Ldl receptor related proteins. Medical search

A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

A group of cell-surface receptors for oxidatively modified LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. The group includes certain SCAVENGER RECEPTORS that contribute to the pathogenesis of ATHEROSCLEROSIS by uptake of oxidized LDL.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

Proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the conversion of protein precursors such as peptide prohormones into PEPTIDE HORMONES. Some are ENDOPEPTIDASES, some are EXOPEPTIDASES.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, stored in fat cells and used as energy; they are measured in blood tests to assess heart disease risk, with high levels often resulting from dietary habits, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

A United States organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. The National Research Council organized by NAS serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.

A membrane protein found in the rough endoplasm reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH) that binds to LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEINS. It may function to prevent ligand binding of receptors during protein processing events within endosomal compartments.

Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of approximately 620,000 to 680,000. Precipitation by electrophoresis is in the alpha region. They include alpha 1-macroglobulins and alpha 2-macroglobulins. These proteins exhibit trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, thrombin-, and plasmin-binding activity and function as hormonal transporters.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

Expression in vitro of alternatively spliced variants of the messenger RNA for human apolipoprotein E receptor-2 identified in human tissues by ribonuclease protection assays. (1/433)

The apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (apoER2), also called LR7/8B, is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor family that is expressed in brain. We have identified mRNA splicing variants in human tissues by ribonuclease protection assays and found that some variants are preferentially amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Transcripts were found that lacked sequences encoding three repeats in the putative ligand-binding domain, the O-linked sugar domain or a novel region in the cytoplasmic domain. When mammalian expression vectors for eight potential protein isoforms were transfected into LDL-receptor-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells, the proteins were all expressed on the cell surface, as detected by immunoblotting of cell extracts with a specific antipeptide antiserum to apoER2 before and after treatment of intact cells with pronase. Although cells expressing all the variants bound very low-density lipoprotein of beta mobility (beta-VLDL), it was with lower affinity and capacity than binding by the LDL-receptor and none was able to degrade beta-VLDL. Ligand blotting of cell extracts showed that all variants bound recombinant histidine6-tagged receptor-associated protein (His6-RAP) with high affinity, although variants lacking exon 5 bound less strongly. The presence of vestiges of the novel insert in the cytoplasmic domain of apoER2 in the LDL- or VLDL-receptor genes was investigated, but nucleotide sequencing showed that no sequences homologous to it could be detected in the final intron of these genes. (+info)

Reeler/Disabled-like disruption of neuronal migration in knockout mice lacking the VLDL receptor and ApoE receptor 2. (2/433)

Layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum requires Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein, and mammalian Disabled (mDab1), a cytosolic protein that activates tyrosine kinases. Here, we report the requirement for two other proteins, cell surface receptors termed very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2). Both receptors can bind mDab1 on their cytoplasmic tails and are expressed in cortical and cerebellar layers adjacent to layers that express Reelin. mDab1 expression is upregulated in knockout mice that lack both VLDLR and ApoER2. Inversion of cortical layers and absence of cerebellar foliation in these animals precisely mimic the phenotype of mice lacking Reelin or mDab1. These findings suggest that VLDLR and ApoER2 participate in transmitting the extracellular Reelin signal to intracellular signaling processes initiated by mDab1. (+info)

Identification and characterization of LRP8 (apoER2) in human blood platelets. (3/433)

Recently, we reported that apoE inhibits platelet reactivity by stimulating NO release and postulated apoE-receptor activation of intracellular NO synthase (eNOS). Here, we implicate a low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family member by studying ligand requirements using purified apoE isoforms, synthetic peptides, and the receptor antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP). Then, using a homology cloning approach and degenerate PCR primers to amplify the conserved Cys-rich binding domain of the LDL-R family, this receptor was identified as LRP8 (formerly termed, apoER2), a newly described brain protein with several splice variants. Immunoprecipitation of platelet membranes with anti-peptide antisera confirmed protein expression, while analysis of RNA from platelets and two megakaryocytic cell lines (Meg-01 and HEL) disclosed that the major LRP8 transcript lacked binding repeats 4-6 (LRP8delta4-6) but contained the full-length cytoplasmic tail. Sequence analysis of cytoplasmic LRP8 revealed several peptide motifs with potential for cellular signaling and we propose this as a rational mechanism through which apoE inhibits platelet aggregation. (+info)

Very-low-density lipoprotein binding to the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 is enhanced by lipoprotein lipase, and does not require apolipoprotein E. (4/433)

The apolipoprotein (apo)E receptor 2 (apoER2) is a recently cloned member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) family, showing a high homology with both the LDLR and the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor (VLDLR). In the present study, the binding characteristics of the apoER2 with respect to apoE and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were investigated. VLDL was isolated from both apoE-deficient mice and mice expressing the human APOE2 (Arg(158)-->Cys) and APOE3-Leiden isoforms on an Apoe(-/-),Ldlr(-/-) double knock-out background. apoE-rich rabbit beta-VLDL was used as a positive control for binding. Binding experiments performed with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human apoER2 showed that the receptor was able to bind VLDL containing either of the apoE isoforms, as well as the apoE-deficient VLDL. Hence, in contrast with the VLDLR, the apoER2 is not strictly dependent on apoE for VLDL binding. Since LPL has been shown to enhance the binding of lipoproteins to several members of the LDLR family, including the LDLR-related protein, VLDL receptor, gp330 and the LDLR itself, VLDL binding experiments were performed in the presence of LPL. Addition of LPL resulted in a significant increase in apoER2 binding for all VLDL fractions used in this study. In conclusion, lipoprotein binding of VLDL to the apoER2 is enhanced in the presence of LPL, and is not restricted to apoE-containing lipoproteins. (+info)

The reelin receptor ApoER2 recruits JNK-interacting proteins-1 and -2. (5/433)

Correct positioning of neurons during embryonic development of the brain depends, among other processes, on the proper transmission of the reelin signal into the migrating cells via the interplay of its receptors with cytoplasmic signal transducers. Cellular components of this signaling pathway characterized to date are cell surface receptors for reelin like apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and cadherin-related neuronal receptors, and intracellular components like Disabled-1 and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Fyn, which bind to the intracellular domains of the ApoER2 and VLDL receptor or of cadherin-related neuronal receptors, respectively. Here we show that ApoER2, but not VLDLR, also binds the family of JNK-interacting proteins (JIPs), which act as molecular scaffolds for the JNK-signaling pathway. The ApoER2 binding domain on JIP-2 does not overlap with the binding sites for MLK3, MKK7, and JNK. These results suggest that ApoER2 is able to assemble a multiprotein complex containing Disabled-1 and JIPs, together with their binding partners, to the cell surface of neurons. This complex might participate in ApoER2-specific reelin signaling and thus would explain the different phenotype of mice lacking the ApoER2 from that of VLDLR-deficient mice. (+info)

Uptake of lipoproteins for axonal growth of sympathetic neurons. (6/433)

Lipoproteins originating from axon and myelin breakdown in injured peripheral nerves are believed to supply cholesterol to regenerating axons. We have used compartmented cultures of rat sympathetic neurons to investigate the utilization of lipids from lipoproteins for axon elongation. Lipids and proteins from human low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were taken up by distal axons and transported to cell bodies, whereas cell bodies/proximal axons internalized these components from only LDL, not HDL. Consistent with these observations, the impairment of axonal growth, induced by inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, was reversed when LDL or HDL were added to distal axons or when LDL, but not HDL, were added to cell bodies. LDL receptors (LDLRs) and LR7/8B (apoER2) were present in cell bodies/proximal axons and distal axons, with LDLRs being more abundant in the former. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis increased LDLR expression in cell bodies/proximal axons but not distal axons. LR11 (SorLA) was restricted to cell bodies/proximal axons and was undetectable in distal axons. Neither the LDL receptor-related protein nor the HDL receptor, SR-B1, was detected in sympathetic neurons. These studies demonstrate for the first time that lipids are taken up from lipoproteins by sympathetic neurons for use in axonal regeneration. (+info)

Ectodomain shedding, translocation and synthesis of SorLA are stimulated by its ligand head activator. (7/433)

