A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.
Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes.
Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
'Allyl compounds' are organic substances that contain the allyl group (CH2=CH-CH2-) as a functional component, which can be found in various forms such as allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, and allyl esters.
Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.
Small solar system planetary bodies including asteroids. Most asteroids are found within the gap lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of krypton that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Kr atoms with atomic weights 74-77, 79, 81, 85, and 87-94 are radioactive krypton isotopes.

Three-year clinical and angiographic follow-up after intracoronary radiation : results of a randomized clinical trial. (1/81)

BACKGROUND: Although several early trials indicate treatment of restenosis with radiation therapy is safe and effective, the long-term impact of this new technology has been questioned. The objective of this report is to document angiographic and clinical outcome 3 years after treatment of restenotic stented coronary arteries with catheter-based (192)Ir. METHODS AND RESULTS: A double-blind, randomized trial compared (192)Ir with placebo sources in patients with previous restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Over a 9-month period, 55 patients were enrolled; 26 were randomized to (192)Ir and 29 to placebo. At 3-year follow-up, target-lesion revascularization was significantly lower in the (192)Ir group (15. 4% versus 48.3%; P<0.01). The dichotomous restenosis rate at 3-year follow-up was also significantly lower in (192)Ir patients (33% versus 64%; P<0.05). In a subgroup of patients with 3-year angiographic follow-up not subjected to target-lesion revascularization by the 6-month angiogram, the mean minimal luminal diameter between 6 months and 3 years decreased from 2.49+/-0.81 to 2.12+/-0.73 mm in (192)Ir patients but was unchanged in placebo patients. CONCLUSIONS: The early clinical benefits observed after treatment of coronary restenosis with (192)Ir appear durable at late follow-up. Angiographic restenosis continues to be significantly reduced in (192)Ir-treated patients, but a small amount of late loss was observed between the 6-month and 3-year follow-up time points. No events occurred in the (192)Ir group to suggest major untoward effects of vascular radiotherapy. At 3-year follow-up, vascular radiotherapy continues to be a promising new treatment for restenosis.  (+info)

Localized intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy to inhibit the recurrence of restenosis after stenting. (2/81)

BACKGROUND: Although the frequency of restenosis after coronary angioplasty is reduced by stenting, when restenosis develops within a stent, the risk of subsequent restenosis is greater than 50 percent. We report on a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial of intracoronary radiation therapy for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. METHODS: Of 252 eligible patients in whom in-stent restenosis had developed, 131 were randomly assigned to receive an indwelling intracoronary ribbon containing a sealed source of iridium-192, and 121 were assigned to receive a similar-appearing nonradioactive ribbon (placebo). RESULTS: The primary end point, a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and the need for repeated revascularization of the target lesion during nine months of follow-up, occurred in 53 patients assigned to placebo (43.8 percent) and 37 patients assigned to iridium-192 (28.2 percent, P=0.02). However, the reduction in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events was determined solely by a diminished need for revascularization of the target lesion, not by reductions in the incidence of death or myocardial infarction. Late thrombosis occurred in 5.3 percent of the iridium-192 group, as compared with 0.8 percent of the placebo group (P=0.07), resulting in more late myocardial infarctions in the iridium-192 group (9.9 percent vs. 4.1 percent, P=0.09). Late thrombosis occurred in irradiated patients only after the discontinuation of oral antiplatelet therapy (with ticlopidine or clopidogrel) and only in patients who had received new stents at the time of radiation treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Intracoronary irradiation with iridium-192 resulted in lower rates of clinical and angiographic restenosis, although it was also associated with a higher rate of late thrombosis, resulting in an increased risk of myocardial infarction. If the problem of late thrombosis within the stent can be overcome, intracoronary irradiation with iridium-192 may become a useful approach to the treatment of in-stent restenosis.  (+info)

Serial intravascular ultrasound analysis of the impact of lesion length on the efficacy of intracoronary gamma-irradiation for preventing recurrent in-stent restenosis. (3/81)

