Ion-Selective Electrodes
Oxyphenonium
Propantheline
Electrodes
Fluorides
Potentiometry
Calixarenes
Membranes, Artificial
Electrodes, Implanted
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Potassium
Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. (1/192)
Hypercholesterolemia is a central pathogenic factor of endothelial dysfunction caused in part by an impairment of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production through mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. The activity of the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS) was recently shown to be modulated by its reciprocal interactions with the stimulatory Ca2+-calmodulin complex and the inhibitory protein caveolin. We examined whether hypercholesterolemia may reduce NO production through alteration of this regulatory equilibrium. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of serum obtained from normocholesterolemic (NC) or hypercholesterolemic (HC) human volunteers. Exposure of endothelial cells to the HC serum upregulated caveolin abundance without any measurable effect on eNOS protein levels. This effect of HC serum was associated with an impairment of basal NO release paralleled by an increase in inhibitory caveolin-eNOS complex formation. Similar treatment with HC serum significantly attenuated the NO production stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187. Accordingly, higher calmodulin levels were required to disrupt the enhanced caveolin-eNOS heterocomplex from HC serum-treated cells. Finally, cell exposure to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction alone dose-dependently reproduced the inhibition of basal and stimulated NO release, as well as the upregulation of caveolin expression and its heterocomplex formation with eNOS, which were unaffected by cotreatment with antioxidants. Together, our data establish a new mechanism for the cholesterol-induced impairment of NO production through the modulation of caveolin abundance in endothelial cells, a mechanism that may participate in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and the proatherogenic effects of hypercholesterolemia. (+info)Determination of salbutamol and detection of other beta-agonists in human postmortem whole blood and urine by GC-MS-SIM. (2/192)
This paper details a sensitive and quantitative method for the determination of salbutamol and the detection of terbutaline, clenbuterol, fenoterol, and isoprenaline in postmortem human whole blood and urine. It describes solid-phase extraction using a XtrackT XRDAH515 column, formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives, and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selective ion monitoring. (+info)Intraretinal oxygen distribution in the rat with graded systemic hyperoxia and hypercapnia. (3/192)
PURPOSE: To describe the nature of oxygen level changes in specific layers in the rat retina under graded levels of systemic hyperoxia, with and without hypercapnia. METHODS: Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure oxygen tension as a function of depth through the retina of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. Breathing mixtures were manipulated to produce stepwise increments in systemic oxygen levels, with or without 5% CO2. Retinal arteriovenous oxygen differences were also measured as an indicator of oxygen delivery through the retinal circulation. Systemic blood gas levels were measured under each condition. RESULTS: Hyperoxia increases PO2 throughout the retina to a varying extent in different retinal layers, with the increase more pronounced in the outer retina than in the inner retina. Simultaneous hypercapnia results in further increases in retinal oxygen levels. The lowest intraretinal oxygen level was consistently found in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), between the two capillary layers that support this region. There was a greater than fourfold increase in oxygen supply from the choroid with hyperoxia but, remarkably, the retinal circulation continued to provide a net delivery of oxygen to the retina. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperoxia results in a significant but nonuniform increase in oxygen level in all layers of the rat retina, which is augmented by hypercapnia. The persistence of a minimum oxygen level in the IPL, despite the dramatic increase in oxygen flux from the choroid, suggests that oxygen consumption increases significantly in the IPL under hyperoxic conditions. (+info)The effect of combined oestrogen and progesterone replacement on the renal responses to oxytocin and vasopressin in ovariectomized rats. (4/192)