The single transmembrane receptor SorLA is the mammalian orthologue of the head activator-binding protein, HAB, from hydra. The human neuronal precursor cell line NT2 and the neuroendocrine cell line BON produce head activator (HA) and respond to HA by entry into mitosis and cell proliferation. They express SorLA, and bind HA with nanomolar affinity. HA coupled to Sepharose is able to precipitate SorLA specifically proving that SorLA binds HA. Using antisera directed against extra- and intracellular epitopes we find SorLA as membrane receptor and as soluble protein released from cells into the culture medium. Cell lines differ strongly in processing of SorLA, with NT2 cells expressing SorLA mainly as membrane receptor, whereas release predominates in BON cells. Soluble SorLA lacks the intracellular domain and is shed from the transmembrane protein by a metalloprotease. Release from cells and brain slices is stimulated by HA and by phorbol ester, and it is blocked by a metalloprotease inhibitor and by lowering the temperature to 20 degrees C. Blockade of SorLA shedding and treatment of cells with SorLA antisense oligonucleotides lead to a decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. From this we conclude that SorLA is necessary to mediate the mitogenic effect of endogenous HA. HA enhances the translocation of SorLA from internal membranes to the cell surface and its internalization. In addition, HA stimulates SorLA synthesis hinting at an autocatalytic feedback loop in which the ligand activates production, processing, and translocation of its receptor. (+info)

Identification of a novel exon in apolipoprotein E receptor 2 leading to alternatively spliced mRNAs found in cells of the vascular wall but not in neuronal tissue. (8/433)

Novel members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family were identified in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells utilizing a homology-cloning strategy. Four novel mRNA transcripts could be identified as isoforms of the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (apoEr2): one form lacking three ligand binding repeats (nucleotides 497-883) but containing a novel ligand binding repeat adjacent to a unique cysteine-rich domain preceding the epidermal growth factor precursor domain of apoEr2, forms lacking the O-linked sugar domain, and forms containing a 59-amino acid deletion within the cytoplasmic tail. By fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome mapping, we could confirm that the novel alternative forms of apoEr2 are splice variants of transcripts from a single copy gene on chromosome 1p34. To analyze whether the different splice variants of apoEr2 mRNA are expressed in a splice variant-specific pattern, we concentrated on the central nervous system, where high expression of apoEr2 has been described originally. By means of splice variant-specific in situ hybridization, we could confirm that apoEr2 mRNA is abundantly expressed in brain tissue and, with exception of the newly identified ligand binding domain, all mRNA splice variants exhibited a similar expression pattern. The mRNA of the newly identified ligand binding domain, however, was expressed in brain only in cells of the vascular wall, confirming data from Northern blotting, where the mRNA of the newly identified ligand binding domain was found in several tissues but was absent in brain tissue. (+info)

Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) is a large transmembrane receptor protein that belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cellular signaling, endocytosis, and intracellular trafficking of ligands. LRP1 is widely expressed in many tissues, particularly in the brain, liver, and vascular endothelial cells.

LRP1 interacts with a diverse array of ligands, such as extracellular matrix proteins, apolipoproteins, proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, and various pathogen-associated molecules. The receptor is involved in the clearance of these ligands from the extracellular space through endocytosis, followed by intracellular degradation or recycling.

In the context of lipid metabolism, LRP1 has been implicated in the cellular uptake and degradation of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-containing lipoproteins, which are involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Dysregulation of LRP1 function has been linked to several diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and various neurological disorders.

In summary, Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifunctional transmembrane receptor that plays essential roles in cellular signaling, endocytosis, and intracellular trafficking of various ligands. Its dysfunction has been implicated in several diseases related to lipid metabolism, neurodegeneration, and neurological disorders.

LDL receptors (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors) are cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis within the body. They are responsible for recognizing and binding to LDL particles, also known as "bad cholesterol," which are then internalized by the cell through endocytosis.

Once inside the cell, the LDL particles are broken down, releasing their cholesterol content, which can be used for various cellular processes such as membrane synthesis and hormone production. The LDL receptors themselves are recycled back to the cell surface, allowing for continued uptake of LDL particles.

Mutations in the LDL receptor gene can lead to a condition called familial hypercholesterolemia, which is characterized by high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood and an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad cholesterol," are a type of lipoprotein that carry cholesterol and other fats from the liver to cells throughout the body. High levels of LDL in the blood can lead to the buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of proteins (apolipoproteins) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids) that are responsible for transporting fat molecules around the body in the bloodstream. LDL is one type of lipoprotein, along with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons.

LDL particles are smaller than HDL particles and can easily penetrate the artery walls, leading to the formation of plaques that can narrow or block the arteries. Therefore, maintaining healthy levels of LDL in the blood is essential for preventing cardiovascular disease.

LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. It is one of the lipoproteins that helps carry cholesterol throughout your body. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Cholesterol is a type of fat (lipid) that is found in the cells of your body. Your body needs some cholesterol to function properly, but having too much can lead to health problems. LDL cholesterol is one of the two main types of cholesterol; the other is high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good" cholesterol.

It's important to keep your LDL cholesterol levels in a healthy range to reduce your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. A healthcare professional can help you determine what your target LDL cholesterol level should be based on your individual health status and risk factors.

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, also known as Fredrickson Type II or Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia, is a genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and/or triglycerides in the blood. This condition can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

The disorder is caused by mutations in several genes involved in lipid metabolism, including APOB, LDLR, PCSK9, and APOE. These genetic defects result in impaired clearance of LDL particles from the bloodstream, leading to their accumulation and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Individuals with Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II typically have elevated levels of both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, although some may only have one or the other elevated. The disorder can present at any age, but it is often diagnosed in adulthood during routine cholesterol screening.

Treatment for Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II typically involves lifestyle modifications such as a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight loss. Medications such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors may also be prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) molecule that is an essential component of cell membranes and is also used to make certain hormones and vitamins in the body. It is produced by the liver and is also obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs.

Cholesterol does not mix with blood, so it is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are particles made up of both lipids and proteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol.

High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. On the other hand, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of these conditions because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for disposal.

It is important to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication if necessary. Regular screening is also recommended to monitor cholesterol levels and prevent health complications.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a type of protein that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of lipids, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol. ApoB is a component of LDL particles and serves as a ligand for the LDL receptor, which is responsible for the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream.

There are two main forms of ApoB: ApoB-100 and ApoB-48. ApoB-100 is found in LDL particles, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, and chylomicrons, while ApoB-48 is only found in chylomicrons, which are produced in the intestines and responsible for transporting dietary lipids.

Elevated levels of ApoB are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as they indicate a higher concentration of LDL particles in the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring ApoB levels can provide additional information about CVD risk beyond traditional lipid profile tests that only measure total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins and lipids (fats) that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fat molecules in the body. They consist of an outer shell of phospholipids, free cholesterols, and apolipoproteins, enclosing a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters.

There are several types of lipoproteins, including:

1. Chylomicrons: These are the largest lipoproteins and are responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestines to other parts of the body.
2. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): Produced by the liver, VLDL particles carry triglycerides to peripheral tissues for energy storage or use.
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): Often referred to as "bad cholesterol," LDL particles transport cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. High levels of LDL in the blood can lead to plaque buildup in artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease.
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Known as "good cholesterol," HDL particles help remove excess cholesterol from cells and transport it back to the liver for excretion or recycling. Higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.

Understanding lipoproteins and their roles in the body is essential for assessing cardiovascular health and managing risks related to heart disease and stroke.

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of cholesterol in the body. It is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells and catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is a key rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.

The reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase is as follows:

HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ → mevalonic acid + CoA + 2 NADP+

This enzyme is the target of statin drugs, which are commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Statins work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, thereby reducing the production of cholesterol in the body.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein involved in the metabolism of lipids, particularly cholesterol. It is produced primarily by the liver and is a component of several types of lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

ApoE plays a crucial role in the transport and uptake of lipids in the body. It binds to specific receptors on cell surfaces, facilitating the delivery of lipids to cells for energy metabolism or storage. ApoE also helps to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream and is involved in the repair and maintenance of tissues.

