The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
Artificially induced UTERINE CONTRACTION. Generally, LABOR, OBSTETRIC is induced with the intent to cause delivery of the fetus and termination of pregnancy.
The beginning of true OBSTETRIC LABOR which is characterized by the cyclic uterine contractions of increasing frequency, duration, and strength causing CERVICAL DILATATION to begin (LABOR STAGE, FIRST ).
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.
Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
Allowing a woman to be in LABOR, OBSTETRIC long enough to determine if vaginal birth may be anticipated.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The position or orientation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR, determined by its relation to the SPINE of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the NECK.
The final period of OBSTETRIC LABOR that is from the expulsion of the FETUS to the expulsion of the PLACENTA.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Drugs that stimulate contraction of the myometrium. They are used to induce LABOR, OBSTETRIC at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (ABORTIFACIENTS). Oxytocics used clinically include the neurohypophyseal hormone OXYTOCIN and certain prostaglandins and ergot alkaloids. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p1157)
The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Contraction of the UTERINE MUSCLE.
CHILDBIRTH at the end of a normal duration of PREGNANCY, between 37 to 40 weeks of gestation or about 280 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period.
Drugs that prevent preterm labor and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions (TOCOLYSIS). Agents used to delay premature uterine activity include magnesium sulfate, beta-mimetics, oxytocin antagonists, calcium channel inhibitors, and adrenergic beta-receptor agonists. The use of intravenous alcohol as a tocolytic is now obsolete.
A change in the CERVIX UTERI with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix normally becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of PREGNANCY. These cervical changes can also be chemically induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid.
The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Measurement or recording of contraction activity of the uterine muscle. It is used to determine progress of LABOR, OBSTETRIC and assess status of pregnancy. It is also used in conjunction with FETAL MONITORING to determine fetal response to stress of maternal uterine contractions.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
Delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section.
A method, developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. Five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. The five numbers are added for the Apgar score. A score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life.
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.
Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTION. It is used in pregnant women to arrest PREMATURE LABOR.
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
Labor and delivery without medical intervention, usually involving RELAXATION THERAPY.
The practice of assisting women in childbirth.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.
The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it adheres to the shell and allows exchange of gases between the egg and its environment. In MAMMALS, the chorion evolves into the fetal contribution of the PLACENTA.
A widely used local anesthetic agent.
Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of LABOR, OBSTETRIC associated with disproportion.
A nursing specialty involving nursing care given to the pregnant patient before, after, or during childbirth.
An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
A parameter usually used in PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY to measure the length of the uterine neck (CERVIX UTERI). Cervical length or its shortening is used to identify and prevent early cervical opening and PRETERM BIRTH.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Special hospitals which provide care to women during pregnancy and parturition.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.
The body region lying between the genital area and the ANUS on the surface of the trunk, and to the shallow compartment lying deep to this area that is inferior to the PELVIC DIAPHRAGM. The surface area is between the VULVA and the anus in the female, and between the SCROTUM and the anus in the male.
An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations.
An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium.
Extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean.
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.
The state of not being engaged in a gainful occupation.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and management of services provided for obstetric and gynecologic patients.
Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. It is different from PARITY, which is the number of offspring borne. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)
In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).
Removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy with a metal traction cup that is attached to the fetus' head. Negative pressure is applied and traction is made on a chain passed through the suction tube. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
The care of women and a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Professional nurses who have received postgraduate training in midwifery.
Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Childbirth taking place in the home.
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Hospital units equipped for childbirth.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. It includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.
Surgical instrument designed to extract the newborn by the head from the maternal passages without injury to it or the mother.
Free-standing facilities that provide prenatal, childbirth, and postnatal care and usually incorporate family-centered maternity care concepts and practices.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.
The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.
Clinical management approach wherein immediate therapy is not provided but there is a period of observation during which periodic tests monitor patient and the progression of the illness. (Driffield T, Smith PC Med Decis Making. 2007 Mar-Apr;27(2):178-88)
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
Social rank-order established by certain behavioral patterns.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the URINARY BLADDER and the VAGINA.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother.
The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
Deaths occurring from the 28th week of GESTATION to the 28th day after birth in a given population.
Women who are engaged in gainful activities usually outside the home.
A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.
Ratio of output to effort, or the ratio of effort produced to energy expended.
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
Inspection and PALPATATION of female breasts, abdomen, and GENITALIA, as well as obtaining a gynecological history. (from Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology)
An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
The state of being retired from one's position or occupation.
A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.
People who frequently change their place of residence.
An infection occurring in PUERPERIUM, the period of 6-8 weeks after giving birth.
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Insurance coverage providing compensation and medical benefits to individuals because of work-connected injuries or disease.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.
A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.
Productive or purposeful activities.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tajikistan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, officially known as the Republic of Tajikistan.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. (National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, www.nber.org/cycles.html, accessed 4/23/2009)
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.
Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
The three approximately equal periods of a normal human PREGNANCY. Each trimester is about three months or 13 to 14 weeks in duration depending on the designation of the first day of gestation.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.
The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.
An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).
A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Theoretical models simulating behavior or activities in nursing, including nursing care, management and economics, theory, assessment, research, and education. Some examples of these models include Orem Self-Care Model, Roy Adaptation Model, and Rogers Life Process Model.
Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.
Value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
Number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction.
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Place or physical location of work or employment.
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
Cell surface receptors that bind prostaglandins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their relative affinities for the endogenous prostaglandins. They include those which prefer prostaglandin D2 (DP receptors), prostaglandin E2 (EP1, EP2, and EP3 receptors), prostaglandin F2-alpha (FP receptors), and prostacyclin (IP receptors).
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

Effect of labor induction on the expression of oxytocin receptor, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and estradiol receptor in the reproductive tract of the late-pregnant ewe. (1/347)

In this study, we investigated the timing of changes in aromatase, estradiol receptor, and oxytocin receptor expression in ovine uterine and placental tissues before parturition. Labor was induced by betamethasone injection into the fetus on Days 130-132 of pregnancy. Tissue samples were collected at injection and then every 14 h until labor (56 h) from four ewes at each time point. Samples were analyzed for aromatase, estradiol receptor, and oxytocin receptor expression by in situ hybridization; for oxytocin binding to its receptor using a specific antagonist; and for estradiol receptor quantitation by immunocytochemistry. Aromatase mRNA expression increased by 14 h postinjection (p < 0.02) in the fetal villi and remained high until labor. Expression of estradiol and oxytocin receptor mRNAs was unchanged in myometrium but increased in the endometrial luminal epithelium by 28 h (p < 0.05) and remained high until labor. Estradiol receptor protein concentration increased modestly at labor while oxytocin receptor binding in the luminal epithelium changed in parallel to the mRNA concentration. IN CONCLUSION: 1) induction of aromatase may facilitate the expression of endometrial estradiol and oxytocin receptors in the placentome, 2) changes in endometrial rather than myometrial oxytocin receptor may be important in inducing parturition, and 3) the transcription of estradiol receptor and oxytocin receptor in the uterine epithelium are positively correlated during parturition.  (+info)

Influence of parity on the obstetric performance of mothers aged 40 years and above. (2/347)

We reviewed the delivery records of 205 mothers aged 40 years and above who delivered from 1st January 1994 to 31st December 1996 to examine the influence of parity on their obstetric performance. There were 51 (24.9%) primiparous mothers. The incidences of antenatal complications (antepartum haemorrhage, hypertensive disorder, glucose intolerance, prematurity), labour performance (type of labour, mode of delivery) and neonatal outcome (birth weight, Apgar scores, neonatal intensive care unit admission, perinatal mortality) were compared between the 51 (24.9%) primiparous and the 154 (75.1%) multiparous mothers. Higher incidences of antepartum haemorrhage (17.6 versus 5.8%, P = 0.0188), hypertensive disorder (17.6 versus 5.2%, P = 0.015), labour induction (33.3 versus 14.3%, P = 0.004) and Caesarean section delivery (58.8 versus 20.8%, P < 0.0001) were found among the primiparous mothers than the multiparous group. Neonatal outcome, however, was similar in both groups. We conclude that the primiparous mothers aged 40 years and above had more complicated antenatal and labour courses than multiparous mothers. On the other hand, the neonatal outcomes of two groups were comparable.  (+info)

Effect of labour induction on rates of stillbirth and cesarean section in post-term pregnancies. (3/347)

BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials suggest that elective induction of labour at 41 weeks' gestation, compared with expectant management with selective labour induction, is associated with fewer perinatal deaths and no increase in the cesarean section rate. The authors studied the changes over time in the rates of labour induction in post-term pregnancies in Canada and examined the effects on the rates of stillbirth and cesarean section. METHODS: Changes in the proportion of total births at 41 weeks' and at 42 or more weeks' gestation, and in the rate of stillbirths at 41 or more weeks' (versus 40 weeks') gestation in Canada between 1980 and 1995 were determined using data from Statistics Canada. Changes in the rates of labour induction and cesarean section were determined using data from hospital and provincial sources. RESULTS: There was a marked increase in the proportion of births at 41 weeks' gestation (from 11.9% in 1980 to 16.3% in 1995) and a marked decrease in the proportion at 42 or more weeks (from 7.1% in 1980 to 2.9% in 1995). The rate of stillbirths among deliveries at 41 or more weeks' gestation decreased significantly, from 2.8 per 1000 total births in 1980 to 0.9 per 1000 total births in 1995 (p < 0.001). The stillbirth rate also decreased significantly among births at 40 weeks' gestation, from 1.8 per 1000 total births in 1980 to 1.1 per 1000 total births in 1995 (p < 0.001). The magnitude of the decrease in the stillbirth rate at 41 or more weeks' gestation was greater than that at 40 weeks' gestation (p < 0.001). All hospital and provincial sources of data indicated that the rate of labour induction increased significantly between 1980 and 1995 among women delivering at 41 or more weeks' gestation. The associated changes in rates of cesarean section were variable. INTERPRETATION: Between 1980 and 1995 clinical practice for the management of post-term pregnancy changed in Canada. The increased rate of labour induction at 41 or more weeks' gestation may have contributed to the decreased stillbirth rate but it had no convincing influence either way on the cesarean section rate.  (+info)

Impact of multiple births and elective deliveries on the trends in low birth weight in Norway, 1967-1995. (4/347)

To describe trends in low birth weight (less than 2,500 g), the authors analyzed 1.7 million live births and stillbirths registered between 1967 and 1995 in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The proportion of low birth weight infants declined from 5.3% in 1967 to 4.5% in 1979 and was followed by a steady increase that reached 5.3% in 1995. Similar trends were observed in the proportion of preterm births. Mean birth weight increased from 3,456 g in 1967 to 3,518 g in 1995. From 1979 to 1987, the increase in the prevalence of low birth weight was related to single births, and after 1987 it was related to multiple births, which increased from 2.3% of all births in 1987 to 3.1% in 1995. The proportion of low birth weight in births occurring after 37 weeks of gestation declined continuously, resulting in low birth weight births' to an increasing extent being made up of births occurring before 37 weeks of gestation. In an ecologic analysis based on county of maternal residence, the increase in low birth weight among single births was accounted for by an increase in deliveries with induction of labor or cesarean section. The authors conclude that the overall proportion of low birth weight births is not a good indicator of health in a population with extensive use of obstetric procedures that affect gestational age or assisted fertilization, which increases the number of multiple births.  (+info)

Perinatal and obstetric outcomes of donor insemination using cryopreserved semen in Victoria, Australia. (5/347)

This study compared the perinatal and obstetric outcomes of 1552 donor insemination pregnancies in Victoria, Australia, with a control group of 7717 normally conceived pregnancies from the general population. Data on the outcomes of pregnancies of at least 20 weeks gestation, for both groups, were obtained from the same population-based birth registry. The study showed that there were no significant differences between the donor insemination and control groups in the incidence of preterm birth, low birthweight, multiple birth, perinatal death and birth defects, or in the sex ratio. Pregnancies conceived by donor insemination were significantly more likely than controls to have an induced labour (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1. 4-1.8), a forceps delivery (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.8) and/or a Caesarean section (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9) and to develop pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) after adjusting for maternal age, multiple birth, parity and presentation. Reasons for the higher rate of induced and operative deliveries are not clear. Overall, the study's findings are reassuring for couples considering infertility treatment with donor insemination. The study illustrates the importance of complete follow-up in studies of pregnancy outcomes after assisted conception and the use of appropriate population-based control groups with comparable ascertainment of outcomes.  (+info)

Spontaneous labour at term is associated with fetal monocyte activation. (6/347)

The aetiology of both term and preterm labour remains incompletely understood. Maternal infectious diseases as well as intra-uterine infections were shown to be a well established cause of uncontrollable preterm delivery, indicating that inflammatory reactions, regulated by maternal immunecompetent cells, are implicated in labour-promoting mechanisms. To investigate the possibility that the activation of the fetal immune system may be involved in labour induction, we examined cytokine production patterns of different cord blood cell populations obtained from neonates after spontaneous onset of normal term labour and vaginal delivery (n = 25), vaginal delivery but induced term labour (n = 17), and preterm delivery because of uncontrollable labour (n = 27, 20 patients received corticoid treatment for fetal lung maturation), in comparison with cells obtained from neonates after elective term caesarean delivery in the absence of labour (n = 15). Our results demonstrate that spontaneous term labour, but not induced term labour, was associated with significantly increased IL-6 production by myelomonocytic cell populations. Preterm delivery due to uncontrollable labour with resistance to tocolysis was not associated with increased IL-6 production by fetal myelomonocytic cells. Two-colour flow cytometry combined with intracellular cytokine staining was used to identify fetal monocytes as sources of labour-associated IL-6 release at term. We did not find any activation of cord blood T cells in association with spontaneous term or uncontrollable preterm labour. Therefore, fetal T cell responses may not cause monocyte activation. Our results suggest that increased release of IL-6 from fetal monocytes is involved in mechanisms promoting normal term, but not preterm labour, and that mechanisms inducing term and preterm labour are completely different.  (+info)

Induction of parturition in bitches with minimal side effects by two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide. (7/347)

An experiment using 16 Beagle bitches (aged 11 months to 6 years and 2 months) in their 56th to 58th day of pregnancy was carried out to investigate the effects of two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a long-acting prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide, a parasympathetic nerve blocking agent, on the induction of parturition and severity of side effects. The bitches were divided into three treatment groups: one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene (group I, n=5); one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection (group II, n=6); and one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene, one injection at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection and the next at 1 hr after the fenprostalene first injection (group III, n=5). Following the injection of fenprostalene, side effects such as salivation, vomiting, colic symptoms, and watery diarrhea occurred most frequently (80-100% of cases) in group I bitches. Apart from colic symptoms, no side effects were observed in group III bitches. Group III bitches also showed the smallest increase in plasma cortisol concentration. No significant difference in the time to initiation of parturition was found between the three groups. The one-week survival rate of newborn puppies was highest in group III. The results showed that pretreatment with prifinium bromide and two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene can alleviate side effects following fenprostalene administration and have no adverse effect on the survival of newborn puppies, indicating that this method is a reliable and safe way of inducing parturition in bitches.  (+info)

Current trends in cervical ripening and labor induction. (8/347)

Labor is induced in more than 13 percent of deliveries in the United States. Postdate pregnancy is the most common indication. Oxytocin is the drug of choice for labor induction when the cervical examination shows that the cervix is favorable. The use of this agent requires experience and vigilant observation for uterine hyperstimulation, hypertonus or maternal fluid overload. In a patient whose cervix is unfavorable, the use of prostaglandin analogs for cervical ripening markedly enhances the success of inductions. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analog marketed as a gastrointestinal mucosal protective agent, is safe, efficacious and inexpensive for use in cervical ripening and labor induction. Further studies will better delineate its optimal use. Family physicians need to be familiar with the various methods of cervical ripening and labor induction.  (+info)

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.

Labor onset, also known as the start of labor, refers to the beginning of regular and coordinated uterine contractions that ultimately result in the delivery of a baby. This is usually marked by the presence of regular contractions that increase in intensity and frequency over time, along with cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening of the cervix).

There are two types of labor onset: spontaneous and induced. Spontaneous labor onset occurs naturally, without any medical intervention, while induced labor onset is initiated by medical professionals using various methods such as medication or mechanical dilation of the cervix.

It's important to note that the onset of labor can be a challenging concept to define precisely, and different healthcare providers may use slightly different criteria to diagnose the start of labor.

Labor pain is the physiological discomfort and pain experienced by women during childbirth, typically beginning in the lower back and radiating to the abdomen as contractions become more intense and frequent. It's primarily caused by the contraction of uterine muscles, pressure on the cervix, and stretching of the vaginal tissues during labor and delivery.

The pain can vary greatly among individuals, ranging from mild to severe, and it may be influenced by factors such as fear, anxiety, cultural expectations, and previous childbirth experiences. Various methods, including pharmacological interventions (such as epidural anesthesia), non-pharmacological techniques (such as breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and water immersion), and alternative therapies (such as acupuncture and massage) can be used to manage labor pain.

Premature obstetric labor, also known as preterm labor, is defined as regular contractions leading to cervical changes that begin before 37 weeks of gestation. This condition can result in premature birth and potentially complications for the newborn, depending on how early the delivery occurs. It's important to note that premature labor requires medical attention and intervention to try to stop or delay it, if possible, to allow for further fetal development.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

A "trial of labor" (ToL) is a medical term used to describe the attempt to deliver a baby vaginally, without the use of a cesarean section (C-section), after a previous C-section delivery. It's also sometimes referred to as "VBAC" (vaginal birth after cesarean). The decision to undergo a trial of labor is made after considering several factors, including the reason for the prior C-section, the woman's overall health and pregnancy complications, if any.

During a trial of labor, the healthcare provider will monitor both the mother and the baby closely for signs of distress or other complications that might require an emergency C-section. The success rate of a trial of labor varies depending on several factors, including the number of previous C-sections, the reason for those C-sections, and whether there are any additional risk factors present in the current pregnancy.

It's important to note that while a trial of labor can be successful and result in a vaginal delivery, it also carries some risks, such as the possibility of uterine rupture, which is a serious complication that requires immediate medical attention. Therefore, the decision to undergo a trial of labor should be made carefully and discussed thoroughly with a healthcare provider.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

'Labor presentation' is a term used in obstetrics to describe the part of the fetus that enters the mother's pelvis first during labor. This positioning determines the route the baby will take through the birth canal. The most common and uncomplicated presentation is vertex or cephalic presentation, where the baby's head is the presenting part. Other possible presentations include breech (buttocks or feet first), face, brow, and shoulder presentations, which can potentially lead to complications during delivery if not managed appropriately.

The third stage of labor is the period between the delivery of the baby and the expulsion of the placenta. It is also known as the afterbirth stage. This stage is typically completed within 5-30 minutes, but can take up to an hour. During this stage, the uterus continues to contract, causing the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Once separated, the placenta is expelled from the body with the help of contractions and a strong push from the mother. It is important for medical professionals to monitor this stage closely to ensure that the entire placenta is expelled and to manage any potential complications, such as heavy bleeding.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Oxytocics are a class of medications that stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth muscle. They are primarily used in obstetrics to induce or augment labor, and to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin is the most commonly used oxytocic and is naturally produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Synthetic forms of oxytocin, such as Pitocin, are often used in medical settings to induce labor or reduce postpartum bleeding. Other medications with oxytocic properties include ergometrine and methylergometrine. It's important to note that the use of oxytocics should be monitored carefully as overuse can lead to excessive uterine contractions, which may compromise fetal oxygenation and increase the risk of uterine rupture.

