Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.
Death of cells in the KIDNEY CORTEX, a common final result of various renal injuries including HYPOXIA; ISCHEMIA; and drug toxicity.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
A double-walled epithelial capsule that is the bulbous closed proximal end of the kidney tubular system. It surrounds the cluster of convoluted capillaries of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and is continuous with the convoluted PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE.
The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.
Creatinine is a waste product that's generated from muscle metabolism, typically filtered through the kidneys and released in urine, with increased levels in blood indicating impaired kidney function.
The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.
Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.
The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.
Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.
An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.
The internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.
A paired box transcription factor that is essential for ORGANOGENESIS of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and KIDNEY.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.

Endothelin up-regulation and localization following renal ischemia and reperfusion. (1/222)

BACKGROUND: Endothelin (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor, is known to play a role in ischemic acute renal failure. Although preproET-1 (ppET-1) mRNA is known to be up-regulated following ischemia/reperfusion injury, it has not been determined which component of the injury (ischemia or reperfusion) leads to initial gene up-regulation. Likewise, although ET-1 peptide expression has been localized in the normal kidney, its expression pattern in the ischemic kidney has not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine whether ischemia alone or ischemia plus reperfusion is required for the up-regulation of ppET-1 mRNA to occur, and (b) to localize ET-1 peptide expression following ischemia in the rat kidney to clarify better the role of ET in the pathophysiology of ischemia-induced acute renal failure. METHODS: Male Lewis rats underwent clamping of the right renal vascular pedicle for either 30 minutes of ischemia (group 1), 60 minutes of ischemia (group 2), 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion (group 3), or 60 minutes of ischemia followed by three hours of reperfusion (group 4). The contralateral kidney acted as a control. ppET-1 mRNA up-regulation and ET-1 peptide expression were examined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction yielded a control (nonischemic) value of 0.6 +/- 0.2 densitometric units (DU) of ppET-1 mRNA in the kidney. Group 1 levels (30 min of ischemia alone) were 1.8 +/- 0.4 DU, a threefold increase (P < 0.05). Group 2 levels (60 min of ischemia alone) increased almost six times above baseline, 3.5 +/- 0.2 DU (P < 0.01), whereas both group 3 and group 4 (ischemia plus reperfusion) did not experience any further significant increases in mRNA levels (1.9 +/- 0.4 DU and 2.8 +/- 0.6 DU, respectively) beyond levels in group 1 or 2 animals subjected to similar ischemic periods. ET-1 peptide expression in the ischemic kidneys was significantly increased over controls and was clearly localized to the endothelium of the peritubular capillary network of the kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Initial ET-1 gene up-regulation in the kidney occurs secondary to ischemia, but reperfusion most likely contributes to sustaining this up-regulation. The marked increase of ET-1 in the peritubular capillary network suggests that ET-induced vasoconstriction may have a pathophysiological role in ischemic acute tubular necrosis.  (+info)

Comparative nephrotoxicities of netilmicin and gentamicin in rats. (2/222)

The relative nephrotoxicities of netilmicin (Sch 20569) and gentamicin were compared in rats at doses of 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg/kg per day for 15 days. Both drugs caused proteinuria and a decrease in urine osmolality; however, netilmicin produced significantly less changes at all doses than gentamicin. Whereas gentamicin resulted in a decline in creatinine clearance at all doses, netilmicin failed to cause a decline in creatinine clearance. Renal-cortical concentrations of antibiotic at sacrifice were similar in animals receiving either drug. Light-microscopic changes were less severe with netilmicin than gentamicin. Cytosegresomes with myeloid bodies were identified electron microscopically in the kidneys of animals receiving either netilmicin or gentamicin at all doses. Electron-microscopic manifestations were similar. The data indicate that in the rat, netilmicin is distinctly less nephrotoxic than gentamicin.  (+info)

Regeneration of renal proximal tubules after mercuric chloride injury is accompanied by increased binding of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid. (3/222)

Homogenates of rat kidney cortex obtained 1,3 or 14 days after a single injection of HgCl2 were used to prepare the post-microsomal pH5 supernatant fraction. The activity of this fraction for peptide synthesis from [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days, at which time the proximal tubules are regenerating [Cuppage & Tate (1967) Am. J. Pathol. 51, 405-429]. This increased activity could not be attributed to a decreased inhibitory activity, but was due to an increased aminoacyl-tRNA binding, i.e. elongation-factor-1 activity, in the supernatant fraction.  (+info)

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase accelerates tumor growth and increases the resistance of tumors to cisplatin in vivo. (4/222)

We have shown previously that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity is essential for the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. In this study we asked whether GGT activity was necessary for the antitumor activity of cisplatin. GGT was transfected into PC3 cells, a human prostate tumor cell line. Two independent GGT-positive cell lines were isolated and characterized. GGT cleaves extracellular glutathione providing the cells with access to additional cysteine. Expression of GGT had no effect on the growth rate of the cells in vitro where the culture medium contains high levels of cysteine. However, when the cells were injected into nude mice the GGT-positive tumors grew at more than twice the rate of the GGT-negative tumors. Weekly treatment with cisplatin was toxic to both GGT-positive and -negative tumors. The GGT-positive tumors were significantly more resistant to the toxicity of cisplatin than the GGT-negative tumors. Therefore, expression of GGT is required for the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, but diminishes the tumor toxicity of the drug. These results indicate that the nephrotoxicity and the tumor toxicity of cisplatin are via two distinct pathways.  (+info)

Acute renal failure in the course of HIV infection: a single-institution retrospective study of ninety-two patients anad sixty renal biopsies. (5/222)

BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure syndromes are frequently encountered in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Most reported cases of acute renal failure are related to acute tubular necrosis, but many other causes of renal failure have been described in these patients. METHODS: The present work is a single-institution retrospective study of 92 HIV-infected patients with acute or rapidly progressing renal failure. In 60 cases, a renal biopsy was performed. For each patient we analysed clinical and pathological data, as well as the short-term prognosis. RESULTS: Ten different causes of acute or rapidly progressing renal failure were documented: (i) haemolytic uraemic syndrome (32 patients); (ii) acute tubular necrosis either of ischaemic-toxic origin (18 patients) or due to rhabdomyolysis (six patients); (iii) obstructive renal failure which was either extrinsic (two patients), drug-induced (13 patients) or secondary to paraprotein precipitation (one patient); (iv) HIV-associated nephropathy (14 patients); (v) acute interstitial nephritis (two patients); (vi) various glomerulonephritis (four patients). In most cases, renal failure was severe (the mean creatinine clearance at entry was 12 ml/min). Most patients had a significant improvement in renal function with only symptomatic treatment. Eighteen per cent of the patients died within 2 months of the diagnosis of renal failure. Renal biopsy seems important for the diagnosis but also for the prognosis, at least in the cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, HIV-associated nephropathy and drug-induced micro-obstructive renal failure. CONCLUSION: Vascular and glomerular diseases are frequent causes of acute or rapidly progressing renal failure in HIV-infected patients. Renal biopsy appears to be safe and useful for the diagnosis and the prognosis of the renal failure. High mortality rate is only observed in patients with ischaemic/toxic causes of acute renal failure.  (+info)

Molecular mechanisms of renal hypertrophy: role of p27Kip1. (6/222)

There are two fundamentally different growth responses for cells comprising the nephron: hyperplasia or hypertrophy. Cells that progress through the normal cell cycle double their DNA content and eventually divide during mitosis. Those cells that hypertrophy stop the growth process in the G1-phase of the cell cycle; while they increase in size, protein and RNA content, they cannot duplicate their set of chromosomes because they never pass through the S-phase of the cell cycle. Hypertrophy may be an early compensatory mechanism to initially replace the loss of functioning tissue, however, this maladaptive process eventually fosters progressive loss of renal function. Since progression of the cell through the G1 to S-phases is regulated by cyclins D, E and A, which in turn bind and activate cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), evidence has been accumulating on a particular CDK-inhibitor protein, p27Kip1, which is speculated to be a key to the complex process of the G1/S cell cycle transition. This article examines the mechanisms of the proliferative growth response following acute tubular necrosis, and compensatory hypertrophy of glomerular and tubule cells, with a particular focus on the protein p27Kip1.  (+info)