OBJECTIVE: Renal responsiveness to the neurohypophyseal hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, has been shown in the rat to vary during pregnancy and lactation. A study was performed to determine whether ovarian steroids could contribute to the observed changes. DESIGN: Using a previously validated method, fluid excretion during infusion of oxytocin or vasopressin was monitored in ovariectomized animals with and without chronic administration of oestrogen and progesterone. METHODS: After 14 days treatment with vehicle or 12.5 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 0.25 mg oestradiol valerate injected every 3 days, rats were infused with 0.077 mol/l NaCl for an equilibration period of approximately 2.5h. Timed urine collections for the determination of volume and electrolytes were then made during a control period of at least 45 min and for 60 min while the infusate was supplemented with vasopressin (40 fmol/min) or oxytocin (50 fmol/min). Further observations were made for a final 90 min of hypotonic saline infusion. In control infusions saline alone was given. RESULTS: Treatment with ovarian steroids did not affect the volume of urine excreted during hormone infusion. Electrolyte excretion, however, was affected with lower concentrations of sodium and chloride on oxytocin infusion being seen in the steroid-treated animals. During vasopressin infusion, peak electrolyte concentrations were also achieved later in this group of animals. CONCLUSION: The increased circulating concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone seen during pregnancy could contribute to variations in the natriuretic response to neurohypophyseal hormones observed in the rat. (+info)Light and choroidal PO2 modulation of intraretinal oxygen levels in an avascular retina. (5/192)
PURPOSE: To determine the influence that choroidal oxygen level and outer retinal oxygen demand have on oxygen availability to the inner retina when the choroid is the only source of retinal oxygenation. This condition prevails in avascular retinas and in vascularized retinas suffering vascular occlusion. METHODS: Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure the oxygen tension as a function of depth in the naturally avascular retina of anesthetized and mechanically ventilated guinea pigs (n = 6). Choroidal PO2 was manipulated by varying the ventilation gas mixture, and outer retinal oxygen consumption was modulated by light-dark adaptation. Individual PO2 profiles were fitted to a multilayer mathematical model of PO2 distribution, and pairs of profiles at different choroidal PO2 levels, or under light and dark conditions, were fitted to an intraretinal PO2 difference model. Both models reflect the purely choroidal supply of retinal oxygenation. RESULTS: An increase in choroidal PO2 produced an equivalent increase in all retinal layers. Light induced a decreased oxygen consumption in the region of the inner segments of the photoreceptors, which resulted in a significant increase in PO2 in this layer, flowing on unattenuated to all inner retinal layers. The intraretinal PO2 distribution and the light- and ventilatory-induced changes in PO2 were consistent with theoretical predictions of the mathematical models. CONCLUSIONS: The present experimental studies confirm that when the choroid is the only source of retinal oxygenation, the full effect of increased choroidal oxygen level or reduced uptake in the outer retina passes through to the inner retinal layers if the oxygen utilization by the inner retina remains constant. (+info)Optic nerve oxygen tension in pigs and the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. (6/192)
PURPOSE: To evaluate how the oxygen tension of the optic nerve (ONP(O)2) is affected by the administration of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors dorzolamide and acetazolamide and by alterations in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the breathing mixture. METHODS: Polarographic oxygen electrodes were placed in the vitreous humor immediately over the optic disc in 20 anesthetized pigs. Blood gasses and cardiovascular physiology were monitored. ONP(O)2 was recorded continuously with breathing gasses of 21% O2-79% N2, 100% O2, 20% O2-80% N2, and 5.19% CO2-19.9%, O2-74.9% N2. Acetazolamide (15-1000 mg) and dorzolamide (6-1000 mg) were administered intravenously. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) ONP(O)2 was found to be 24.1+/-11.6 mm Hg when the pigs were breathing room air and 50.7+/-29.3 mm Hg when they were breathing 100% O2 (n = 15; P < 0.001). In response to breathing 5.19% CO2, ONP(O)2 changed from 20.8+/-5.6 mm Hg (with 20.0% O2) to 28.9+/-3.6 mm Hg (n = 4; P < 0.001). Intravenous injections of 500 mg dorzolamide increased ONP(O)2 from 16.4+/-6.1 mm Hg to 26.9+/-12.2 mm Hg, or 52.5%+/-21.2% (n = 5; P = 0.017). A dose-dependent effect on ONP(O)2 was seen with intravenous dorzolamide doses of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 63, 27, 15, and 6 mg. Intravenous injections of 500 mg acetazolamide increased ONP(O)2 from 23.6+/-9.5 mm Hg to 30.9+/-10.0 mm Hg (n = 6; P < 0.001), and a dose-dependent effect was seen with doses of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 31, and 15 mg. CONCLUSIONS: ONP(O)2 is significantly increased by the carbonic anhydrase inhibition of dorzolamide and acetazolamide, and the effect is dose dependent. These data demonstrate for the first time a direct effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on ONP(O)2. (+info)Hydrothermal-electrochemical deposition of calcium phosphates on various metals. (7/192)