The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle cells. It is responsible for the strong contractions during labor and can also contribute to bleeding during menstruation or childbirth. The myometrium is able to stretch and expand to accommodate a growing fetus and then contract during labor to help push the baby out. It also plays a role in maintaining the structure and shape of the uterus, and in protecting the internal organs within the pelvic cavity.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

A uterine contraction is a rhythmic, involuntary muscle tightening that occurs in the uterus. These contractions are primarily caused by the activation of smooth muscle cells within the uterine wall, known as myometrial cells. They play a crucial role in various reproductive processes, including menstruation, implantation of a fertilized egg, and childbirth (labor).

During labor, strong and frequent uterine contractions help to dilate the cervix and efface (thin) the lower part of the uterus. As the contractions become more intense and regular, they assist in moving the baby down through the birth canal, ultimately resulting in delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, ensuring proper coordination and timing throughout the reproductive process.

A "term birth" is a medical term that refers to a delivery or pregnancy that has reached 37 weeks or more. It is the normal length of a full-term pregnancy and is considered a healthy and low-risk period for childbirth. Babies born at term have the best chance of being healthy and not experiencing any significant medical issues, compared to those born preterm (before 37 weeks) or postterm (after 42 weeks). The different types of term births are:

* Early Term: Between 37 weeks and 38 weeks, 6 days.
* Full Term: Between 39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days.
* Late Term: Between 41 weeks and 41 weeks, 6 days.
* Postterm: 42 weeks or later.

It is important to note that while a term birth is generally considered low-risk, there can still be variations in the health of babies born at different points within this range. For example, research has shown that babies born at 39 weeks have better outcomes than those born at 37 or 38 weeks. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for individualized guidance and recommendations regarding pregnancy and childbirth.

Tocolytic agents are a type of medication used in obstetrics to suppress premature labor. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle of the uterus, thereby reducing contractions and delaying delivery. Commonly used tocolytic agents include beta-adrenergic agonists (such as terbutaline), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (such as indomethacin). It's important to note that the use of tocolytic agents is typically reserved for specific clinical situations, and their benefits must be weighed against potential risks to both the mother and fetus.

Cervical ripening is a medical term that refers to the process of softening, thinning, and dilating (opening) the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. This process typically occurs naturally in preparation for childbirth, as the body prepares for labor.

Cervical ripening can also be induced medically, using various methods such as prostaglandin gels or medications, or mechanical means such as a Foley catheter or dilators. These interventions are used to help prepare the cervix for delivery in cases where labor is not progressing on its own or when there is a medical indication to induce labor.

It's important to note that cervical ripening is different from labor induction, which involves stimulating uterine contractions to begin or strengthen labor. Cervical ripening may be a necessary step before labor induction can occur.

The amnion is the innermost fetal membrane in mammals, forming a sac that contains and protects the developing embryo and later the fetus within the uterus. It is one of the extraembryonic membranes that are derived from the outer cell mass of the blastocyst during early embryonic development. The amnion is filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) that allows for the freedom of movement and protection of the developing fetus.

The primary function of the amnion is to provide a protective environment for the growing fetus, allowing for expansion and preventing physical damage from outside forces. Additionally, the amniotic fluid serves as a medium for the exchange of waste products and nutrients between the fetal membranes and the placenta. The amnion also contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord and plays a role in the initiation of labor during childbirth.

Parturition is the process of giving birth, or the act of delivering newborn offspring. In medical terms, it refers to the expulsion of the products of conception (such as the fetus, placenta, and membranes) from the uterus of a pregnant woman during childbirth. This process is regulated by hormonal changes and involves complex interactions between the mother's body and the developing fetus. Parturition typically occurs after a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 40 weeks in humans.

Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.

There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.

Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

Extraembryonic membranes are specialized structures that form around the developing embryo in utero and provide vital support and protection during fetal development. There are three main extraembryonic membranes: the amnion, the chorion, and the allantois.

The amnion is the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo itself, forming a fluid-filled sac known as the amniotic cavity. This sac provides a protective cushion for the developing embryo and helps to regulate its temperature and moisture levels.

The chorion is the outermost of the extraembryonic membranes, and it forms the boundary between the developing fetus and the mother's uterine wall. The chorion contains blood vessels that exchange nutrients and waste products with the mother's circulation, allowing for the growth and development of the fetus.

The allantois is a small membranous sac that arises from the developing fetal gut and eventually becomes part of the umbilical cord. It serves as a reservoir for fetal urine and helps to exchange waste products between the fetal and maternal circulations.

Together, these extraembryonic membranes play a critical role in supporting fetal development and ensuring a healthy pregnancy.

Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, is a medical condition defined as a pregnancy that continues beyond 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is important to note that this definition is based on the estimated date of delivery and not the actual conception date. Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and the fetus, including stillbirth, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, and difficulty during labor and delivery. Therefore, healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women who reach 41 weeks of gestation to ensure timely delivery if necessary.

Chorioamnionitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the fetal membranes, specifically the chorion and amnion, which make up the membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus in the uterus. This condition is typically caused by a bacterial infection that ascends from the lower genital tract of the mother and infects the amniotic cavity, leading to an inflammatory response.

The symptoms of chorioamnionitis can vary but often include fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and an elevated white blood cell count in the mother's blood. In some cases, it may also be associated with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes.

Chorioamnionitis can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. It can increase the risk of complications such as sepsis, pneumonia, and endometritis in the mother, and may lead to premature birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and brain injury in the newborn. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics to the mother to help clear the infection and prevent further complications.

Premature rupture of fetal membranes (PROM) is a medical condition that occurs when the amniotic sac, which surrounds and protects the developing fetus, breaks or ruptures prematurely before labor begins. The amniotic sac is made up of two layers of fetal membranes - the inner amnion and the outer chorion.

In a normal pregnancy, the fetal membranes rupture spontaneously during labor as a sign that the delivery process has begun. However, if the membranes rupture before 37 weeks of gestation, it is considered premature rupture of membranes. PROM can lead to complications such as preterm labor, infection, and fetal distress.

PROM can be classified into two types based on the timing of membrane rupture:

1. Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): When the membranes rupture before 37 weeks of gestation, it is called preterm premature rupture of membranes. PPROM increases the risk of preterm labor and delivery, which can lead to various complications for the newborn, such as respiratory distress syndrome, brain bleeding, and developmental delays.
2. Term Premature Rupture of Membranes (TPROM): When the membranes rupture at or after 37 weeks of gestation, it is called term premature rupture of membranes. TPROM may not necessarily lead to complications if labor begins soon after the membrane rupture and there are no signs of infection. However, if labor does not start within 24 hours of membrane rupture, the risk of infection increases, and the healthcare provider may consider inducing labor or performing a cesarean delivery.

The exact cause of premature rupture of fetal membranes is not always known, but several factors can increase the risk, including previous PROM, bacterial infections, smoking, substance abuse, and trauma to the uterus. Healthcare providers monitor women with PROM closely for signs of infection and preterm labor and may recommend treatments such as antibiotics, corticosteroids, or hospitalization to reduce the risk of complications.

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:

1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.

Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Uterine monitoring is a medical procedure that involves the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of uterine activity, typically during labor. This is usually done to assess the strength and frequency of uterine contractions, as well as the fetal response to those contractions. There are various methods for uterine monitoring, including:

1. External tocodynamometry: A device that measures the tension on the abdominal wall, which can provide an estimate of the strength and frequency of uterine contractions.
2. Internal uterine pressure catheter: A thin tube that is inserted through the cervix into the uterus to measure the actual pressure generated by uterine contractions.
3. Cardiotocography (CTG): A method that combines both electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and uterine contraction monitoring, providing a continuous record of both the fetal heart rate and uterine activity.

Uterine monitoring is essential for evaluating labor progression, detecting potential complications such as fetal distress or abnormal uterine activity, and guiding clinical decision-making during childbirth.

Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:

1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.

The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Vaginal Birth after Cesarean (VBAC) is a medical term used to describe a woman's successful childbirth through the vagina after she has previously given birth via cesarean section. The process involves the mother going into labor naturally or being induced, and delivering the baby through the birth canal. VBAC is often pursued as a means to avoid the risks associated with repeat cesarean deliveries, such as infection, blood loss, and surgical complications. However, it's important to note that VBAC carries its own set of risks, including uterine rupture, which can be life-threatening for both mother and baby. As a result, careful consideration and consultation with healthcare providers are necessary before making a decision about attempting a VBAC.

The Apgar score is a quick assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant, assessed by measuring heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color. It is named after Virginia Apgar, an American anesthesiologist who developed it in 1952. The score is usually given at one minute and five minutes after birth, with a possible range of 0 to 10. Scores of 7 and above are considered normal, while scores of 4-6 indicate moderate distress, and scores below 4 indicate severe distress. The Apgar score can provide important information for making decisions about the need for resuscitation or other medical interventions after birth.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.

Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.

Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.

"Employment" is a term that is commonly used in the context of social sciences and law rather than medicine. It generally refers to the state or condition of being employed, which means an individual is engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer in exchange for compensation, such as wages or salary. Employment may involve various types of work arrangements, including full-time, part-time, temporary, contract, or freelance positions.

In the context of medicine and public health, employment is often discussed in relation to its impact on health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status. For instance, research has shown that unemployment or underemployment can negatively affect mental and physical health, while stable employment can contribute to better health outcomes and overall well-being. Additionally, employment may influence an individual's ability to afford healthcare, medications, and other essential needs, which can impact their health status.

In summary, the medical definition of 'employment' pertains to the state or condition of being engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer for compensation. Employment has significant implications for health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status.

Dystocia is a medical term used to describe difficult or abnormal labor or delivery in animals, including humans. It refers to a situation where the natural process of childbirth is hindered or obstructed, making it difficult for the fetus to pass through the birth canal. This condition can be caused by various factors such as the size and position of the fetus, maternal pelvic size or shape, hormonal imbalances, or other medical conditions that affect the mother's ability to give birth.

Dystocia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus if not treated promptly and appropriately. Prolonged labor can result in fetal distress, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), or even death. In addition, maternal injuries such as uterine rupture, cervical trauma, or infection can occur during a difficult delivery.

The treatment for dystocia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, manual assistance or manipulation of the fetus may be sufficient to facilitate delivery. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as cesarean section (C-section) may be necessary to ensure the safety of both the mother and the fetus.

It is important for pregnant individuals to receive regular prenatal care from a qualified healthcare provider to monitor their pregnancy and identify any potential risk factors for dystocia or other complications. Prompt medical attention should be sought if any signs of difficult labor or delivery are observed.

Tocolysis is a medical intervention used to suppress preterm labor. It involves the use of medications that aim to relax the uterus and stop contractions, thereby delaying or preventing preterm delivery. The goal of tocolysis is to give time for corticosteroid administration to promote fetal lung maturity and allow for the transfer of the mother to a facility with a higher level of neonatal care, if necessary. Commonly used tocolytic agents include calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic agonists, and nitric oxide donors. It's important to note that tocolysis is not always successful in preventing preterm birth, and its use should be carefully considered based on the individual circumstances and gestational age of the pregnancy.

Uterine rupture is a serious obstetrical complication characterized by the disruption or tearing of all layers of the uterine wall, including the serosa (outer covering), myometrium (middle layer of muscle), and endometrium (inner lining). This can occur during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. In some cases, it may also involve the rupture of the adjacent structures such as bladder or broad ligament. Uterine rupture is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent maternal and fetal mortality or morbidity.

The symptoms of uterine rupture might include severe abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, loss of fetal heart rate, changes in the mother's vital signs, and shock. The risk factors for uterine rupture include previous cesarean delivery, grand multiparity (having given birth to five or more pregnancies), use of labor-inducing drugs like oxytocin, and instrumental deliveries with vacuum extractors or forceps.

The management of uterine rupture typically involves an emergency laparotomy (open abdominal surgery) to repair the tear and stop any bleeding. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary if the damage is too severe or if there are other complications. The prognosis for both mother and baby depends on various factors like the extent of the injury, timeliness of treatment, and the overall health status of the patient before the event.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

"Natural childbirth" is not a medically defined term, but it generally refers to the process of giving birth without the use of medical interventions such as epidurals for pain relief or assisted delivery methods like forceps or vacuum extraction. The concept typically emphasizes the use of breathing and relaxation techniques, movement and assuming different positions during labor and delivery, and sometimes relying on the support of a doula or other labor coach. However, it's important to note that even in "natural childbirth," medical intervention may become necessary if there are concerns for the health and safety of the mother or baby.

Midwifery is the health profession that involves providing care to childbearing individuals and their newborns during pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum period. Midwives offer a range of services including: conducting physical examinations, monitoring the health of the fetus and mother, providing education and counseling on pregnancy-related topics, managing common complaints and complications, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals when necessary. They promote normal childbirth and work to minimize technological interventions, while ensuring the safety and well-being of both the mother and baby. Midwifery is based on the principles of informed choice, continuity of care, and evidence-based practice.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Meperidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic (pain reliever) that works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals. It is also known by its brand name Demerol and is used to treat moderate to severe pain. Meperidine has a rapid onset of action and its effects typically last for 2-4 hours.

Meperidine can cause various side effects such as dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and respiratory depression (slowed breathing). It also has a risk of abuse and physical dependence, so it is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.

Meperidine should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare provider due to its potential for serious side effects and addiction. It may not be suitable for people with certain medical conditions or those who are taking other medications that can interact with meperidine.

The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane that surrounds the developing conceptus (the embryo or fetus and its supporting structures). It forms early in pregnancy as an extraembryonic structure, meaning it arises from cells that will not become part of the actual body of the developing organism. The chorion plays a crucial role in pregnancy by contributing to the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the growing embryo/fetus and removes waste products.

One of the most important functions of the chorion is to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that signals the presence of pregnancy and maintains the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for preparing the uterus for implantation and maintaining the pregnancy.

The chorion consists of two layers: an inner cytotrophoblast layer and an outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. The cytotrophoblast layer is made up of individual cells, while the syncytiotrophoblast layer is a multinucleated mass of fused cytotrophoblast cells. These layers interact with the maternal endometrium (the lining of the uterus) to form the placenta and facilitate exchange between the mother and the developing fetus.

In summary, the chorion is a vital extraembryonic structure in pregnancy that contributes to the formation of the placenta, produces hCG, and interacts with the maternal endometrium to support fetal development.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.

Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.

Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.

Pelvimetry is a medical measurement and evaluation of the size and shape of the pelvis, which can be performed in several ways:

1. Clinical pelvimetry: This involves physical examination to assess the dimensions of the pelvis by palpation and measurement of the distance between bony landmarks.
2. Radiological pelvimetry: This uses X-ray or CT imaging to obtain more accurate measurements of the pelvic diameters, including the anteroposterior, transverse, and oblique dimensions.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvimetry: This method is considered the most accurate for assessing the size and shape of the pelvis, as it provides detailed images without radiation exposure.

Pelvimetry is often used in obstetrics to evaluate whether a woman's pelvis can accommodate a fetus during childbirth (known as "obstetric pelvimetry"). It helps healthcare providers determine if a vaginal delivery is possible or if a cesarean section may be necessary. However, the use of pelvimetry in modern obstetrics has become less common due to its limited predictive value and the increasing focus on individualized birth management.

Obstetric nursing is a specialized field of nursing that focuses on the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. This includes providing prenatal education and support, managing labor and delivery, assisting with newborn care immediately after birth, and supporting the physical and emotional needs of new mothers in the days and weeks following childbirth. Obstetric nurses may also provide care for women experiencing high-risk pregnancies or pregnancy-related complications. They work closely with obstetricians, midwives, and other healthcare professionals to ensure that women receive comprehensive and compassionate care throughout their pregnancy and childbirth journey.

Sufentanil is a potent, synthetic opioid analgesic that is approximately 5-10 times more potent than fentanyl and 1000 times more potent than morphine. It is primarily used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in surgical settings, as an adjunct to anesthesia, or for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery.

Sufentanil works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effect, making it useful for procedures that require intense analgesia for brief periods.

Like other opioids, sufentanil can cause respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. It should be used with caution in patients with compromised respiratory function or those who are taking other central nervous system depressants.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Cervical length measurement is a medical procedure that involves measuring the length of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. This measurement is usually taken using transvaginal ultrasound, where a small probe is inserted into the vagina to obtain images of the cervix.

The cervical length measurement is often used in obstetrics to assess the risk of preterm labor and delivery. A shorter cervical length may indicate an increased risk of preterm birth, particularly in women with a history of preterm delivery or other risk factors. Regular cervical length measurements may be recommended for women who are at high risk of preterm labor to monitor changes in the cervix and allow for early intervention if necessary.

It is important to note that while cervical length measurement can provide useful information about preterm labor risk, it is not a definitive test and other factors should also be considered when assessing pregnancy risks. Additionally, cervical length measurement may not be recommended for all women and should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Oxytocin receptors are specialized protein structures found on the surface of cells, primarily in the uterus and mammary glands. They bind to the hormone oxytocin, which is produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland.

When oxytocin binds to its receptor, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to various physiological responses. In the uterus, oxytocin receptors play a crucial role in promoting contractions during labor and childbirth. In the mammary glands, they stimulate milk letdown and ejection during breastfeeding.

Oxytocin receptors have also been identified in other tissues, including the brain, heart, and kidneys, where they are involved in a variety of functions such as social bonding, sexual behavior, stress response, and cardiovascular regulation. Dysregulation of oxytocin receptor function has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and hypertension.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

A maternity hospital, also known as a birthing center or maternity ward in a general hospital, is a healthcare institution specifically designed to provide care and services for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. These facilities have specialized medical staff, equipment, and resources to manage both normal and high-risk pregnancies, deliveries, and newborn care.

Maternity hospitals offer various services, including:

1. Antenatal care: Regular check-ups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and fetus, provide necessary vaccinations, screen for potential complications, and offer education on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care.
2. Intrapartum care: Monitoring and support during labor and delivery, including pain management options, epidural anesthesia, and assisted vaginal deliveries using forceps or vacuum extraction, if necessary.
3. Obstetric surgery: Access to cesarean sections (C-sections) and other surgical interventions in case of complications or emergencies during childbirth.
4. Neonatal care: Immediate care for newborns, including resuscitation, monitoring, and treatment for any medical conditions or abnormalities. Some maternity hospitals have specialized neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to provide advanced care for premature or critically ill newborns.
5. Postpartum care: Support and guidance for mothers during the recovery period after childbirth, including breastfeeding assistance, emotional support, and family planning counseling.
6. Education and counseling: Providing expectant parents with information on pregnancy, childbirth, parenting skills, and family planning. This may include prenatal classes, lactation consultations, and support groups.