There are three major isoforms of ApoE, designated ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, which differ from each other by only a few amino acids. These genetic variations can have significant effects on an individual's risk for developing certain diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. For example, individuals who inherit the ApoE4 allele have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, while those with the ApoE2 allele may have a reduced risk.

In summary, Apolipoprotein E is a protein involved in lipid metabolism and transport, and genetic variations in this protein can influence an individual's risk for certain diseases.

Lipoprotein receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells that play a crucial role in the metabolism of lipoproteins, which are complex particles composed of lipids and proteins. These receptors bind to specific lipoproteins in the bloodstream, facilitating their uptake into the cell for further processing.

There are several types of lipoprotein receptors, including:

1. LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor: This receptor is responsible for recognizing and internalizing LDL particles, which are rich in cholesterol. Once inside the cell, LDL particles release their cholesterol, which can then be used for various cellular functions or stored for later use. Defects in the LDL receptor can lead to elevated levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
2. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor: This receptor is involved in the clearance of HDL particles from the bloodstream. HDL particles are responsible for transporting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, where it can be processed and eliminated from the body.
3. VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor: This receptor recognizes and internalizes VLDL particles, which are produced by the liver and carry triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. VLDL particles are subsequently converted into LDL particles in the bloodstream.
4. LRP (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein) Family: This family of receptors includes several members, such as LRP1 and LRP2, that play roles in various cellular processes, including lipid metabolism, protein trafficking, and cell signaling. They can bind to a variety of ligands, including lipoproteins, proteases, and extracellular matrix components.

In summary, lipoprotein receptors are essential for maintaining proper lipid metabolism and homeostasis by facilitating the uptake, processing, and elimination of lipoproteins in the body.

VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoproteins) are a type of lipoprotein that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fat molecules, known as triglycerides, in the body. They are produced by the liver and consist of a core of triglycerides surrounded by a shell of proteins called apolipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

VLDL particles are responsible for delivering fat molecules from the liver to peripheral tissues throughout the body, where they can be used as an energy source or stored for later use. During this process, VLDL particles lose triglycerides and acquire more cholesterol, transforming into intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) and eventually low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are also known as "bad" cholesterol.

Elevated levels of VLDL in the blood can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease due to their association with increased levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, as well as decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which are considered "good" cholesterol.

Apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) is a large protein component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as "bad cholesterol." It plays a crucial role in the metabolism and transport of fats and cholesterol in the body. ApoB-100 is responsible for the binding of LDL to specific receptors on cell surfaces, facilitating the uptake of lipoprotein particles by cells. Elevated levels of apoB-100 in the blood are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxidized LDL) receptors are proteins found on the surface of certain cells, such as immune cells and endothelial cells, that bind to and help remove oxidized LDL particles from the bloodstream.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, can become oxidized when it is exposed to oxidative stress or inflammation in the body. Oxidized LDL is more easily taken up by immune cells and can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries that can lead to heart disease and stroke.

There are several types of oxidized LDL receptors, including scavenger receptors and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). These receptors play a role in the clearance of oxidized LDL from the bloodstream and help to regulate the immune response to oxidized LDL.

It is important to note that while oxidized LDL receptors play a role in the removal of oxidized LDL, high levels of oxidized LDL in the bloodstream can still contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is important to maintain healthy levels of LDL cholesterol and reduce exposure to oxidative stress and inflammation through lifestyle choices such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking.

Cholesteryl esters are formed when cholesterol, a type of lipid (fat) that is important for the normal functioning of the body, becomes combined with fatty acids through a process called esterification. This results in a compound that is more hydrophobic (water-repelling) than cholesterol itself, which allows it to be stored more efficiently in the body.

Cholesteryl esters are found naturally in foods such as animal fats and oils, and they are also produced by the liver and other cells in the body. They play an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes, and they are also precursors to the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

However, high levels of cholesteryl esters in the blood can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Cholesteryl esters are typically measured as part of a lipid profile, along with other markers such as total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Hypercholesterolemia is a medical term that describes a condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Specifically, it refers to an abnormally elevated level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, which can contribute to the development of fatty deposits in the arteries called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow and harden the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis, a condition that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications.

Hypercholesterolemia can be caused by various factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and underlying medical conditions. In some cases, it may not cause any symptoms until serious complications arise. Therefore, regular cholesterol screening is essential for early detection and management of hypercholesterolemia. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management, along with medication if necessary.

Proprotein convertases (PCs) are a group of calcium-dependent serine proteases that play a crucial role in the post-translational modification of proteins. They are responsible for cleaving proproteins into their active forms by removing the propeptide or inhibitory sequences, thereby regulating various biological processes such as protein maturation, activation, and trafficking.

There are nine known human proprotein convertases, including PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, PC7, Furin, Subtilisin/Kexin type 1 Protease (SKI-1/S1P), and Neuropsin. These enzymes are characterized by their conserved catalytic domain and a distinct prodomain that regulates their activity.

Proprotein convertases have been implicated in several physiological processes, including blood coagulation, neuroendocrine signaling, immune response, and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of these enzymes has been associated with various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of proprotein convertases is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Dietary cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that comes from the foods we eat. It is present in animal-derived products such as meat, poultry, dairy products, and eggs. While dietary cholesterol can contribute to an increase in blood cholesterol levels for some people, it's important to note that saturated and trans fats have a more significant impact on blood cholesterol levels than dietary cholesterol itself.

The American Heart Association recommends limiting dietary cholesterol intake to less than 300 milligrams per day for most people, and less than 200 milligrams per day for those with a history of heart disease or high cholesterol levels. However, individual responses to dietary cholesterol can vary, so it's essential to monitor blood cholesterol levels and adjust dietary habits accordingly.

Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, and they're found in the food we eat. They're carried in the bloodstream to provide energy to the cells in our body. High levels of triglycerides in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, especially in combination with other risk factors such as high LDL (bad) cholesterol, low HDL (good) cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

It's important to note that while triglycerides are a type of fat, they should not be confused with cholesterol, which is a waxy substance found in the cells of our body. Both triglycerides and cholesterol are important for maintaining good health, but high levels of either can increase the risk of heart disease.

Triglyceride levels are measured through a blood test called a lipid panel or lipid profile. A normal triglyceride level is less than 150 mg/dL. Borderline-high levels range from 150 to 199 mg/dL, high levels range from 200 to 499 mg/dL, and very high levels are 500 mg/dL or higher.

Elevated triglycerides can be caused by various factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney disease. Medications such as beta-blockers, steroids, and diuretics can also raise triglyceride levels.

Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking can help lower triglyceride levels. In some cases, medication may be necessary to reduce triglycerides to recommended levels.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

The Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-Associated Protein (LRPAP) is not a medical condition, but rather a protein involved in the functioning of another protein called the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). LRP is a type of cell surface receptor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes such as lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and protein degradation.

LRPAP is a chaperone protein that helps to ensure the proper folding, trafficking, and function of LRP. It forms a complex with LRP in the endoplasmic reticulum and accompanies it to the cell surface, where it dissociates from LRP and recycles back to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Mutations in the gene that encodes LRPAP have been associated with certain inherited eye disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, suggesting a role for this protein in maintaining the health of the eye. However, more research is needed to fully understand the functions of LRPAP and its potential implications for human health and disease.

Alpha-macroglobulins are a type of large protein molecule found in blood plasma, which play a crucial role in the human body's immune system. They are called "macro" globulins because of their large size, and "alpha" refers to their electrophoretic mobility, which is a laboratory technique used to separate proteins based on their electrical charge.

Alpha-macroglobulins function as protease inhibitors, which means they help regulate the activity of enzymes called proteases that can break down other proteins in the body. By inhibiting these proteases, alpha-macroglobulins help protect tissues and organs from excessive protein degradation and also help maintain the balance of various biological processes.

One of the most well-known alpha-macroglobulins is alpha-1-antitrypsin, which helps protect the lungs from damage caused by inflammation and protease activity. Deficiencies in this protein have been linked to lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Overall, alpha-macroglobulins are an essential component of the human immune system and play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing excessive tissue damage.

Vesicular transport proteins are specialized proteins that play a crucial role in the intracellular trafficking and transportation of various biomolecules, such as proteins and lipids, within eukaryotic cells. These proteins facilitate the formation, movement, and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles, which are small, spherical structures that carry cargo between different cellular compartments or organelles.