Calcium phosphates were formed on five kinds of substrate metals using a hydrothermal-electrochemical method in an autoclave with two electrodes. The electrolyte dissolving NaCl, K2HPO4, CaCl2.2H2O, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and hydrochloric acid was maintained at 100 degrees C, 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C. The counter electrode, the anode, was platinum plate, 20 x 20 x 0.5 mm, and the working electrodes as cathode were pure titanium, pure zinc, pure nickel, pure iron, and stainless steel plates. A constant direct current at 12.5 mA/cm2 was loaded for 1 hr. Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] only deposited at three temperatures on pure titanium plate. On pure zinc plate, both parascholzite [CaZn2(PO4)2.2H2O] and hydroxyapatite were formed at 150 degrees C and both parascholzite and ZnO were formed at 200 degrees C. Both hydroxyapatite and beta-TCP [beta-Ca3(PO4)2] were formed on pure nickel, pure iron, and stainless steel plates at 200 degrees C. It seems that the incorporation of the metal ions released from the electrode decreased the Ca/P ratio of the deposit due to the formation of other compounds except hydroxyapatite. (+info)Metabolic dependence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina. (8/192)
PURPOSE: This article assesses the hypothesis that the high blood flow rate and low O(2) extraction associated with the choroidal circulation are metabolically necessary and explores the implications of the spatial relationship between the choroid and the photoreceptors for metabolism in the normal and detached retina. METHODS: The O(2) distribution across the retinal layers was previously measured with O(2)-sensitive microelectrodes in cat. Profiles were fitted to a diffusion model to obtain parameters characterizing photoreceptor O(2) demand. This was a study of simulations based on those parameters. RESULTS: Photoreceptor inner segments have a high O(2) demand (QO(2)), and they are far (20 to 30 microm) from the choroid. These unusual conditions require a large O(2) flux to the inner segments, which in turn requires high choroidal oxygen tension (PO(2)), high choroidal venous saturation (ScvO(2)), low choroidal O(2) oxygen extraction per unit volume of blood, and a choroidal blood flow (ChBF) of at least 500 ml/100 g-min. Movement of the inner segments further from the choroid, which occurs in a retinal detachment, severely reduces the ability of the inner segments to obtain O(2), even for detachment heights as small as 100 microm. Depending on detachment height and assumptions about choroidal and inner retinal PO(2) during elevation of inspired O(2) (hyperoxia), hyperoxia is predicted to partially or fully restore photoreceptor QO(2) during a detachment. CONCLUSIONS: The choroid is not overperfused, but requires a high flow rate to satisfy the normal metabolic demand of the retina. Because the oxygenation of the photoreceptors is barely adequate under normal conditions, detachment has serious metabolic consequences. Hyperoxia is predicted to have clinical benefit during detachment. (+info)Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are a type of chemical sensor that measure the activity of specific ions in a solution. They work by converting the chemical response into an electrical signal, which can then be measured and analyzed. The electrode is coated with a membrane that is selectively permeable to a particular ion, allowing for the detection and measurement of that specific ion in the presence of other ions.
ISEs are widely used in various fields such as clinical chemistry, biomedical research, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. In medical diagnostics, ISEs are commonly used to measure the levels of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium in biological samples like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The response of an ISE is based on Nernst's equation, which relates the electrical potential across the membrane to the activity of the ion being measured. The selectivity of the electrode for a particular ion is determined by the type of membrane used, and the choice of membrane depends on the application and the specific ions to be measured.
Overall, Ion-Selective Electrodes are important tools in medical diagnostics and research, providing accurate and reliable measurements of ion activity in biological systems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oxyphenonium" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical or pharmacological sciences. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or it could be a term specific to certain contexts within the medical field. If you have more information or context about where this term came from, I'd be happy to help you try to find an answer.