BACKGROUND: The relation between lesion length and effectiveness of brachytherapy is not well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared serial (postintervention and follow-up) intravascular ultrasound findings in 66 patients with native coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) who were treated with (192)Ir (15 Gy delivered 2 mm away from the radiation source). Patients were enrolled in the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST; ISR length, 10 to 47 mm; n=36) or Long WRIST (ISR length, 36 to 80 mm; n=30). External elastic membrane, stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia (IH; stent minus lumen) areas and source-to-target (intravascular ultrasound catheter to external elastic membrane) distances were measured. Postintervention stent areas were larger in WRIST and smaller in Long WRIST patients (P:<0.0001). At follow-up, maximum IH area significantly increased in both WRIST and Long WRIST patients (P:<0.0001 for both), but this increase was greater in Long WRIST patients (P:=0.0006). Similarly, minimum lumen cross-sectional area significantly decreased in both WRIST and Long WRIST patients (P:<0.05 and P:<0.0001, respectively), but this decrease was more pronounced in Long WRIST patients (P:=0.0567). The maximum source-to-target distance was longer in Long WRIST than in WRIST, and it correlated directly with ISR length (r=0.547, P:<0.0001). Overall, the change in minimum lumen area and the change in maximum IH area correlated with the maximum source-to-target distance (r=0.352, P:=0.0038 and r=0.523, P:<0.0001 for WRIST and Long WRIST, respectively). The variability (maximum/minimum) in IH area at follow-up also correlated with the maximum source-to-target distance (r=0.378, P:<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Brachytherapy may be less effective in longer ISR lesions because of the greater variability and longer source-to-target distances in diffuse ISR.  (+info)

Edge stenosis and geographical miss following intracoronary gamma radiation therapy for in-stent restenosis. (4/81)

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the relationship between geographical miss (GM) and edge restenosis (ERS) following intracoronary radiation therapy. BACKGROUND: Edge restenosis may be a limitation of intracoronary irradiation to prevent in-stent restenosis (ISR). Inadequate radiation source coverage of the injured segment (GM) has been proposed as a cause of ERS. We studied the relationship between GM and ERS following 192Ir treatment of ISR. METHODS: There were 100 patients with native vessel ISR in WRIST (Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial), in which patients with ISR were first treated with conventional techniques and then randomized to gamma irradiation (192Ir) or placebo. Geographical miss was defined as segments proximal or distal to the treated lesion that were subjected to injury during primary intervention but were not covered by the radiation source. RESULTS: Geographical miss was documented in 56 of 164 edges (34%). Edge restenosis was noted at eight of 80 radiated edges and in four of 84 placebo edges. In the irradiated group, ERS was observed in 21% of edges with GM and in 40% of edges without GM (p = 0.035). In contrast, in the placebo group, ERS was observed in only 7% of edges with GM and in 4% of edges without GM (p = NS). The late edge lumen loss was higher in the irradiated group with GM as compared to placebo with GM (0.74 +/- 0.57 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.50 mm, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Edge restenosis following gamma irradiation treatment of ISR is related to GM: a mismatch between the segment of artery injured during the primary catheter-based intervention and the length of the radiation source.  (+info)

Interstitial brachytherapy using iridium-192 for malignant brain tumors: clinical results. (5/81)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects and toxicity of interstitial brachytherapy using iridium-192 on brain malignant gliomas. METHODS: Between January 1992 and January 1995, 56 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme were treated with stereotactic brachytherapy using temporary high-activity iridium-192 sources. RESULTS: The median survival for patients receiving brachytherapy was 28 months. The survival rates at 1, 2, 3 years were 92.8%, 83.9% and 71.4% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Brachytherapy may improve the control of local tumor and prolong the survival, when used in deep malignant brain gliomas, by temporary implanted high doses of iridium-192 sources.  (+info)

192Ir endovascular irradiation prevents restenosis after balloon angioplasty in rabbit. (6/81)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of endovascular irradiation on restenosis after balloon angioplasty in rabbit. METHODS: After the establishment of rabbit iliac atherosclerosis model, balloon angioplasty was performed at the lesion segment of the iliac artery. Rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group, 10 Gy irradiated group and 18 Gy irradiated group. Endovascular irradiation was performed for irradiated groups at the dilated sites by introducing the 192Ir radioactive guidewire through a catheter. After four weeks, the animals were killed and the target segments were cut down. Histopathologic and morphometric analyses were carried out. RESULTS: The mean final lumen area in the 18 Gy group was larger than that in the control or 10 Gy group (P < 0.05). The intimal area in the 18 Gy group was smaller (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 192Ir endovascular irradiation may prevent restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The effect is related to the delivered dose. The mechanism is involved in inhibition of neointimal proliferation.  (+info)

Quantitative angiographic methods for appropriate end-point analysis, edge-effect evaluation, and prediction of recurrent restenosis after coronary brachytherapy with gamma irradiation. (7/81)