There are several types of vesicular transport proteins involved in this process:

1. Coat Proteins (COPs): These proteins form a coat around the vesicle membrane and help shape it into its spherical form during the budding process. They also participate in selecting and sorting cargo for transportation. Two main types of COPs exist: COPI, which is involved in transport between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and COPII, which mediates transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

2. SNARE Proteins: These proteins are responsible for the specific recognition and docking of vesicles with their target membranes. They form complexes that bring the vesicle and target membranes close together, allowing for fusion and the release of cargo into the target organelle. There are two types of SNARE proteins: v-SNAREs (vesicle SNAREs) and t-SNAREs (target SNAREs), which interact to form a stable complex during membrane fusion.

3. Rab GTPases: These proteins act as molecular switches that regulate the recruitment of coat proteins, motor proteins, and SNAREs during vesicle transport. They cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, controlling the various stages of vesicular trafficking, such as budding, transport, tethering, and fusion.

4. Tethering Proteins: These proteins help to bridge the gap between vesicles and their target membranes before SNARE-mediated fusion occurs. They play a role in ensuring specificity during vesicle docking and may also contribute to regulating the timing of membrane fusion events.

5. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment Protein Receptors (SNAREs): These proteins are involved in intracellular transport, particularly in the trafficking of vesicles between organelles. They consist of a family of coiled-coil domain-containing proteins that form complexes to mediate membrane fusion events.

Overall, these various classes of proteins work together to ensure the specificity and efficiency of vesicular transport in eukaryotic cells. Dysregulation or mutation of these proteins can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

"39 kDa receptor-associated protein is an ER resident protein and molecular chaperone for LDL receptor-related protein". The ... LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein has been shown to interact with LRP2. Lipid metabolizing proteins may elevate ... LDL-Receptor+Related+Protein-Associated+Protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This ... Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 also known as LRPAP1 or RAP is a chaperone protein which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL-receptor-related_protein-associated_protein

LRP12 LDL receptor related protein 12 [Homo sapiens] LRP12 LDL receptor related protein 12 [Homo sapiens]. Gene ID:29967 ... low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 12. Names. LDLR-related protein 12. suppressor of tumorigenicity 7 protein. ... LDL receptor related protein 12provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:31708 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000147650 MIM: ... LRP12 LDL receptor related protein 12 [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 29967, updated on 23-Nov-2023 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29967

LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction. Nature 407, 530-535 (2000). ... Bone morphogenetic proteins and secreted frizzled related protein 2 maintain the quiescence of adult mammalian retinal stem ... while the R-spondin family of proteins act as Lgr receptor agonists10. In congruence, the expansion capacity of organoids is ... 5d) including Eph4A, RNF43, SMO and the frizzled receptors FZD2 and FZD7 (Supplementary Table 1), all of which are known to ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9989?error=cookies_not_supported

A gene encoding a novel transmembrane protein was identified by DNA sequence analysis within the insulin-dependent diabetes ... LDL-Receptor Related Proteins * Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5 * Membrane Proteins / genetics ... The gene, termed low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5), encodes a protein of 1615 amino acids that contains ... three LDL-receptor (LDLR) repeats, a single transmembrane spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The encoded protein has a ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9714764/?dopt=Abstract

... caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins ... 2001) and LRP (LDL receptor-related protein) (May et al. 2007) ... May P, Woldt E, Matz RL, Boucher P (2007) The LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family: an old family of proteins with new ... IL-1 receptor-associated kinase), an accessory protein recruited by interleukin-1 receptor and interacting with TRAF6 (Cao et ... Table 1 Mutation of genes encoding proteins involved in TNFα-related signal transduction pathway. Full size table. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13353-015-0307-4

High bone density due to a mutation in LDL-receptor-related protein 5. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 16. 346(20):1513-21. [QxMD ... Six novel missense mutations in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene in different conditions with an increased bone ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are considered to provide the beneficial ... Zebic L, Patel V. Preventing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. BMJ. 2019 May 8. 365:l1733. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-treatment

Endocytosis by macrophages: interplay of macrophage scavenger receptor-1 and LDL receptor-related protein-1 (982 Online Views) ... Genomics of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (1506 Online Views) Teodora Kuzmanovic, Bhumika J. Patel, Srinivasa R. Sanikommu ... Thrombopoietin receptor agonists for the treatment of inherited thrombocytopenia (629 Online Views) Michael Makris ... Conditions associated with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia in the IgG4-related disease era: a retrospective study from a ...

https://haematologica.org/issue/view/358

Chylomicron remnants are taken up by the LDL receptor or the LDL receptor-related protein. [14] ... and several of these have been shown to have defective binding to the LDL receptor and LDL receptor-like protein. These ... the LDL receptor is more accurately designated the B/E receptor. Apo E also binds with high affinity to the LDL receptor- ... Increased hepatic LDL uptake due to lower LDL receptor affinity of apo E2 and consequent decreased competition with the apo ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126568-overview

... authors describe a previously unknown SBD in four families caused by mutations in TMEM53 and demonstrate the role this protein ... inhibits BMP signaling in osteoblast lineage cells by blocking cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of BMP2-activated Smad proteins ... which encodes a nuclear envelope transmembrane protein. Tmem53-/- mice recapitulate the human skeletal phenotypes. Analyses of ... Six novel missense mutations in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene in different conditions with an increased bone ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22340-8?error=cookies_not_supported

2000) Modulation of amyloid beta-protein clearance and Alzheimers disease susceptibility by the LDL receptor-related protein ... C , Protein identification by MS/MS of tryptic digests of gel-extracted proteins yielded 101 total proteins exceeding MASCOT ... 2000) Modulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism by X11alpha /Mint-1. A deletion analysis of protein-protein ... NEEP21 contains a proline-rich N-terminal region, and the human form of a related protein, calcyon, is reported to bind group ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/46/15677

... peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J. Clin. Invest., 2000, 106(12), 1489-1499.. [ ... Oxidative modification to LDL receptor-related protein 1 in hippocampus from subjects with Alzheimer disease: implications for ... Aberrant presenilin-1 expression downregulates LDL receptor-related protein (LRP): is LRP central to Alzheimers disease ... Interaction of the apolipoprotein E receptors low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and sorLA/LR11. Neuroscience, ...

https://www.benthamscience.com/article/104153

... macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein. Annu Rev Biochem 1994. 63:601-637. View this article via: ... and the related protein S100B, with nanomolar affinity (9). These findings lead us to predict that RAGE is a receptor for many ... Cloning and expression of RAGE: a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins. J Biol Chem 1992. ... Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of AGEs with their receptors/binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1994. 269:9889- ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/14002

An LDL-receptor-related protein mediates Wnt signalling in mice. Nature. 2000 ... Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor predominantly expressed in adipose tissues to induce ... Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. WNT10B activates the canonical WNT signaling pathway to inhibit adipogenesis (33 ... The TAK1-NLK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade functions in the Wnt-5a/Ca2+ pathway to antagonize Wnt/β-catenin ...

https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/13/14/4042/194712/WNT-Signaling-Pathway-and-Stem-Cell-Signaling

The T cell immune phenotypic profile in blood donors was related to loss of T cell function, whereas the same set of markers ... The T cell immune phenotypic profile in blood donors was related to loss of T cell function, whereas the same set of markers ... In people with HIV, age advancement was related to changes in the CD4+ T cell compartment and more reflective of immune ... These data suggest that varying exposures to lifestyle and infection-related factors may be associated with specific changes in ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.581616/full

These included (i) temporally ordered upward and downward changes in plasma proteins reestablishing homeostasis and (ii) post- ... These included (i) temporally ordered upward and downward changes in plasma proteins reestablishing homeostasis and (ii) post- ... LDL receptor-related protein-1 regulates NFκB and microRNA-155 in macrophages to control the inflammatory response. Proc Natl ... The role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and inflammation. Int J ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.915367/full

The LDL-receptor-related protein, LRP, is an apolipoprotein E-binding protein. Beisiegel, U., Weber, W., Ihrke, G., Herz, J., ... The transforming protein of Moloney murine sarcoma virus is a soluble cytoplasmic protein. Papkoff, J., Nigg, E.A., Hunter, T. ... Fps1, a yeast member of the MIP family of channel proteins, is a facilitator for glycerol uptake and efflux and is inactive ... Ste5 tethers multiple protein kinases in the MAP kinase cascade required for mating in S. cerevisiae. Choi, K.Y., Satterberg, B ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/chem/e/753.html

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein associated protein 1. MICA. MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A. ... The LDL receptor-related protein associated protein 1 (LRPAP1; OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.49-1.97) is involved as an escort protein ... LDL) receptor-related protein associated protein 1, MICA = MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A, NCR3 = natural ... LDL) receptor-related protein associated protein 1, MICA = MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A, NCR3 = natural ...