Propantheline is an anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body. The specific action of propantheline is to inhibit the muscarinic receptors, leading to a decrease in glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. It is primarily used as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion.
The medical definition of 'Propantheline' can be stated as:
A belladonna alkaloid with parasympatholytic effects, used as an antispasmodic and in the treatment of peptic ulcer to reduce gastric acid secretion. It inhibits the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, leading to decreased glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. Common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation.
An electrode is a medical device that can conduct electrical currents and is used to transmit or receive electrical signals, often in the context of medical procedures or treatments. In a medical setting, electrodes may be used for a variety of purposes, such as:
1. Recording electrical activity in the body: Electrodes can be attached to the skin or inserted into body tissues to measure electrical signals produced by the heart, brain, muscles, or nerves. This information can be used to diagnose medical conditions, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, or guide medical procedures.
2. Stimulating nerve or muscle activity: Electrodes can be used to deliver electrical impulses to nerves or muscles, which can help to restore function or alleviate symptoms in people with certain medical conditions. For example, electrodes may be used to stimulate the nerves that control bladder function in people with spinal cord injuries, or to stimulate muscles in people with muscle weakness or paralysis.
3. Administering treatments: Electrodes can also be used to deliver therapeutic treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression or deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. In these procedures, electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a device that generates electrical impulses, which can help to regulate abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms.
Overall, electrodes play an important role in many medical procedures and treatments, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions that affect the body's electrical systems.
Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.
Potentiometry is a method used in analytical chemistry to measure the potential (or voltage) difference between two electrodes, which reflects the concentration of an ion or a particular molecule in a solution. It involves setting up an electrochemical cell with two electrodes: a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working electrode is immersed in the test solution and its potential is measured against the stable potential of the reference electrode.
The Nernst equation can be used to relate the potential difference to the concentration of the analyte, allowing for quantitative analysis. Potentiometry is often used to measure the activity or concentration of ions such as H+, Na+, K+, and Cl-, as well as other redox-active species.
In medical testing, potentiometry can be used to measure the concentration of certain ions in biological fluids such as blood, urine, or sweat. For example, it can be used to measure the pH of a solution (the concentration of H+ ions) or the concentration of glucose in blood using a glucometer.
Calixarenes are a type of macrocyclic compound, which are formed by the condensation of certain phenolic compounds. The name "calixarene" comes from the Latin word "calyx," meaning "cup-shaped structure," and "arene," referring to the aromatic components of the molecule.
Calixarenes have a cup-like shape, with a hydrophobic cavity that can bind to various guest molecules through non-covalent interactions such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking. The size and functionality of the cavity can be modified by changing the number and type of aromatic rings and substituents, making calixarenes useful in a variety of applications, including molecular recognition, catalysis, and drug delivery.
In medical contexts, calixarenes have been explored for their potential as drug delivery vehicles, due to their ability to encapsulate drugs within their hydrophobic cavities and release them in response to specific stimuli. They have also been studied for their potential use in diagnostic imaging, as they can be functionalized with radioactive isotopes or other contrast agents. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using calixarenes in medical applications.
Artificial membranes are synthetic or man-made materials that possess properties similar to natural biological membranes, such as selective permeability and barrier functions. These membranes can be designed to control the movement of molecules, ions, or cells across them, making them useful in various medical and biotechnological applications.
Examples of artificial membranes include:
1. Dialysis membranes: Used in hemodialysis for patients with renal failure, these semi-permeable membranes filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood while retaining essential proteins and cells.
2. Hemofiltration membranes: Utilized in extracorporeal circuits to remove larger molecules, such as cytokines or inflammatory mediators, from the blood during critical illnesses or sepsis.
3. Drug delivery systems: Artificial membranes can be used to encapsulate drugs, allowing for controlled release and targeted drug delivery in specific tissues or cells.
4. Tissue engineering: Synthetic membranes serve as scaffolds for cell growth and tissue regeneration, guiding the formation of new functional tissues.
5. Biosensors: Artificial membranes can be integrated into biosensing devices to selectively detect and quantify biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, in diagnostic applications.