Maternity hospitals prioritize the safety and well-being of both mother and baby, ensuring that they receive high-quality medical care and support throughout the childbearing process.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Fetal distress is a term used to describe situations where a fetus is experiencing problems during labor or delivery that are causing significant physiological changes. These changes may include an abnormal heart rate, decreased oxygen levels, or the presence of meconium (the baby's first stool) in the amniotic fluid. Fetal distress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as problems with the umbilical cord, placental abruption, maternal high blood pressure, or prolonged labor. It is important to monitor fetal well-being during labor and delivery to detect and address any signs of fetal distress promptly. Treatment may include changing the mother's position, administering oxygen, giving intravenous fluids, or performing an emergency cesarean section.

Uterine inertia is a medical condition that occurs during childbirth, specifically during the second stage of labor. It is defined as the failure of the uterus to contract efficiently and effectively during this stage, leading to prolonged or arrested labor. This can result in complications for both the mother and the baby, such as fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and infection. Uterine inertia can be caused by various factors, including exhaustion of the uterus, drugs that interfere with muscle contractions, or abnormalities in the uterus itself. Treatment typically involves administering oxytocin to stimulate stronger contractions, assisted delivery methods such as forceps or vacuum extraction, or in some cases, cesarean section.

The perineum is the region between the anus and the genitals. In anatomical terms, it refers to the diamond-shaped area located in the lower part of the pelvis and extends from the coccyx (tailbone) to the pubic symphysis, which is the joint in the front where the two pubic bones meet. This region contains various muscles that support the pelvic floor and contributes to maintaining urinary and fecal continence. The perineum can be further divided into two triangular regions: the urogenital triangle (anterior) and the anal triangle (posterior).

An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum, the area between the vagina and the anus, during childbirth to widen the opening of the vagina and facilitate the delivery of the baby. It is typically performed when there is a risk of severe tearing or if the baby is showing signs of distress and needs to be delivered quickly. The incision is usually made with scissors or a scalpel, and it can be either midline (cut along the midline of the perineum) or mediolateral (cut diagonally from the vaginal opening toward the side of the buttocks). After delivery, the incision is stitched up.

Episiotomy was once a routine procedure during childbirth, but its use has become less common in recent years due to increasing evidence that it may not provide any significant benefits and can actually increase the risk of complications such as pain, infection, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Current guidelines recommend that episiotomies should only be performed when medically necessary and after informed consent from the mother.

Ritodrine is a medication that was previously used to prevent or delay premature labor in women at high risk. It is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, which works by relaxing uterine muscles and slowing down contractions. However, its use in clinical practice has been largely discontinued due to the availability of more effective and safer alternatives for tocolysis (the suppression of premature labor). It's important to note that Ritodrine is not currently a commonly used medication in obstetrics.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Obstetrics is a branch of medicine and surgery concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. It involves managing potential complications that may arise during any stage of pregnancy or delivery, as well as providing advice and guidance on prenatal care, labor and delivery, and postpartum care. Obstetricians are medical doctors who specialize in obstetrics and can provide a range of services including routine check-ups, ultrasounds, genetic testing, and other diagnostic procedures to monitor the health and development of the fetus. They also perform surgical procedures such as cesarean sections when necessary.

A "repeat cesarean section" is a medical term that refers to the delivery of a fetus through surgical incision in the abdominal and uterine walls, which has been performed previously. It is also known as a "classical repeat cesarean delivery." This procedure may be recommended when vaginal birth poses potential risks to the mother or the baby, such as in cases of placenta previa, previous classical uterine incision, or multiple pregnancies. The decision for a repeat cesarean section is typically made after considering various factors, including the patient's medical history, current pregnancy status, and personal preferences.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog used in obstetrics and gynecology to prevent and treat ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the risk of gastric ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs long term, induce labor, manage postpartum hemorrhage, and cause abortion. It is also used off-label for cervical ripening before gynecologic surgery and to treat miscarriage.

In addition, Misoprostol has been found to be effective in reducing the risk of gastric ulcers and NSAID-induced dyspepsia (upper abdominal pain or discomfort) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions who require long-term NSAID therapy.

It is important to note that Misoprostol should not be used during pregnancy unless under the supervision of a healthcare provider for specific medical indications, such as preventing or treating stomach ulcers in pregnant women taking NSAIDs or inducing labor. It can cause miscarriage and birth defects if taken during early pregnancy.

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells, is withdrawn from the uterus through a hollow needle inserted into the abdomen of a pregnant woman. This procedure is typically performed between the 16th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.

The main purpose of amniocentesis is to diagnose genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities in the developing fetus, such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and neural tube defects. The fetal cells obtained from the amniotic fluid can be cultured and analyzed for various genetic characteristics, including chromosomal structure and number, as well as specific gene mutations.

Amniocentesis carries a small risk of complications, such as miscarriage, infection, or injury to the fetus. Therefore, it is generally offered to women who have an increased risk of having a baby with a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality, such as those over the age of 35, those with a family history of genetic disorders, or those who have had a previous pregnancy affected by a genetic condition.

It's important to note that while amniocentesis can provide valuable information about the health of the fetus, it does not guarantee a completely normal baby, and there are some risks associated with the procedure. Therefore, the decision to undergo amniocentesis should be made carefully, in consultation with a healthcare provider, taking into account the individual circumstances and preferences of each woman.

Unemployment is an economic concept rather than a medical one. It refers to the situation where individuals who are actively seeking employment are unable to find work. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other medical bodies do not provide a specific medical definition for unemployment. However, unemployment can have significant impacts on both physical and mental health, leading to issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, and poor physical health.

The Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB-GYN) Department in a hospital is responsible for providing healthcare services related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, as well as gynecological care for women of all ages. This department is typically staffed with medical doctors who have specialized training in obstetrics and/or gynecology, including obstetricians, gynecologists, and maternal-fetal medicine specialists.

Obstetrics focuses on the care of pregnant women, including prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum care. Obstetricians provide medical care during pregnancy and childbirth to ensure the health and wellbeing of both the mother and the baby. They are trained to manage high-risk pregnancies, perform cesarean sections, and handle complications that may arise during labor and delivery.

Gynecology focuses on the health of the female reproductive system, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related to the reproductive organs. Gynecologists provide routine care such as Pap tests, breast exams, and family planning services, as well as more complex care for conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and menopause.

The OB-GYN department may also include specialized services such as reproductive endocrinology and infertility, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility and other hormonal disorders related to reproduction. Additionally, some OB-GYN departments may offer midwifery services, providing a more natural approach to childbirth under the supervision of medical professionals.

Overall, the OB-GYN department plays a critical role in ensuring the health and wellbeing of women throughout their lives, from adolescence through menopause and beyond.

Prenatal care is a type of preventive healthcare that focuses on providing regular check-ups and medical care to pregnant women, with the aim of ensuring the best possible health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. It involves routine prenatal screenings and tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, urine analysis, weight checks, and ultrasounds, to assess the progress of the pregnancy and identify any potential health issues or complications early on.

Prenatal care also includes education and counseling on topics such as nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle choices that can affect pregnancy outcomes. It may involve referrals to specialists, such as obstetricians, perinatologists, or maternal-fetal medicine specialists, for high-risk pregnancies.

Overall, prenatal care is an essential component of ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications during childbirth and beyond.

The decidua is a specialized type of tissue that lines the uterus during pregnancy. It forms after the implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) into the uterine lining, and it plays an important role in supporting the growth and development of the embryo and fetus.

The decidua is composed of several layers, including the decidual capsularis, which surrounds the embryo, and the decidual parietalis, which lines the rest of the uterus. The tissue is rich in blood vessels and contains a variety of immune cells that help to protect the developing fetus from infection.

During pregnancy, the decidua produces various hormones and growth factors that support the growth of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. After the birth of the baby, the decidua is shed along with the placenta in a process called childbirth or parturition.

It's worth noting that abnormalities in the decidua can contribute to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and miscarriage.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Gravidity is a medical term that refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of the outcome of the pregnancies. It's a way to quantify a woman's childbearing experience and is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to assess potential risks and complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

For example, a woman who has been pregnant once before would have a gravidity of 1, while a woman who has been pregnant twice would have a gravidity of 2. This term is distinct from parity, which refers to the number of pregnancies that have reached a viable gestational age and resulted in a live birth.

Betamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication that is used to treat various medical conditions. It works by reducing inflammation and suppressing the activity of the immune system. Betamethasone is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, lotions, gels, solutions, tablets, and injectable preparations.

The medical definition of betamethasone is:

A synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and vasoconstrictive properties. It is used to treat a variety of conditions such as skin disorders, allergies, asthma, arthritis, and autoimmune diseases. Betamethasone is available in various formulations including topical (creams, ointments, lotions, gels), oral (tablets), and injectable preparations. It acts by binding to specific receptors in cells, which leads to the inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators and the suppression of immune responses.

It is important to note that betamethasone should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have significant side effects if not used properly.

The postpartum period refers to the time frame immediately following childbirth, typically defined as the first 6-12 weeks. During this time, significant physical and emotional changes occur as the body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate dramatically, leading to various symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and breast engorgement. The reproductive system also undergoes significant changes, with the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and shape, and the cervix closing.

It is essential to monitor physical and emotional health during this period, as complications such as postpartum depression, infection, or difficulty breastfeeding may arise. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are recommended to ensure a healthy recovery and address any concerns. Additionally, proper rest, nutrition, and support from family and friends can help facilitate a smooth transition into this new phase of life.

Vacuum extraction, obstetrical is a medical procedure used during childbirth to help deliver the baby when there are signs of fetal distress or if the mother is experiencing exhaustion during labor. This assisted delivery technique involves the application of suction through a vacuum device that attaches to the baby's head, allowing the healthcare provider to gently pull the baby out as the mother pushes.

The vacuum extractor consists of a soft or rigid cup connected to a pump, which creates negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is placed on the fetal scalp and engaged during a contraction when the cervix is fully dilated and the baby's head has descended into the pelvis. The healthcare provider then uses controlled traction to help deliver the baby while monitoring both the mother and the infant for any signs of distress or complications.

Vacuum extraction should only be performed by experienced healthcare providers, as it carries risks such as scalp trauma, cephalohematoma (a collection of blood under the skin on the baby's head), subgaleal hematoma (a more serious type of bleeding beneath the scalp), and intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull). Proper evaluation, technique, and monitoring are crucial to minimize these risks and ensure a safe delivery for both mother and baby.

Perinatal care refers to the health care provided to pregnant individuals, fetuses, and newborn infants during the time immediately before and after birth. This period is defined as beginning at approximately 20 weeks of gestation and ending 4 weeks after birth. Perinatal care includes preventative measures, medical and supportive services, and treatment for complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the newborn period. It encompasses a wide range of services including prenatal care, labor and delivery management, postpartum care, and neonatal care. The goal of perinatal care is to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby by preventing, diagnosing, and treating any potential health issues that may arise during this critical period.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Butylscopolammonium Bromide is an anticholinergic drug, which is used as a smooth muscle relaxant and an anti-spasmodic agent. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body, on certain types of receptors, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles and reduction of spasms.

This medication is commonly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal cramps, and spastic constipation. It may also be used in the management of bladder disorders, including neurogenic bladder and urinary incontinence.

The drug is available in various forms, including tablets, suppositories, and solutions for injection. The dosage and route of administration depend on the specific condition being treated and the patient's overall health status. As with any medication, Butylscopolammonium Bromide can cause side effects, such as dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and constipation. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

A Nurse-Midwife, according to the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), is a certified nurse-midwife (CNM) who has successfully completed a graduate-level education program accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education (ACME) and passed a national certification examination to receive the professional designation of CNM. Nurse-midwives are licensed, independent healthcare providers who practice in a variety of settings including hospitals, medical offices, clinics, community health systems, and birth centers.

Nurse-midwives offer primary care, gynecological care, family planning services, preconception care, pregnancy care, childbirth care, and postpartum care to women throughout the lifespan. They focus on promoting normal physiologic processes, providing education, counseling, and patient advocacy, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals when necessary. Nurse-midwives are recognized for their expertise in providing safe, evidence-based, woman-centered care.

Occupational accidents are defined as unexpected and unplanned events that occur in the context of work and lead to physical or mental harm. These accidents can be caused by a variety of factors, including unsafe working conditions, lack of proper training, or failure to use appropriate personal protective equipment. Occupational accidents can result in injuries, illnesses, or even death, and can have significant impacts on individuals, families, and communities. In many cases, occupational accidents are preventable through the implementation of effective safety measures and risk management strategies.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Home childbirth, also known as home birth, refers to the process of giving birth in a private residence, such as one's own home, rather than in a healthcare facility like a hospital or birth center. Home childbirth is typically attended by a midwife, who provides prenatal care, attends the birth, and offers postpartum care. In some cases, a doctor may also be present at a home birth. It's important to note that home birth is not legal in all countries or regions, and even where it is legal, it may not be covered by insurance. Home childbirth carries inherent risks and should only be considered after careful consultation with healthcare providers.

A "newborn infant" refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life outside of the womb. This period is crucial for growth and development, but also poses unique challenges as the infant's immune system is not fully developed, making them more susceptible to various diseases.

"Newborn diseases" are health conditions that specifically affect newborn infants. These can be categorized into three main types:

1. Congenital disorders: These are conditions that are present at birth and may be inherited or caused by factors such as infection, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida.

2. Infectious diseases: Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Common infectious diseases in newborns include sepsis (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis. These can be acquired from the mother during pregnancy or childbirth, or from the environment after birth.

3. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal growth and development of the newborn infant. Examples include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and vision or hearing impairments.

It is important to note that many newborn diseases can be prevented or treated with appropriate medical care, including prenatal care, proper hygiene practices, and timely vaccinations. Regular check-ups and monitoring of the newborn's health by a healthcare provider are essential for early detection and management of any potential health issues.

Breech presentation is a term used in obstetrics to describe a situation where the fetus's buttocks or feet are positioned to come out first during childbirth, instead of the head. There are several types of breech presentations, including:

1. Frank breech: The fetus's hips are flexed and its knees are extended, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
2. Complete breech: The fetus's hips and knees are flexed, and both thighs and legs are close to its chest, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
3. Footling breech: One or both feet are presenting first, with the heels down.

Breech presentation occurs in about 3-4% of all pregnancies at term. While some breech babies can be safely delivered vaginally, most obstetricians recommend a cesarean delivery for breech presentation due to the increased risk of complications such as cord prolapse, head entrapment, and fetal distress. However, there are some techniques that may be used to attempt a vaginal breech delivery in certain situations, such as external cephalic version (ECV), which is a procedure where a healthcare provider manually turns the fetus from a breech position to a head-down position while it is still in the uterus.

A stillbirth is defined as the delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The baby may die at any time during the pregnancy, but death must occur after 20 weeks to be classified as a stillbirth. Stillbirths can have many different causes, including problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, chromosomal abnormalities, infections, and birth defects. In some cases, the cause of a stillbirth may not be able to be determined.

Stillbirth is a tragic event that can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on the parents and other family members. It is important for healthcare providers to offer support and resources to help families cope with their loss. This may include counseling, support groups, and information about memorializing their baby.

Occupational health is a branch of medicine that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all types of jobs. The goal of occupational health is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and disabilities, while also promoting the overall health and safety of employees. This may involve identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing controls to reduce or eliminate those hazards, providing education and training to workers on safe practices, and conducting medical surveillance and screenings to detect early signs of work-related health problems.

Occupational health also involves working closely with employers, employees, and other stakeholders to develop policies and programs that support the health and well-being of workers. This may include promoting healthy lifestyles, providing access to mental health resources, and supporting return-to-work programs for injured or ill workers. Ultimately, the goal of occupational health is to create a safe and healthy work environment that enables employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently, while also protecting their long-term health and well-being.

High-risk pregnancy is a term used to describe a situation where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or in the postpartum period. These risks may be due to pre-existing medical conditions in the mother, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Other factors that can contribute to a high-risk pregnancy include advanced maternal age (35 years and older), obesity, multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.), fetal growth restriction, placental issues, and a history of previous pregnancy complications or preterm labor.

High-risk pregnancies require specialized care and monitoring by healthcare professionals, often involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, perinatologists, and neonatologists. Regular prenatal care, frequent checkups, ultrasound monitoring, and sometimes additional testing and interventions may be necessary to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

A delivery room is a specialized unit in a hospital where childbirth takes place. It is staffed with healthcare professionals, such as obstetricians, nurses, and midwives, who are trained to assist women during labor, delivery, and the immediate postpartum period. Delivery rooms are equipped with medical equipment and supplies to monitor the mother's and baby's vital signs, administer medications, and perform emergency procedures if necessary.

Delivery rooms may also be referred to as labor and delivery units or wards. In some hospitals, there may be different types of delivery rooms, such as birthing suites that provide a more home-like atmosphere for women who prefer a natural childbirth experience. Overall, the goal of a delivery room is to ensure a safe and healthy outcome for both the mother and the baby during childbirth.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

Meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn infant, typically within the first 48 hours of life. It is composed of materials ingested during fetal development, including intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo (fine hair), amniotic fluid, mucus, bile, and water. The color of meconium is usually greenish-black, and its consistency can range from a thick paste to a liquid. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid can occur when the fetus has passed meconium while still in the uterus, which may indicate fetal distress and requires careful medical attention during delivery.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Diagnostic techniques in obstetrics and gynecology refer to the various methods used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and monitor conditions related to the female reproductive system and pregnancy. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Physical examination: A thorough physical exam, including a pelvic exam, can help identify any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
2. Medical history: A detailed medical history, including information about menstrual cycles, sexual activity, and family health, can provide valuable clues to diagnose various conditions.
3. Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs can help healthcare professionals visualize the reproductive organs and detect any abnormalities.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests, urine tests, and cultures can help identify infections, hormonal imbalances, and other conditions.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is taken from the affected area and examined under a microscope to diagnose conditions such as cancer.
6. Colposcopy: This procedure involves using a special magnifying device to examine the cervix and vagina for signs of abnormalities.
7. Hysterosalpingography: This is an X-ray procedure that involves injecting a dye into the uterus and fallopian tubes to detect any blockages or other abnormalities.
8. Sonohysterography: This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a fluid into the uterus to help visualize its interior and detect any abnormalities.
9. Minimally invasive surgery: Procedures such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy can help healthcare professionals diagnose and treat various conditions related to the reproductive organs.

These diagnostic techniques can help healthcare professionals identify and manage a wide range of conditions, including infertility, pregnancy complications, infections, hormonal imbalances, and cancer.

Birth injuries refer to damages or injuries that a baby suffers during the birthing process. These injuries can result from various factors, such as mechanical forces during delivery, medical negligence, or complications during pregnancy or labor. Some common examples of birth injuries include:

1. Brachial plexus injuries: Damage to the nerves that control movement and feeling in the arms and hands, often caused by excessive pulling or stretching during delivery.
2. Cephalohematoma: A collection of blood between the skull and the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone), usually caused by trauma during delivery.
3. Caput succedaneum: Swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp, often resulting from pressure on the head during labor and delivery.
4. Fractures: Broken bones, such as a clavicle or skull fracture, can occur due to mechanical forces during delivery.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage: Bleeding in or around the brain, which can result from trauma during delivery or complications like high blood pressure in the mother.
6. Perinatal asphyxia: A lack of oxygen supply to the baby before, during, or immediately after birth, which can lead to brain damage and other health issues.
7. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the eye), often caused by pressure on the head during delivery.
8. Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis or other neurological issues, may occur due to excessive force during delivery or medical negligence.

