (Abbott Medical Optics) in the anterior chamber, I direct a 30-gauge cannula on a Healon syringe into the center of the lens and inject the OVD (Figure 1). (crstoday.com)
Knowing how big the crystalline lens is in relation to the anterior chamber helps me prepare for surgery and may eventually allow me to more accurately predict the effective lens position (ELP). (crstoday.com)

Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction. (lookformedical.com)
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction. (lookformedical.com)
Predictors of long-term intraocular pressure control after lens extraction in primary angle closure glaucoma: results from the EAGLE trial. (harvard.edu)

I base emulsification settings on the grade of cataract, which determines how I want to chop the lens, the grid pattern I want to use, and how much energy I want to put into softening the lens. (crstoday.com)

Clouding at the back of the lens is called a subscapular cataract, while cloudiness at the core of the lens is called a nuclear cataract. (scopeheal.com)
central nuclear sclerosis with yellow tint, with periphery of cataract showing less opacity indicating intact (non-liquid) cortex. (cataractcoach.com)

A cataract is a congenital or degenerative opacity of the lens. (msdmanuals.com)

In my opinion, the greatest benefits of the procedure are seen in the new information provided by the laser's imaging capabilities, lens fragmentation, and the creation of uniform, precise capsulotomies. (crstoday.com)

Aim To determine the viscoelastic properties of fresh human lenses obtained from cadavers under 40 years of age. (bmj.com)
The viscoelastic properties of the lens nuclei and 16 of the lens cortices were quantified within 42±10 h of death using a controlled-strain, linear, simple-shear rheometer. (bmj.com)

Lens diseases refer to conditions that affect the lens of the eye, impairing vision and potentially leading to blindness if left untreated. (lookformedical.com)

Light enters the human eye via the transparent cornea, the eye's front window, which acts as a powerful convex lens. (answersingenesis.org)
The working of eye's lens is similar to that of camera's lens, which is to focus light properly so that image can be viewed clearly. (rnreyecare.com)

A device emits ultrasonic energy on the cloudy lens that breaks the lens into small pieces, which are then removed by suction. (rnreyecare.com)

Conventional multifocal intraocular lens suffered from problems such as reduction in contrast sensitivity and secondary symptoms such as halo, glare, ghost, etc., in order to obtain high visibility capability. (miyoshi-eye-clinic.com)

The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. (lookformedical.com)

Since changing the apparent refraction of the eye is relatively easy through the use of corrective spectacle or contact lenses, many of the conditions that contribute to unclear vision can be readily corrected. (emeraldparkeyecare.com)

By the ligament-like structure supporting the lens, the eye can change focus between close and far vision. (myoptometristcalgary.ca)
he evaluated her eyes and explained that the hazy vision in her eyes was because of the cloudy lens. (rnreyecare.com)
Mrs. Khan opted for a multifocal lens (a lens which allow clear vision for near as well as far without glasses).In Phacoemulsification, a micro incision is made on the side of the cornea. (rnreyecare.com)

Following capsulorhexis, fluid irrigation or hydrodissection is performed gently to separate the lens capsule's cortex. (scopeheal.com)

Methods 52 intact clear, human lenses were obtained from 26 donors (mean age of 27.5±9.2 years) within 9±4 h of death. (bmj.com)
Systems, methods and laser delivery patterns and operations for structural pillars in the lens of the eye to permit deformation of laser effected areas of the lens that are adjacent to the pillars. (justia.com)

Depending on the size of retained lens fragments, Patients present with varying degrees of inflammation. (eophtha.com)

If a rigid IOL is implanted thereafter, enlargement of the incision and suturing the lens to the bag may be required. (crstodayeurope.com)
Another incision is made in the membrane surrounding the cataract so that it can be easily separated from the cortex using a stream of water. (scopeheal.com)

It affects the lens of the eyes and is usually seen in people over the age of 40. (rnreyecare.com)

The wavefront aberration is defined by Zernike Coefficients values (measured by wavefront aberrometer such as OPD-Scan or Shack-Hartman Sensor systems) or SCA values (power of sphero-cylindrical lens with its axis for spectacle lens or contact lens prescriptions). (biomedcentral.com)

The image produce at the back of the lens is upside-down. (allhealthsite.com)
If VR back up is available at the hospital it is best to remove the fragments/ lens in the same sitting. (eophtha.com)

OTF (Optical transfer function) calculated from the wavefront aberration with spectral transmittance of the lens is used for image processing filter. (biomedcentral.com)
The system uses sophisticated algorithms to process volumetric OCT image data, map the surfaces of the cornea and lens, and create safety zones, which I can then move or customize if necessary. (crstoday.com)

Anatomy10

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Human lens epithelial layer in cortical cataract. (1/122)

Conservation of gene expression during embryonic lens formation and cornea-lens transdifferentiation in Xenopus laevis. (2/122)

Endogenous casein kinase I catalyzes the phosphorylation of the lens fiber cell connexin49. (3/122)

Direct evidence for immiscible cholesterol domains in human ocular lens fiber cell plasma membranes. (4/122)

Galectin-3 is associated with the plasma membrane of lens fiber cells. (5/122)

Risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the POLA study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. (6/122)

A human lens model of cortical cataract: Ca2+-induced protein loss, vimentin cleavage and opacification. (7/122)

Polymorphic glutathione S-transferases as genetic risk factors for senile cortical cataract in Estonians. (8/122)

Lens Cortex, Crystalline

Lens, Crystalline

Lens Nucleus, Crystalline

Cataract

Crystallins

Cerebral Cortex

Lenses

Contact Lenses

Prefrontal Cortex

Visual Cortex

Motor Cortex

Auditory Cortex

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic

Lenses, Intraocular

Somatosensory Cortex

Lens Capsule, Crystalline

Lens Diseases

Human lens epithelial layer in cortical cataract. (1/122)

Conservation of gene expression during embryonic lens formation and cornea-lens transdifferentiation in Xenopus laevis. (2/122)

Endogenous casein kinase I catalyzes the phosphorylation of the lens fiber cell connexin49. (3/122)

Direct evidence for immiscible cholesterol domains in human ocular lens fiber cell plasma membranes. (4/122)

Galectin-3 is associated with the plasma membrane of lens fiber cells. (5/122)

Risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the POLA study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. (6/122)

A human lens model of cortical cataract: Ca2+-induced protein loss, vimentin cleavage and opacification. (7/122)

Polymorphic glutathione S-transferases as genetic risk factors for senile cortical cataract in Estonians. (8/122)

List of MeSH codes (A09)

Lenticonus

Lens (vertebrate anatomy)

Refractive index

Visual impairment

Advanced glycation end-product

Neuroprosthetics

Beluga whale

Visual system

Phacoemulsification

Eye

Cataract

Retinal implant

List of dog diseases

Cataract surgery

Accommodation (vertebrate eye)

Croonian Medal

Mandarin (character)

Glossary of bird terms

Adult development

Glossary of botanical terms

List of MeSH codes (A09) - Wikipedia

Viscoelastic properties of fresh human lenses under 40 years of age: implications for the aetiology of presbyopia | British...

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

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Presbiopia

Erowid LSD (Acid) Vault : Material Safety Data Sheet

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Eye Globe Anatomy: Overview, Extraocular Structures, Intraocular Structures

AMD

CRSTG | Europe Edition | Phacoemulsification in the Vitrectomized Eye

Capsule9

Nucleus4

RETINA15

Intraocular lenses7

$Refractive index$ Refractive index