OBJECTIVES: The study was done to investigate the relationship between clinical restenosis and the relative angiographic location of the recurrent restenotic lesion, after treatment of in-stent restenosis with vascular brachytherapy in the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST). BACKGROUND: Intracoronary radiation therapy reduces recurrence of in-stent restenosis. We investigated the above objective in patients enrolled in WRIST. METHODS: The WRIST study randomized 130 patients to double-blinded therapy with gamma irradiation (iridium-192 [(192)Ir]) versus placebo after interventional treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis. After the intervention and at follow-up, three vessel segments were individually analyzed with quantitative coronary angiography: 1) the "stent," 2) the "radiation ribbon," and 3) the "ribbon+margin" segment (including 5 mm on either end of the injured or radiation-ribbon segment). Receiver operator curves (ROC) were used to assess the value of the follow-up percent diameter stenosis (DS) for each of the three analyzed segments in predicting target vessel revascularization (TVR). RESULTS: (192)Ir reduced recurrent restenosis (23.7% vs. 60.7%, p < 0.001) and the length of recurrent restenosis (8.99 +/- 4.34 mm vs. 17.54 +/- 10.48 mm, p < 0.001) at follow-up compared to placebo. Isolated stent edge (3.4%) and ribbon edge (1.7%) restenoses were infrequent in both groups. The best angiographic surrogate of TVR was the 50% follow-up DS obtained from the ribbon+margin analysis (ROC area 0.806). CONCLUSIONS: In WRIST, not only was (192)Ir therapy effective in reducing restenosis, but it also reduced the lesion length of treatment failures by 50%, and it was not associated with edge proliferation. The restenosis rate obtained from the vessel segment inclusive of the dose fall-off zones was the best correlate of TVR and should become a standard analysis site in all vascular brachytherapy trials.  (+info)

High-dose-rate brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. (8/81)

BACKGROUND: Although radical prostatectomy for localized disease is considered as a standard of care, external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy are equally effective. We report on the technique and preliminary results of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy using a temporary iridium-192 implant technique. METHODS: The authors reviewed the literature on the techniques, treatment protocols, and results of HDR brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate, and they report their own protocols, technique, and results. RESULTS: The combination of HDR brachytherapy and external irradiation has been well tolerated by all 200 patients in our series, with less than 3% grade 3 late complications and with 95% PSA relapse-free survival with a median follow-up of 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: HDR brachytherapy may be the most conformal type of irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate regardless of tumor size, anatomical distortion, and organ mobility.  (+info)

Iridium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element with the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. It's a transition metal that is part of the platinum group. Iridium has no known biological role in humans or other organisms, and it is not used in medical treatments or diagnoses.

However, iridium is sometimes mentioned in the context of geological time scales because iridium-rich layers in rock formations are associated with major extinction events, such as the one that marked the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. The leading hypothesis for this association is that large asteroid impacts can create iridium-rich vapor plumes that settle onto the Earth's surface and leave a distinct layer in the rock record.

Iridium radioisotopes are unstable isotopes or variants of the element iridium that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be used in various medical applications, such as brachytherapy, a type of cancer treatment where a small amount of radioactive material is placed inside the body near the tumor site to deliver targeted radiation therapy.

Iridium-192 is one commonly used iridium radioisotope for this purpose. It has a half-life of 74.2 days and emits gamma rays, making it useful for treating various types of cancer, including breast, gynecological, prostate, and head and neck cancers.

It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires specialized training and equipment due to the potential radiation hazards associated with them.

Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.

It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.

Zinc radioisotopes are unstable isotopes or variants of the element zinc that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. These isotopes have a different number of neutrons than the stable isotope of zinc (zinc-64), which contributes to their instability and tendency to decay.

Examples of zinc radioisotopes include zinc-65, zinc-70, and zinc-72. These isotopes are often used in medical research and diagnostic procedures due to their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected using specialized equipment.

Zinc radioisotopes may be used as tracers to study the metabolism and distribution of zinc in the body, or as therapeutic agents to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. However, it is important to note that the use of radioisotopes carries potential risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation and the potential for damage to healthy tissues.

Hydrogenation, in the context of food science and biochemistry, refers to the process of adding hydrogen atoms to certain unsaturated fats or oils, converting them into saturated fats. This is typically done through a chemical reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, often a metal such as nickel or palladium.

The process of hydrogenation increases the stability and shelf life of fats and oils, but it can also lead to the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to various health issues, including heart disease. Therefore, the use of partially hydrogenated oils has been largely phased out in many countries.

Allyl compounds are organic compounds that contain the allyl group, which is a functional group with the formula CH2=CH-CH2-. The allyl group consists of a methylene bridge (CH2-) flanked by a carbon-carbon double bond (-CH=). Allyl compounds can be derived from allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, or other allyl halides and can participate in various chemical reactions due to the reactivity of the double bond. They are used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

Coordination complexes are chemical compounds in which a central metal atom or ion is bonded to one or more ligands (molecules or ions that donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond) through a coordination number, which refers to the number of individual bonds formed between the metal and the ligands.

The structure and properties of coordination complexes are determined by the type of metal ion, the nature and number of ligands, and the geometry of the coordination sphere around the metal ion. These complexes have important applications in various fields such as catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, materials science, and medicinal chemistry.