It's important to note that some birth injuries are unavoidable and may not be a result of medical malpractice. However, if a healthcare provider fails to provide the standard of care expected during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, they may be held liable for any resulting injuries.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Endometritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the endometrium, which is the innermost layer of the uterus. It is often caused by infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections, that enter the uterus through various routes, including childbirth, miscarriage, or surgical procedures.

The symptoms of endometritis may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, fever, and abdominal cramping. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or sepsis. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and promote healing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of endometritis, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Obstetrical forceps are a surgical instrument used in childbirth to help deliver a baby when there are difficulties in the normal birthing process. They are a pair of curved metal instruments that resemble tongs, with each part designed to grip onto specific areas of the baby's head. The forceps are carefully applied to the baby's head during a contraction, and then used to gently guide the baby out of the mother's birth canal. This procedure is called an assisted vaginal delivery or operative vaginal delivery.

Obstetrical forceps require precise knowledge and skill to use safely and effectively, as their misuse can lead to complications such as facial injuries, skull fractures, or nerve damage in the baby. Therefore, they are typically used by experienced obstetricians in specific clinical situations, such as when the labor is prolonged, when the baby shows signs of distress, or when there is a need for a quick delivery due to maternal health concerns.

Birthing centers, also known as birth centers or freestanding birth centers, are healthcare facilities that provide family-centered care for low-risk childbirth. They are usually standalone facilities, separate from hospitals, and are designed to provide a homelike atmosphere for labor, delivery, and immediate postpartum recovery.

Birthing centers are staffed by certified nurse-midwives, midwives, and sometimes obstetricians who work together to provide care that is based on the principles of normal, physiologic birth. They offer a range of services, including prenatal care, labor support, and postpartum follow-up care.

Birthing centers aim to provide a safe and supportive environment for women who want to have a natural childbirth experience, without the need for medical intervention unless it becomes necessary. They may not be equipped to handle high-risk pregnancies or complications during labor and delivery, and therefore may transfer women to a hospital if needed.

It's important to note that while birthing centers can provide a unique and personalized childbirth experience, they may not be covered by all insurance plans, and it's essential to check with your insurance provider to determine coverage before making a decision.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

Asphyxia neonatorum is a medical condition that refers to a newborn baby's lack of oxygen or difficulty breathing, which can lead to suffocation and serious complications. It is often caused by problems during the birthing process, such as umbilical cord compression or prolapse, placental abruption, or prolonged labor.

Symptoms of asphyxia neonatorum may include bluish skin color (cyanosis), weak or absent breathing, poor muscle tone, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and a slow heart rate. In severe cases, it can lead to organ damage, developmental delays, or even death.

Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat asphyxia neonatorum. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to support the baby's heart function and blood pressure. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body) may be used to reduce the risk of brain damage. Preventive measures such as proper prenatal care, timely delivery, and careful monitoring during labor and delivery can also help reduce the risk of asphyxia neonatorum.

Maternal health services refer to the preventative, diagnostic, and treatment-based healthcare services provided during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period. These services aim to ensure the best possible health outcomes for mothers throughout their reproductive years, including family planning, preconception care, antenatal care, delivery, postpartum care, and management of chronic conditions or complications that may arise during pregnancy and childbirth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) outlines several critical components of maternal health services:

1. Antenatal care: Regular check-ups to monitor the mother's and fetus's health, identify potential risks, provide essential interventions, and offer counseling on nutrition, breastfeeding, and birth preparedness.
2. Delivery care: Skilled attendance during childbirth, including normal vaginal delivery and assisted deliveries (forceps or vacuum extraction), and access to emergency obstetric care for complications such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and sepsis.
3. Postnatal care: Continuum of care for mothers and newborns during the first six weeks after childbirth, focusing on recovery, early detection and management of complications, immunization, family planning, and psychosocial support.
4. Family planning: Access to modern contraceptive methods, counseling on fertility awareness, and safe abortion services where legal, to enable women to plan their pregnancies and space their children according to their reproductive intentions.
5. Management of chronic conditions: Comprehensive care for pregnant women with pre-existing or pregnancy-induced medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and mental health disorders.
6. Preconception care: Identification and management of risk factors before conception to optimize maternal and fetal health outcomes.
7. Prevention and management of gender-based violence: Screening, counseling, and referral services for women experiencing intimate partner violence or sexual violence during pregnancy and childbirth.
8. Health promotion and education: Community-based interventions to raise awareness about the importance of maternal health, promote positive health behaviors, and reduce barriers to accessing healthcare services.

Maternal health services should be accessible, affordable, acceptable, and equitable for all women, regardless of their age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or geographical location. Adequate investment in maternal health infrastructure, human resources, and service delivery models is essential to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

Infant Mortality is the death of a baby before their first birthday. The infant mortality rate is typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a key indicator of the overall health of a population and is often used to measure the well-being of children in a society.

Infant mortality can be further categorized into neonatal mortality (death within the first 28 days of life) and postneonatal mortality (death after 28 days of life but before one year). The main causes of infant mortality vary by country and region, but generally include premature birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infectious diseases.

Reducing infant mortality is a major public health goal for many countries, and efforts to improve maternal and child health, access to quality healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions are crucial in achieving this goal.

Dinoprostone is a prostaglandin E2 analog used in medical practice for the induction of labor and ripening of the cervix in pregnant women. It is available in various forms, including vaginal suppositories, gel, and tablets. Dinoprostone works by stimulating the contraction of uterine muscles and promoting cervical dilation, which helps in facilitating a successful delivery.

It's important to note that dinoprostone should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as its use is associated with certain risks and side effects, including uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress, and maternal infection. The dosage and duration of treatment are carefully monitored to minimize these risks and ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

Watchful waiting is a medical approach where monitoring and careful observation are used in place of immediate treatment for certain conditions, such as slow-growing cancers or chronic diseases. The goal is to delay active treatment until there are signs that it's necessary, thus avoiding unnecessary side effects and costs associated with early intervention. Regular follow-ups and tests are conducted to track the progression of the condition and determine if and when treatment should be initiated.

The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.

An amide is a functional group or a compound that contains a carbonyl group (a double-bonded carbon atom) and a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom is connected to the carbonyl carbon atom by a single bond, and it also has a lone pair of electrons. Amides are commonly found in proteins and peptides, where they form amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) between individual amino acids.

The general structure of an amide is R-CO-NHR', where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl groups. Amides can be classified into several types based on the nature of R and R' substituents:

* Primary amides: R-CO-NH2
* Secondary amides: R-CO-NHR'
* Tertiary amides: R-CO-NR''R'''

Amides have several important chemical properties. They are generally stable and resistant to hydrolysis under neutral or basic conditions, but they can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions or with strong bases. Amides also exhibit a characteristic infrared absorption band around 1650 cm-1 due to the carbonyl stretching vibration.

In addition to their prevalence in proteins and peptides, amides are also found in many natural and synthetic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers. They have a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Palpation is a medical examination technique in which a healthcare professional uses their hands to feel the size, shape, and consistency of body parts, including organs, tissues, and bones. It is used to assess the patient's overall health, identify any abnormalities or areas of pain, monitor healing and disease progression, and guide diagnostic and treatment decisions.

During palpation, the healthcare professional applies gentle pressure with their fingers or hands to specific areas of the body, feeling for any changes in texture, temperature, moisture, or movement. The technique can be used to assess various bodily systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.

Palpation is a valuable tool in physical examinations because it is non-invasive, relatively quick, and cost-effective. It can provide important information that helps healthcare professionals make accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans for their patients.

A social hierarchy in the context of medicine and public health often refers to the organization of individuals or groups based on their relative status, power, or influence within a society or community. This structure can have significant implications for health outcomes and access to care. For instance, those with higher socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have better health and longer lifespans than those with lower SES, due in part to factors such as better access to healthcare, nutritious food, safe housing, and educational opportunities.

Social hierarchies can also intersect with other forms of inequality, such as racism, sexism, and ableism, to create additional barriers to health and well-being for marginalized communities. Understanding the role of social hierarchy in health is crucial for developing effective public health interventions and policies that address these underlying determinants of health.

A vesicovaginal fistula is an abnormal opening or connection between the bladder and the vagina, resulting in the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault. This condition most commonly occurs as a result of complications during childbirth, particularly in developing countries with limited access to medical care. It can also be caused by surgery, radiation therapy, infection, or injury.

The symptoms of vesicovaginal fistula include constant urinary leakage from the vagina, frequent urinary tract infections, and a foul odor. The condition can lead to social isolation, depression, and other psychological issues due to its impact on a woman's quality of life. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the fistula, which can be complex and may require specialized medical care.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Vasotocin is not generally recognized as a medical term or a well-established physiological concept in human medicine. However, it is a term used in comparative endocrinology and animal physiology to refer to a nonapeptide hormone that is functionally and structurally similar to arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in mammals.

Vasotocin is found in various non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles, where it plays roles in regulating water balance, blood pressure, social behaviors, and reproduction. In these animals, vasotocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the circulation to exert its effects on target organs.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, vasotocin can be defined as a neuropeptide hormone that regulates various physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates, with structural and functional similarities to mammalian arginine vasopressin.

Maternal welfare is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a general sense, it refers to the physical, mental, and social well-being of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It encompasses various factors such as access to quality healthcare services, nutrition, emotional support, and a safe and healthy environment.

Maternal welfare is an essential component of maternal health, which aims to ensure that women have a positive and safe pregnancy and childbirth experience, free from complications and harm. It involves addressing issues related to maternal mortality and morbidity, prenatal care, family planning, and reproductive rights.

Promoting maternal welfare requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes healthcare providers, policymakers, community leaders, and families working together to ensure that women have access to the resources and support they need to maintain their health and well-being during pregnancy and beyond.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salaries and Fringe Benefits" is not a medical term or concept.

Salaries and fringe benefits are terms used in the context of employment and compensation. A salary is the amount of money or other forms of compensation paid to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. It is usually expressed as a monthly or annual sum.

Fringe benefits, on the other hand, are additional benefits that employers may provide to their employees, such as health insurance, retirement plans, vacation and sick leave, and other perks. These benefits are offered in addition to the employee's regular salary or wages.

In a medical setting, healthcare professionals may receive salaries and fringe benefits as part of their employment compensation package, but the terms themselves do not have specific medical meanings.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

Perinatal mortality is the death of a baby around the time of birth. It specifically refers to stillbirths (fetal deaths at 28 weeks of gestation or more) and deaths in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). The perinatal period is defined as beginning at 22 weeks (154 days) of gestation and ending 7 completed days after birth. Perinatal mortality rate is the number of perinatal deaths during this period, expressed per 1000 total births (live births + stillbirths). High perinatal mortality rates can indicate poor quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth.

I'm not sure what you mean by "Women, Working" as it is not a medical term. However, I can provide some information about the relationship between women's health and work.

Women's occupational health is an important area of study that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of women in the workplace. Women face unique health challenges in the workplace, including exposure to hazardous substances, musculoskeletal disorders, sexual harassment, and job stress.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines occupational health as "the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations." This definition applies to women as much as it does to men. However, due to various factors such as gender roles, societal expectations, and discrimination, women may face additional barriers to achieving optimal health in the workplace.

Therefore, "Women, Working" can be defined in a broader context as the study of the physical, mental, and social well-being of women in relation to their work and employment. This definition encompasses various aspects of women's occupational health, including but not limited to exposure to hazards, job stress, work-life balance, and gender discrimination.

Dinoprost is a synthetic form of prostaglandin F2α, which is a naturally occurring hormone-like substance in the body. It is used in veterinary medicine as a uterotonic agent to induce labor and abortion in various animals such as cows and pigs. In human medicine, it may be used off-label for similar purposes, but its use must be under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks.

It is important to note that Dinoprost is not approved by the FDA for use in humans, and its availability may vary depending on the country or region. Always consult with a licensed healthcare professional before using any medication, including Dinoprost.

In a medical context, efficiency generally refers to the ability to achieve a desired outcome with minimal waste of time, effort, or resources. It can be applied to various aspects of healthcare, including the delivery of clinical services, the use of medical treatments and interventions, and the operation of health systems and organizations. High levels of efficiency can help to improve patient outcomes, increase access to care, and reduce costs.

Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.

The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows patients to self-administer doses of analgesic medication through a controlled pump system. With PCA, the patient can press a button to deliver a predetermined dose of pain medication, usually an opioid, directly into their intravenous (IV) line.

The dosage and frequency of the medication are set by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs and medical condition. The PCA pump is designed to prevent overinfusion by limiting the amount of medication that can be delivered within a specific time frame.

PCA provides several benefits, including improved pain control, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced sedation compared to traditional methods of opioid administration. It also allows patients to take an active role in managing their pain and provides them with a sense of control during their hospital stay. However, it is essential to monitor patients closely while using PCA to ensure safe and effective use.

I believe you may have accidentally omitted the word "in" from your search. Based on that, I'm assuming you are looking for a medical definition related to the term "ants." However, ants are not typically associated with medical terminology. If you meant to ask about a specific condition or concept, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

If you are indeed asking about ants in the insect sense, they belong to the family Formicidae and order Hymenoptera. Some species of ants may pose public health concerns due to their ability to contaminate food sources or cause structural damage. However, ants do not have a direct medical definition associated with human health.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

A gynecological examination is a medical procedure performed by a healthcare professional, typically a gynecologist, to evaluate the female reproductive system. The examination may include a variety of tests and procedures, such as:

1. Medical history review: The doctor will ask questions about the patient's menstrual cycle, sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy history, and any symptoms or concerns.
2. External examination: The doctor will inspect the external genitalia for any signs of infection, irritation, or abnormalities.
3. Speculum exam: A speculum, a medical instrument that resembles a duckbill, is inserted into the vagina to allow the doctor to visualize the cervix and vaginal walls. This helps in detecting any abnormalities such as cervical polyps, inflammation, or cancerous growths.
4. Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert gloved fingers into the patient's vagina while simultaneously pressing on the lower abdomen to assess the size, shape, and position of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
5. Pap test: A sample of cells is collected from the cervix using a spatula or brush and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This helps in detecting any precancerous or cancerous changes in the cervical cells.
6. Other tests: Depending on the patient's age, medical history, and symptoms, additional tests such as STD screening, breast exam, or imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, MRI) may be recommended.

The frequency and type of gynecological examinations vary depending on a woman's age, health status, and individual needs. Regular check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of reproductive system-related issues, including sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and other gynecological conditions.

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is not a medical term, but rather a term related to occupational health and safety. OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that regulates workplace safety and health. It was created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and assistance. OSHA covers most private sector employers and their workers, in addition to some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Prostaglandins are naturally occurring, lipid-derived hormones that play various important roles in the human body. They are produced in nearly every tissue in response to injury or infection, and they have diverse effects depending on the site of release and the type of prostaglandin. Some of their functions include:

1. Regulation of inflammation: Prostaglandins contribute to the inflammatory response by increasing vasodilation, promoting fluid accumulation, and sensitizing pain receptors, which can lead to symptoms such as redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
2. Modulation of gastrointestinal functions: Prostaglandins protect the stomach lining from acid secretion and promote mucus production, maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa. They also regulate intestinal motility and secretion.
3. Control of renal function: Prostaglandins help regulate blood flow to the kidneys, maintain sodium balance, and control renin release, which affects blood pressure and fluid balance.
4. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction: Prostaglandins can cause both relaxation and contraction of smooth muscles in various tissues, such as the uterus, bronchioles, and vascular system.
5. Modulation of platelet aggregation: Some prostaglandins inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots from forming too quickly or becoming too large.
6. Reproductive system regulation: Prostaglandins are involved in the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and labor induction by promoting uterine contractions.
7. Neurotransmission: Prostaglandins can modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability, affecting pain perception, mood, and cognition.

Prostaglandins exert their effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found on the surface of target cells. There are several distinct types of prostaglandins (PGs), including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2 (prostacyclin), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Each type has unique functions and acts through specific receptors. Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from membrane phospholipids, by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit COX activity, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and providing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder, typically characterized by the onset of high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, such as the kidneys, after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is often accompanied by proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated or unmanaged.

The exact causes of pre-eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is believed that placental issues, genetic factors, and immune system problems may contribute to its development. Risk factors include first-time pregnancies, history of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies, chronic hypertension, obesity, older age (35 or older), and assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies.

Pre-eclampsia can progress to a more severe form called eclampsia, which is characterized by the onset of seizures. HELLP syndrome, another severe complication, involves hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications. Regular prenatal care, including frequent blood pressure checks and urine tests, can help identify early signs of the condition. Treatment typically involves close monitoring, medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and, in some cases, delivery of the baby if the mother's or baby's health is at risk.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "retirement" is not a term that has a medical definition. Retirement generally refers to the point in a person's life when they stop working or withdraw from one's position or occupation. It is often associated with reaching a certain age or becoming eligible for pension benefits. However, it's important to note that retirement can have various physical and mental health implications, as it can impact social connections, cognitive stimulation, financial security, and daily structure, among other factors. These impacts can be either positive or negative, depending on the individual's circumstances and experiences during retirement.

Estriol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is produced in the placenta during pregnancy and is used as a marker for fetal growth and development. Estriol levels can be measured in the mother's urine or blood to assess fetal well-being during pregnancy. Additionally, synthetic forms of estriol are sometimes used in hormone replacement therapy to treat symptoms of menopause.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A "threatened abortion" is a medical term used to describe a situation in which there are symptoms that suggest an impending miscarriage, such as vaginal bleeding and/or cramping during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed and the fetal heartbeat is still present. This condition is estimated to occur in up to 20-30% of all pregnancies, and while it can be a source of anxiety for pregnant individuals, it does not necessarily mean that a miscarriage will definitely occur.

It's important to note that if you are experiencing any symptoms of a threatened abortion, you should contact your healthcare provider right away for evaluation and guidance on how to manage the situation. They may recommend bed rest, pelvic rest, or other treatments to help support the pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

A pessary is a medical device that is inserted into the vagina to provide support for the uterus, vaginal vault, or bladder. It is often used in the management of pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and other gynecological conditions. Pessaries come in various shapes and sizes, and they are typically made of silicone, rubber, or plastic. They can be worn for extended periods of time and are usually removable and cleanable. The selection and fitting of a pessary should be performed by a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or nurse midwife.

Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.

In the context of medical terminology, "transients" and "migrants" are often used to describe populations that are moving or have recently moved from one place to another. These terms can refer to individuals who are temporarily residing in a location for work, school, or other reasons (transients), as well as those who are planning to settle permanently in a new location (migrants).