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.21253206v1.full

LDL receptor-related protein-1 is a sialic-acid-independent receptor for myel... 2013 J Cell Sci. Stiles T.L. et al. DOI: ... Toll-like receptor mediated activation is possibly involved in immunoregulati... 2017 PLoS One. Kiewiet M.B. et al. DOI: ... LINGO-1, a transmembrane signaling protein, inhibits oligodendrocyte differen... 2012 J Biol Chem. Jepson S. et al. DOI: ...

https://www.invivogen.com/citations?page=298

LDL Receptor-Related Protein 2 (Megalin) as a Target Antigen in Human Kidney Anti-Brush Border Antibody Disease. Journal of the ... Pioneering work from this lab led to the identification of PLA2R (phospholipase A2 receptor) as the major target antigen in ... M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 ...

https://www.bumc.bu.edu/nephrology/research/beck-salant-lab/

... and of LDL-cholesterol, (the "bad" cholesterol), and raising the level of HDL-cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol). ... The protein that interferes with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that clear bad ... ... RELATED STORIES. Protein That Blocks Bodys Ability to Clear Bad Cholesterol Identified ... The results indicate that GTF acts similarly to insulin in the rats, lowering the level of glucose, and of LDL-cholesterol, ( ...

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071226230111.htm

LDL receptor-related protein, a multifunctional ApoE receptor, binds secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein and mediates its ... May P, Woldt E, Matz RL, and Boucher P (2007) The LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family: an old family of proteins with new ... low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; RAP, receptor-associated protein; APP, amyloid precursor protein; KPI, Kunitz ... 2000) Clearance of Alzheimers amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/324/3/1064?ijkey=7cb72f6bfe8bd14167aa72f07830bccaa010acf1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Where you can participate in cutting-edge research and graduate programs that span a wide range of cancer-related topics. ... 10 is essential for protection against inflammation-triggered vascular leakage by activating LDL receptor-related protein 2- ... Estrogen receptor coactivator Mediator Subunit 1 (MED1) as a tissue-specific therapeutic target in breast cancer. Journal of ... Microtubule-associated protein MAP1LC3C regulates lysosomal exocytosis and induces zinc reprogramming in renal cancer cells. ...

https://www.med.uc.edu/depart/cancer-biology/recent-publications

... cholesterol and triglycerides as key players and identifying 17 related gene loci that make risk contributions to levels of ... The protein that interferes with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that clear bad ... ... LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides as key players and identifying 17 related gene loci that make risk contributions to levels ... LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides as key players and identifying 17 related gene loci that make risk contributions to levels ...

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140430132820.htm

... also called α2-macroglobulin receptor or the LDL-related protein), as it has been demonstrated to bind directly to a number of ... CD91: a receptor for heat shock protein gp96. Nat. Immunol. 2000. 1:151-155. View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google ... CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity. 2001. 14:303-313. View this ... The protein concentration of each sample was also assessed by use of the Bio-Rad protein assay reagent in accordance with the ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/17241

... to yield chylomicron remnant particles which are cleared by LDL receptors (LDLR) and LDLR-related proteins to the liver. The ... "Rhein protects against obesity and related metabolic disorders through liver X receptor-mediated uncoupling protein 1 ... found that the herb water extract (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, 30 days) significantly reduced the levels of serum TC, LDL and ox-LDL ... IDL and LDL) and HDL2 in a process regulated by the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP). In addition to the cholesterol ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/925302/

... and LDL receptor-related proteins (LRP) 5/6 (Angers and Moon, 2009; Bhanot et al., 1996; McNeill and Woodgett, 2010; Pinson et ... Dictyostelium use a distinct signal, secreted cAMP, that targets a family of specific cell-surface receptors (CAR1, CAR2, CAR3 ... Genetic evidence that the acyl coenzyme A binding protein AcbA and the serine protease/ABC transporter TagA function together ... In Dictyostelium, the interaction of secreted cAMP with specific cell surface receptors regulates the activation/de-activation ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/138/3/421/44797/Combinatorial-cell-specific-regulation-of-GSK3

Mutation In EGFP Domain of LDL Receptor-Related Protein 6 Impairs Cellular LDL Clearance. Circulation Research 2008;103(11): ... Wnt coreceptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) gene was the very first monogenic cause of coronary artery disease (OMIM: ... Low density lipoprotein (ldl) receptor-related protein 6 (lrp6) regulates body fat and glucose homeostasis by modulating ... LRP6 Regulates LDL Receptor Internalization and LDL UptakeMani A, Go G, Ye Z, Singh R. Abstract 321: LRP6 Regulates LDL ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/dfri/research-profile/arya-mani/

... inhibiting LDL receptor related protein 6 expression and enhancing β-catenin signaling, or binding to splicing factor proline ... RUNX2, Runt-related transcription factor 2; miR, microRNA; ER, estrogen receptor; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related ... 132). ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. ... The cancer-related transcription factor RUNX2 modulates expression and secretion of the matricellular protein osteopontin in ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2023.13762

View our 6 Norrin products for your research including Norrin Primary Antibodies and Norrin Proteins and Enzymes. ... requires LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) as a co-receptor, and induces activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. ... Although Norrin is not related to Wnt family proteins, it functions like a Wnt protein in that it binds with high affinity to ... Norrin (also called Norrie Disease Protein or NDP) is a secreted regulatory protein, mutations in which cause Norrie disease (X ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/cn/target/norrin

LDL receptor related protein 6. The human orthologue of this gene is associated. with the following human disease:*{Coronary ... low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6,LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6,low ... LDL receptor related protein 6. CGNC ID. 8784. also known as. ... density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6. gene type. ...

http://geisha.arizona.edu/geisha/search.jsp?search=NCBI+ID&text=419097

LRPAP1 is involved with trafficking of certain members of the LDL receptor family including LRP1 and LRP2. (wikipedia.org)
RME-2 contains a typical NPXY internalization motif in its intracellular domain that is known to direct other members of the LDL-receptor family into clathrin-coated pits. (wormbook.org)

Encoding (Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein Associated protein 1) LRPAP is a largely expressed gene, and a 357 amino acid protein thought as a chaperone binding and protecting the lipoproteins receptor-related proteins LRP1 and LRP2. (wikipedia.org)
Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
The N-terminal type A repeats in LDL receptor bind the lipoproteins. (embl.de)

LRP gives protection across LDL by LRPAP and its downregulation may be subjected for an elevation of LDL and Ab-related neuronal toxicity as LRP supports in binding of ligand and internalization of LRP ligands like apo-E-enriched LDL cholesterol and Ab protein. (wikipedia.org)
Results indicate that the new yeast-derived treatment acts similarly to insulin in the rats, lowering the level of glucose, and of LDL-cholesterol, (the "bad" cholesterol), and raising the level of HDL-cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol). (sciencedaily.com)
A new study significantly refines the association between prostate cancer and blood lipids, highlighting genetic risk factors associated with low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides as key players and identifying 17 related gene loci that make risk contributions to levels of these blood lipids and to prostate cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
In the case of the latter, they specifically investigated triglycerides, LDL and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist-hip ratio and type 2 diabetes. (sciencedaily.com)
LDL cholesterol and triglycerides displayed a strong association with prostate cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
The significant risk association with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides versus the other traits at a genetic level was novel and unexpected. (sciencedaily.com)
YP170-GFP, like endogenous yolk, is a cholesterol binding/transport protein related to human ApoB-100, the major protein component of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (wormbook.org)
Cysteine-rich repeat in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that plays a central role in mammalian cholesterol metabolism. (embl.de)
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, acting to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells. (embl.de)
Apo B is necessary for the reaction with LDL receptors in the liver and on cell walls, and is thus involved in transporting cholesterol from the liver to the vessel cell. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we investigated the associations between proteins related to CVD and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in individuals from the general population. (lu.se)
35 were associated with TG, 15 with total cholesterol, 9 with LDL cholesterol, and 24 with HDL cholesterol. (lu.se)
Further, 15 proteins were related to both TG and HDL cholesterol in a consistent and biologically expected manner, that is, higher TG and lower HDL cholesterol or vice versa. (lu.se)
Another common pattern of associations was concomitantly higher TG, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, which is associated with higher CVD risk. (lu.se)
Using data from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we examined associations between 22 polymorphisms in 13 candidate genes and four serum lipids: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). (cdc.gov)
Previous reports from the Framingham Heart Study suggested a strong positive relationship between coronary heart disease and elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, in addition to an inverse relationship between the disease and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [ 5 - 8 ]. (cdc.gov)

Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 also known as LRPAP1 or RAP is a chaperone protein which in humans is encoded by the LRPAP1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
It is a glycoprotein that binds to the alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor, as well as to other members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein family. (nih.gov)
The gene, termed low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5), encodes a protein of 1615 amino acids that contains conserved modules which are characteristic of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. (nih.gov)
Other homologous domains occur in related receptors, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, and in proteins which are functionally unrelated, such as the C9 component of complement. (embl.de)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is expressed in retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs) and regulates intracellular translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) of the membrane proteins involved in cellular motility and activity. (sdu.dk)
Another recently identified antigen is low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4). (ox.ac.uk)
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a recently identified host factor for cellular entry and infection by RVFV. (bvsalud.org)
Traditional risk factors, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and smoking, contribute to this injury. (medscape.com)
Potential causes of endothelial dysfunction include sheer stress related to hypertension, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, and smoking. (medscape.com)

Next, we observed that LRP1 translocation to the PM was promoted by insulin-regulated exocytosis through intracellular activation of the IR/PI 3 K/Akt axis and Rab-GTPase proteins such as Rab8A and Rab10. (sdu.dk)
In addition, these Rab-GTPases regulated both the constitutive and insulin-induced LRP1 translocation to the PM. Finally, we found that dominant-negative Rab8A and Rab10 mutants impaired insulin-induced intracellular signaling of the IR/PI3K/Akt axis, suggesting that these GTPase proteins as well as the LRP1 level at the cell surface are involved in insulin-induced IR activation. (sdu.dk)
Our recent studies identified a scavenger receptor, LDL receptor related protein 1 (Lrp1), as a potential pro-viral host factor for RVFV and related viruses, including Oropouche virus (OROV) infection. (bvsalud.org)

These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. (springer.com)
Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
Binding of BMP2/4 to their receptors initiates the signal transduction cascade by inducing phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9, which can then form hetero-complexes with SMAD4 followed by translocation into the nucleus to upregulate osteogenesis-related genes. (nature.com)
and for investigating synaptosome recycling ( Probes for Following Receptor Binding and Phagocytosis-Section 16.1 ) and lipid-mediated signal transduction processes ( Probes for Signal Transduction-Chapter 17 ). (thermofisher.com)

Primary structure of alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein. (wikipedia.org)

Canonical WNT signals are transduced through Frizzled family receptors and LRP5/LRP6 coreceptor to the β-catenin signaling cascade. (aacrjournals.org)
The Wnt co-receptor, Lrp6, is required for signaling along the β-catenin arm. (silverchair.com)
Finally, we identify the region of the Lrp6 protein with Wnt/PCP activity to a stretch of 36 amino acids, distinct from regions required for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (silverchair.com)
The Wise protein physically interacts with the Wnt co-receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), and is able to compete with Wnt8 for binding to LRP6. (unimib.it)

Although Norrin is not related to Wnt family proteins, it functions like a Wnt protein in that it binds with high affinity to the receptor Frizzled-4, requires LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) as a co-receptor, and induces activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. (rndsystems.com)
The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
That's one of the key features of siRNA - you don't have to find a chemical that binds strongly to some protein receptor, and worry about the off-target effects and all that nonsense. (medscape.com)

Both human and mouse LRP5 cDNAs have been isolated and the encoded mature proteins are 95% identical, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation. (nih.gov)

Analysizing the absence of the normal protein was done with immunoblot for affected individuals having LRPAP1 mutations revealing the mutations in LRPAP1 probability of loss-of-function mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
HED embraces a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases and is due to mutations of several genes that encode components of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway (Cluzeau et al. (springer.com)
The purpose of this report is to review current literature on the structure and function of components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway, to present a novel approach to their contribution in the differentiation of skin appendages and to discuss the role of mutations of genes encoding components of this pathway in the origin of HED. (springer.com)
Mutations of these genes are responsible for systemic tooth agenesis, in addition to the defects of other ectodermal structures, and this review is limited to description of the function of their protein products. (springer.com)
Norrin (also called Norrie Disease Protein or NDP) is a secreted regulatory protein, mutations in which cause Norrie disease (X-linked retinal dysplasia). (rndsystems.com)
Mutations in the LDL receptor gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia. (embl.de)
Numerous familial hypercholestorolemia mutations of the LDL receptor alter the calcium coordinating residue of LDL-A domains or other crucial scaffolding residues. (embl.de)

Many receptors and their associated ligands cluster into clathrin-coated pits by association with clathrin adaptor proteins such as the four-subunit complex AP2. (wormbook.org)
Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)
In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
The fifth domain is the cytoplasmic tail that directs the receptor to clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)

The product of this gene is a transmembrane protein that is differentially expressed in many cancer cells. (nih.gov)
A gene encoding a novel transmembrane protein was identified by DNA sequence analysis within the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) locus IDDM4 on chromosome 11q13. (nih.gov)
Here, we discover a previously unknown type of SBD in four independent families caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function pathogenic variants in TMEM53 , which encodes a nuclear envelope transmembrane protein. (nature.com)

The characterization of this protein in vivo has shown that it widely expressed in different tissues and circulates in the blood, its levels rise after food intake in humans and stimulates insulin secretion and sensitivity and inhibits platelet aggregation. (yale.edu)

Here, we show that APP can coimmunoprecipitate NEEP21 from nontransgenic mouse brain and from mammalian cells stably coexpressing both proteins. (jneurosci.org)

AD is pathologically characterized by the deposition of pathogenic Aβ peptides that are derived from larger integral membrane proteins, termed β-amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). (jneurosci.org)
Alignment of the amino acid sequence of aprotinin with the Kunitz domains of human proteins allowed the identification and design of a family of peptides, named Angiopeps. (aspetjournals.org)

Apolipoprotein B is the main protein component of LDL and accounts for approximately 95% of the total protein content of LDL. (cdc.gov)

These macrophages, in addition to smooth muscle cells, activate T cells by presenting antigens, including oxidized LDL. (medscape.com)

It acts to inhibit the binding of all known ligands for these receptors, and may prevent receptor aggregation and degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby acting as a molecular chaperone. (wikipedia.org)
Binding of these ligands to RAGE does not accelerate clearance or degradation but rather begins a sustained period of cellular activation mediated by receptor-dependent signaling. (jci.org)
Other unusual features of the receptor include its ability to engage classes of molecules, rather than individual ligands, and its enhanced surface expression in environments rich in RAGE ligands. (jci.org)
Taken together, these features of RAGE allow the receptor to propagate cellular dysfunction in a number of pathophysiologically relevant situations, most often dictated by the formation and persistence of ligands in the tissues. (jci.org)

On diagnostic grounds of AD C-reactive protein, pentraxins, collapsin response mediator protein-2, and growth-associated protein-43 represent the future of new possible biomarkers for diagnosing AD. (benthamscience.com)
For example, serum biomarkers, such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cytokine levels, predict progression of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke. (medscape.com)

LDL Receptor-Related Protein 2 (Megalin) as a Target Antigen in Human Kidney Anti-Brush Border Antibody Disease. (bu.edu)