6. Microfluidics: Artificial membranes are used in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications, enabling the manipulation and analysis of small volumes of fluids for various medical and biological purposes.
Implanted electrodes are medical devices that are surgically placed inside the body to interface directly with nerves, neurons, or other electrically excitable tissue for various therapeutic purposes. These electrodes can be used to stimulate or record electrical activity from specific areas of the body, depending on their design and application.
There are several types of implanted electrodes, including:
1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes: These are placed deep within the brain to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. DBS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity in targeted brain regions.
2. Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) electrodes: These are implanted along the spinal cord to treat chronic pain syndromes. SCS electrodes emit low-level electrical pulses that interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, providing relief for patients.
3. Cochlear Implant electrodes: These are surgically inserted into the cochlea of the inner ear to restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve directly, bypassing damaged hair cells within the cochlea.
4. Retinal Implant electrodes: These are implanted in the retina to treat certain forms of blindness caused by degenerative eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa. The electrodes convert visual information from a camera into electrical signals, which stimulate remaining retinal cells and transmit the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
5. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) electrodes: These are placed near the sacral nerves in the lower back to treat urinary or fecal incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. SNS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that regulate the function of the affected muscles and nerves.
6. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) electrodes: These are wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck to treat epilepsy and depression. VNS electrodes provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve, which has connections to various regions of the brain involved in these conditions.
Overall, implanted electrodes serve as a crucial component in many neuromodulation therapies, offering an effective treatment option for numerous neurological and sensory disorders.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
Potassium is a essential mineral and an important electrolyte that is widely distributed in the human body. The majority of potassium in the body (approximately 98%) is found within cells, with the remaining 2% present in blood serum and other bodily fluids. Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:
1. Regulation of fluid balance and maintenance of normal blood pressure through its effects on vascular tone and sodium excretion.
2. Facilitation of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction by participating in the generation and propagation of action potentials.
3. Protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and glycogen metabolism.
4. Regulation of acid-base balance through its role in buffering systems.
The normal serum potassium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) or mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Potassium levels outside this range can have significant clinical consequences, with both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) potentially leading to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.
Potassium is primarily obtained through the diet, with rich sources including fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, and apricots), vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes), legumes, nuts, dairy products, and meat. In cases of deficiency or increased needs, potassium supplements may be recommended under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. It involves the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move, resulting in the transfer of electrical charge, and the reverse processes by which electrical energy can be used to drive chemical reactions. This field encompasses various phenomena such as the generation of electricity from chemical sources (as in batteries), the electrolysis of substances, and corrosion. Electrochemical reactions are fundamental to many technologies, including energy storage and conversion, environmental protection, and medical diagnostics.
Ion-selective electrode
Boris Nikolsky
Fluoride selective electrode
Binding selectivity
Automated analyser
Sodium
Sodium compounds
Ionophore
Stability constants of complexes
Titration
Robert J. Forster
Murexide
Metal ion buffer
Flumetasone pivalate
Salicylaldoxime
Anion gap
Contamination
Lanthanum trifluoride
Europium(II) fluoride
Glass electrode
Fast-ion conductor
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer
Lanthanum
Hitachi 917
Marek Trojanowicz
Non-invasive micro-test technology
Isotonic hyponatremia
Yeast assimilable nitrogen