Re-expression of the developmental gene Pax-2 during experimental acute tubular necrosis in mice 1. (7/222)

BACKGROUND: The transcription factor Pax-2 is known to play a key regulatory role during embryonic development of the nervous and excretory systems in mammals and flies. During mouse kidney development, Pax-2 is expressed in the undifferentiated mesenchyme in response to ureter induction and continues to be expressed in the developing comma- and s-shaped bodies. These structures harbor the immediate precursors of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. Pax-2 expression is down-regulated as the differentiation of the functional units of the nephron proceeds. In the adult mammalian kidney, the Pax-2 protein is detectable exclusively in the epithelium of the collecting ducts. We sought to test the hypothesis that tissue regeneration is characterized by re-expression of developmentally important regulatory genes such as Pax-2. METHODS: The expression pattern of Pax-2 in kidneys after experimentally-induced acute tubular necrosis caused by intraperitoneally injected folic acid in mice was tested by indirect immunofluorescence, Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization analysis. RESULTS: A transient, temporally and locally restricted re-expression of Pax-2 in regenerating proximal tubular epithelial cells was observed following kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that during the regeneration processes, developmental paradigms may be recapitulated in order to restore mature kidney function.  (+info)

Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: imperfect but indispensable. (8/222)

Acute renal failure (ARF) due to ischemic or toxic renal injury, a clinical syndrome traditionally referred to as acute tubular necrosis (ATN), is a common disease with a high overall mortality of approximately 50%. Little progress has been made since the advent of dialysis more than 30 years ago in improving this outcome. During this same period, a considerable amount of basic research has been devoted to elucidating the pathophysiology of ATN. The ultimate goal of this research is to facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions that either prevent ARF, ameliorate the severity of tubular injury following an acute ischemic or toxic renal insult, or accelerate the recovery of established ATN. This research endeavor has been highly successful in elucidating many vascular and tubular abnormalities that are likely to be involved in ischemic and toxic ARF. This information has led to impressive advances in the development of a number of different pharmacological interventions that are highly effective in ameliorating the renal dysfunction in animal models of ARF. Although these developments are exciting and promising, enthusiasm of investigators involved in this endeavor has been tempered somewhat by the results of a few recent clinical studies of patients with ATN. These trials, designed to examine the efficacy in humans of some of the interventions effective in animal models of ARF, have resulted in little or no benefit. This is therefore an important time to reevaluate the approaches we have taken over the past three to four decades to develop new and effective treatments for ATN in humans. The major goals of this review are 1) to evaluate the relevance and utility of the experimental models currently available to study ischemic and toxic renal injury, 2) to suggest novel experimental approaches and models that have the potential to provide advantages over methods currently available, 3) to discuss ways of integrating results obtained from different experimental models of acute renal injury and of evaluating the relevance of these findings to ATN in humans, and 4) to discuss the difficulties inherent in clinical studies of ATN and to suggest how studies should be best designed to overcome these problems.  (+info)

Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition characterized by the death of tubular epithelial cells that make up the renal tubules of the kidneys. This damage can occur as a result of various insults, including ischemia (lack of blood flow), toxins, or medications.

In ATN, the necrosis of the tubular cells leads to a decrease in the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, regulate electrolytes and remove waste products from the body. This can result in symptoms such as decreased urine output, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and the accumulation of waste products in the blood (azotemia).

Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis is usually diagnosed based on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as administering intravenous fluids to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance, managing any underlying conditions that may have contributed to the development of ATN, and providing dialysis if necessary to support kidney function until the tubular cells can recover.

Kidney cortex necrosis is a serious condition characterized by the death (necrosis) of cells in the outer part (cortex) of the kidneys, usually as a result of an interruption in blood flow. This can occur due to various reasons such as severe shock, blood clots, or complications from pregnancy. The necrosis of kidney cortical tissue can lead to acute renal failure, which is a life-threatening situation requiring immediate medical attention and intensive care.

The death of kidney cells in the cortex disrupts the normal functioning of the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. This can result in the accumulation of harmful substances in the body and an imbalance of electrolytes, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Kidney cortex necrosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment usually involves supportive care, including dialysis to replace the kidneys' function until they can recover on their own or until a transplant can be performed. In some cases, the damage to the kidneys may be permanent, leading to chronic renal failure and the need for long-term dialysis or transplantation.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

Kidney tubules are the structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of various substances. They are part of the nephron, which is the basic unit of the kidney's filtration and reabsorption process.

There are three main types of kidney tubules:

1. Proximal tubule: This is the initial segment of the kidney tubule that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus. It is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate, including water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
2. Loop of Henle: This U-shaped segment of the tubule consists of a thin descending limb, a thin ascending limb, and a thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to concentrate urine by creating an osmotic gradient that allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
3. Distal tubule: This is the final segment of the kidney tubule before it empties into the collecting duct. It is responsible for fine-tuning the concentration of electrolytes and pH balance in the urine by selectively reabsorbing or secreting substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Overall, kidney tubules play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating acid-base balance, and removing waste products from the body.

Oliguria is a medical term that refers to a condition where the urine output is significantly reduced, typically defined as less than 400 milliliters (or about 13 ounces) in 24 hours for an adult. This condition can be a sign of underlying kidney dysfunction or other medical conditions that affect urine production, such as dehydration, shock, or obstruction of the urinary tract. It is important to note that oliguria can be a serious symptom and requires prompt medical attention to determine the cause and initiate appropriate treatment.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

The Bowman capsule is the initial component of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. It is a structural and functional part of the renal corpuscle, along with the glomerulus. The Bowman capsule surrounds the glomerulus and serves as a site for filtration, helping to separate small molecules from blood cells and large proteins in the process known as urine formation.

The Bowman capsule is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells called podocytes, which have foot-like processes that interdigitate with each other and form filtration slits. These slits are covered by a thin diaphragm, allowing for the passage of small molecules while retaining larger ones. The space within the Bowman capsule is called the urinary space or Bowman's space, where the filtrate from the blood collects before moving into the tubular system for further processing and eventual excretion as urine.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a laboratory value that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is a waste product that is formed when proteins are broken down in the liver. The kidneys filter urea nitrogen from the blood and excrete it as urine.

A high BUN level may indicate impaired kidney function, as the kidneys are not effectively removing urea nitrogen from the blood. However, BUN levels can also be affected by other factors such as dehydration, heart failure, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, BUN should be interpreted in conjunction with other laboratory values and clinical findings.

The normal range for BUN is typically between 7-20 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.5-7.1 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), but the reference range may vary depending on the laboratory.

Kidney papillary necrosis is a medical condition characterized by the death (necrosis) of the renal papillae, which are the small conical projections at the ends of the renal tubules in the kidneys. This condition typically occurs due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys or as a result of toxic injury from certain medications, chronic infections, diabetes, sickle cell disease, and systemic vasculitides.

The necrosis of the papillae can lead to the formation of small stones or debris that can obstruct the flow of urine, causing further damage to the kidneys. Symptoms of kidney papillary necrosis may include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody or foul-smelling urine. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, administering antibiotics to prevent infection, and providing supportive care to maintain kidney function.

Creatinine is a waste product that's produced by your muscles and removed from your body by your kidneys. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, a compound found in meat and fish, as well as in the muscles of vertebrates, including humans.

In healthy individuals, the kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and eliminate it through urine. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, creatinine levels in the blood can rise. Therefore, measuring the amount of creatinine in the blood or urine is a common way to test how well the kidneys are working. High creatinine levels in the blood may indicate kidney damage or kidney disease.

The proximal kidney tubule is the initial portion of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. It is located in the renal cortex and is called "proximal" because it is closer to the glomerulus, compared to the distal tubule. The proximal tubule plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the filtrate that has been formed by the glomerulus. It also helps in the secretion of waste products and other substances into the urine.

The proximal tubule is divided into two segments: the pars convoluta and the pars recta. The pars convoluta is the curved portion that receives filtrate from the Bowman's capsule, while the pars recta is the straight portion that extends deeper into the renal cortex.