We observed that age advancement in all three groups combined was associated with a monocyte immune phenotypic profile related to inflammation and a T cell immune phenotypic associated with immune senescence and chronic antigen exposure. (frontiersin.org)
The T cell immune phenotypic profile in blood donors was related to loss of T cell function, whereas the same set of markers were related to chronic antigen stimulation and immune senescence in HIV-negative individuals. (frontiersin.org)
The identified monocyte and T cell immune phenotypic profiles that were associated with age advancement, were strongly related to inflammation, chronic antigen exposure and immune senescence. (frontiersin.org)
These proteins are involved in heart muscle contraction, natural killer and antigen presenting cells, and the major histocompatibility complex. (medrxiv.org)
Pioneering work from this lab led to the identification of PLA 2 R (phospholipase A 2 receptor) as the major target antigen in membranous nephropathy in 2009 and THSD7A (thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A) as a minor target antigen in membranous nephropathy in 2014. (bu.edu)
M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. (bu.edu)

To investigate the APP in vivo interactome in an unbiased manner, we generated mice that harbor a mouse prion protein promoter-driven cDNA encoding human APP-695 fused to a C-terminal affinity tag. (jneurosci.org)

Microtubule-associated protein MAP1LC3C regulates lysosomal exocytosis and induces zinc reprogramming in renal cancer cells. (uc.edu)
In Dictyostelium , the interaction of secreted cAMP with specific cell surface receptors regulates the activation/de-activation of GSK3, which mediates developmental cell patterning. (biologists.com)

LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein has been shown to interact with LRP2. (wikipedia.org)

In this study, we discover a previously unknown type of SBD and identify its causal gene, TMEM53 , which encodes nuclear envelope transmembrane (NET) protein 53 (TMEM53, also known as NET4). (nature.com)
Wise encodes a secreted protein capable of inducing posterior neural markers at a distance. (unimib.it)
The tri-segmented virus genome encodes for six (6) multifunctional proteins that engage host factors at a variety of different stages in the replication cycle. (bvsalud.org)
The S segment encodes nucleoprotein (N) and nonstructural protein S (NSs), the M segment encodes viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc as well as nonstructural protein M (NSm) and the L segment encodes the viral polymerase (L). Viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc are responsible for entry by binding to a number of host factors. (bvsalud.org)

Lipid metabolizing proteins may elevate susceptibility to dementia leading to differences in genetic makeup. (wikipedia.org)
So on 37-bp insertion/deletion that was studied as an intronic polymorphism, it could be having an unintended pursuit for lipid receptor protein by regulation of LRPAP expression, or it could be in linkage disequilibrium in addition to other biologically relevant polymorphism in the LRPAP1 or an adjacent gene in chromosome 4. (wikipedia.org)
Reduction of total cholesterols (TC) and LDL-C by dietary alterations and medications that affect lipid metabolism [ 14 ] is found to reduce the occurrence of atherosclerosis in animals and clinical cardiovascular events in human [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Objective- Revealing patterns of associations between circulating protein and lipid levels could improve biological understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (lu.se)
Among these associations, we found KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), TNFR (TNF [tumor necrosis factor] receptor) 1 and 2, TRAIL-R2 (TRAIL [TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand] receptor 2), and RETN (resistin) to be associated with all 4 lipid fractions. (lu.se)
Conclusions- Our comprehensive analysis of plasma proteins and lipid fractions of 3370 individuals from the general population provides new information about lipid metabolism. (lu.se)
The identification of genetic variants related to blood lipid levels within a large, population-based and nationally representative study might lead to a better understanding of the genetic contribution to serum lipid levels in the major race/ethnic groups in the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)

Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are multifunctional polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) responsible for ECM hydration and binding of cations and proteins due to their negative charge. (degruyter.com)

While the monocyte and T cell immune phenotypic profile within the HIV-negative individuals reflected those observed in the combined three groups, a distinct profile related to immune dysfunction, was observed within blood donors and people with HIV. (frontiersin.org)
These age-related immunological changes resemble those seen during treated HIV-1 infection and include high levels of soluble inflammatory proteins, high levels of monocyte and T cell activation, T cell exhaustion and senescence, and low levels of naïve T cells ( 14 - 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
In response to the presence of certain activating substances, including oxidized LDL, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-8, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), leukocytes migrate into the wall of the artery (see the image below). (medscape.com)

With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
The signaling via the TNFα-related pathway, which is critical for differentiation of skin appendages, has been elucidated mainly due to the investigations performed in mice (Mikkola 2009 ). (springer.com)
Lipocalin 10 is essential for protection against inflammation-triggered vascular leakage by activating LDL receptor-related protein 2-slingshot homologue 1 signalling pathway. (uc.edu)
The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in regulation of vascular cell proliferation. (nih.gov)

Noncanonical WNT signals are transduced through Frizzled family receptors and ROR2/RYK coreceptors to the Dishevelled-dependent (Rho family GTPases and c-jun NH 2 -terminal kinase) or the Ca 2+ -dependent (NLK and nuclear factor of activated T cells) signaling cascades. (aacrjournals.org)
Noncanonical WNT signals are transduced through Frizzled family receptors and ROR2/RYK coreceptors to the DVL-dependent (Rho family GTPases and JNK) or the Ca 2+ -dependent (NLK and NFAT) signaling cascades. (aacrjournals.org)
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) belongs to the RUNX family (including RUNX1-3) and has been recognized as a key modulator and master transcription factor for osteogenesis, as well as prostate and skeletal development ( 4 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
MAS related GPR family member X. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Coincidentally, several recent studies identified other LDL family proteins as viral entry factors and receptors for other viral families. (bvsalud.org)
Collectively, these observations suggest that highly conserved LDL family proteins may play a significant role in facilitating entry of viruses from several distinct families. (bvsalud.org)

Suppression of receptor-binding domain of LRP LDLR is due to overexpression of LRPAP (the protein product of LRPAP gene). (wikipedia.org)
These modules include a putative signal peptide for protein export, four epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats with associated spacer domains, three LDL-receptor (LDLR) repeats, a single transmembrane spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. (nih.gov)

Using this tag, we prepared mild detergent lysates from transgenic mouse brain cortical membrane preparations and isolated a number of previously identified APP-interacting proteins. (jneurosci.org)
Aβ is liberated from type I integral membrane proteins, termed β-amyloid precursor proteins (APPs), by the concerted action of β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase (for review, see Selkoe, 2002 ). (jneurosci.org)
Many receptors then recycle to the plasma membrane either directly or indirectly via recycling endosomes. (wormbook.org)
Other, slightly less lipophilic probes are used as membrane markers of endocytosis and exocytosis ( Probes for Following Receptor Binding and Phagocytosis-Section 16.1 ). (thermofisher.com)

ED1 , encoding a ligand-ectodysplasinA-A1 (EDA-A1), EDAR , coding for ectodysplasinA-A1 receptor, EDARADD , programming the structure of EDAR-associated death domain protein and NEMO whose protein product, NFκB essential modulator (NEMO), is necessary for an indirect activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). (springer.com)
In early endosomes some ligand-receptor complexes dissociate due to the reduced pH of the endosomal lumen. (wormbook.org)

An Introduction and Overview of RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. (uc.edu)
A-kinase anchoring protein 17A [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)
A-kinase anchoring protein 8 [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Around 80% of myasthenia gravis patients have antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor, and 0-60% of the remaining patients have antibodies against the muscle-specific tyrosine kinase, MuSK. (ox.ac.uk)

Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)

We did not find evidence of causal links for protein levels. (lu.se)

Purification of APP-AT protein complexes and identification of the constituents by mass spectrometry revealed several previously reported APP-interacting proteins as well as proteins involved in synaptic maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)

We used summary statistics from a genome-wide association study on each protein biomarker (meta-analysis of EpiHealth, PIVUS, ULSAM, and IMPROVE [Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and IMT-Progression as Predictors of Vascular Events in a High-Risk European Population]) and publicly available data from Global Lipids Genetics Consortium to perform Mendelian randomization analyses to address possible causality of protein levels. (lu.se)

Trafficking of yolk and yolk receptors also depends critically upon the activities of the endocytic Rab proteins RAB-5 , RAB-7 , and RAB-11 , known modulators of endocytosis in all eukaryotes ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)