A "transient" population may include people who are traveling for leisure, working on temporary contracts, attending school in a different city or country, or serving in the military. These individuals typically have a specific destination and time frame for their stay, and they may not have established long-term social or medical support systems in the area.

A "migrant" population, on the other hand, refers to people who are moving with the intention of settling permanently in a new location. This can include individuals and families who are seeking better economic opportunities, fleeing political unrest or natural disasters, or reuniting with family members in another country. Migrants often face unique challenges when it comes to accessing healthcare services, as they may not have established relationships with healthcare providers in their new location, may face language barriers, and may lack familiarity with the local healthcare system.

It's important to note that these terms are not mutually exclusive, and an individual or group could be considered both transient and migrant depending on the context. For example, a refugee family who is resettling permanently in a new country might initially be considered transients as they establish themselves in their new home, but over time they would become part of the migrant population.

Puerperal infection, also known as childbed fever or postpartum infection, is a healthcare-associated infection that can occur in women following childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. It's typically caused by bacteria that enter the reproductive system during these processes and can lead to inflammation and infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other pelvic organs.

The most common causative agents are Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Symptoms of puerperal infection can include fever, abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and painful urination. If left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, infertility, or even death.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for managing puerperal infections and preventing complications. Good hygiene practices and proper sterilization of medical equipment can also help reduce the risk of developing this infection.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Workers' compensation is a form of insurance that provides medical benefits, wage replacement, and rehabilitation expenses to employees who are injured or become ill as a direct result of their job. It is designed to compensate the employee for lost wages and cover medical expenses due to work-related injuries or illnesses, while also protecting employers from potential lawsuits. Workers' compensation laws vary by state but generally require employers to carry this insurance and provide coverage for eligible employees. The program is typically funded through employer premiums and is administered by individual states.

Vertical transmission of infectious diseases refers to the spread of an infection from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This mode of transmission can occur through several pathways:

1. Transplacental transmission: The infection crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus while it is still in the womb. Examples include HIV, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis.
2. Intrauterine infection: The mother's infection causes direct damage to the developing fetus or its surrounding tissues, leading to complications such as congenital defects. Examples include rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
3. Perinatal transmission: This occurs during childbirth when the infant comes into contact with the mother's infected genital tract or bodily fluids. Examples include group B streptococcus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and hepatitis B.
4. Postnatal transmission: This occurs after birth, often through breastfeeding, when the infant ingests infected milk or comes into contact with the mother's contaminated bodily fluids. Examples include HIV and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus type I).

Vertical transmission is a significant concern in public health, as it can lead to severe complications, congenital disabilities, or even death in newborns. Preventive measures, such as prenatal screening, vaccination, and antimicrobial treatment, are crucial for reducing the risk of vertical transmission and ensuring better outcomes for both mothers and their offspring.

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used in the medical termination of pregnancy (also known as medication abortion or RU-486). It works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Mifepristone is often used in combination with misoprostol to cause uterine contractions and expel the products of conception from the uterus.

It's also known as an antiprogestin or progesterone receptor modulator, which means it can bind to progesterone receptors in the body and block their activity. In addition to its use in pregnancy termination, mifepristone has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-dependent cancers.

It is important to note that Mifepristone should be administered under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional and it is not available over the counter. Also, it has some contraindications and potential side effects, so it's essential to have a consultation with a doctor before taking this medication.

Retained placenta is a medical condition that occurs when all or part of the placenta remains in the uterus after delivery, instead of being expelled naturally. Normally, the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is delivered within 30 minutes of childbirth. However, if the placenta is not completely delivered, it can lead to complications such as infection, heavy bleeding, and in rare cases, infertility or even death.

Retained placenta can be caused by various factors, including a weakened uterine muscle tone, an abnormally attached placenta, or a retained portion of the membranes. Treatment for retained placenta typically involves manual removal of the remaining tissue by a healthcare professional, often under anesthesia. In some cases, medication may be used to help promote contraction of the uterus and expulsion of the placenta.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if a retained placenta is suspected, as timely treatment can help prevent potentially serious complications.

In a medical or occupational health context, "work" is often used to refer to physical or mental activities that require energy expenditure and are performed as part of a job, daily routine, or exercise. However, there is also a specific medical concept called "work" that is used in the field of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders.

In this context, work is defined as the product of force and distance, measured in joules (J) or newton-meters (Nm). It can be used to describe the amount of physical effort required to perform a specific task or activity, such as lifting an object or operating a machine.

For example, if a worker lifts a box that weighs 10 kilograms (kg) and raises it to a height of 0.5 meters (m), the work done can be calculated as follows:

Work = Force x Distance
Force = weight of the object (mass x gravity)
Distance = height raised

Force = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 (acceleration due to gravity) = 98 N (newtons)
Work = 98 N x 0.5 m = 49 J or 49 Nm

This measurement of work can help assess the physical demands of a job and identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries, such as overexertion or repetitive strain.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.

However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.

Abruptio placentae, also known as placental abruption, is a medical condition that occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus before the baby is born. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy to provide oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus.

In abruptio placentae, the separation of the placenta from the uterus can cause bleeding, which can be serious or life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. The severity of the condition depends on how much of the placenta has separated from the uterus and how much bleeding has occurred.

Abruptio placentae can cause a range of symptoms, including vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, contractions, and fetal distress. In severe cases, it can lead to preterm labor, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. The exact cause of abruptio placentae is not always known, but risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, cocaine use, trauma to the abdomen, and advanced maternal age. Treatment may involve hospitalization, bed rest, medication to prevent contractions, or delivery of the baby if the pregnancy is at term.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tajikistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. Tajikistan is a sovereign state, bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The capital city of Tajikistan is Dushanbe. If you have any questions about medical topics or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.

Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.

Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.

While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.

An economic recession is a significant decline in economic activity that spreads across the economy and lasts more than a few months. It is typically defined as a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) for two or more consecutive quarters. A recession can also be characterized by high unemployment, declining retail sales, and falling industrial production. Recessions are usually caused by a combination of factors, including financial panics, monetary policy mistakes, and external shocks such as wars or natural disasters. The severity and duration of a recession can vary widely, with some being relatively mild and short-lived, while others can be more severe and prolonged. In general, recessions are a normal part of the business cycle and are typically followed by periods of economic expansion.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Intravaginal administration refers to the delivery of medications or other substances directly into the vagina. This route of administration can be used for local treatment of vaginal infections or inflammation, or to deliver systemic medication that is absorbed through the vaginal mucosa.

Medications can be administered intravaginally using a variety of dosage forms, including creams, gels, foams, suppositories, and films. The choice of dosage form depends on several factors, such as the drug's physicochemical properties, the desired duration of action, and patient preference.

Intravaginal administration offers several advantages over other routes of administration. It allows for direct delivery of medication to the site of action, which can result in higher local concentrations and fewer systemic side effects. Additionally, some medications may be more effective when administered intravaginally due to their ability to bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver.

However, there are also potential disadvantages to intravaginal administration. Some women may find it uncomfortable or inconvenient to use this route of administration, and there is a risk of leakage or expulsion of the medication. Additionally, certain medications may cause local irritation or allergic reactions when administered intravaginally.

Overall, intravaginal administration can be a useful route of administration for certain medications and conditions, but it is important to consider the potential benefits and risks when choosing this method.

In the context of medical terminology, "occupations" generally refers to the activities or tasks that a person performs as part of their daily life and routines. This can include both paid work or employment, as well as unpaid activities such as household chores, hobbies, and self-care. The term is often used in the field of occupational therapy, which focuses on helping individuals develop, recover, and maintain the skills needed for participation in their daily occupations and improving their overall quality of life. Additionally, Occupational Medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention and management of job-related injuries and illnesses, as well as promoting health and productivity in the workplace.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Pregnancy trimesters are a way to divide the duration of pregnancy into three 3-month (or approximately 13-week) segments. This division can help healthcare providers monitor and discuss specific developmental stages, symptoms, and care needs during each phase of the pregnancy. Here's a brief overview of what typically occurs in each trimester:

1. First Trimester (Week 1 - Week 12): During this period, major organs and structures begin to form in the developing fetus. Common symptoms experienced by the pregnant individual may include morning sickness, fatigue, breast tenderness, and frequent urination. Regular prenatal care should start during these early weeks to monitor both the mother's and baby's health.

2. Second Trimester (Week 13 - Week 26): This phase is often considered more comfortable for many pregnant individuals as some symptoms from the first trimester improve. The fetus continues to grow, and movement can be felt. Organs and systems continue to develop, and the fetus becomes more active. Common symptoms during this time include back pain, stretch marks, and swelling of the ankles and feet.

3. Third Trimester (Week 27 - Birth): The final trimester is marked by significant growth and weight gain for both the mother and baby. The fetus will turn into a head-down position in preparation for birth. Common symptoms during this time include shortness of breath, heartburn, difficulty sleeping, and contractions (which can indicate early labor). Regular prenatal care remains crucial to monitor the health of both the mother and baby as delivery approaches.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Oligohydramnios is a medical condition that refers to an abnormally low amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. The amniotic fluid is essential for the protection and development of the fetus, including lung maturation and joint mobility. Oligohydramnios is often diagnosed through ultrasound measurements of the pocket depth of the amniotic fluid and is defined as an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single deepest pocket (SDP) of less than 2 cm after 24 weeks of gestation.

The condition can be caused by various factors, such as fetal growth restriction, maternal high blood pressure, placental insufficiency, rupture of membranes, and genetic disorders. Oligohydramnios may increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, including preterm labor, fetal distress, and stillbirth. The management of oligohydramnios depends on the underlying cause and gestational age, and may include close monitoring, delivery, or treatment of the underlying condition.

Career mobility, in a medical context, refers to the ability of healthcare professionals to advance or move between different roles, positions, or departments within a healthcare organization or field. It can include lateral moves (changing to a similar position in another department) or vertical moves (promotion to a higher-level position). Career mobility is often facilitated by continuing education, professional development opportunities, and the acquisition of new skills and experiences. High career mobility can lead to better job satisfaction, increased compensation, and improved patient care.

A vaginal fistula is an abnormal opening or connection between the vagina and another organ, such as the bladder (resulting in a vesicovaginal fistula), the rectum (resulting in a rectovaginal fistula), or the colon (resulting in a colovaginal fistula). This condition can lead to various complications, including chronic urinary or fecal incontinence, infection, and difficulty with sexual intercourse.

Vaginal fistulas are often caused by obstetric trauma, such as prolonged labor, or may be the result of surgery, radiation therapy, injury, or infection. Symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the fistula but typically include abnormal discharge, pain, and foul-smelling odor. Treatment usually involves surgical repair of the fistula, although smaller fistulas may sometimes heal on their own with proper care and management.

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a type of bacteria that commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of humans. It is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and forms chains when viewed under the microscope.

While S. agalactiae can be carried asymptomatically by many adults, it can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, elderly individuals, and people with weakened immune systems. In newborns, GBS can lead to sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can result in long-term health complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

Pregnant women are often screened for GBS colonization during the third trimester of pregnancy, and those who test positive may receive intrapartum antibiotics to reduce the risk of transmission to their newborns during delivery.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension, is a condition characterized by the new onset of high blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic) after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman who was normotensive before. It can sometimes progress to more severe conditions like preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are associated with damage to other organ systems such as the liver and kidneys.

PIH is typically classified into two types:

1. Gestational hypertension: This is when a woman develops high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy without any protein in the urine or evidence of damage to other organ systems. Women with gestational hypertension are at increased risk for preeclampsia and may require closer monitoring.

2. Preeclampsia: This is a more severe form of PIH, characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria (≥0.3 g in a 24-hour urine collection) after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can also involve damage to other organ systems, such as the liver, kidneys, or brain, and may progress to eclampsia, a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures.

The exact causes of PIH are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the development and function of the blood vessels that supply the placenta. Risk factors for developing PIH include first-time pregnancies, obesity, older age, a history of chronic hypertension or kidney disease, and carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.).

Treatment for PIH depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. In mild cases, close monitoring of blood pressure, urine protein levels, and fetal growth may be sufficient. More severe cases may require medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, or early delivery of the baby to prevent further complications.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Nursing models are theoretical frameworks that describe and explain the nature and process of nursing care. They are used by nurses to guide their practice, education, and research. Nursing models provide a structure for organizing and understanding the complex and dynamic nature of nursing care. They typically include concepts related to the patient, environment, health, and nursing role. Examples of nursing models include the Roy Adaptation Model, the Orem Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, and the Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model. These models help nurses to understand the unique needs of each patient and to develop individualized plans of care that promote optimal health outcomes.

Costs refer to the total amount of resources, such as money, time, and labor, that are expended in the provision of a medical service or treatment. Costs can be categorized into direct costs, which include expenses directly related to patient care, such as medication, supplies, and personnel; and indirect costs, which include overhead expenses, such as rent, utilities, and administrative salaries.

Cost analysis is the process of estimating and evaluating the total cost of a medical service or treatment. This involves identifying and quantifying all direct and indirect costs associated with the provision of care, and analyzing how these costs may vary based on factors such as patient volume, resource utilization, and reimbursement rates.

Cost analysis is an important tool for healthcare organizations to understand the financial implications of their operations and make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing strategies, and quality improvement initiatives. It can also help policymakers and payers evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different treatment options and develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gross Domestic Product" (GDP) is an economic term, not a medical one. GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It serves as a comprehensive measure of a nation’s overall economic activity.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graphical representation used in medical decision-making and statistical analysis to illustrate the performance of a binary classifier system, such as a diagnostic test or a machine learning algorithm. It's a plot that shows the tradeoff between the true positive rate (sensitivity) and the false positive rate (1 - specificity) for different threshold settings.

The x-axis of an ROC curve represents the false positive rate (the proportion of negative cases incorrectly classified as positive), while the y-axis represents the true positive rate (the proportion of positive cases correctly classified as positive). Each point on the curve corresponds to a specific decision threshold, with higher points indicating better performance.

The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is a commonly used summary measure that reflects the overall performance of the classifier. An AUC value of 1 indicates perfect discrimination between positive and negative cases, while an AUC value of 0.5 suggests that the classifier performs no better than chance.

ROC curves are widely used in healthcare to evaluate diagnostic tests, predictive models, and screening tools for various medical conditions, helping clinicians make informed decisions about patient care based on the balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) is a statistical concept used in clinical medicine and research. It represents the number of patients you need to treat with a particular intervention or therapy, in order to achieve a desired outcome, compared to a control group that does not receive the treatment. The lower the NNT, the more effective the treatment is considered to be, as fewer patients need to be treated to see a benefit. It's important to note that NNT should always be interpreted within the context of the study and the specific patient population being studied.

Magnesium Sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is used medically as a vasodilator, to treat constipation, and as an antidote for magnesium overdose or poisoning. It is also used in the preparation of skin for esthetic procedures and in the treatment of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures.

Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, which can arise during pregnancy, childbirth, or after delivery. These complications can be pre-existing or new-onset and can range from mild to severe, potentially threatening the life of both the mother and the fetus. Some examples of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy include:

1. Hypertension disorders: This includes chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy), gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and potential organ damage).

2. Cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to an enlarged heart and reduced pumping efficiency. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a specific type that occurs during pregnancy or in the months following delivery.

3. Arrhythmias: Irregularities in the heart's rhythm, such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), can occur during pregnancy and may require medical intervention.

4. Valvular heart disease: Pre-existing valve disorders, like mitral stenosis or aortic insufficiency, can worsen during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and cardiac output. Additionally, new valve issues might develop during pregnancy.

5. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): Pregnancy increases the risk of developing blood clots in the veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

6. Ischemic heart disease: Although rare, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome can occur during pregnancy, especially in women with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, or smoking history.

7. Heart failure: Severe cardiac dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance may develop due to any of the above conditions or other underlying heart diseases.

Early recognition, monitoring, and appropriate management of these cardiovascular complications in pregnancy are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "workplace" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. The term "workplace" generally refers to a place where people work or carry out their jobs. It could be an office, a factory, a construction site, a retail store, or any other location where work-related activities take place.

If you're looking for a term related to health or medicine that describes a physical location, some examples might include "healthcare facility," "clinic," "hospital," "operating room," or "examination room." If you could provide more context or clarify what you're looking for, I'd be happy to help further!

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

Prostaglandin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind and respond to prostaglandins, which are hormone-like lipid compounds that play important roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the action of enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX) and are released by many different cell types in response to various stimuli.

There are four major subfamilies of prostaglandin receptors, designated as DP, EP, FP, and IP, each of which binds specifically to one or more prostaglandins with high affinity. These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which means that they activate intracellular signaling pathways through the interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins.

The activation of prostaglandin receptors can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including changes in ion channel activity, enzyme activation, and gene expression. These responses can have important consequences for many physiological processes, such as inflammation, pain perception, blood flow regulation, and platelet aggregation.

Prostaglandin receptors are also targets for various drugs used in clinical medicine, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostaglandin analogs. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the enzymes that synthesize prostaglandins, while prostaglandin analogs are synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of natural prostaglandins by activating specific prostaglandin receptors.

In summary, prostaglandin receptors are a class of cell surface receptors that bind and respond to prostaglandins, which are important signaling molecules involved in various physiological processes. These receptors are targets for various drugs used in clinical medicine and play a critical role in the regulation of many bodily functions.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.