The proximal tubule is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium, and its cells are characterized by numerous mitochondria, which provide energy for active transport processes. The apical surface of the proximal tubular cells has numerous microvilli, forming a brush border that increases the surface area for reabsorption.

In summary, the proximal kidney tubule is a critical site for the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, contributing to the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues, leading to further tissue damage. This phenomenon can occur in various clinical settings such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, or peripheral artery disease after an intervention aimed at restoring perfusion.

The restoration of blood flow leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, which can cause oxidative stress, cellular damage, and activation of the immune system. This results in a cascade of events that may lead to microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage, and tissue edema, further exacerbating the injury.

Reperfusion injury is an important consideration in the management of ischemic events, as interventions aimed at restoring blood flow must be carefully balanced with potential harm from reperfusion injury. Strategies to mitigate reperfusion injury include ischemic preconditioning (exposing the tissue to short periods of ischemia before a prolonged ischemic event), ischemic postconditioning (applying brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion after restoring blood flow), remote ischemic preconditioning (ischemia applied to a distant organ or tissue to protect the target organ), and pharmacological interventions that scavenge ROS, reduce inflammation, or improve microvascular function.

Anuria is a medical condition characterized by the absence or near-absence of urine output, typically defined as less than 100 milliliters in 24 hours. This occurs when the kidneys are unable to produce urine due to a complete or nearly complete failure of both kidneys' function. Anuria can be caused by various underlying medical conditions such as severe dehydration, kidney damage, obstruction in the urinary tract, or certain medications that affect kidney function. It is considered a serious medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation and treatment to prevent further complications, including potential permanent kidney damage or even death.

Kidney function tests (KFTs) are a group of diagnostic tests that evaluate how well your kidneys are functioning by measuring the levels of various substances in the blood and urine. The tests typically assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is an indicator of how efficiently the kidneys filter waste from the blood, as well as the levels of electrolytes, waste products, and proteins in the body.

Some common KFTs include:

1. Serum creatinine: A waste product that's produced by normal muscle breakdown and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate reduced kidney function.
2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Another waste product that's produced when protein is broken down and excreted by the kidneys. Increased BUN levels can suggest impaired kidney function.
3. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A calculation based on serum creatinine, age, sex, and race that estimates the GFR and provides a more precise assessment of kidney function than creatinine alone.
4. Urinalysis: An examination of a urine sample to detect abnormalities such as protein, blood, or bacteria that may indicate kidney disease.
5. Electrolyte levels: Measurement of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate in the blood to ensure they're properly balanced, which is essential for normal kidney function.

KFTs are often ordered as part of a routine check-up or when kidney disease is suspected based on symptoms or other diagnostic tests. Regular monitoring of kidney function can help detect and manage kidney disease early, potentially preventing or slowing down its progression.

The kidney cortex is the outer region of the kidney where most of the functional units called nephrons are located. It plays a crucial role in filtering blood and regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the body. The kidney cortex contains the glomeruli, proximal tubules, loop of Henle, and distal tubules, which work together to reabsorb necessary substances and excrete waste products into the urine.

Mercuric chloride, also known as corrosive sublimate, is defined medically as a white or colorless crystalline compound used historically as a topical antiseptic and caustic. It has been used in the treatment of various skin conditions such as warts, thrush, and some parasitic infestations. However, its use is limited nowadays due to its high toxicity and potential for serious side effects, including kidney damage, digestive problems, and nervous system disorders. It is classified as a hazardous substance and should be handled with care.

Interstitial nephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation in the interstitium (the tissue between the kidney tubules) of one or both kidneys. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to certain toxins.

The inflammation may lead to symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in the urine), decreased urine output, and kidney dysfunction. In some cases, interstitial nephritis can progress to chronic kidney disease or even end-stage renal failure if left untreated.

The diagnosis of interstitial nephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (such as urinalysis and blood tests), and imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scan). A kidney biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the inflammation.

Treatment for interstitial nephritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or discontinuation of any offending medications. In some cases, supportive care such as dialysis may be necessary to manage kidney dysfunction until the inflammation resolves.

Iodohippuric acid is not typically defined in medical textbooks, but it is a radiocontrast agent used in imaging studies. Here's the definition from a chemistry perspective:

Iodohippuric acid, also known as iodine-131 hippuran or Hippuran, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5IO2 + . It is a derivative of hippuric acid, where one hydrogen atom has been replaced by radioactive iodine-131.

In medical imaging, it is used as a radiocontrast agent for renal function studies, such as renography, to assess the functioning and anatomy of the kidneys. The compound is excreted primarily by the kidneys, so its clearance rate can be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is a measure of kidney function.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, iodohippuric acid is an essential compound in nuclear medicine for evaluating renal function.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Rhabdomyolysis is a medical condition characterized by the breakdown and degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers, leading to the release of their intracellular contents into the bloodstream. This can result in various complications, including electrolyte imbalances, kidney injury or failure, and potentially life-threatening conditions if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The process of rhabdomyolysis typically involves three key components:

1. Muscle injury: Direct trauma, excessive exertion, prolonged immobilization, infections, metabolic disorders, toxins, or medications can cause muscle damage, leading to the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream.
2. Release of muscle contents: When muscle fibers break down, they release various substances, such as myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aldolase, and potassium ions. Myoglobin is a protein that can cause kidney damage when present in high concentrations in the bloodstream, particularly when it is filtered through the kidneys and deposits in the renal tubules.
3. Systemic effects: The release of muscle contents into the bloodstream can lead to various systemic complications, such as electrolyte imbalances (particularly hyperkalemia), acidosis, hypocalcemia, and kidney injury or failure due to myoglobin-induced tubular damage.

Symptoms of rhabdomyolysis can vary widely depending on the severity and extent of muscle damage but may include muscle pain, weakness, swelling, stiffness, dark urine, and tea-colored or cola-colored urine due to myoglobinuria. In severe cases, patients may experience symptoms related to kidney failure, such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urine output.

Diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis typically involves measuring blood levels of muscle enzymes (such as CK and LDH) and evaluating renal function through blood tests and urinalysis. Treatment generally focuses on addressing the underlying cause of muscle damage, maintaining fluid balance, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and preventing or managing kidney injury.

The kidney medulla is the inner portion of the renal pyramids in the kidney, consisting of multiple conical structures found within the kidney. It is composed of loops of Henle and collecting ducts responsible for concentrating urine by reabsorbing water and producing a hyperosmotic environment. The kidney medulla has a unique blood supply and is divided into an inner and outer zone, with the inner zone having a higher osmolarity than the outer zone. This region of the kidney helps regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.

A kidney glomerulus is a functional unit in the nephron of the kidney. It is a tuft of capillaries enclosed within a structure called Bowman's capsule, which filters waste and excess fluids from the blood. The glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and drains into an efferent arteriole.

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltration, where the pressure within the glomerular capillaries drives plasma fluid and small molecules (such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products) through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's space. Larger molecules, like proteins and blood cells, are retained in the blood due to their larger size. The filtrate then continues down the nephron for further processing, eventually forming urine.

Radioisotope renography is a type of nuclear medicine test used to evaluate the function and anatomy of the kidneys. It involves the intravenous administration of a small amount of radioactive material, called a radiopharmaceutical or radioisotope, which is taken up by the kidneys and emits gamma rays that can be detected by a special camera.

The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for renography is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc-99m MAG3). The patient is positioned under the gamma camera, and images are taken at various intervals after the injection of the radioisotope.

The test provides information about the blood flow to the kidneys, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the kidneys filter waste products from the blood, and the drainage of urine from the kidneys into the bladder. Renography can help diagnose conditions such as renal artery stenosis, hydronephrosis, and kidney obstruction.

It is important to note that while radioisotope renography involves exposure to a small amount of radiation, the benefits of the test in terms of diagnostic accuracy and patient management often outweigh the risks associated with the radiation exposure.