The formation of coordination complexes can be described by the following reaction:

M + nL ↔ MLn

Where M is the metal ion, L is the ligand, and n is the number of ligands bonded to the metal ion. The double arrow indicates that the reaction can proceed in both directions, with the equilibrium favoring either the formation or dissociation of the complex depending on various factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration.

The study of coordination complexes is an important area of inorganic chemistry, and it involves understanding the electronic structure, bonding, and reactivity of these compounds. The use of crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory provides a framework for describing the behavior of coordination complexes and predicting their properties.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "minor planets" is not typically used in medical definitions. It is a term from astronomy that refers to small celestial bodies orbiting the Sun, which are smaller than planets and dwarf planets. They are also commonly known as asteroids. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help with those instead!

The Radioisotope Dilution Technique is a method used in nuclear medicine to measure the volume and flow rate of a particular fluid in the body. It involves introducing a known amount of a radioactive isotope, or radioisotope, into the fluid, such as blood. The isotope mixes with the fluid, and samples are then taken from the fluid at various time points.

By measuring the concentration of the radioisotope in each sample, it is possible to calculate the total volume of the fluid based on the amount of the isotope introduced and the dilution factor. The flow rate can also be calculated by measuring the concentration of the isotope over time and using the formula:

Flow rate = Volume/Time

This technique is commonly used in medical research and clinical settings to measure cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, and renal function, among other applications. It is a safe and reliable method that has been widely used for many years. However, it does require the use of radioactive materials and specialized equipment, so it should only be performed by trained medical professionals in appropriate facilities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "meteoroids" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term from the field of astronomy. Meteoroids are small particles or bits of rock that are traveling in space. When they enter the Earth's atmosphere, they can become meteors (also known as "shooting stars") and can sometimes make it to the ground as meteorites.

Phosphines are a class of organic compounds characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to three organic groups and a hydrogen atom, with the general formula of PRR'R''H. They are important in various chemical reactions as reducing agents and catalysts. In medicine, phosphines have no direct medical application. However, certain phosphine compounds have been studied for their potential use as pharmaceuticals, such as phosphinic acids which have shown promise as protease inhibitors used in the treatment of diseases like HIV and HCV. It is important to note that some phosphines are highly toxic and should be handled with care.

Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium. Strontium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in nature and has several isotopes, some of which are stable and some of which are radioactive. The radioactive isotopes of strontium, also known as strontium radionuclides, decay and emit radiation in the form of beta particles.

Strontium-89 (^89Sr) and strontium-90 (^90Sr) are two common radioisotopes of strontium that are used in medical applications. Strontium-89 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 50.5 days, which makes it useful for the treatment of bone pain associated with metastatic cancer. When administered, strontium-89 is taken up by bones and irradiates the bone tissue, reducing pain and improving quality of life in some patients.

Strontium-90, on the other hand, has a longer half-life of 28.8 years and emits more powerful beta particles than strontium-89. It is used as a component in radioactive waste and in some nuclear weapons, but it is not used in medical applications due to its long half-life and high radiation dose.

It's important to note that exposure to strontium radioisotopes can be harmful to human health, especially if ingested or inhaled. Therefore, handling and disposal of strontium radioisotopes require special precautions and regulations.

In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.

It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhodium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is found in small quantities in platinum or nickel ores along with some other rare metals.

It's primarily used in industrial applications, such as being a key component in catalytic converters in automobiles, which helps to reduce harmful emissions. It's also used in jewelry, electronics, and scientific instruments due to its properties of resistance to corrosion and heat.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Krypton is a noble gas with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It exists in various radioisotopes, which are unstable isotopes of krypton that undergo radioactive decay. A few examples include:

1. Krypton-81: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 2.1 x 10^5 years and decays via electron capture to rubidium-81. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.
2. Krypton-83: With a half-life of approximately 85.7 days, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to bromine-83. It can be used in medical imaging for lung ventilation studies.
3. Krypton-85: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 10.7 years and decays via beta decay to rubidium-85. It is produced as a byproduct of nuclear fission and can be found in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
4. Krypton-87: With a half-life of approximately 76.3 minutes, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to rubidium-87. It is not found naturally on Earth but can be produced artificially.

It's important to note that while krypton radioisotopes have medical applications, they are also associated with potential health risks due to their radioactivity. Proper handling and safety precautions must be taken when working with these substances.