Hormone antagonists are substances or drugs that block the action of hormones by binding to their receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the hormones from exerting their effects. They can be classified into two types: receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Receptor antagonists bind directly to hormone receptors and prevent the hormone from binding, while enzyme inhibitors block the production or breakdown of hormones by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in their metabolism. Hormone antagonists are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as cancer, hormonal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Induction is a method of artificially or prematurely stimulating labour in a woman. Reasons to induce can include pre-eclampsia ... Healthdirect Australia (2022-02-08). "Induced labour". www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au. Retrieved 2022-04-29. Surányim A (2000). ... During labour, the obstetrician carries out the following tasks: Monitor the progress of labour, by reviewing the nursing chart ... It may happen during or after labour. Signs to look out for include signs of infection (pyrexia or hypothermia, raised heart ...
After four failed attempts to be induced early at Ryde Hospital, on 12 September 1996, Tegan Lee Lane was delivered at around ... Arlington, Kim (17 August 2010). "Murder trial told of Lane's 10-hour labour". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 March ... "Keli Lane had baby induced". www.abc.net.au. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2021. Thompson, Matthew (25 June 2005). "I had ...
Warm bath Warm bath is a common method used by midwives to ease labor pain and also induce labor. In a study conducted in 2019 ... Failure to ripen the cervix during labor may delay its onset and cause complications. Current efforts to induce labor include ... while there wasn't significant difference in time for second and third stage of labour, the "mean time in first stage of labour ... This is to imitate the pressure of a fetal head that would be pressing on the cervix during labor, which in turn speeds up the ...
Inducing labor artificially starts the labor process by using medication and other techniques. Labor is usually only induced if ... Postterm pregnancy is a reason to induce labor. The management of labor and delivery may vary depending on the gestational age ... "Inducing Labor". The Nemours Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-16. "Labor Induction". American Academy of Family Physicians. ... Labor induction is not always the best choice because it has its own risks. Sometimes mothers will request to be induced for ...
Spontaneous and induced labour: Current Concepts. East Melbourne: RACOG Publications. ISBN 978-0-959372-95-3. MacLennan AH; ...
Fox, Liam (28 January 2008). "Changing our Labour induced target culture". ConservativeHome. (Management). ...
All-Fours Maneuver for Reducing Shoulder Dystocia During Labor, The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, May, 1998. Induced and ... On March 16, as the caravan was traveling through Nebraska, Ina May went into labor. The baby, whom they named Christian, was ... Comparing perinatal deaths, labor complications, and use of assisted delivery, the study found that "under certain ... The Gaskin Maneuver, also called all fours, is a technique to reduce shoulder dystocia, a specific type of obstructed labour ...
Pizzinelli, Carlo; Ippei, Shibata (January 19, 2022). "Has COVID-19 Induced Labor Market Mismatch? Evidence from the US and the ... 2021 labor disputes and strikes, 2022 labor disputes and strikes, 2023 labor disputes and strikes, Economic history). ... In 2023, the labor participation rate of Americans aged 15 to 64 has exceeded peak before the pandemic, already the highest ... By July 2023, there were signs that of significant expansion of the U.S. labor force thanks to women of prime working age, ...
Slave Labor Graphics. ISBN 978-0-943151-16-8. Vasquez, Jhonen (2009). "The Official Website of Parasite Induced Dementia". ... Slave Labor Graphics. ISBN 978-0-943151-24-3. Vasquez, Jhonen; Rikki Simons (1999). I Feel Sick #1. Slave Labor Graphics. ... Johnny the Homicidal Maniac #2. Slave Labor Graphics. Vasquez, Jhonen. Johnny the Homicidal Maniac #3. Slave Labor Graphics. ... Johnny the Homicidal Maniac #4. Slave Labor Graphics. Vasquez, Jhonen (1996). Johnny the Homicidal Maniac #5. Slave Labor ...
... and inducing labor in pregnancy. In some cultures, the spores have been purported to be an aphrodisiac. The spores repel water ...
Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) is a form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which psychological damage ... Labor rights in the American meatpacking industry are largely regulated by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which ... v. National Labor Relations Board, "immigration law takes precedence over labor law," which challenges undocumented workers' ... The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2000, 148,100 people worked in meatpacking and over 250,000 worked in poultry ...
... is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Inducing (starting) labor can be ... Inducing Labor - WebMD.com Induction of labour. Clinical guideline, UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, ... There are risks associated with IV oxytocin induced labor. Risks include the women having induced contractions that are too ... Induced labor may be more painful for the woman as one of the side effects of intravenous oxytocin is increased contraction ...
Preisler M. "Avoiding change-induced stress in the workplace". Nordic Labour Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24 ...
There have been multiple labour disruptions at the El Salvador mine. In 1983 El Teniente and two other Codelco mines closed ... During the Eocene, dacite stocks induced Cu-Mo mineralization. As of 2007 Codelco employed 17,000 direct-hire company employees ... Between the three mines at least 3,300 workers and 37 labour leaders were fired for participating in the strike. A strike ... "FUTURES/OPTIONS; Copper Prices Fall for 3d Day On Easing of Labor Tension". The New York Times. September 7, 1989. Retrieved ...
"Workers' Day: Labour analyst laments 'hasty' coronavirus-induced layoffs". Citi Newsroom. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021. " ... "Asking KG students to stay home can increase child labour - GNAT". GhanaWeb. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021. " ...
Often labor has to be induced for medical reasons; such conditions include high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, maternal ... Signs and symptoms of preterm labor include four or more uterine contractions in one hour. In contrast to false labour, true ... The main categories of causes of preterm birth are preterm labor induction and spontaneous preterm labor. The exact cause of ... "What causes preterm labor and birth?". National Institutes of Health. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April ...
... occurs when a pregnant woman goes into labor without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby ... An induced vaginal delivery is a delivery involving labor induction, where drugs or manual techniques are used to initiate ... Labor is divided into three stages. First stage of labor starts with the onset of contractions and finishes when the cervix is ... and induction of labor. Oxytocin, a uterotonic agent, can be administered to augment labor. Cesarean section is also commonly ...
Gleicher N (December 2010). "Does the immune system induce labor? Lessons from preterm deliveries in women with autoimmune ...
"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". nih.gov. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2015. World Health ... United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Computer Workstation. Checklist. Archived 2009- ... the wires embedded in the membrane produces a magnetic field that reacts with the field of the permanent magnets to induce ...
厚生労働省告示第二百十四号 Archived 31 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. 脊髄性筋萎縮 ... "Onasemnogene Abeparvovec". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf. 20 August ... "Novartis receives approval from Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for Zolgensma the only gene
The doctors induced labour, however, and delivered the baby prematurely. Corsini attributed her faith in God to her and her ...
He was induced by Knowland, Nixon, President Dwight Eisenhower,[why?] and others to run for Knowland's Senate seat instead of ... Knight, known as a moderate, and sympathetic to organized labor, faced a serious threat from more conservative challengers. ...
"Women wait days for induced labour in troubled maternity service". Health Service Journal. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 27 ... with a warning notice by the Care Quality Commission when they found women waiting up to five days for labour to be induced. ...
Labour unrest resulted in several terrorist attacks and in widespread strikes. The First World War interrupted access to the ... Work in the mines induced lung cancer, tuberculosis and asthma. In protest, workers began to develop ideas about socialism and ... The dispossession of the peasants and the confiscation of their harvests induced the Holodomor or Great Famine of 1932-33. By ... Beginning in 2017, Kryvyi Rih had major labour unrest. In May 2017, coordinated protest actions began at the city's main plants ...
He was induced to make one final run for office. He was nominated by the Union Labor Party for governor of Wisconsin in the ... The Union Labor Party-in this incarnation-ceased to exist shortly after. May, like many others from the Labor Party, joined the ... The Labor Party was generally supportive of the law, but had other fundamental differences with the Republicans. May came in a ... He was also twice a candidate for governor of Wisconsin, running on the Greenback ticket in 1879 and the Union Labor ticket in ...
Osaka University announced that it had filed an application with the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare on the same day. On ... of mice transplanted with c-myc-induced iPS cells developed lethal teratomas. N-myc and L-myc have been identified to induce ... and Klf4 2 Minute Video from BSCRF about Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 20Minute Video / The Discovery and Future of Induced ... The cells were induced to become a mesoderm and then blood cells and then red blood cells. The final step was to make them ...
"Did railroads induce or follow economic growth? Urbanization and Population Growth in the American Midwest, 1850-1860." Social ... "Gender and the Family Labor System: Defining Work in the Rural Midwest." Journal of Social History (1994): 563-577. in JSTOR ... 1975). Warren, Wilson J. Struggling with Iowa's Pride: Labor Relations, Unionism, and Politics in the Rural Midwest Since 1877 ... Schob, David E. Hired Hands and Plowboys: Farm labor in the Midwest, 1815-60. ( ...
Rhoicissus tidentata is used to induce labour; its root can be used to prepare an enema. Erythrina lysistemon is used to induce ... The mixture is given to the baby to ingest every day for two months.Isicakathi is generally used to induce growth and prevent ... Isicakathi is widely used to induce easy childbirth. It ensures that excess water is drained, reduces vaginal discharge and ... labour pains during the childbirth process via pieces of the trunk's bark bound together and infused for the woman to drink. ...
Railway Labor Act. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 69-257, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577. Approved May 20, 1926. 45 U.S.C. § ... in JSTOR Jeremy Atack, et al., "Did railroads induce or follow economic growth." Social Science History 34#2 (2010): 171-97. ... A successor statute, the Newlands Labor Act, was passed in 1913 and proved more effective, but was largely superseded when the ... From outside the field of railroad history, academic labor historians now deal with the culture of the workers, strikes, the ...
This change is intended to prevent noise induced hearing loss. The effectiveness of hearing protection is greatly reduced if ... "Change highlights: Noise exposure - Part 16 in the OHS Code". ohs-pubstore.labour.alberta.ca/. Alberta (Canada): Government of ... Gong, Wei (2021). "Evaluating the effectiveness of earplugs in preventing noise-Induced hearing loss in an auto parts factory ...
Induced Labor (c. 2009) - the Post Bros kidnap a baby deity; 184 pp. Poisonous Circles (c. 2010) - 2 short stories and a ...
"A Comparative Survey of Dam-induced Resettlement in 50 Cases" (PDF). California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2010-06-29 ... International Labor Organization. 1998. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-06-29. David Barkin & Miguel ...
... is a drug used to induce labor in pregnant women. You may have heard concerns about Pitocin®. Heres what you need to know. ... before using it to induce labor. Inducing labor, especially for women giving birth to their first child, can be a long and ... Is It Safe to Use Pitocin® to Induce Labor?. Medically Reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, MD. on April 19, 2023 ... Pitocin®: Is It a Safe Way to Induce Labor?. Its important to consider the health of you and your baby. Pitocin® is one of the ...
... but when the doctor suggested an induced labor, she immediately agreed. She was already experiencing pre-labor symptoms, and ... Diane Aulger had her labor induced and gave birth to their daughter Jan. 18. When tiny Savannah was placed in his arms, Mark ... Hospital staff arranged for the Aulgers to share a large labor and delivery room. ...
Those are births that for no medical reason are hastened by inducing labor or performing a cesarean section before the ... The stats cover women whose labor was induced for medical reasons, such as hypertension, as well as nonmedical reasons, like ... The proportion of singleton births that were induced fell to 23.7 percent in 2011 and to 23.3 percent in 2012, after increasing ...
So here are few ways to induce labor naturally,. *Some people suggest spicy food to induce labor, especially pineapples. This ... So here are a few ways to induce labor naturally. Most doctors advise waiting before inducing delivery. But the longer the baby ... Please remember that delivery and labor are difficult processes for a mother. So use every herbal method carefully and if ... Im 37 Weeks Pregnant And Having Contractions-How To Induce Labor.... *Is There Anything You Can Do To Induce Labor Quickly? ...
Find out why doctors may induce labor if youre past your due date, how it may be done, and how it may affect you and your baby ... Years ago, some doctors routinely induced labor. But now its not usually done unless theres a true medical need for it. Labor ... If the doctor ruptures the amniotic sac and labor doesnt begin, another method of inducing labor also might be necessary ... tales abound about ways to induce labor, such as the use of castor oil. It is not safe to try to artificially start labor ...
Before asking your doctor to induce labor during this pregnancy, know the facts. Heres what to expect and what risks you may ... There are ways to stimulate labor without the use of drugs. Your doctor may choose to induce labor by either breaking water or ... Should you induce labor?. by Pregnancy Contributor Leave a Comment A woman came into my exam room one afternoon, about 33 weeks ... based on medicines administered to induce labor. Although effective, the medications can cause the uterus to contract too ...
But inducing labor per say doesnt result in autism, researchers clarified. Instead, the need to induce labor is a marker for ... autismautistic childautistic childrenbrain changes seen in autisminduced laborInducing labor ... Overall, inducing of labor was linked to 13 percent higher risk of having an autistic child, compared to children born to ... As many as 170,000 births required inducing of labor either by application of a hormone gel to the cervix or by giving an ...
Walking to bring on labor has never been studied, but some moms swear it is one of the best natural ways to induce labor. ... Natural Ways to Induce Labor. Sexual Intercourse. Getting busy may not be at the top of your to-do list when youre nine months ... Walking to Help Induce Labor Naturally. Taking a walk is a popular way to get things moving-literally. ... Final Thoughts on Natural Ways to Induce Labor. While an overdue pregnancy can be so frustrating, keep in mind that due dates ...
There are both medical and natural ways to bring on labour, and before your health practitioner tries any of the medical ... Past your due date? 8 Natural ways to induce labour. 3 out of 3 people found this helpful ... Raspberry leaf tea can tone up the muscles in your uterus getting them ready for labour and can be drunk from 37 weeks onwards ... Some women swear by the curry method, but there is no real scientific evidence that it helps bring on labour. Try eating a ...
Young women with simple pregnancies can safely ask a doctor to induce labor, a study finds. It doesnt increase their risk of ... cesarean section or induced labor. Reddy agrees that there are balancing pluses and minuses behind the decision to induce labor ... Half the pregnant women followed the normal course of labor; the other half had labor induced when the baby was full term, at ... As expected, women who opted to have their labor induced spent more time in the labor and delivery suite. ...
Countdown star Rachel Riley has attempted to induce labour after she looked just days away from giving birth earlier this month ... Heavily pregnant Rachel Riley attempts to induce labour - see photo. The Countdown star is due to give birth in December. 13 ... Rachel Riley has hinted that she is past her due date after attempting to induce her own labour. The Countdown star is ... Heavily pregnant Rachel Riley hints shes past due date as she tries to induce labour ...
Learn how to recognize the early signs of labor, and how you know you are experiencing labor symptoms. ... While it may be an undesirable way to induce labor, it has been shown to have a slightly positive influence inducing labor.Of ... Sex: Intercourse has been shown to have a mild effect on inducing labor. Stimulating labor naturally this way may prove to be a ... If none of these natural ways to induce labor work, your doctor will have to induce you by 42 weeks. ...
How is labor induced? There are a variety of methods, used alone or in combination, which can induce labor. If the cervix is ... How Labor Is Induced. Your due date came and went a week and a half ago. Your telephone rings constantly and every time you ... Emotionally, youre relieved to have an end to the waiting in sight, but you wonder whether inducing labor is necessary and if ... The second method of inducing labor is the use of prostaglandin gel. This technique became available only a few years ago, but ...
What is induced labour really like? BabyCenter mums share their real-life experiences. - BabyCenter Australia ... Here, mums from our community share their top tips on induced labour, based on their own experiences. Does induced labour hurt ... Labour and birth Planning your babys birth Labour videos Where to give birth Labour Pain relief in labour Water birth ... BabyCenter mums tell: what I wish Id known about induced labour. by Megan Rive , Reviewed by Danielle Townsend , ...
... have been claimed to help people at the end of their pregnancies go into labor. ... But these claims about food-inducing labor are more old wives tales than proven fact. In some cases, there may be a kernel of ... There is one food, however, that may be deserving of its labor-inducing reputation: Dates. Research from one small study ... Scientists say more studies are needed to know if dates can truly help ready your body for labor. But, if you like dates and ...
Karo corn syrup has never been studied as an agent to induce labor and likely never wil... ... Karo corn syrup has never been studied as an agent to induce labor and likely never will. I would not recommend attempting ... Can you tell me how I could induce labor at home?. 1 doctor answer • 2 doctors weighed in ... What are some safe ways to induce labor at home ?. 1 doctor answer • 1 doctor weighed in ...
Pitocin is a drug commonly used to induce labor. Here, an OBGYN discusses Pitocin side effects, risks, and benefits. ... What Is Pitocin And When Is It Used To Induce Labor?. Everything you need to know about Pitocin, the common drug used to induce ... But induced labor has become ever-more popular in recent years. Its an effective way to aid in pregnancies that extend a week ... Although there can be side effects to Pitocin, it is commonly used to induce labor and is a safe medication. ...
But if you are 40 weeks in with no sign that you are going into labor anytime soon, you should help nature along. ... 7. Eat Labor-Inducing Food and Drink. Eating and drinking certain food and beverages are believed to help induce labor. Some of ... Although it is considered a way to induce labor, it is best used when labor is underway as a means to keep it going. Because of ... This is not only a great way to relax and get centered before you go into labor but it can also induce labor. The focus, ...
Even if you end up being induced, these treatments prime your body for labour and will help the induction to go smoothly. ... Melatonin is a precursor of labour contractions which is probably why we benefit from semi-darkness in labour. ... The following suggestions may help to get labour started and will do no harm:. What you can do yourself. * *De-stress and get ... Labour will begin spontaneously when your baby is ready for life outside the womb and sends signals to your body to start ...
when its false labor (or Braxton Hicks contractions)? How how to induce labor yourself at home? If your question has to do ... Inducing Labor: The 5 Ways That Doctors Can Induce Labor. This video shows the 5 techniques that doctors can use when inducing ... Inducing Labor Naturally - Heres How To Do It Yourself. A look at some of the methods of inducing labor naturally. We dispel ... There are LOTS of natural ways to induce labor at home yourself! Here are ways of inducing labor that you can try at home - ...
Young women with simple pregnancies can safely ask a doctor to induce labor, a study finds. It doesnt increase their risk of ... cesarean section or induced labor. Reddy agrees that there are balancing pluses and minuses behind the decision to induce labor ... Half the pregnant women followed the normal course of labor; the other half had labor induced when the baby was full term, at ... As expected, women who opted to have their labor induced spent more time in the labor and delivery suite. ...
Well also visit the labor room of one hospital that saw the birth of a baby made of stone! Get ready to be amazed by the odd, ... labor-related oddities.Join Kat and Jethro as they revisit some of the most intriguing tales that blur the lines between labor ... Prepare for a truly extraordinary Labor Day special on *The Box of Oddities*! In this episode, we take you through past ... the unusual, and the extraordinary on this Labor Day special of *The Box of Oddities*!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/ ...
Discover the practical guidelines on how to stimulate nipples to induce labor. Learn, prepare, and take control as you near ... How Does Nipple Stimulation Help Induce Labor?. Nipple stimulation is a natural way to induce labor that works by releasing a ... How does nipple stimulation help induce labor?. Nipple stimulation releases oxytocin, which helps initiate labor and strengthen ... Table: Natural Labor-Inducing Methods and Their Potential Effects. Method. Potential Effect. ...
New NIH study suggests induced labor at 39 weeks reduces need for cesareans. The study indicates that inducing labor in the ... Induced Labor at 39 Weeks May Be Best for Mother and Child [new study]. By Dr. Thaïs Aliabadi on 10/30/18. (last updated on 03/ ... advised consideration of induced labor between 41 weeks and 41 6/7 weeks. ACOG recommended induction of labor after 42 weeks. ... Induced Labor at 39 Weeks May Be Best for Mother and Child [new study]. ...
Compared with expectant management, induced labor at 39 to 41 weeks of gestation was associated with a lower risk for cesarean ... Similarly, the rates of cesarean delivery among parous women who underwent induced labor were lower at 39 and 40 weeks, but not ... Cite this: Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Women Better With Induced Labor - Medscape - Dec 12, 2017. ... so the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the risks and benefits of induced labor with those associated ...
Labor may start naturally or may be induced. Your provider may suggest a C-section if your baby is large. Your provider will ...
Find out if its a safe way to start labor, when to use it, and how it works. ... Does nipple stimulation and pumping to induce labor work? ... Is it bad to pump to induce labor?. Because there are not a lot ... How long should I pump to induce labor?. You should pump for about one hour, once a day for up to three days. There have not ... You can try all of the natural ways to induce labor, and some may work. Then again, they all may not work for you. If your ...