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a serious complication that primarily affects people with advanced liver disease, particularly those with cirrhosis. It's characterized by functional renal failure in the absence of structural kidney damage. This means that the kidneys stop working properly, but if they were to be removed and examined, there would be no obvious physical reason for their failure.

The medical definition of hepatorenal syndrome includes specific diagnostic criteria:

1. Presence of liver cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure.
2. Evidence of impaired liver function, such as ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) and elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.
3. Functional renal failure, defined as a serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dL or a doubling of the baseline creatinine to a level above 1.5 mg/dL in patients with previously normal renal function.
4. Absence of structural kidney damage, confirmed by a normal urinalysis (no protein or red blood cells in the urine), a high urine sodium concentration (greater than 10 mEq/L), and a low fractional excretion of sodium (less than 1%).
5. No alternative explanation for renal failure, such as sepsis, hypovolemia, or use of nephrotoxic medications.

Hepatorenal syndrome is further divided into two types:

- Type 1 HRS: This form is characterized by a rapid and severe decline in kidney function, with a doubling of the serum creatinine to a level greater than 2.5 mg/dL within two weeks. Type 1 HRS has a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of about two weeks if left untreated.
- Type 2 HRS: This form is characterized by a more gradual and modest decline in kidney function, with a serum creatinine level persistently above 1.5 mg/dL. Type 2 HRS has a better prognosis than type 1, but it still significantly worsens the overall survival of patients with liver cirrhosis.

Hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis and other forms of advanced liver disease. It requires prompt recognition and treatment to improve outcomes and prevent further deterioration of kidney function.

Renal circulation refers to the blood flow specifically dedicated to the kidneys. The main function of the kidneys is to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, which then get excreted as urine. To perform this function efficiently, the kidneys receive a substantial amount of the body's total blood supply - about 20-25% in a resting state.

The renal circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body returns to the right side of the heart and is pumped into the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygen-rich blood then leaves the left side of the heart through the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

A portion of this oxygen-rich blood moves into the renal arteries, which branch directly from the aorta and supply each kidney with blood. Within the kidneys, these arteries divide further into smaller vessels called afferent arterioles, which feed into a network of tiny capillaries called the glomerulus within each nephron (the functional unit of the kidney).

The filtration process occurs in the glomeruli, where waste materials and excess fluids are separated from the blood. The resulting filtrate then moves through another set of capillaries, the peritubular capillaries, which surround the renal tubules (the part of the nephron that reabsorbs necessary substances back into the bloodstream).

The now-deoxygenated blood from the kidneys' capillary network coalesces into venules and then merges into the renal veins, which ultimately drain into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the right side of the heart. This highly specialized circulation system allows the kidneys to efficiently filter waste while maintaining appropriate blood volume and composition.

The PAX2 transcription factor is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and function of the kidneys and urinary system. It belongs to the PAX family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the paired box. The PAX2 protein helps regulate gene expression during embryonic development, including genes involved in the formation of the nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys.

PAX2 is expressed in the intermediate mesoderm, which gives rise to the kidneys and other organs of the urinary system. It helps to specify the fate of these cells and promote their differentiation into mature kidney structures. In addition to its role in kidney development, PAX2 has also been implicated in the development of the eye, ear, and central nervous system.

Mutations in the PAX2 gene have been associated with various genetic disorders, including renal coloboma syndrome, which is characterized by kidney abnormalities and eye defects. Proper regulation of PAX2 expression is essential for normal development and function of the urinary system and other organs.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptors are cell surface receptors that bind to tumor necrosis factor cytokines. They play crucial roles in the regulation of a variety of immune cell functions, including inflammation, immunity, and cell survival or death (apoptosis).

There are two major types of TNF receptors: TNFR1 (also known as p55 or CD120a) and TNFR2 (also known as p75 or CD120b). TNFR1 is widely expressed in most tissues, while TNFR2 has a more restricted expression pattern and is mainly found on immune cells.

TNF receptors have an intracellular domain called the death domain, which can trigger signaling pathways leading to apoptosis when activated by TNF ligands. However, they can also activate other signaling pathways that promote cell survival, differentiation, and inflammation. Dysregulation of TNF receptor signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Hypotension is a medical term that refers to abnormally low blood pressure, usually defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood.

Hypotension can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and fainting, especially when standing up suddenly. In severe cases, hypotension can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiple organ failure due to inadequate blood flow.

Hypotension can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical conditions such as heart disease, endocrine disorders, and dehydration. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of hypotension, as it can indicate an underlying health issue that requires treatment.