Iridium-192, through the irradiation of natural iridium sheets (100 Ci per month), used for industrial gamma radiography. ... Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), is a facility for the production of radioisotopes from irradiation of Low enriched ... Iridium-192 wire, through the irradiation of iridium-platinum-alloy targets for brachytherapy. Molybdenum-99, through the ... "Radioisotopes in Medicine". World Nuclear Association. April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. "Radioisotopes production plants". ...
"Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)". Retrieved 20 March 2012. Braggerly, L. L. (1956). The radioactive decay of Iridium- ... There are two natural isotopes of iridium (77Ir), and 37 radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being 192Ir with a half- ... Iridium-192 is normally produced by neutron activation of natural-abundance iridium metal. Iridium-192 is a very strong gamma ... 1, 2, 7. "Isotope Supplier: Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes from ISOFLEX - Iridium-192". www.isoflex.com. Retrieved 2017-10- ...
Isotopes of iridium "Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)". Retrieved 20 March 2012. Braggerly, L. L. (1956). The ... Iridium-192 is normally produced by neutron activation of natural-abundance iridium metal. Iridium-192 is a very strong gamma ... Iridium-192 (symbol 192Ir) is a radioactive isotope of iridium, with a half-life of 73.827 days. It decays by emitting beta (β ... 1, 2, 7. "Isotope Supplier: Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes from ISOFLEX - Iridium-192". www.isoflex.com. Retrieved 2017-10- ...
A radioisotope of iridium, 192 Ir, is dangerous, like other radioactive isotopes. The only reported injuries related to iridium ... Iridium-192 is normally produced by neutron activation of isotope iridium-191 in natural-abundance iridium metal. Iridium ... Look up iridium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Iridium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Iridium ... Important compounds of iridium are chlorides and iodides in industrial catalysis. Iridium is a component of some OLEDs. Iridium ...
They are also used in the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator. Plutonium pellet. Plutonium pellet within iridium cladding ... GPHSs are designed with safety in mind and employ iridium-clad plutonium-238 dioxide pellets. The generated alpha particles are ... The general-purpose heat source is a U.S. DOE-designed radioactive heat source for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG ... They are used in the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, as used by Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover ...
They are surrounded by a layer of iridium metal and encased in high-strength graphite blocks. These two materials are corrosion ... A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of ... NASA Radioisotope Power Systems website - RTG page NASA JPL briefing, Expanding Frontiers with Radioisotope Power Systems - ... not really an RTG, the ASRG uses a Stirling power device that runs on radioisotope (see Stirling radioisotope generator) The ...
... and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105 (4): 875-883. doi: ... For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192. In paleobiogeochemistry, ...
Each GPHS contains four iridium-clad Pu-238 fuel pellets, standing 5 cm tall, 10 cm square and weighs 1.44 kg. Nuclear ... NASA Radioisotope Power Systems website - RHU page Radioisotope heater unit fact sheet from NASA's Cassini mission website ( ... technology portal Nuclear fuel Radioisotope generator Stirling radioisotope generator Radioisotope thermoelectric generator ... A radioisotope heater unit (RHU) is a small device that provides heat through radioactive decay. They are similar to tiny ...
The thermal power source for this system was the General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS). Each GPHS contained four iridium-clad Pu- ... Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator Radioisotope heater unit Radioisotope thermoelectric generator "Stirling Converter ... A Stirling radioisotope generator (SRG) is a type of radioisotope generator based on a Stirling engine powered by a large ... NASA's Radioisotope Power Systems Program News Radio Isotope Power Systems for the New Frontier Why Develop a Stirling ...
It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Of those elements, rhodium, ... The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive. 2000s commodities boom Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa. For individual ... "Iridium". price.metal.com. Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. "Seeds (ca. 1940s ... Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars. While the difficulty of obtaining ...
Iridium radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Iridium is found in meteorites with an abundance ... The most important iridium compounds in use are the salts and acids it forms with chlorine, though iridium also forms a number ... finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable. Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble ... the high density and tendency of iridium to bond with iron caused most iridium to descend below the crust when the planet was ...
Radioisotopes are also a method of treatment in hemopoietic forms of tumors; the success for treatment of solid tumors has been ... A typical product from a nuclear reactor is iridium-192. The elements that have a large propensity to take up the neutrons in ... In nuclear medicine, radioisotopes are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma ... "Radioisotopes in Industry". World Nuclear Association. Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. John ...