WNT, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Notch, Hedgehog, and transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein signaling network are implicated in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by regulating self-renewal of normal stem cells as well as proliferation or differentiation of progenitor (transit-amplifying) cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Runt‑related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a pivotal transcription factor in mammary gland and bone development, has also been related to metastatic cancer and BCSCs. (spandidos-publications.com)

Thus, this study demonstrates that using proteomic methods on our transgenic model can uncover important in vivo APP-interacting proteins that will provide insights into the biology of APP. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, this study demonstrates that our transgenic model can uncover important in vivo APP-interacting proteins that will contribute to our understanding of APP processing in in vivo settings. (jneurosci.org)
Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically-based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)

Analyses of the molecular pathophysiology using the primary cells from the Tmem53 -/- mice and the TMEM53 knock-out cell lines indicates that TMEM53 inhibits BMP signaling in osteoblast lineage cells by blocking cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of BMP2-activated Smad proteins. (nature.com)
LINGO-1, a transmembrane signaling protein, inhibits oligodendrocyte differen. (invivogen.com)

Therefore, individuals having myopia responding to therapeutic strategy initiated before ECM remodeling could be considered as an approach for individuals with LRPAP1 related myopia. (wikipedia.org)
The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)

interleukin 11 receptor subunit alp. (gsea-msigdb.org)
interleukin 7 receptor [Source:HGNC. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Rho GTPase activating protein 45 [S. (gsea-msigdb.org)

and amphoterin, a nuclear protein sometimes found in the ECM (Table 1 ). (jci.org)

The encoded protein is upregulated in human steatosis (NASH). (yale.edu)
This purified mouse monoclonal antibody cross reacts with human and rabbit and is specific for the 85 kDa light chain of LDL Receptor-Related Protein (LRP). (oxfordbiomed.com)

The background here is that higher levels of lipoprotein(a), an LDL-like protein, are associated with cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke . (medscape.com)

One important model for mechanistic studies of endocytosis in C. elegans focuses on oocytes, which internalize huge quantities of yolk proteins and their associated lipids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. (who.int)

Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. (benthamscience.com)
WNT signals are context-dependently transduced to both pathways based on the expression profile of WNT, SFRP, WIF, DKK, Frizzled receptors, coreceptors, and the activity of intracellular WNT signaling regulators. (aacrjournals.org)
He said the loci provide clues to the common regulatory elements that affect expression of disease-related genes. (sciencedaily.com)
State‑of‑the‑art research has indicated the retention of RUNX2 expression in a more invasive subtype of breast cancer, and in particular, triple‑negative breast cancer development and drug resistance are associated with estrogen receptor signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
We found that a number of Tfh cells downmodulated BCL6 protein after their development, and we sought to compare the gene expression between BCL6-hi Tfh cells and BCL6-low Tfh cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The addition of an affinity tag allowed us to avoid the use of antibodies targeted toward the intracellular C-terminal tail of APP, a region to which a number of reported interacting proteins bind ( King and Turner, 2004 ). (jneurosci.org)
The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)

In people with HIV, age advancement was related to changes in the CD4 + T cell compartment and more reflective of immune recovery after cART treatment. (frontiersin.org)
These data suggest that varying exposures to lifestyle and infection-related factors may be associated with specific changes in the innate and adaptive immune system, that all contribute to age advancement. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy1

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs21

Phenomena and Processes3

Information Science4

Health Care1

Expression in vitro of alternatively spliced variants of the messenger RNA for human apolipoprotein E receptor-2 identified in human tissues by ribonuclease protection assays. (1/433)

Reeler/Disabled-like disruption of neuronal migration in knockout mice lacking the VLDL receptor and ApoE receptor 2. (2/433)

Identification and characterization of LRP8 (apoER2) in human blood platelets. (3/433)

Very-low-density lipoprotein binding to the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 is enhanced by lipoprotein lipase, and does not require apolipoprotein E. (4/433)

The reelin receptor ApoER2 recruits JNK-interacting proteins-1 and -2. (5/433)

Uptake of lipoproteins for axonal growth of sympathetic neurons. (6/433)

Ectodomain shedding, translocation and synthesis of SorLA are stimulated by its ligand head activator. (7/433)

Identification of a novel exon in apolipoprotein E receptor 2 leading to alternatively spliced mRNAs found in cells of the vascular wall but not in neuronal tissue. (8/433)

Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1

Receptors, LDL

Lipoproteins, LDL

Cholesterol, LDL

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II

Cholesterol

Apolipoproteins B

Molecular Sequence Data

Lipoproteins

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases

Amino Acid Sequence

Apolipoproteins E

Receptors, Lipoprotein

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Apolipoprotein B-100

Receptors, Oxidized LDL

Cholesterol Esters

Hypercholesterolemia

Proprotein Convertases

Liver

RNA, Messenger

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Base Sequence

Cholesterol, Dietary

Triglycerides

National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)

Encyclopedias as Topic

Myopia

LDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated Protein

alpha-Macroglobulins

Vesicular Transport Proteins

Expression in vitro of alternatively spliced variants of the messenger RNA for human apolipoprotein E receptor-2 identified in human tissues by ribonuclease protection assays. (1/433)

Reeler/Disabled-like disruption of neuronal migration in knockout mice lacking the VLDL receptor and ApoE receptor 2. (2/433)

Identification and characterization of LRP8 (apoER2) in human blood platelets. (3/433)

Very-low-density lipoprotein binding to the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 is enhanced by lipoprotein lipase, and does not require apolipoprotein E. (4/433)

The reelin receptor ApoER2 recruits JNK-interacting proteins-1 and -2. (5/433)

Uptake of lipoproteins for axonal growth of sympathetic neurons. (6/433)

Ectodomain shedding, translocation and synthesis of SorLA are stimulated by its ligand head activator. (7/433)

Identification of a novel exon in apolipoprotein E receptor 2 leading to alternatively spliced mRNAs found in cells of the vascular wall but not in neuronal tissue. (8/433)

LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein - Wikipedia

LRP12 LDL receptor related protein 12 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI

The Notch and Wnt pathways regulate stemness and differentiation in human fallopian tube organoids | Nature Communications

Cloning of a novel member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family

Molecular basis of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: an update | Journal of Applied Genetics

Osteoporosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Dietary Measures

Vol. 105 No. 3 (2020): March, 2020 | Haematologica

Hypertriglyceridemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Deficiency of TMEM53 causes a previously unknown sclerosing bone disorder by dysregulation of BMP-SMAD signaling | Nature...

Plus it

A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer's Association with Related Proteins: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Significance ...

JCI - The multiligand receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying immune and inflammatory responses

WNT Signaling Pathway and Stem Cell Signaling Network | Clinical Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer Research

Frontiers | Monocyte and T Cell Immune Phenotypic Profiles Associated With Age Advancement Differ Between People With HIV,...

Frontiers | Longitudinal Analysis of Biologic Correlates of COVID-19 Resolution: Case Report

WikiGenes - glycerin - propane-1,2,3-triol

Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies causal links between blood proteins and severe COVID-19 | medRxiv

InvivoGen's product citations | InvivoGen

Beck / Salant Lab | Nephrology

Yeast-Based Oral Diabetes Treatment Discovered | ScienceDaily

Identification and Design of Peptides as a New Drug Delivery System for the Brain | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...

Recent Publications | Cancer Biology | College Of Medicine

Prostate cancer, blood lipids share genetic links | ScienceDaily

JCI - Intestinal heat shock protein 110 regulates expression of CD1d on intestinal epithelial cells

A Review on the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs and Formulae with Hypolipidemic Effect

Combinatorial cell-specific regulation of GSK3 directs cell differentiation and polarity in Dictyostelium | Development | The...

Arya Mani, MD, FACC, FAHA | Directory of Faculty Research Interests

Role of RUNX2 in breast cancer development and drug resistance (Review)

Norrin Products: R&D Systems

Geisha

Members of the LDL receptor family2

Lipoproteins3

Cholesterol16

Density lipoprotein10

LRP13

Signal transduction4

Alpha 2-macroglobul1

LRP64

Binds3

LRP51

Mutations9