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Histologic evidence shows a large combination of pathogenic mechanisms at play-acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis ... "Acute Renal Failure Associated with Malaria." J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 4 (2006): 47-52. "Acute kidney failure - Symptoms and ... In addition, malarial acute kidney failure has emerged as a serious problem due to its high mortality rate in non-immune adult ... The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury in severe malaria is unspecific and multifactorial-it affects fewer than 4.8 percent of ...
Chrysiasis can ultimately lead to acute kidney injury (such as tubular necrosis, nephrosis, glomerulitis), severe heart ... Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and ... Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds. Disodium aurothiomalate Sodium aurothiosulfate ( ... indicating kidney damage, and blood tests are required. A 1997 review (Suarez-Almazor ME, et al) reports that treatment with ...
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This may occur in conditions such as acute tubular necrosis, drug or heavy metal toxicity, acute glomerulonephritis, kidney ... Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs) line the collecting ducts and the distal and proximal tubules of the kidney. They can be ... Mohsenin, V. (2017). "Practical approach to detection and management of acute kidney injury in critically ill patient". Journal ... Blood enters the kidney though the renal artery and flows through the kidney's vasculature into the glomerulus, a tangled knot ...
Abnormal ranges of the fractional excretion of sodium can imply acute tubular necrosis or glomerular dysfunction. Two organ ... The kidney in humans is capable of producing glucose from lactate, glycerol and glutamine. The kidney is responsible for about ... Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the ... Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney. ...
Rapidly corrected acute renal ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis, from which complete recovery is possible, while more ... of all cases of acute kidney failure in adults and more than 20% of cases of acute kidney failure during late pregnancy. While ... Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is a rare cause of acute kidney failure. The condition is "usually caused by significantly ... and is the pathological progression of acute tubular necrosis. It is frequently associated with obstetric catastrophes such as ...
... acute tubular necrosis, or vasculitis and may lead to kidney failure and, uncommonly, be lethal. Lung involvement takes the ... Dysfunction of the kidney and liver are also suggested to promote this disorder in response to other drugs due to the ... Feldmeyer L, Heidemeyer K, Yawalkar N (2016). "Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, ... kidney, lung, or other organ dysfunctions. DRESS syndrome is one of several terms that have been used to describe a severe ...
However, the cells were able to exert a protective effect on tubular cells in mice with acute tubular necrosis. Amniotic stem ... "Stem cells derived from human amniotic fluid contribute to acute kidney injury recovery". The American Journal of Pathology. ... 2010). "Contribution of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immunodeficient mouse model of acute tubular necrosis". PLOS ONE ... These showed that in vitro the cells were able to contribute to early kidney structures as well as being able to integrate into ...
Together, these processes lead to acute tubular necrosis, the destruction of the cells of tubules. Glomerular filtration rate ... in the absence of acute kidney injury, and 59% if kidney impairment occurs. Most people who have sustained kidney impairment ... Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and can cause acute kidney ... The prognosis of acute kidney failure improved markedly when dialysis was added to supportive treatment, which first happened ...
The "muddy brown cast" seen in acute tubular necrosis is a type of granular cast.[citation needed] Thought to represent the end ... a direct infection of the kidney. They may also be seen in inflammatory states, such as acute allergic interstitial nephritis, ... These can be seen in acute tubular necrosis and toxic ingestion, such as from mercury, diethylene glycol, or salicylate. In ... longstanding kidney disease such as kidney failure. Additionally, due to urine stasis and their formation in diseased, dilated ...
Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney injury (the sudden development of kidney failure) with ... The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis. In some cases, an accumulation of an unidentified ... Acute kidney failure develops within 48 hours of ingestion. A blood test may reveal increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ... Eubig P, Brady M, Gwaltney-Brant S, Khan S, Mazzaferro E, Morrow C (2005). "Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of ...
Acute kidney failure due to tubular necrosis caused by oxalate has been recorded in several people who drank the concentrated ... 2013). "Acute oxalate nephropathy due to Averrhoa bilimbi fruit juice ingestion". Indian J Nephrol. 23 (4): 297-300. doi: ...
... is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the renal category. AKI is commonly defined as an abrupt decline in ... renal function, manifested by acute elevation in plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, occurring over hours to ... encoded search term (Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)) and Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the renal category (that is, AKI in which ...
Clinton is now a Kidney Donor Athlete!. by Tracey Hulick , Apr 19, 2019 , Running, Transplant Chain, Ultra ...
Acute Tubular Necrosis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Acute tubular necrosis is kidney injury caused by damage to the kidney tubule cells (kidney cells that reabsorb fluid and ... Causes of Acute Tubular Necrosis Acute tubular necrosis usually develops only in people who are seriously ill and in the ... Symptoms of Acute Tubular Necrosis People with acute tubular necrosis usually have no symptoms. However, if the condition is ...
Dysfunction of the key ferroptosis-surveilling systems hypersensitizes mice to tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. ... Dysfunction of the key ferroptosis-surveilling systems hypersensitizes mice to tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. / ... Dysfunction of the key ferroptosis-surveilling systems hypersensitizes mice to tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. In ... Dysfunction of the key ferroptosis-surveilling systems hypersensitizes mice to tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. ...
Acute tubular necrosis is classified as a "renal" (i.e. not pre-renal or post-renal) cause of acute kidney injury. Diagnosis is ... is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). ATN presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) and ... "Dissociation of tubular cell detachment and tubular cell death in clinical and experimental acute tubular necrosis". ... Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules ...
Influence of acute tubular necrosis on first cadaver kidney transplant function. J. M. Barry, D. Norman, E. F. Fuchs, S. ... Dive into the research topics of Influence of acute tubular necrosis on first cadaver kidney transplant function. Together ...
If the cause is not fixed quickly, damage may occur to the kidney (acute tubular necrosis). ... Okusa MD, Portilla D. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal ... Pathophysiology and etiology of acute kidney injury. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Tonelli M, Johnson RJ, eds. Comprehensive ... The kidneys filter the blood. They also make urine to remove waste products. When the amount, or pressure, of blood flow ...
2023 CDI - Documenting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [IEM]. ... 2023 CDI - Documenting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [IEM]. ... Define diagnostic criteria for Acute Kidney Injury/Acute Tubular Necrosiss. *Improve quality measures, patient care & outcomes ... KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney International Supplements 2012; 2: 1-138 ...
Kidney. Mild, multifocal, acute tubular degeneration and necrosis; mild, multifocal, acute tubular proteinosis and protein ... Scattered acute hyaline myocyte degeneration and necrosis. 11. Ascending aorta. Marked, segmental, chronic fibrosing and ... Kidney. Mild, multifocal, chronic membranous glomerulonephritis with glomerulocysts, tubular proteinosis, protein casts, and ... Moderate, multifocal, acute subendocardial and epicardial hemorrhage. Adrenal. Marked, multifocal, acute cortico-medullary ...
... , Acute Renal Failure, Acute Renal Insufficiency, Renal Failure, Azotemia, Uremia, Acute Tubular Necrosis, ... Acute Kidney Injury. Acute Kidney Injury Aka: Acute Kidney Injury, Acute Renal Failure, Acute Renal Insufficiency, Renal ... Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury. *Overall: 2-3 per 1000 persons. *Hospital: 7% of patients. *Acute Kidney Injury as primary ... Tubular (most common intrinsic cause). *Final common pathway of Kidney injury resulting in cell death and necrosis (analogous ...
... was see KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE 1967-70, was see ACUTE RENAL FAILURE 1963-66. Online Note. use KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS, ACUTE to ... Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Preferred Concept UI. M0012024. Scope Note. Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of ... Acute Kidney Injury [C12.050.351.968.419.780.050] * Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute [C12.050.351.968.419.780.050.500] ... Acute Kidney Injury [C12.200.777.419.780.050] * Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute [C12.200.777.419.780.050.500] ...
The following findings may be found on CT scan of patients with acute tubular necrosis:[1] *Increased kidney size ... CT scan findings of patients with acute tubular necrosis may include alterations in kidney size, striate nephrogram, ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Acute_tubular_necrosis_CT&oldid=1473441" ... Mangano FA, Zaontz M, Pahira JJ, Clark LR, Jaffe MH, Choyke PL, Zeman RK (1985). "Computed tomography of acute renal failure ...
Kidney failure due to acute tubular necrosis is a significant sequela of arsine exposure. Hemoglobin in the urine is thought to ... Arsine poisoning causes acute intravascular hemolysis, which may lead to renal failure. Arsine gas does not produce acute ... EPA AEGL-2 (Acute Exposure Guideline Level-2) for arsine = 0.3 ppm (10-minute) to 0.02 ppm (8-hour); AEGL 1 not recommended due ... Acute Exposure. After absorption by the lungs, arsine enters red blood cells (RBC) where different processes may contribute to ...
Kidney failure (acute tubular necrosis) is a significant consequence of arsine (SA) exposure and may be permanent. Some exposed ... Acute Exposure Guidelines. 10 min. 30 min. 60 min. 4 hr. 8 hr. ... Acute destruction of red blood cells (intravascular hemolysis) ... Arsine (SA) poisoning causes destruction of red blood cells (intravascular hemolysis), which may lead to kidney (renal) failure ... Chronic arsine (SA) exposure can result in gastrointestinal upset, anemia, and damage to lungs, kidneys, liver, nervous system ...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most serious complications, characterized by a sharp drop in the glomerular filtration ... Identifying new markers of kidney injury with clinical value has also become an increasing focus of research. In this text, we ... Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) results from renal tubular epithelial cell injury/necrosis caused by renal ischemia and/or toxic ... acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury," Kidney International Supplements, ...