... lutetium-177 and iridium-192)" using Areva's proprietary technology for the on-line production of radioisotopes in heavy water ... Vulcan, Tom (19 April 2010). "Radioisotopes: A Market in Decay? , ETF.com". etf.com. Archived from the original on 9 August ... Bruce Power is working with Framatome to develop the capability to "produce shorter half-life radioisotopes (such as molybdenum ... "Bruce Power and AREVA NP Expand Agreement for Commercialization of Radioisotope Production - AREVA NP - AREVA Group". us.areva. ...
There are also 30 artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 194Os with a half-life of six years; all others have ... However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked ...
Longer-life radioisotopes, typically caesium-137 and strontium-90, present a long-term hazard. Intense beta radiation from the ... iridium-191, and short-lived manganese-56, sodium-24, silicon-31, and aluminium-28. Europium-152 and 154 can be present, as ... The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially ... The primary fallout hazard is gamma radiation from short-lived radioisotopes, which represent the bulk of activity. Within 24 ...
The iridium wires for brachytherapy are a palladium-coated iridium/palladium alloy wire made radioactive by neutron activation ... With a short half-life of 8 days, this radioisotope is not of practical use in radioactive sources in industrial radiography or ... In addition to their uses in radiography, both cobalt-60 (60 Co ) and iridium-192 (192 Ir ) are used in the radiotherapy of ... Cobalt-60 tends to be used in teletherapy units as a higher photon energy alternative to caesium-137, while iridium-192 tends ...
The amount of radioactivity present in the hot cell, the energy of the gamma photons emitted by the radioisotopes, and the ... source of iridium-192 to give the same dose rate at the outer surface of the hot cell. Also if some actinide materials such as ...
Cobalt units which use radiation from the radioisotope cobalt-60 produce stable, dichromatic beams of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, ... Medically useful photon beams can also be derived from a radioactive source such as iridium-192, caesium-137 or radium-226 ( ... Notably, photon beams deriving from radioisotopes are approximately monoenergetic, as contrasted with the continuous ...
Each pellet is clad in iridium, then encased in a graphite shell. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Energy at the ... A cylindrical radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) protrudes in the plane of the triangle from one vertex of the ... As a point of departure, the team took inspiration from the Ulysses spacecraft, which also carried a radioisotope ...
Gallium, indium, and arsenic; and copper, iridium, and platinum are used in LEDs (the latter three in organic LEDs). Niche uses ... heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons or radioisotopes such as astatine (using ... iridium, and platinum), germanium, and tin-can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the ... iridium, gold, lead, or uranium. Tattoo inks may contain heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, and copper. The high ...
The other iodine radioisotopes have much shorter half-lives, no longer than days. Some of them have medical applications ... Sunley, G. J.; Watson, D. J. (2000). "High productivity methanol carbonylation catalysis using iridium - The Cativa process for ... Radioisotopes; Vol: 4th Jan 01, 1961 Rivkees SA, Sklar C, Freemark M (November 1998). "Clinical review 99: The management of ... Rao SM (2006). "Radioisotopes of hydrological interest". Practical isotope hydrology. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. ...
The solution was two radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) which powered the spacecraft through the radioactive decay ... Additional graphite components provided impact protection, while iridium cladding of the RTGs provided post-impact containment ... over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the plutonium in the Galileo's radioisotope ...
March 2023 - Four iridium-192 sources (with radioactivity levels of 35.64, 7.61, 1.14 and 0.11 Ci) were stolen, along with the ... 1999 - Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast, Russia - The radioisotope core of a radio thermal generator was recovered at a bus station ... January 5, 1996 - Jilin, Xinzhou, China - A worker found a 2.765 TBq (74.7 Ci) iridium-192 source on the ground. He held it in ... June 5, 1979 - Los Angeles, California, United States - A 28 Ci (1,000 GBq) iridium-192 source was lost on a job site. A worker ...
... iridium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.514 - iron radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.540 - krypton radioisotopes MeSH D01.496. ... xenon radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.960 - yttrium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.980 - zinc radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.807.800 ... xenon radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.943.800 - yttrium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.966.800 - zinc radioisotopes MeSH D01.524.500.040 ... calcium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.123.328 - carbon radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.156.300 - cerium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496. ...
Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru with a half-life of 373.59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and ... Mottishaw, J. (1999). "Notes from the Nib Works-Where's the Iridium?". The PENnant. XIII (2). Archived from the original on 4 ... Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 u (90Ru) to 114.928 u (115Ru). Most ... That natural platinum contained palladium, rhodium, osmium and iridium was discovered in the first decade of the 19th century. ...