Determination of equilibrium constants
Lead
Electrolyte
Reference electrode5
- It is recommended for use with any Ion or mV meter and a reference electrode. (ntsensors.com)
- The Ion Selective Electrodes ( ISE probe ) need cooperate with reference electrode, such as 232-01 reference electrode. (inesarex.com)
- The Combined Ion Selective Electrodes combines the reference electrode. (inesarex.com)
- It typically consists of a glass bulb and a reference electrode, which are connected to a meter or other measuring device. (top-instrument.com)
- The Combined Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE probe) combines the reference electrode. (top-instrument.com)
Nitrate3
- The 43-Series Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) is a general purpose, laboratory or field electrode offering affordable, low maintenance nitrate analysis performance for many water applications such as drinking water, agriculture applications and food/beverage. (asi-sensors.com)
- The 12-Series Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) is a premium laboratory or field electrode offering excellent performance and longevity in many water applications such as drinking water, agriculture applications and food/beverage. (asi-sensors.com)
- The HI4108 cupric ion-selective electrode is a complete potentiometric cell that contains a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference housed within a PEI plastic body with a potassium nitrate electrolyte. (hannagreece.gr)
Ammonium4
- The Ammonium Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) can be used to measure the concentration of Ammonium (NH 4 + ) in aqueous samples. (vernier.com)
- Use the Ammonium ISE to measure levels of ammonium ions introduced from fertilizers. (vernier.com)
- The Ammonium ISE has a combination-style, non-refillable, gel-filled electrode. (vernier.com)
- ISENH4181 is a digital, combination ammonium ion selective electrode (ISE) with a non-refillable, double junction reference and built-in temperature sensor. (globalspec.com)
ISEs4
- There are four main types of ion-selective membrane used in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs): glass, solid state, liquid based, and compound electrode. (wikipedia.org)
- Combination liquid membrane ISEs are electrodes that detect free ions in a solution. (hannaservice.si)
- Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are sensors that measure the activity of a specific ion in solution and convert it to an electrical signal (mV). (furrowpump.com)
- Fixed Sensing Modules - Combination solid state ISEs are electrodes that detect free ions in a solution. (hannagreece.gr)
Potassium selective1
- An example is the potassium selective electrode, based on valinomycin as an ion-exchange agent. (wikipedia.org)
Calcium7
- The HI4104 is a liquid membrane, calcium combination ion selective electrode (ISE) for the determination of calcium (Ca2+) in solution. (hannaservice.si)
- The PVC membrane comprised with organic ion exchanger produces a potential change due to the calcium ion exchange between the organic polymer membrane and the sample. (hannaservice.si)
- The HI4104 calcium ion-selective electrode is a complete potentiometric cell that contains a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference housed within a PEI plastic body with a potassium chloride electrolyte. (hannaservice.si)
- The ISA ensures that the activity coefficient is constant so the concentration of free calcium ions can be measured. (hannaservice.si)
- Calcium is one of the most important metal ions for signal transduction in living cells. (dojindo.com)
- Ionized calcium binds to negatively charged sites on protein molecules, competing with hydrogen ions for the same binding sites on albumin and other calcium-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
- Measurement of ionized calcium is by ion-selective electrodes. (medscape.com)
Types of ion-selective1
- Chronopotentiometry is found to be a convenient and fast experimental method to critically evaluate the potential stability of different types of ion-selective electrodes. (abo.fi)
Sensors6
- SMART STORM'S direction electrodes are rugged solid-state sensors with built in driTEK Teflon double junction references that do not require filling solutions, membrane replacements or operator maintenance. (smartstormgroup.com)
- The Epoxy tubular body provides complete protection to the electrode which allows these sensors to be used in field applications by unskilled operators. (smartstormgroup.com)
- Calibration standards are essential to create the calibration curve on Iodide ion sensors. (ntsensors.com)
- Calibration standards are essential to create the calibration curve on Fluoride ion sensors. (ntsensors.com)
- Demanding analytical applications such as on-line process analysis and clinical analysis require robust, reliable, and maintenance-free ion sensors of high potential stability, In this work the stability of the electrode potential of all solid-state ion-selective electrodes using conducting polymers as ion-to-electron transducers is critically evaluated by using chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. (abo.fi)
- Multiplexed analysis of molecular and elemental ions using nanowire transistor sensors. (peru.edu)