Induced labour decisions under scrutiny Questions are being raised about why some pregnant women in New South Wales are ...
Labor MP Peta Murphy dies aged 50 after cancer battle. Labor MP Peta Murphy has died at the age of 50 following a battle with ... JoJo Siwa Fights Back Tears As She Reflects On Her Stress-Induced Hair Loss. ...
  • Labor starts with contractions that dilate (or soften) and open the cervix to prepare your body for birth. (webmd.com)
  • Towards the end of pregnancy, a hormone called oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles and causes contractions that begin the process of labor. (webmd.com)
  • With oxytocin, contractions are usually more frequent and regular than in a labor that starts naturally. (kidshealth.org)
  • For another, your orgasm creates rhythmic muscles spasms in your vagina, which could possibly help get your contractions going and act as a natural way to induce labor quickly. (happiestbaby.com)
  • Female orgasms stimulate the first uterine contractions and semen contains the hormone prostaglandin, which softens the cervix, so having sex can be a double labour-starting whammy. (justparents.co.uk)
  • Some women find walking helps them to cope with contractions during early labor. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • This natural method of inducing labor is mostly an old wives tale, and has more of a chance of giving you heartburn than contractions. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • Prostaglandin gel may even stimulate mild contractions and, for some women, this is enough to start labor. (askdramy.com)
  • Most research suggests, however, that Pitocin-induced contractions are very similar to those of normal active labor. (askdramy.com)
  • I wish I'd known about the intensity of induced contractions . (babycenter.com.au)
  • I was induced using a pessary and when my contractions fully kicked in, my son was born in just over an hour. (babycenter.com.au)
  • Melatonin is a precursor of labour contractions which is probably why we benefit from semi-darkness in labour. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • How you'll know when your contractions are starting vs. when it's false labor (or Braxton Hicks contractions)? (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • Here's how to tell true labor contractions apart from other types of contractions - including false labor and Braxton Hicks contractions. (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • Nipple stimulation releases oxytocin, which helps initiate labor and strengthen contractions. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • Always communicate with your healthcare professional, keep track of contractions, and know when it's time to go to the hospital or birth center once labor begins. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • Nipple stimulation is a natural way to induce labor that works by releasing a hormone called oxytocin, which plays a crucial role in initiating labor and intensifying contractions. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • When using nipple stimulation as a labor-inducing technique, it is crucial to monitor contractions carefully. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • By stimulating the nipples, the body releases oxytocin, a hormone that helps initiate labor and strengthen contractions. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • If your body is ready to go into labor, you could begin contractions that could send you into labor as you are doing nipple stimulation. (thevbaclink.com)
  • This is because, there are foods that bring on labor by diarrhea or gastrointestinal distress, which includes cramping and uterine contractions as well. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • So, if the body is ready to go into labor, these cramping and contractions, caused by the GI distress, process faster. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • The pineapple is known to induce labor due to the presence of the enzyme bromelain which softens the cervix and triggers contractions. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • Maybe they helped, but honestly, after 2 weeks of doing all of these naturally inducing ways, and still nothing (no water breaking, no contractions), I gave up. (lightong.com)
  • This induction consists by inducing contractions in order to start the labor. (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • The most used method to induce labor is intravenous perfusion of Oxytocin, stimulating uterus contractions. (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • Inducing labor (stimulating contractions before the onset of spontaneous labor) and augmenting labor (increasing the strength, duration or frequency of contractions during labor) have been shown to prevent complications, including stillbirth. (dukehealth.org)
  • If your labour is slow or your contractions have stopped, your doctor or midwife may recommend using the hormone oxytocin, administered via a drip, to help speed up or restart labour. (com.ng)
  • Still no contractions so a drip was set up for inducing labour. (com.ng)
  • Usually, this procedure is done to stimulate uterine contractions during pregnancy for the woman to go into labor and have childbirth instead of waiting for labor to start naturally. (mommyoclock.com)
  • Your contractions would be stronger and more regular than if it was naturally induced. (mommyoclock.com)
  • When I was at the end of my third trimester, both of my boys had no interest in coming out, so around the 38 week mark I will fully admit I began Googling "how to start labor contractions yourself! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Remember that this list of ways to start labor contractions naturally are all things that have worked for other women, but not all of these things work for every woman. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Induced contractions are not the same as natural ones and can be stronger, closer together, and last longer. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Once labor begins, certain essential oils can promote labor contractions . (webmd.com)
  • Contractions of the uterus are a sign that labor has begun. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Some reasons you may need to be induced include pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, or if your water has broken, and contractions haven't started. (diplo-mag.com)
  • It can both improve the effectiveness of the contractions during labor and promote a sense of calmness , as it relaxes the nervous system which has a pain-relieving effect. (lavenderandoil.com)
  • The somatic pain that arises during the second stage of labor occurs in addition to the ongoing visceral pain of uterine contractions. (medscape.com)
  • It also helps control blood pressure in women with preeclampsia by alleviating labor pain, and it blunts the hemodynamic effects of uterine contractions and the associated pain response in patients with other medical complications. (medscape.com)
  • Labor is a series of rhythmic, progressive contractions of the uterus that gradually move the fetus through the lower part of the uterus (cervix) and birth canal (vagina) to the outside world. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pitocin® is a synthetic version of oxytocin, and doctors use this IV medication for labor induction. (webmd.com)
  • Administered alone, prostaglandin may induce labor or may be used before giving oxytocin. (kidshealth.org)
  • Oxytocin is also frequently used to spur labor that's going slowly or has stalled. (kidshealth.org)
  • As many as 170,000 births required inducing of labor either by application of a hormone gel to the cervix or by giving an intravenous shot of oxytocin, an artificial version of a natural hormone involved in labor. (themedguru.com)
  • The healing touch of massage can raise your body's level of oxytocin, which is needed for labor to begin. (happiestbaby.com)
  • When a woman is medically induced, she is given pitocin, which is artificial oxytocin. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • The pregnant body produces oxytocin before and throughout labor to signal the uterus to begin contracting. (fatherly.com)
  • Pitocin is the synthetic version of that naturally occurring hormone, providing an extra oxytocin boost to kickstart labor and keep it on track. (fatherly.com)
  • Acupuncture is also another method to induce labor naturally because it stimulates the release of oxytocin. (womanjunction.com)
  • After all, it is designed to help you relax and allow labor to begin by getting rid of elements that prevent the production of oxytocin, such as stress and anxiety. (womanjunction.com)
  • Pitocin, a synthetic version of oxytocin, is often given in the hospital to help induce labor or speed things along. (thevbaclink.com)
  • Additional studies are needed to differentiate among potential explanations of the association, such as: underlying pregnancy conditions requiring the eventual need to induce/augment, the events of labor and delivery associated with induction/augmentation, and the specific treatments and dosing used to induce/augment labor (e.g., exogenous oxytocin and prostaglandins)," Miranda said. (dukehealth.org)
  • Administering oxytocin via an intravenous drip may induce your labour if it has not started naturally. (com.ng)
  • But seriously, stimulating your nipples can cause your body to respond by releasing oxytocin, which can get labor going. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Pitocin, also known as Oxytocin, Syntocinon, or The Drip, is not the same as the natural love hormone produced during labor. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Salivary oxytocin is a hormone that helps the uterus contract during labor. (lavenderandoil.com)
  • Doctors try to avoid inducing labor early because the due date may be wrong and/or the woman's cervix might not be ready yet. (kidshealth.org)
  • If the cervix is ready for labor, amniotomy usually brings on labor in a matter of hours. (kidshealth.org)
  • Your doctor may choose to induce labor by either breaking water or placing a catheter inside of the cervix to help promote dilation. (pregnancymagazine.com)
  • Though nipple stimulation is not a guaranteed fix, a 2005 study did determine that it's beneficial to ripening the cervix, which is necessary for labor. (happiestbaby.com)
  • It is said to help ripen the cervix , but medical studies have not yet proven that it actually works as a natural way to induce labor. (happiestbaby.com)
  • Prostaglandin gel contains one type of the hormone prostaglandin, which naturally causes the cervix to soften and thin out in preparation for labor. (askdramy.com)
  • This may stimulate the secretion of natural prostaglandins which soften and 'ripen' the cervix and help to start labour. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • Raspberry leaf tea, doesn't induce but helps your cervix strengthen. (glowing.com)
  • A very important process for childbirth is the softening or opening of the cervix and in cases of induced labor, your doctor would need to artificially ripen your cervix if there is no sign of that happening to allow your baby to leave the uterus into the birth canal. (mommyoclock.com)
  • A balloon catheter is a small tube that's inserted into the cervix, and the balloon is then inflated, which can help soften the cervix and start labor. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Toward the end of pregnancy (after 36 weeks), a doctor examines the cervix to try to predict when labor will start. (msdmanuals.com)
  • From the beginning of labor to the full opening (dilation) of the cervix-to about 4 inches (10 centimeters). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some people suggest spicy food to induce labor, especially pineapples. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Chowing down on really spicy foods could possibly get labor going by irritating your stomach enough to cause cramping…but who wants that? (happiestbaby.com)
  • Spicy food is said to increase the production of the hormone prostaglandin, which can help encourage the body to go into labour. (hellomagazine.com)
  • Does Spicy Food Induce Labor? (teladoc.com)
  • Right before their due date, many women wonder if there are certain things they can do to induce labor - from getting acupuncture to eating spicy foods. (avmc.org)
  • Some people believe that eating spicy food can help induce labor by stimulating the digestive system, which can, in turn, stimulate the uterus. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Blog 2022 June Does Warm Weather Induce Labor? (avmc.org)
  • This process increases production of prostaglandins, which helps induce labor. (happiestbaby.com)
  • The prostaglandins in semen are said to kick-start labor which is the very same chemical used in hospital labor induction [ 1 ]. (womanjunction.com)
  • Irrespective of the recent clinical trial that observed evening primrose oil to not be effective in inducing labor, the practitioners do recommend the intake of primrose oil to induce labor keeping in mind the omega-3 fatty acid called gamma-linolenic acid, or GLA (a precursor to prostaglandins). (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • If labor has not started within 12 to 24 hours after application of prostaglandin gel, the mother is readmitted to hospital to receive Pitocin through an intravenous line. (askdramy.com)
  • In the Journal of Perinatal Medicine, a randomized trial showed that a majority of the over 400 pregnant participants that were given acupuncture before labor did not require medical labor induction. (womanjunction.com)
  • Acupuncture and/or reflexology can be effective in stimulating the hormonal systems that help to get labour started. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • Some studies have shown that acupuncture can help induce labor, reduce pain during labor, and shorten labor time. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Nipple stimulation can cause the uterus to contract and could bring about labor. (womanjunction.com)
  • By combining nipple stimulation with other natural labor-inducing techniques, you can potentially enhance the effectiveness. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • How Does Nipple Stimulation Help Induce Labor? (healthspiritbody.com)
  • Remember, nipple stimulation is just one method to induce labor naturally. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • Before attempting nipple stimulation to induce labor, it is vital to consult with your doctor or midwife, particularly if you have a high-risk pregnancy. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • Your healthcare provider will be able to assess your individual situation and advise you on the safety and suitability of nipple stimulation as a labor-inducing method. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • What is nipple stimulation to start labor? (thevbaclink.com)
  • The hardest part is knowing if nipple stimulation to induce labor will work or not. (thevbaclink.com)
  • 37.8% of those used nipple stimulation and went into labor within 3 days. (thevbaclink.com)
  • Nipple stimulation in ways other than actively pumping or stimulating to induce labor, ie: during intimacy, the chances of labor starting is lower, but still there. (thevbaclink.com)
  • If you are closer to your due date, there is a chance that your body may be more ready and nipple stimulation could start labor. (thevbaclink.com)
  • How long after nipple stimulation do you go into labor? (thevbaclink.com)
  • Apparently sex or even just a little nipple stimulation can induce labor. (lightong.com)
  • So it's an option if you get desperate, but as with anything, nothing is fool proof and even things that tend to encourage labour (like nipple stimulation) won't work unless your body is ready. (whattoexpect.com)
  • There are lots of anecdotes that eating dates and/or pineapples can encourage labour to start. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • There's a whole mess of foods that women swear by to start your labor naturally, with pineapples, dates and eggplant seeming to be the top 3! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Side effects are the main reason some parents are averse to medically induced labor. (fatherly.com)
  • Active Birth is designed for mothers who wish to give birth naturally and have had a healthy pregnancy and no medical complications during labour and birth. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • If your body isn't ready for labor to start, induction may not work and could lead to complications. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • This guideline covers the circumstances for inducing labour, methods of induction, assessment, monitoring, pain relief and managing complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are many stories about using herbs and supplements to naturally induce labor, such as red raspberry leaf, evening primrose oil, castor oil, and black cohosh, but it is absolutely essential that you speak with your OB or midwife before taking any of these. (happiestbaby.com)
  • However, today doctors do not recommend the use of castor oil to induce labor as much as they did in the older generation, considering its intense laxative effect that results in severe discomfort and dehydration. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • So here are a few ways to induce labor naturally. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • There are ways to stimulate labor without the use of drugs. (pregnancymagazine.com)
  • Since these mega-pregnancies are so common, women have long searched for ways to naturally induce labor. (happiestbaby.com)
  • Walking to bring on labor has never been studied, but some moms swear it is one of the best natural ways to induce labor. (happiestbaby.com)
  • There are both medical and natural ways to bring on labour , and before your health practitioner tries any of the medical methods, it may be worth giving a few of these natural methods a go. (justparents.co.uk)
  • Although there are many natural ways to induce labor, none of them have ever been conclusively proven to be all that effective. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • Although trying natural ways to induce labor may feel like you're helping to move the process along, they may not really have any effect. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • Some midwives swear by Blue or Black Cohosh as one of the natural ways to induce labor. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • While this is technically one of the natural ways to induce labor because it doesn't include medication, you'll have to have your doctor or midwife perform this procedure. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • If none of these natural ways to induce labor work, your doctor will have to induce you by 42 weeks. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • What are some ways to help induce labor? (healthtap.com)
  • Are there safe ways to naturally induce labor? (healthtap.com)
  • What are the best ways to induce labor naturally? (healthtap.com)
  • Good thing there are many natural ways to induce labor, some of which are quite fun and enjoyable to do. (womanjunction.com)
  • Unless a doctor tells you to abstain from bedroom antics, sex is considered one of the most effective ways to induce labor. (womanjunction.com)
  • Are there any non-medical ways to help labour get started? (activebirthcentre.com)
  • These are the best natural ways to induce labor on your own. (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • There are LOTS of natural ways to induce labor at home yourself! (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • Here are ways of inducing labor that you can try at home - including things you can DO to increase labor and things you can EAT to induce labor. (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • Pumping is one of the most common and known ways to induce labor naturally . (thevbaclink.com)
  • Commonly, pregnant women who are in their 39th or 40th week of pregnancy often try natural ways to induce labor through constant research on medically reviewed websites. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • We at Parenthood bliss have curated a list below of the natural ways to induce labor with foods and drinks. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • I had to resort to natural ways of inducing myself to labor. (lightong.com)
  • All these are ways of helping to induce labor. (glowing.com)
  • Learn about natural ways to induce labor and which home remedies really work when it comes to speeding things up! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Please be sure to always check with your medical team before trying any of these ways to induce labor yourself. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Below are a list of natural ways to induce labor. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • I don't believe any of these "natural ways to induce labor" will magically put you into labor unless your body is ready on it's own. (karaspregnant.com)
  • In this guide, we'll explore different ways to induce labor and answer some common questions about the process. (diplo-mag.com)
  • On Labor Day 2014, we reflect on the ways in which work sustains us as individuals, strengthens our families and communities, and enables our society to function smoothly and productively. (cdc.gov)
  • This Labor Day, I encourage you to reflect on the importance of preventing job-related injury, illness, and death, and to consider ways in which you can support that national mission. (cdc.gov)
  • Those are births that for no medical reason are hastened by inducing labor or performing a cesarean section before the pregnancy has reached 39 weeks of gestation. (wgbh.org)
  • The proportion of singleton births that were induced fell to 23.7 percent in 2011 and to 23.3 percent in 2012, after increasing for nearly 20 years and peaking at 23.8 percent in 2010, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (wgbh.org)
  • Be sure to read until the end, and I'll share with you what got my labor going with both of my births! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Everyone's bodies and births are different, and your birth team is the BEST place to start with suggestions and support for jump starting your labor. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Women who've had both induced and unmedicated births often prefer unmedicated because the experience is more natural and milder. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Though the researchers have suggested the link between autism and inducing labor, more research is called for putting it into practical use. (themedguru.com)
  • These studies compared elective induction of labor at 39 weeks with the corresponding results for women who underwent spontaneous delivery. (draliabadi.com)
  • Similarly, the rates of cesarean delivery among parous women who underwent induced labor were lower at 39 and 40 weeks, but not 41 weeks, compared with women undergoing expectant management. (medscape.com)
  • Pitocin®: A Safe Way to Induce Labor? (webmd.com)
  • Is It Safe to Use Pitocin® to Induce Labor? (webmd.com)
  • Pitocin® is one of the safest methods for inducing labor and is successful 75 percent of the time. (webmd.com)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends women and their doctors evaluate the benefits and risks of Pitocin® before using it to induce labor. (webmd.com)
  • Birth Injury Help Center: "Pitocin Induction During Labor. (webmd.com)
  • Given continuously through an IV, the drug (Pitocin) is started in a small dose and then increased until labor is progressing well. (kidshealth.org)
  • Prostaglandin gel may stimulate labor alone, but more commonly it is used in conjunction with Pitocin. (askdramy.com)
  • What Is Pitocin and When Is It Used to Induce Labor? (fatherly.com)
  • Everything you need to know about Pitocin, the common drug used to induce labor. (fatherly.com)
  • One drug favorite among doctors is Pitocin, which is used to induce labor and safely move the process along. (fatherly.com)
  • Although there can be side effects to Pitocin, it is commonly used to induce labor and is a safe medication. (fatherly.com)
  • And when it doesn't, doctors rely on Pitocin to jump-start a stalled labor. (fatherly.com)
  • The nurse then titrates the Pitocin dosage as needed throughout the labor. (fatherly.com)
  • There's a good chance any hospital birth will involve Pitocin at some point, whether to induce labor or aid recovery. (fatherly.com)
  • If Pitocin is turned off, the baby may recover and labor could start naturally. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Their baby was due Jan. 29, and Diane Aulger had planned a natural childbirth, but when the doctor suggested an induced labor, she immediately agreed. (salon.com)
  • In quite a lot of cases, pregnant women who experience late pregnancy decide to go with inducing labor to have childbirth. (mommyoclock.com)
  • Whether it's due to medical reasons or personal preferences, it's important for you to be informed about the pros and cons of inducing labor and make informed decisions about your childbirth experience. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • If you're close to or past your delivery date and still haven't gone into labor on your own, this delay may pose health risks. (webmd.com)