Acute kidney failure. Condition. Acute tubular necrosis. Condition. Diabetes insipidus. Condition. Psychogenic polydipsia. ... Why does in acute glomerulonephritis , specific gravity &urine osmolality increase ?Shouldnt kidneys loss the ability to ... My kidney function is in the normal range. My symptoms are muscle cramping and fatigue. Could this be siadh? ...
Volume responsive (pre-renal) acute kidney injury. *Acute tubular necrosis. *Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (eg, post- ... is inflammation of the renal interstitium leading to acute renal dysfunction. Clinical features are those of acute kidney ... Symptoms are related to the cause of AIN and to the degree of acute kidney injury. When drug induced, allergic-type symptoms of ... N12 - Tubulo-interstitial nephritis, not specified as acute or chronic. SNOMEDCT:. 28637003 - Acute interstitial nephritis ...
Kitts, four cases of acute fatal leptospirosis were diagnosed. Clinical, pathological, and diagnostic findings in these cases ... In the kidneys, there was acute tubular degeneration and necrosis, with multifocal mineralization of the tubular basement ... In the kidneys, there was acute tubular degeneration and necrosis, with multifocal mineralization of the tubular basement ... In the kidneys, there was acute tubular degeneration and necrosis, with multifocal mineralization of the tubular basement ...
... acute tubular necrosis develops in advanced disease. Hemorrhage and erosion of the gastric mucosa lead to hematemesis, ... and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Viral antigens are found diffusely in kidneys, myocardium, and hepatocytes. In ... The kidneys also undergo significant pathologic changes. Albuminuria and renal insufficiency evolve secondary to the prerenal ... A mosquito-borne disease, yellow fever can manifest on a wide spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic illness to acute-onset viral ...
KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS). LIVER: HEPATITIS ( ... HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS), ZONAL. BLOOD: HEMORRHAGE. Hygiene and Sanitation Vol. 32(5), Pg. 158, 1967.. ...
... acute tubular necrosis and the video below Intrarenal Acute Kidney Injury answer the following questions:. *10. Define acute ... In this case study, we will focus on acute tubular necrosis (ATN) as a toxic side-effect of the antibiotics administered ... 6. What symptoms may occur in acute kidney failure?. *7. What is prerenal acute renal failure and what might cause this? ( ... View Kidney Disease video and The Functional Unit of Kidney video and answer the following questions: ...
Acute renal failure refers to rapid decline of kidney function which is potentially life threatening because urine production ... acute tubular necrosis - destruction and death of the tubules within the kidneys. ... Poor blood supply to the kidney leads to abnormal kidney function.. Generally, causes of acute kidney failure can be divided ... Acute failure of the kidneys is a condition in which there is a rapid loss of the normal function of your kidneys, due to a ...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly associated with sepsis, cardiovascular collapse, congestive heart failure, major surgery ... Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int. 2005 Feb;67(2):524- ... Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1- ... Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1- ...
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN; damage to the tubule cells of the kidneys) ATN. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a kidney disorder ... Acute kidney failure. Kidney failure; Renal failure; Renal failure - acute; ARF; Kidney injury - acute Acute kidney failure is ... Disorders that cause clotting within the kidney blood vessels *Infections that directly injure the kidney, such as acute ... Acute kidney injury. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 112 ...
... acute renal failure (due to vasospasm, acute tubular necrosis [ATN], or renal cortical necrosis), proteinuria greater than 4-5 ... Kidneys. Urinalysis may be used as a screen for proteinuria. Trace levels to +1 proteinuria are acceptable, but levels of +2 or ... acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or cortical necrosis. ... Treatment of acute hypertension in pregnancy. Acute severe ... Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Although a distinct and rare disorder, acute fatty liver has some clinical features similar to ...
... and acute tubular necrosis.This has led to major limitation for their usage as plasma volume expansion in kidney ... To decrease the incidence of postoperative acute tubular necrosis (ATN), a liberal hydration policy is usually employed intra- ... Diagnosis and treatment of acute tubular necrosis. Ann Inten Med; 137. 744. 752. ... empress the heart function with the recommendation of dialysis in presence of delayed graft function or acute tubular necrosis. ...
... acute nephrotoxicity with endothelial damage, fibrin deposit in the glomerular areas and necrosis of epithelial tubular cells; ... These data show that gold nanoparticles moved to the kidney, as expected, since the kidney physiological function is filtering ... acute nephrotoxicity with endothelial damage, fibrin deposit in the glomerular areas and necrosis of epithelial tubular cells; ... acute hepatotoxicity with hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate in the portal areas; hypoplasia or complete aplasia ...
failure (acute) specified as due to procedure*insufficiency (acute) specified as due to procedure*Tubular necrosis (acute) ... renal (kidney) 586. *. with*. abortion - see Abortion, by type, with renal failure ... Necrosis, necrotic*. tubular (acute) (anoxic) (toxic) 584.5. *. due to a procedure 997.5 ... hypertension (see also Hypertension, kidney) 403.91. *. hypertensive heart disease (conditions classifiable to 402. ) 404.92. * ...
  • Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is inflammation of the renal interstitium leading to acute renal dysfunction. (logicalimages.com)
  • Additionally, disturbance in acid-base, electrolytes and fluid balance are usually related to a marked decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caused by a variety of systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and renal disorders as chronic glomerulonephritis,cystic kidney disorder,interstitial nephritis, obstructive uropathy, and lupus nephritis. (intechopen.com)
  • Renal AKI describes the conditions which affect the glomerulus or tubule, for example, acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. (randox.com)
  • Overview of Tubulointerstitial Diseases Tubulointerstitial diseases are clinically heterogeneous disorders that share similar features of tubular and interstitial injury. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) arises when chronic tubular insults cause gradual interstitial infiltration and fibrosis, tubular atrophy and dysfunction, and a gradual deterioration of renal function, usually over years. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Chronic lead poisoning may also result in lead nephropathy, which is characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, glomerular sclerosis, and ultimately diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (medscape.com)
  • Removal of lead using chelation therapy reverses the proximal reabsorptive defect and removes the intranuclear inclusion bodies of acute lead nephropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment history for longstanding acute kidney pathology , Glomerular disease acute tubular necrosis, nephritic syndrome, nephritic syndrome , membranous nephropathy etcâ? (who.int)
  • Sepsis also can directly damage kidney cells, which worsens the effects of the low blood pressure caused by sepsis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tachypnea and hypoxia with impending respiratory failure may develop as a consequence of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). (medscape.com)
  • Infections - to the kidney itself, or within the bloodstream (eg sepsis). (healthengine.com.au)
  • One of the most common and devastating morbidities is sepsis-related acute kidney injury (AKI). (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry at 24 h after the induction of sepsis demonstrated increased expression of OLFM4 in the kidney, which was localized to the loop of Henle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Necrotic cells fall into the tubule lumen, obturating it, and determining acute kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, when ATN was absent, studies reported a wide variety of kidney morphologic changes in septic AKI - ranging from normal (in most cases) to marked cortical tubular necrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recovery phase, in which tubular function recovers, is characterized by an increase in urine volume (if oliguria was present during the maintenance phase) and by a gradual decrease in BUN and serum Cr to their preinjury levels. (medscape.com)
  • Acute tubular necrosis is kidney injury caused by damage to the kidney tubule cells (kidney cells that reabsorb fluid and minerals from urine as it forms). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Little or no urine is made, even though the kidney itself is working. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leptospires live in the kidneys of reservoir animals and are shed in the urine, contaminating surface water. (mdpi.com)
  • Some of these include: the build up of waste products that the kidneys usually excrete, such as urea and creatinine, high or low concentrations of molecules such as sodium and potassium, low numbers of red blood cells, inability to concentrate the urine properly and build up of excess fluid. (healthengine.com.au)
  • This causes the urine to back up and injure one or both kidneys. (adam.com)
  • The success of graft survival after kidney transplantation is closely associated with early graft function based on intraoperative perfusion characteristics of the allograft and good urine output. (intechopen.com)
  • Qualitative urine immunoassays (ie, urine drug screens) are available for amphetamines but have limited utility in managing acute toxicity. (emra.org)
  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute kidney injury is a rapid decrease in renal function over days to weeks, causing an accumulation of nitrogenous products in the blood (azotemia) with or without reduction in amount of urine. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Acute renal failure is sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes. (health.am)
  • Measurement of the urine sodium concentration is vital in determining the integrity of tubular reabsorptive function. (medscape.com)
  • Acute failure of the kidneys is a condition in which there is a rapid loss of the normal function of your kidneys, due to a sudden, acute or chronic insult. (healthengine.com.au)
  • 10 µg/dL, increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and creatinine clearance. (medscape.com)
  • The association between lead exposure and GFR was evaluated in North American children with CKD in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. (medscape.com)
  • This review examines the evidence linking acute kidney injury (AKI) with the risk of subsequently developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). (karger.com)