A paper on the radioisotopes left on an island by the French nuclear bombs tests of the 20th century has been printed by the ... They are surrounded by a layer of iridium metal and encased in high-strength graphite blocks. These two materials are corrosion ... A 2006 paper reports the levels of long lived radioisotopes in the trinitite. 152Eu and 154Eu was mainly formed by the neutron ... "CDC Radiation Emergencies , Radioisotope Brief: Plutonium-239 (Pu-239)". www.cdc.gov. 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2022-06-17. ( ...
These include the beta-emitting strontium-90 sources used as radioisotope thermoelectric generators for beacons in lighthouses ... iridium-192, plutonium-238, polonium-210, radium-226 and strontium-90, and even from these it is possible that radium-226 and ...
Detecting either of the long-lived, extra-terrestrial radioisotopes 146Sm or 244Pu in one or more end-Devonian extinction ... Wang K, Attrep M, Orth CJ (December 2017). "Global iridium anomaly, mass extinction, and redox change at the Devonian- ... Although some evidence of meteoric impact have been observed in places, including iridium anomalies and microspherules, these ... 2.3.co;2. Nicoll, Robert S.; Playford, Phillip E. (September 1993). "Upper Devonian iridium anomalies, conodont zonation and ...
Radioisotope thermoelectric generators use the heat of radioactive decay to produce electricity.[citation needed] SNAP-1 was a ... TZM (molybdenum alloy) fuel capsule, fueled with curium-242 (Cm2O3 in an iridium matrix) is located in the center of the fuel ... "Home". NASA Radioisotope Power Systems. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2018. "SNAP-19: Pioneer ... Deap Sea Radioisotope -Fueled Thermoelectric Generator Power Supply System. Quarterly Report No. 9, July 1, 1968 - September 30 ...
The most stable radioisotopes are 107Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years (found in nature), 103Pd with 17 days, and 100Pd ... Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals ( ... Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.94948(64) u (91Pd) to 122.93426(64) u ...
Ir-192 is a manmade radioactive element that is formed from nonradioactive iridium metal in a nuclear reactor. ... Metallic Ir-192 will react with fluorine gas to form iridium fluoride (IV), IrF 6. ...
Iridium-192, through the irradiation of natural iridium sheets (100 Ci per month), used for industrial gamma radiography. ... Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), is a facility for the production of radioisotopes from irradiation of Low enriched ... Iridium-192 wire, through the irradiation of iridium-platinum-alloy targets for brachytherapy. Molybdenum-99, through the ... "Radioisotopes in Medicine". World Nuclear Association. April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. "Radioisotopes production plants". ...
used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units as an energy source for spacecraft ... A typical product from a nuclear reactor is iridium-192. The elements that have a large propensity to take up the neutrons in ... "Radioisotopes in Industry". World Nuclear Association.. *. Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. ... most commonly used medical radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer Iodine-129 53. 76. 15,700,000 y. β−. 194 Cosmogenic. ...
In brachytherapy, interstitial radiation is delivered by implanted seeds containing a radioisotope (iodine-131 (131 I), iridium ...
Radioisotopes produced at the HFIR include einsteinium 253, iridium 192, platinum 195, berkelium 249, lutetium 177, cobalt 60, ... If possible, the percentage of the radioisotopes pumped into the trenches that were retained by the shale and clay should be ... These particles attracted and held a large fraction of the radioisotopes seeping out of the trenches. The trenches were also ... The HFIR at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has operated since 1966 to produce radioisotopes for medical, academic, ...
Some radioisotopes pose an extreme risk. One case of inadvertent dispersal-the 1988 Goiânia, Brazil, incident-killed four and ... A fifth incident, involving the use of iridium-192 (Ir-192) by a "nuclear medical researcher" in Guangzhou, China, sickened 75 ... Such unstable isotopes are referred to as radioisotopes, which undergo decay in one of three ways: alpha, beta, or gamma decay ... In the Goiania case, the gamma-emitting radioisotope was cesium-137 in the chemical form of cesium chloride, which is a salt- ...
Does Change in the Effect of Source Strength of the High Dose Rate 192Iridium Radio-Isotope on Local Control and Late Normal ...
QSA Industrial Radioisotopes , Iridium .... QSA-Sentinel Iridium Ir-192 Sources Gamma Radiography ... ...
Iodine I 125 (125I), cobalt Co 60 (60Co), palladium Pd 103 (103Pd), iridium Ir 192 (192Ir), and ruthenium Ru 106 (106Ru) are ... and 125I is probably the most commonly used radioisotope.[. 15. ] Although plaque radiation therapy allows preservation of the ...
A radioisotope of iridium, Ir, is dangerous, like other radioactive isotopes. The Fiction: Berets, not as popular in France as ...
The US has depended on imports of this radioisotope for the last 20 years since DOE pulled out of the market. The agreement ... US plans production of iridium-192 The US Department of Energy (DOE) Isotope Program and QSA Global have agreed to jointly ... Original article: neimagazine.com/news/newsus-plans-production-of-iridium-192-11306170 * Prev ... We are extremely pleased to work with QSA Global to re-establish a US supply of this critical radioisotope to promote stability ...