  • In addition, there are risks for all moms, regardless of their experience in the delivery room, based on medicines administered to induce labor. (pregnancymagazine.com)
  • It is important to remember that labor induction has its share of risks, such as cesarean delivery. (womanjunction.com)
  • However, this possibility has not yet been adequately evaluated in obese pregnant women, so the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the risks and benefits of induced labor with those associated with expectant management in this patient population. (medscape.com)
  • The decision on whether to induce labor cannot be taken in a hurry and has to be thoroughly thought about after understanding the procedure and possible risks involved. (mommyoclock.com)
  • There is now more information coming out that babies born between 37-38 weeks of pregnancy (whether born on their own or induced) face higher risks of health problems. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • It aims to reduce the risks of preterm birth for the baby and describes treatments to prevent or delay early labour and birth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Raspberry leaf tea can tone up the muscles in your uterus getting them ready for labour and can be drunk from 37 weeks onwards. (justparents.co.uk)
  • For me and many other mamas, red raspberry leaf tea was a big part of our labors, and many women swear it's the reason theirs were so short! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Drinking red raspberry leaf tea may help prepare the uterus for labor by toning the muscles. (diplo-mag.com)
  • You can certainly try natural methods of induction or 'nudges of encouragement' first, unless the need to induce is urgent. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • All methods of induction, natural or medical, are likely to work best when carried out as close as possible to the day when your baby is ready to be born and labour is imminent, so don't start too early unless recommended! (activebirthcentre.com)
  • See how to stimulate the production of certain hormones in your body in order to encourage labor yourself. (thefuntimesguide.com)
  • Are you nearing your due date and interested in learning how to stimulate your nipples to induce labor? (healthspiritbody.com)
  • The video below explains how to stimulate your nipples to induce labor using your breast pump! (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • Unfortunately, I still wasn't in active labour when visiting hours ended, so my husband had to go home. (babycenter.com.au)
  • You may have the drip inserted throughout your entire labour and birth, if this is the case check with your medical staff that you will still have freedom to move around for an active labour and birth. (com.ng)
  • Years ago, some doctors routinely induced labor. (kidshealth.org)
  • Questions are being raised about why some pregnant women in New South Wales are routinely being offered induced labour, earlier than others. (abc.net.au)
  • Healthy women with normal pregnancies can opt to have labor induced without worrying that the decision will make a cesarean section more likely, according to a major study published in this week's New England Journal of Medicine . (kpcw.org)
  • It's an effective way to aid in pregnancies that extend a week or two beyond the due date, or if natural labor doesn't advance as it should. (fatherly.com)
  • On average, labor lasts 12 to 18 hours in a woman's first pregnancy and tends to be shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours, in subsequent pregnancies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A woman who has had rapid deliveries in previous pregnancies should notify her doctor as soon as she thinks she is going into labor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pumping to Induce Labor: Is It Safe and Does It Work? (thevbaclink.com)
  • At around 39+ weeks in your pregnancy, sometimes a healthcare provider will suggest pumping to induce labor. (thevbaclink.com)
  • In this article, we want to talk all about breast pumping to induce labor. (thevbaclink.com)
  • Some providers suggest pumping to try and start labor because there is a chance that with the hormone release, labor may begin naturally. (thevbaclink.com)
  • You can also alternate pumping with other methods or gentle movements, like using an exercise ball to induce labor . (thevbaclink.com)
  • Pumping induced my labor! (whattoexpect.com)
  • Only 10 hours of labor and 20 minutes of pushing and my little boy is here at 39+3, 8.2 lbs, 21 inches long �� not the ending to pumping I was expecting but wow I am happy. (whattoexpect.com)
  • I know people who've been induced in different hospitals and had very different experiences! (babycenter.com.au)
  • This drug helps imitate natural labor and birth by causing the uterus to contract. (webmd.com)
  • Inducing labor, especially for women giving birth to their first child, can be a long and difficult process. (webmd.com)
  • Diane Aulger had her labor induced and gave birth to their daughter Jan. 18. (salon.com)
  • She was already experiencing pre-labor symptoms, and they scheduled the birth for Jan. 18. (salon.com)
  • Obstetricians currently induce labor when a delivery has failed to progress, or if a woman is far overdue for giving birth. (kpcw.org)
  • Being induced by pessary can reduce your options for a water birth . (babycenter.com.au)
  • I'd really hoped for a straightforward water birth , and was heartbroken when I had to be induced. (babycenter.com.au)
  • We'll also visit the labor room of one hospital that saw the birth of a baby made of stone! (amazon.com)
  • Induction of labor" (IOL) means a medically prescribed intervention that forces relatively immediate birth. (draliabadi.com)
  • In most cases the labor is spontaneous (labor is the process leading to the birth). (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • Inducing labor can lead to added restrictions and medical interventions during birth. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Labor is the process through which a baby moves from the uterus to the birth canal and then out of the mother's body. (diplo-mag.com)
  • This guideline covers the care of women at increased risk of, or with symptoms and signs of, preterm labour (before 37 weeks), and women having a planned preterm birth. (bvsalud.org)
  • This guideline covers diagnosing and managing hypertension (high blood pressure), including preeclampsia, during pregnancy, labour and birth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Still, being past your due date doesn't guarantee that your doctor (or other health care provider) will do anything to induce (or artificially start) labor - at least not right away. (kidshealth.org)
  • For obese pregnant women, elective induction of labor at 39 to 41 weeks of gestation may be a better choice than expectant management, the results of a study suggest. (medscape.com)
  • Harvard Medical School: "Inducing labor: A way to avoid a cesarean? (webmd.com)
  • The stats cover women whose labor was induced for medical reasons, such as hypertension, as well as nonmedical reasons, like easier scheduling for the doctor or baby's parents, at all stages of gestation. (wgbh.org)
  • Doctors may need to induce delivery prior to 39 weeks for a number of medical reasons: hypertension, diabetes, a problem in the growth of the fetus or abnormalities with the amniotic fluid. (pregnancymagazine.com)
  • But when women who have no medical need for induced labor have talked to their doctors, "We've been saying, 'Well you know one thing you need to know is it does increase the C-section rate,' " says. (kpcw.org)
  • If you say to somebody, 'We could really reduce your risk of a cesarean by inducing your labor,' people who are very fearful of a cesarean may say, 'OK, I'm willing to [make that] trade-off and take the medical induction, even though that's not what I might want because it's going to reduce my risk. (kpcw.org)
  • When you get into 42 weeks or even longer, medical labor induction will have to be performed on you. (womanjunction.com)
  • Being informed, prepared, and under the care of a medical expert will ensure your safety and the well-being of both you and your baby during the labor process. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • The results seem to have significantly changed the medical consensus regarding when delivery should be induced. (draliabadi.com)
  • Elective induction" means labor induced when there is no medical need to do so. (draliabadi.com)
  • According to medical science, there is no special miraculous food of course that induces labor. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • There is no medical proof that talks of the eggplant helping induce labor but there are observations of the plant helping kick-starter labor due to the famous eggplant parmesan dish. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • Your obstetrician might induce labor for medical reason (either for your health or your baby health). (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • There may be no medical reason to induce labor, just a decision after discussion with your doctor. (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • Antelope Valley Medical Center welcomes nearly 5,000 babies every year born in our Labor and Delivery Unit, a spacious and modern facility located in our Women & Infants Pavilion . (avmc.org)
  • To learn more, visit our website please change hyperlink to lead to this page: https://www.avmc.org/services/women-infants-pavilion/labor-delivery-education/ or to schedule a tour at the Antelope Valley Medical Center Women & Infants Pavilion please call (661) 726-6210. (avmc.org)
  • Inducing or augmenting labor has been previously suggested as a contributing factor to autism development," said lead author Simon G. Gregory, PhD, associate professor of medicine and medical genetics at Duke. (dukehealth.org)
  • You will often be asked to come to the hospital in the evening where the medical staff will insert the gel and then are usually allowed to return home, and hopefully start your labour. (com.ng)
  • While light exercise is safe for pregnant women, there is a medical experiment that proves that it can induce labor. (mommyoclock.com)
  • This method has been around for years but even with medical trials, it still has no clear proof on how it induces labor. (mommyoclock.com)
  • The good news is that there are some things you can do to encourage your body to start labor naturally without medical intervention. (diplo-mag.com)
  • If you've reached your due date, and there are no signs of labor, your doctor may recommend medical induction. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Maternal request is a sufficient medical indication for pain relief during labor. (medscape.com)
  • A woman came into my exam room one afternoon, about 33 weeks into her pregnancy and asked to be induced because she was tired of being pregnant. (pregnancymagazine.com)
  • A study showed that women who ate six dates per day in the four weeks leading up to their due dates had higher rates of spontaneous labor and better cervical dilation than those who didn't. (happiestbaby.com)
  • Inducing labor at 39 weeks may involve IV medications and continuous fetal monitoring. (kpcw.org)
  • the other half had labor induced when the baby was full term, at 39 weeks. (kpcw.org)
  • Because no one really understands how normal labor starts, we are at a loss to explain why some labors don't start until weeks after the due date. (askdramy.com)
  • Induced Labor at 39 Weeks May Be Best for Mother and Chil. (draliabadi.com)
  • The conventional wisdom has held that elective induced deliveries should be avoided until at least 41 weeks of gestation. (draliabadi.com)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advised consideration of induced labor between 41 weeks and 41 6/7 weeks. (draliabadi.com)
  • ACOG recommended induction of labor after 42 weeks. (draliabadi.com)
  • About half of the women were randomly designated to undergo elective induced induction at 39 weeks. (draliabadi.com)
  • Earlier studies advised avoiding induced labor at 39 weeks because of a perceived risk of increased C-sections. (draliabadi.com)
  • The final analysis included 41,286 deliveries induced at weeks 39 to 41 and 122,301 deliveries managed expectantly. (medscape.com)
  • Among nulliparous women induced at 39 weeks, 35.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.1% - 37.8%) required cesarean delivery compared with 41.0% (95% CI, 40.4% - 41.6%) in the expectantly managed group. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast," the authors write, "at 39 and 40 weeks of gestation, the risk of operative vaginal delivery was moderately increased among electively induced, as compared with expectantly managed, obese women (eg, among nulliparous women at 39 weeks of gestation, 8.9% [95% CI 7.9-10.1%] vs 7.1% [95% CI 6.8-7.4%], respectively. (medscape.com)
  • The only concern is that it focuses only on preterm labor and not on pregnant women at 40 weeks or beyond. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • There are studies about the consumption of dates, where one study talked about 69 pregnant women who consumed about 6 dates per day 4 weeks before their EDD , who had gone into labor naturally. (parenthoodbliss.com)
  • I don't recommend trying to induce labor yourself until you are at least 39 weeks. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • The last few weeks of pregnancy can be challenging and uncomfortable, but most women will go into labor by 42 weeks and almost all will have their baby by 43 weeks. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • It's important to remember that the average gestation for a first-time mother is 41 weeks and 3 days, meaning there are women who will go into labor earlier or later. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Monitoring every few days after 41 weeks can ensure the health of the baby and there is no harm in waiting a few more days to see if labor will start naturally. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • I waited until I was past 40 weeks, and most of them were done days before being induced in a hospital at 42 & 1/2 weeks, which also failed. (karaspregnant.com)
  • I'm 38 weeks, i have all the early labor signs (he dropped into my pelvis, severe back pain and cramping). (whattoexpect.com)
  • Labor usually starts within 2 weeks of (before or after) the estimated date of delivery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It does require an IV, it does require that you have continuous electronic fetal monitoring to be safe, and it requires the use of different medications in order to start the labor process. (kpcw.org)
  • Some practitioners, however, believe that it can be used to start and restart labor as well. (womanjunction.com)
  • Labour will begin spontaneously when your baby is ready for life outside the womb and sends signals to your body to start labour. (activebirthcentre.com)
  • However, as the weather gets warmer and summer approaches, many pregnant women start to wonder - does warm weather induce labor? (avmc.org)
  • After 3 babies who both went late, I tried everything to start labor naturally and am happy to share with you some of the best tips I found to induce labor yourself. (mimosasandmotherhood.com)
  • It's not our bodies that start labor, but the baby's. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Otherwise, trust your body to start labor when it's ready. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • What is Labor and How Does it Start? (diplo-mag.com)
  • Labor can start naturally or be induced medically. (diplo-mag.com)
  • It's important to note that each woman's labor and delivery experience is unique, and there's no exact science to predicting when labor will start. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Exactly what causes labor to start is unknown. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A small discharge of blood mixed with mucus from the vagina is usually a clue that labor is about to start. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overall, mothers and babies did fine when labor was induced with a drug. (kpcw.org)
  • Unfortunately, babies don't always cooperate, and you may find yourself at week 40 with no signs of labor in sight. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • Antepartum testing determines which babies are at highest risk for difficulties before and during labor. (askdramy.com)
  • Because the prognosis of An Australian study documented reduction in the incidence the fetus was poor, a decision was made to induce labor. (cdc.gov)
  • Labor is a physiologic process during which the fetus, membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta are expelled from the uterus. (medscape.com)
  • Usually, the fluid-filled membranes that contain the fetus (amniotic sac) rupture when labor begins, and the amniotic fluid flows out through the vagina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Roughly 1 in 5 deliveries are now induced, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (fatherly.com)
  • Obstetricians have divided labor into 3 stages that delineate milestones in a continuous process. (medscape.com)
  • If you've had a cesarean delivery in the past and your doctor decides to induce labor, he or she will likely avoid specific medications to reduce any risk of uterine rupture. (webmd.com)
  • You should talk to your doctor about the risk and benefits of induction of labor. (webmd.com)
  • If this testing reveals abnormalities, induction of labor is recommended. (askdramy.com)
  • What do induction of labor, elective induction, and expectant management mean? (draliabadi.com)
  • The statistical playing field was thus tilted against induction of labor. (draliabadi.com)
  • The incidence of all of these outcomes increases with advancing gestational age , so it is plausible that elective induction of labor and earlier delivery might prevent their occurrence. (medscape.com)
  • But it may happen your doctor suggest you an induction of labor. (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • Induction of labor in first-time mothers increases risk of c-section. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • Besides providing analgesia in labor, regional analgesia may facilitate atraumatic vaginal delivery of twins, preterm neonates, and neonates with breech presentation. (medscape.com)
  • If the doctor ruptures the amniotic sac and labor doesn't begin, another method of inducing labor also might be necessary because there's a risk of infection to both mother and baby if the membranes are ruptured for a long time before the baby is born. (kidshealth.org)
  • Walking allows your hips to swing from side-to-side which also encourages your baby into a good position for labour. (justparents.co.uk)
  • One potential negative side effect of stimulating labor naturally this way is that you can overstimulate, or hyperstimulate, the uterus which should always be monitored by a doctor to ensure the safety of the baby. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • While it may be an undesirable way to induce labor, it has been shown to have a slightly positive influence inducing labor.Of course, the baby won't stay in there forever. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • Long, drawn-out labor - the kind that lasts days - is not only frustrating for everyone involved, it's also dangerous for the baby and the gestational parent. (fatherly.com)
  • Once these conditions are met, labor process is not different from a natural one (time length, pain, epidural anesthesia, C-section possibility, baby health when birthed). (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • DURHAM, N.C. -- Pregnant women whose labors are induced or augmented may have an increased risk of bearing children with autism, especially if the baby is male, according to a large, retrospective analysis by researchers at Duke Medicine and the University of Michigan. (dukehealth.org)
  • This can make labor harder for both you and your baby. (empoweringmomsbirth.com)
  • I don't believe in inducing labor just because you're "done" being pregnant, or because you'd like to have your baby by a certain date just because. (karaspregnant.com)
  • When you're hugely pregnant and feel like you're ready for this baby to get out of your belly, you'll try just about anything to induce labor. (lavenderandoil.com)
  • But those studies' definition of "spontaneous labor" excluded both post-term deliveries and C-sections. (draliabadi.com)
  • Is Spontaneous Labor Really Better Than Being Induced? (jillianpretzel.com)
  • The findings suggest that among male children, labor that was both induced and augmented was associated with a 35 percent higher risk of autism, compared with labor that received neither treatment. (dukehealth.org)
  • Some women swear by the curry method, but there is no real scientific evidence that it helps bring on labour. (justparents.co.uk)
  • The second method of inducing labor is the use of prostaglandin gel. (askdramy.com)
  • The method not only induces labor naturally but also eases your sore and tender nipples. (womanjunction.com)
  • This method has been used for centuries and is believed to be effective in jump-starting labor for women who are near or past their due dates. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • First I'm going to list every labor inducing method I've tried and then I will go into more detail about each one. (karaspregnant.com)
  • However, it's essential to consult your doctor before drinking this tea, especially if you're at high risk of preterm labor. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Amniotomy is a process where your doctor will break your water to induce labor. (diplo-mag.com)
  • Women have been stimulating labor naturally for years - many of these methods may seem to work simply because women are in early labor already, or their bodies are ready to go into labor. (pregnancyetc.com)
  • How does inducing labor work? (mommyoclock.com)
  • It is important that you and your laboring partner know which oils work for you. (webmd.com)
  • Many of us balance crowded, sometimes headache-inducing schedules spanning work and home. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people believe that labour only starts when your body decides it's ready, so the thinking behind having a relaxing bath is to totally relax and prepare your mind for labour. (justparents.co.uk)
  • There are acupressure points in the body that induce labor, after all. (womanjunction.com)
  • If labor does not begin, there is a chance your body is not ready, or you may need to go longer. (thevbaclink.com)
  • The use of this synthetic hormone is supposed to replicate your own hormones that your body would produce if it had started labour by itself. (com.ng)
  • So, what do each of these "natural labor inducing methods" actually do to your body? (karaspregnant.com)
  • Thus, pregnant women who require drugs to have their labor started or sped up are slightly more likely to have autistic children. (themedguru.com)
  • It aims to improve advice and care for pregnant women who are thinking about or having induction of labour. (bvsalud.org)
  • This indicates that labor has progressed and it is time to prepare for delivery. (healthspiritbody.com)
  • This is referred to as an artificial rupturing of the membrane and labor should begin in a matter of hours. (mommyoclock.com)
  • Hospital staff arranged for the Aulgers to share a large labor and delivery room. (salon.com)
  • Please remember that delivery and labor are difficult processes for a mother. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • As expected, women who opted to have their labor induced spent more time in the labor and delivery suite. (kpcw.org)
  • Even so, Grobman says, "I also think it's important to recognize women who planned to be induced had fewer days in the hospital and their children had fewer days in the hospital after delivery. (kpcw.org)
  • There is not much chance for infection to occur if the labor is well along and the delivery will happen within the next few hours. (askdramy.com)
  • However, if labor has not even started, the delivery may not take place for 24 hours or more, which significantly raises the possibility of infection. (askdramy.com)
  • But there's no evidence that will send you straight to the labor and delivery ward. (teladoc.com)
  • I thought at the beginning of my second pregnancy that overall, it would be a speedy and easier labor and delivery. (lightong.com)
  • You will come to maternity the evening before the induction labor, or early in the morning, depending on availability of delivery units. (gyneco-ledigabel.fr)
  • There are useful essential oils for labor and delivery, anxiety, and brain fog. (webmd.com)
  • Research has shown that the fragrances found in some essential oils can assist with labor and delivery, calm moms during pregnancy, and decrease pain perception. (webmd.com)
  • Essential oils can serve various functions at various times during labor and delivery. (webmd.com)
  • The initial assessment of labor should include a review of the patient's prenatal care, including confirmation of the estimated date of delivery. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Labor and Delivery Although each labor and delivery is different, most follow a general pattern. (msdmanuals.com)