  • Amongst the survivors of an episode of AKI, there is an increasing understanding of long-term consequences that may include an increased mortality risk, the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the progression from CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [ 2,3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing, progressive deterioration of renal function. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Disorders that cause acute kidney injury in early or late pregnancy generally fall into very different categories, and it must also be remembered that pregnancies in women with underlying chronic kidney disease who require dialysis during pregnancy or who have previously undergone renal transplantation pose unique sets of issues. (medscape.com)
  • Go to Hypertension and Pregnancy, Preeclampsia, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease for more information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic Kidney Disease is an abnormal kidney function and/ or structure, present for a minimum period of 3 months. (randox.com)
  • Utilising patented Biochip Technology, the Randox Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arrays could improve patient risk stratification whilst monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. (randox.com)
  • Chronic Mg deficiency has also been shown to increase copper absorption and concentrations in plasma, muscle, kidney, and liver. (drsircus.com)
  • Acute-onset, severe hypertension that is accurately measured using standard techniques and is persistent for 15 minutes or longer is considered a hypertensive emergency. (medscape.com)
  • Intravenous (IV) labetalol and hydralazine have long been considered first-line medications for the management of acute-onset, severe hypertension in pregnant women and women in the postpartum period. (medscape.com)
  • 4] The hypothesis was that decreased synthesis of eicosanoids might contribute to hypertension and make the kidney more vulnerable to drugs that reduce the synthesis of locally produced vasodilators (eg, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). (medscape.com)
  • Disorders of the blood, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), transfusion reaction, or other hemolytic disorders, malignant hypertension and disorders resulting from childbirth, such as bleeding placenta abruptio or placenta previa can damage the kidneys. (health.am)
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most serious complications, especially in end-stage liver disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Partly based on the AKIN and RIFLE criteria, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published the KDIGO standard for the evaluation and management of AKI in 2012. (hindawi.com)
  • 2. What things can cause a change in the structure or function of the kidney, causing kidney disease? (weber.edu)
  • The incidence of kidney disease due to bacteria such as streptococci has been gradually decreasing with the increasing living standards in Australia. (healthengine.com.au)
  • However, in many Indigenous communities, high incidences of streptococcal infection and kidney disease are still seen. (healthengine.com.au)
  • Acute disease of the kidneys (acute glomerulonephritis ) due to: immune causes, development of antibodies and sometimes from unknown causes. (healthengine.com.au)
  • Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. (bmj.com)
  • Hospitalization discharge diagnoses for kidney disease: United States, 1980-2005. (bmj.com)
  • 2022 United States Renal Data System (USRDS) annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. (bmj.com)
  • Toxic nephropathies are estimated to cause fewer than 1% of all cases of end-stage kidney disease. (medscape.com)
  • Postoperative AKI within 72 hours was defined using the International Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes classification. (bmj.com)
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715412?tool=bestpractice.com According to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, AKI severity is classified into three stages depending on the serum creatinine level or the extent of oliguria. (bmj.com)
  • Ideally, women with kidney disease or systemic diseases that would put them at risk during pregnancy should receive preconception counseling from physicians knowledgeable about the current literature related to pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Successful maternal and fetal outcomes for women with preexisting kidney disease, and those with onset of kidney disease during pregnancy, require a close working relationship among all physicians involved in the care of these patients. (medscape.com)
  • These changes are particularly important, as a normal serum creatinine or BUN level may represent kidney disease during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis of CKD at early stages will allow earlier intervention for the treatment of kidney disease, and the prevention of further kidney damage. (randox.com)
  • With the rise in the population of patients with End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Nigeria, there is an increased demand for Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) including kidney transplantation (KT). (lidsen.com)
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kidney Disease and Quality of Life (KDQOL-SFTM) b. (who.int)
  • Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who have been hospitalised and is associated with a poor prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, gold nanoshells did not induce any tissue damage, such as necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate or fibrosis in mouse liver, spleen, kidney or bone marrow after 6 months. (springer.com)
  • HGF is produced and secreted by adjacent stromal and mesenchymal cells, it contributes to the development of epithelial organs in a paracrine fashion, exerts regenerative effects on epithelia in the liver, kidney, lung, and other tissues, and promotes the regression of fibrosis in numerous organs ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Given the unmet medical need to clinically inhibit AKI, we generated a combined small molecule inhibitor (Nec-1f) that simultaneously targets receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and ferroptosis in cell lines, in freshly isolated primary kidney tubules and in mouse models of cardiac transplantation and of AKI and improved survival in models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. (illinois.edu)
  • Organ ischemia, which primarily affects the kidneys and central nervous system, leads to altered mental status and/or signs of volume overload. (medscape.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, such as tumors, nervous system diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, kidney injury, and blood diseases. (nature.com)
  • Ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as tumors, neurological diseases, acute kidney injury, ischemia/reperfusion, etc. (nature.com)
  • For example, if ATN was a consistent histopathological finding, this would strongly suggest that ischemia and tubular cell necrosis are probably an important pathogenetic mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morbidity from shock may be widespread and can include central nervous system (CNS) failure, respiratory failure (ie, from muscle fatigue or acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, gastrointestinal ischemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic derangements, and ultimately death. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the links below, review the urinary system, kidney anatomy, and the nephron in the workbook. (weber.edu)
  • Urinary tract obstruction, such as a narrowing of the urinary tract (stricture), tumors, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis or enlarged prostate with subsequent acute bilateral obstructive uropathy. (health.am)
  • For patient education information, see Acute Kidney Failure . (medscape.com)
  • Prerenal azotemia is the most common form of kidney failure in hospitalized people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES . (nih.gov)
  • RIFLE criteria include parameters present during the whole course of the condition, ranging from kidney injury to end-stage renal failure. (hindawi.com)
  • Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequent tients who required kidney biopsy. (who.int)
  • Snakebite, malaria, liver diseases and Multivariate logistic regression analysis road traffic accidents are common health was carried out to study potential factors problems in Saudi Arabia [ 7-9 ], and the that might affect survival of acute renal contribution of these conditions to the de- failure. (who.int)
  • The link above presents a good overview of the key points of renal failure and links to basic kidney function. (weber.edu)
  • 5. Define acute renal (kidney) failure. (weber.edu)
  • 6. What symptoms may occur in acute kidney failure? (weber.edu)
  • 7. What is prerenal acute renal failure and what might cause this? (weber.edu)
  • 9. What causes intrarenal acute renal failure? (weber.edu)
  • Acute kidney failure should be treated as a serious condition and is a potential medical emergency. (healthengine.com.au)
  • Acute failure of the kidneys is not a rare condition, with the incidence depending on the definition used and the population studied. (healthengine.com.au)
  • People who are hospitalized in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) are at very high risk for acute kidney failure. (healthengine.com.au)
  • A large multinational study was recently published in 2005, which studied over 29000 ICU patients in multiple countries to try and determine the incidence of acute kidney failure. (healthengine.com.au)
  • Of the 29 269 critically ill patients admitted during the study period, approximately 6% developed acute renal failure during their ICU stay. (healthengine.com.au)
  • The most common causes of acute kidney failure are those conditions that cause reduced blood supply to the kidneys. (healthengine.com.au)
  • Generally, causes of acute kidney failure can be divided into three groups - pre-renal (ie affecting the body's volume and vessels supplying the kidneys, renal (within the kidney) and post renal (affecting pathways and structures after the kidneys). (healthengine.com.au)
  • Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. (bmj.com)
  • 14. Liaño F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. (bmj.com)
  • Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. (bmj.com)
  • Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. (bmj.com)
  • 17. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. (bmj.com)
  • Hemodynamically mediated acute renal failure. (bmj.com)
  • Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure. (bmj.com)
  • Acute kidney failure is the rapid (less than 2 days) loss of your kidneys' ability to remove waste and help balance fluids and electrolytes in your body. (adam.com)
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a kidney disorder involving damage to the tubule cells of the kidneys, which can lead to acute kidney failure. (adam.com)
  • Kidney transplantation results in superior life expectancy and better quality of life if compared to dialysis treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure. (intechopen.com)
  • The United States Renal Data System discloses that 2-3% of incident ESRD patients in the US have acute tubular necrosis (ATN) as the primary etiology for renal failure, and this percentage rises when considering other separately coded forms of AKI [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma can cause acute renal failure. (health.am)
  • In young children, hemolytic uremic syndrome is an increasingly common cause of acute renal failure. (health.am)
  • Examination and testing can reveal acute renal failure and help rule out other disorders that affect kidney function. (health.am)