Iridium. Show source. 192. I. r. ^{192}Ir. 192Ir. Show source. γ. \gamma. γ. 73.8 days. industrial radiography. ... Table shows example usage of selected radioisotopes.. Beta version#. BETA TEST VERSION OF THIS ITEM. This online calculator is ... Unstable nuclei are sometimes called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes.. *Large doses of radiation emitted during nuclear ... Table shows example usage of selected radioisotopes. ... application_of_radioisotopes · radioisotopes_usage. Tags to ...
The amount of radioactive material that was used for these experiments was 10 mc of iridium, 40 mc of scandium and twice 5 mc ... of these solutions was sufficiently high to require the precautions usually associated with a properly equipped radioisotope ... for these experiments was sufficiently high to require the precautions usually associated with a properly equipped radioisotope ...
Application of stable- and 14C-radio isotopes to evidence metaldehyde biodegradation. Reid, B. & Bennett, K. ... GPS/Iridium Repeaters - NERC - NEXUS CDT. Kaiser, J.. University of Southampton. 1/03/17 → 31/03/17 ...
... hardness and corrosion resistance of iridium and its alloys determine most of its uses. ... How does Iridium work in modern industries? The high melting point, ... The radioisotope iridium-192 is one of the two most important sources of energy for use in industrial γ-radiography for non- ... Iridium and especially iridium-platinum alloys or osmium-iridium alloys have low wear and are used, for example, for multi- ...
The Radioisotopes Department of S.C.K./C.E.N. (Belgium) - SORIN (Italy) association for the production of radioelements and ... the range of activities to be measured may vary in the case of iridium-192 from ± 9 Ci to ±300 Ci per source. The method used ... N2 - The Radioisotopes Department of S.C.K./C.E.N. (Belgium) - SORIN (Italy) association for the production of radioelements ... AB - The Radioisotopes Department of S.C.K./C.E.N. (Belgium) - SORIN (Italy) association for the production of radioelements ...
Iridium 192 is the isotope used for gamma radiation and p32 is used for beta radiation. p32 is a pure particle emitting ... radioisotope and has a short half-life (14.3 days) and a limited range of tissue penetration (3-4mm) It is the radioactive ...
Os-184 is used for the production of the radioisotope Os-185. Os-191 can be used for the production of the radioisotopes Os-192 ... Sometimes extraction of the precious metals such as iridium, rhodium, platinum and palladium is the main focus of a partiular ... Osmium isotopes are used for the production of radioisotopes and in scientific experiments. Os-192 can be used for the ... Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum together make up a group of elements referred to as the platinum ...
Fluorine Radioisotopes. *Gallium Radioisotopes. *Gold Radioisotopes. *Indium Radioisotopes. *Iodine Radioisotopes. *Iridium ... "Cesium Radioisotopes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cesium Radioisotopes" by people in this website by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cesium Radioisotopes" by people in Profiles. ...
... and Iridium-194 (Ir-194 isotope, 194Ir isotope) radionuclide (radioisotope) production (can be used in life science for ... It is found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium. Osmium has 3 isotopes. 7 of them are natural ones ... 192Os isotope is used for Platinum-195m (Pt-195m isotope, 195mPt isotope) radionuclide (radioisotope) production (can be used ... 192Os isotope is used for Iridium-191 (Ir-191 isotope, 191Ir isotope) ...
... completing maturation and involution of some men as a radioactive cardura cialis drug interaction and iridium wire radioisotope ...
Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium ... Radioisotopes; Vol: 4th Jan 01, 1961 *^ Rivkees SA, Sklar C, Freemark M (November 1998). "Clinical review 99: The management of ... The other iodine radioisotopes have much shorter half-lives, no longer than days.[29] Some of them have medical applications ... Sunley, G. J.; Watson, D. J. (2000). "High productivity methanol carbonylation catalysis using iridium - The Cativa process for ...
Bruce completes largest-to-date radioisotope delivery. Agreement to spur US production of iridium isotope. ... Bruce completes largest-to-date radioisotope delivery. Agreement to spur US production of iridium isotope. ...
One was an Iridium satellite launched in 1997 and used for the companys satellite telephone network; the other, a Russian ... or other radioisotope) gives off heat, which is used to generate electricity. ... Industry officials say Iridium has identified the Russian craft as a Cosmos series satellite launched in 1993, weighing more ... One thing you probably shouldnt do is to try to judge the accuracy of past predictions by what happens now, "post-Iridium- ...
Iridium-192 (Ir-192). *Selenium-75 (Se-75). *Nuclear Grade DZO Pellets/Powder ...
Bruce completes largest-to-date radioisotope delivery. Agreement to spur US production of iridium isotope. Nuclearelectrica and ... Bruce completes largest-to-date radioisotope delivery. Agreement to spur US production of iridium isotope. Nuclearelectrica and ...
gateway; high altitude platform station (HAPS); low earth orbit (LEO); radio channel; radioisotope power system (RPS); unmanned ... Iridium, Gonets, etc.), to organize personal mobile communications, data transmission and broadband Internet up to 100 Mbps ...
Manufacturer of Eddy Current Component Testing Machine - Koerzimat 1.097 Hcj/J-h For Measurement Of Coercivity, Hysteresis And Relative Permeability, ZMAG CM Demagnetization Unit, Eddy Current For Surface Defects - Statograph Cm+/cm and Magnatest D - Eddy Current Material Mix Up Test Instrument offered by Electronic And Engineering Company India Pvt Ltd, Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

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