Determination5
- For example, an electrode based on Valinomycin may be used for the determination of potassium ion concentration. (wikipedia.org)
- The HI4108 is a solid state, combination ion-selective electrode (ISE) for the determination of cupric ions (Cu 2+ ) in solution. (hannagreece.gr)
- It was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions with K 2 CrO 4 and for direct determination of Pb 2+ ions in real sample solution. (e3s-conferences.org)
- Water-soluble colorimetric chelating agents enable the determination of metal ions in aqueous solution without solvent extraction. (dojindo.com)
- For simple and quick determination of these alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane electrodes have been widely used. (dojindo.com)
Ammonia1
- Thermo Scientific Orion® ISE calibration standards for use with ion selective electrodes from ammonia to water hardness. (capitolscientific.com)
Glass electrode4
- A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. (wikipedia.org)
- The following two figures compare the salt content (salt equivalents) in processed foods measured by using a sodium ion selective glass electrode against those measured by the titration method (Mohr method) and sodium flame photometry. (horiba.com)
- The measurement results obtained by the titration method, which measures chloride ions, agreed well with those obtained by the sodium ion selective glass electrode method, and it is assumed that many of the sodium ions contained in the processed foods come from salt in the measurement range. (horiba.com)
- The measurement results obtained by sodium flame photometry method agreed well with those obtained by the sodium ion selective glass electrode method, and it is assumed that the processed foods have low potassium ion content, which affects measurements with a sodium ion selective glass electrode. (horiba.com)
Heavy metal ions2
- The proposed sensor is not pH sensitive in the range 4.0-6.9 and shows a very good discriminating ability towards Pb 2+ ion in comparison with some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. (e3s-conferences.org)
- For example, Nitroso-PSAP forms complexes with several heavy metal ions, but the maximum wavelength of the Nitroso-PSAP-Fe complex is considerably longer than that of the other metal complexes. (dojindo.com)
Selectivity6
- Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb2+, and Cd2+. (wikipedia.org)
- They have good selectivity, because only ions which can introduce themselves into the crystal structure can interfere with the electrode response. (wikipedia.org)
- They are also the most widespread electrodes with anionic selectivity. (wikipedia.org)
- Blind source separation (BSS) methods have been applied to deal with the lack of selectivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISE). (arxiv.org)
- Their selectivity depends on the dissociation constants of metal ions and their sensitivity depends on the molar absorptivity of the complex. (dojindo.com)
- The concentration of neutral carriers, plasticizers, and counteranions used to prepare the PVC electrode determines its ion selectivity. (dojindo.com)
Membrane electrodes1
- This is the major difference between this type of electrodes and the glass membrane electrodes. (wikipedia.org)
Analyzer2
- Potassium and sodium ion analyzer," Japan patent registration announcement No. 1982-32771 (Assignee: Horiba Ltd. (horiba.com)
- In addition, the analyzer has an optional ion selective electrodes module for the measurement of sodium and chloride in serum and urine. (medscape.com)
Connector1
- The versatile BNC connector allows students to easily replace the electrode when it expires or becomes damaged. (maelibunadur.is)
Laboratory4
- The solid state sensor and maintenance free reference makes these electrodes ideal for both laboratory and field work. (smartstormgroup.com)
- Each SMART STORM'S Combination ISE has a 1 metre cable and can be used both on Smart Storm's USI and USM products and all other types of pH/ION meter including laboratory bench and research models. (smartstormgroup.com)
- Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) are pH laboratory electrodes that determine the concentration of specific ions. (coleparmer.fr)
- These electrodes are commonly used in laboratory settings, as well as in industrial applications such as water treatment and food processing. (top-instrument.com)
Urine1
- Fluoride is measured in urine samples using an ion-selective electrode (ISE), which measures the activity of fluoride ions as a voltage response. (cdc.gov)
Sodium2
- These processed foods contain monosodium glutamate and other substances that produce sodium ions in addition to salt. (horiba.com)
- For example, monitoring sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the blood flow is indispensable during cardiac surgery. (dojindo.com)
Probe2
- Probe + Iodide ISE are a half-cell (reference not integrated) ion selective electrode (ISE) with a robust body, solid-state PVC (polymer) membrane selective to Iodide ions in solution. (ntsensors.com)
- TOP INSTRUMENT Fluoroborate (BF4-) Combined Ion Selective Electrode/ISE Probe is a type of pH electrode that is designed to measure the pH of a solution. (top-instrument.com)