  • Kidney or abdominal ultrasound is usually the best test, but abdominal X-ray, abdominal CT scan or abdominal MRI may also reveal the cause of acute renal failure. (health.am)
  • Shock is defined as a state of acute energy failure due to inadequate glucose substrate delivery, oxygen delivery, or mitochondrial failure at the cellular level. (medscape.com)
  • People have no symptoms unless kidney injury is severe. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms are related to the cause of AIN and to the degree of acute kidney injury. (logicalimages.com)
  • 3. List symptoms that may be present if the kidneys are failing? (weber.edu)
  • Liver function tests (LFTs): Elevated levels of transaminases precede the appearance of jaundice, and the degree of liver dysfunction in the acute phase may be predictive of the clinical course. (medscape.com)
  • An intrinsic acute kidney injury caused by ischemic or nephrotoxic injury to renal tubular epithelial cells, which results in tubular dysfunction or detachment from the basement membrane. (bmj.com)
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is an intrinsic AKI that follows a condition of severe and persistent hypoperfusion or toxic injury of epithelial cells causing detachment of the basement membrane and tubular dysfunction. (bmj.com)
  • Cystatin C is well recognised marker of kidney filtration dysfunction and injury. (randox.com)
  • Histopathology: Toxic ATN is characterized by proximal tubular epithelium necrosis (no nuclei, intense eosinophilic homogeneous cytoplasm, but preserved shape) due to a toxic substance (poisons, organic solvents, drugs, heavy metals). (wikipedia.org)
  • Basement membrane is intact,[citation needed] so the tubular epithelium regeneration is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • In response to acute injury, the adult kidney shows some level of regeneration characterized by the proliferation of the surviving cells and the replacement of the necrotic tubular cells with functional tubular epithelium [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The term ATN is actually a misnomer, as there is minimal cell necrosis and the damage is not limited to tubules. (medscape.com)
  • Quickly treating any condition that reduces the volume or force of blood flow through the kidneys may help prevent prerenal azotemia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. (bmj.com)
  • Infections such as acute pyelonephritis or septicemia. (health.am)
  • Common causes are low blood flow to the kidneys (such as caused by low blood pressure), medications that damage the kidneys, and severe bodywide infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A prerequisite for the use of these biocompatible nanoparticles in oncology daily practice is to check in vivo their tolerance in the long-term and on the organs that are the most sensitive to efficient anticancer drugs, particularly the liver, bone marrow, kidney, heart and lung [ 7 , 8 ]. (springer.com)
  • Injury to the kidney tubule cells harms the ability of the kidneys to filter the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Medications that commonly damage the kidneys include aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamicin and tobramycin ), amphotericin B (a medication used to treat severe, bodywide fungal infections), colistimethate (an antibiotic used to treat infections that develop in people hospitalized for another disorder), vancomycin (an antibiotic used to treat infections that are resistant to other antibiotics), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the most severe instances of AKI, dialysis may be warranted to compensate for the diminished kidney function 5 . (randox.com)
  • Metabolites of ethylene glycol produce severe metabolic acidosis and damage to the brain, heart, and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
  • In severe and prolonged cases, the entire kidney may become. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Severe acute nephritic syndrome. (health.am)
  • Our results revealed that iPSC-derived RPCs can protect AKI rat from renal function impairment and severe tubular injury by up-regulating the renal tubules formation, promoting cell proliferation, reducing apoptosis, and regulating the microenvironment in the injured kidney. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The initiation phase is characterized by an acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a corresponding sudden increase in serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • Therapeutic mainstays are prevention, avoidance of further kidney damage, treatment of underlying conditions, and aggressive treatment of complications (see Treatment and Medication ). (medscape.com)
  • Les paramètres cliniques et obstétricales, la prise en charge, les complications et l'évolution maternelle ont été les paramètres étudiés. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group first proposed the RIFLE diagnostic criteria in 2004. (hindawi.com)
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a type of acute kidney injury (AKI) that results in the sudden and rapid death of tubular cells in the kidneys. (osmosis.org)
  • Abdominal surgery is probably associated with more likelihood to cause acute kidney injury (AKI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • At the kidney level, this means a loss in the glomerular filtration rate. (weber.edu)
  • The loss of kidney function is the result of a sudden reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the process through which waste is extracted from the blood and is often reversible 2 . (randox.com)
  • Objective We aimed to investigate whether preoperative serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (sNGAL pre-op ) predicted postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalisation and 1-year cardiovascular and all-cause mortality following adult cardiac surgery. (bmj.com)
  • Mycophenolate mofetil has also been shown to reverse ongoing acute rejection in the canine renal and rat cardiac allograft models. (nih.gov)
  • Traditionally, cell death has been divided into apoptosis and necrosis. (nature.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that in addition to necrosis and apoptosis, there are also other new programmed death modes, such as autophagy, necrosis and necrotic apoptosis, which have unique biological processes and pathophysiological characteristics. (nature.com)
  • It does not have the morphological characteristics of typical necrosis, such as swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles and rupture of the cell membrane, nor does it have the characteristics of traditional cell apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and disintegration of the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
  • The transplantation of iPSC-derived RPCs decreased the levels of biomarkers indicative of renal injury and attenuated the necrosis and apoptosis of renal tissues, but resulted in the up-regulation of renal tubules formation, cell proliferation, and the expression of pro-renal factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. (bswhealth.com)
  • Identifying new markers of kidney injury with clinical value has also become an increasing focus of research. (hindawi.com)
  • Clinical features are those of acute kidney injury from any cause. (logicalimages.com)
  • KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. (bmj.com)
  • Photomicrograph of a kidney biopsy specimen shows renal medulla, which is composed mainly of renal tubules. (medscape.com)
  • Persistent hypoperfusion injures tubular cells in the straight portion of the proximal tubules and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, especially as it dips into the relatively hypoxic medulla. (medscape.com)
  • The tubular epithelial cells of the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in the outer stripe of the medulla, at the corticomedullary junction, are most susceptible to ischemic injury as these cells live in a relatively hypoxic environment. (medscape.com)
  • 80-100 μg/dL) disrupts both proximal tubular structure and function. (medscape.com)
  • Lead is absorbed by the proximal tubular cells of the renal tubules, where it binds to specific lead-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
  • 10 ] showed that the transplantation of mouse ESCs-derived RPCs can result in the stable integration into proximal tubules with normal morphology and normal polarization injection into developing live newborn mouse kidneys, suggesting the potential of ESCs for application in regenerative therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxic ATN occurs when the tubular cells are exposed to a toxic substance (nephrotoxic ATN). (wikipedia.org)
  • but it can also be due to exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic drugs which cause damage to the tubular cells. (osmosis.org)
  • Overview of Kidney Filtering Disorders Each kidney contains about 1 million filtering units (glomeruli). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Accurately document acute kidney disorders. (bswhealth.com)
  • This is a photomicrograph of a kidney tissue sample, which had been extracted from a patient with an acute case of cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients. (bmj.com)
  • While tubular and glomerular functions generally remain intact, pre-renal AKI may be caused by systemic hypoperfusion (decreased blood flow) or selective hypoperfusion to the kidney, caused by renal artery stenosis or aortic dissection 3 . (randox.com)
  • Microscopically, diffuse hepatic necrosis with biliary hyperplasia is seen. (dvm360.com)
  • The number of Kidney transplants has increased in last decades for many advances in diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. (intechopen.com)
  • Obstruction affecting one side might not invariably lead to acute kidney injury, especially when the impediment develops slowly, such as with tumour growth. (randox.com)
  • Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) involves an inflammatory infiltrate and edema affecting the renal interstitium that often develops over days to months. (merckmanuals.com)
  • CT scan findings of patients with acute tubular necrosis may include alterations in kidney size, striate nephrogram, accumulation of fluid around kidneys . (wikidoc.org)
  • Cette étude a permis de déterminer la fréquence et l'étiologie de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë chez des patients hospitalisés en Arabie saoudite sur une période de 2 ans. (who.int)
  • Through prospective enrollment of canine patients at the Ross University Veterinary Clinic, on St. Kitts, four cases of acute fatal leptospirosis were diagnosed. (mdpi.com)
  • Predicting one-year mortality of critically ill patients with early acute kidney injury: data from the prospective multicenter FINNAKI study. (bmj.com)
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in up to 20% of patients admitted to hospital and results in significant morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
  • Among these patients, only 26 (22%) had features suggestive of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 98 patients (41 female, mean age 66.4 ± 13.9 years) who underwent acute RRT according to local indications for post-major abdominal surgery AKI between 1 January, 2002 and 31 December, 2005 were enrolled The demographic data, comorbid diseases, types of surgery and RRT, as well as the indications for RRT were documented. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The findings of this study support earlier initiation of acute RRT, and also underscore the importance of predicting prognoses of major abdominal surgical patients with AKI by using RIFLE classification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Causes of obstruction include kidney stones, tumours, or blood clots, commonly in the bladder outlet. (randox.com)