Fluoride ions1
- The voltage response is proportional to the concentration of free fluoride ions in solution when the ionic strength is fixed. (cdc.gov)
Chloride ions1
- An electroanalytical technique which employs a sensor that converts the activity of a chloride ions (the chemical element with atomic number 17, that has gained one electron forming an anion with a charge of -1) in a solution into an electrical potential and measures the resulting potential using a voltmeter or potentiometer. (mcw.edu)
Determine the concentration of specific1
- Metal indicators and chelating agents are used to determine the concentration of specific metal ions in solution by chelate titration. (dojindo.com)
Meter1
- Chloride electrodes can be used on any ISE meter with a BNC connection The electrodes can also be used on meters with a variety of inputs when an adapter cable is used. (fishersci.com)
Concentration Range1
- The electrode shows a Nernstian response for lead ions over a wide concentration range (1×10 −8 −1×10 −1 mol L −1 ) and the slope of 28.1 mV/decade. (e3s-conferences.org)
Crystalline1
- Crystalline electrodes maybe polished and cleaned as the electrode gets older. (smartstormgroup.com)
Orion1
- ISE Meters, Orion 900100 sure flow single junction electrode, and module 932001. (fishersci.com)
Reagents3
- Colorimetric chelating reagents form colored complexes with metal ions in pH-controlled solutions. (dojindo.com)
- However, few colorimetric chelating reagents are highly selective. (dojindo.com)
- To determine the amount of one specific metal ion in the sample solution, masking reagents should be added to remove other metal ions.Table 2 shows popular masking reagents for chelatometry and colorimetry. (dojindo.com)
Detection1
- There are several methods for measuring a particular metal ion in solution, including chelate titration, colorimetric detection, fluorometric detection, colorimetric detection coupled with solvent extraction, and precipitation titration. (dojindo.com)
Electrochemical2
- Fluoride selective electrode Ion transport number Solvated electron Electrochemical hydrogen compressor A. J. Bard and L. Faulkner (2000). (wikipedia.org)
- Biomimetic supercontainers for size-selective electrochemical sensing of molecular ions. (peru.edu)
Measure the concentration1
- The Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) can be used to measure the concentration of potassium (K + ) ions in aqueous solutions. (maelibunadur.is)
Valinomycin1
- Some of them are superior to naturally existing neutral carriers such as valinomycin, which is highly selective for potassium ions. (dojindo.com)
Alkali2
- The principle on which these electrodes are based is that the alkali metal ion is encapsulated in a molecular cavity whose size is matched to the size of the ion. (wikipedia.org)
- The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role in Life. (wikipedia.org)
Titration3
- The color of the metal indicator varies sharply with the association and dissociation of metal ions, so the total amount of a metal ion can be estimated by the amount of titration reagent used. (dojindo.com)
- Fluorescent metal indicators are useful for determining the endpoint of titration of metal ions in stained samples. (dojindo.com)
- EDTA forms stable complexes with various metal ions in chelate titration. (dojindo.com)
Type2
- Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). (wikipedia.org)
- This is the most widespread type of ion-specific electrode. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen1
- The methods discussed below are for the analysis of the fluoride ion, or in the case of gaseous acid fluorides, hydrogen fluoride. (cdc.gov)
Measurements3
- Ion-selective electrodes are used in analytical chemistry and biochemical/biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required. (wikipedia.org)
- Ion-selective electrode (ISE) measurements may be used to characterize a lab sample or used in the research and development of a product or process.These electrodes can provide real-time measurements to monitor the change in activity or concentration of the target ion. (alpha-measure.com)
- In the figure, the horizontal axis represents measurements using the flame photometer, and the vertical axis represents measurements with the potassium electrode. (horiba.com)
Solution7
- An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the change in the concentration of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential. (wikipedia.org)
- A liquid membrane ion selective electrode develops a voltage due to the ion exchange that occurs between the solution and the polymer membrane that contains organic ion exchange resin. (hannaservice.si)
- When the ionic strength of the solution is fixed by the addition of ISA, the voltage is proportional to the concentration of free ions in solution. (hannaservice.si)
- Measure specific ion activity in solution and convert to an electrical signal. (furrowpump.com)
- For the HI4108 to measure cupric ions accurately, it is important that the ionic strength of the standards and sample be adjusted to a high and constant value with the HI4000-00 ionic strength adjuster (ISA) solution. (hannagreece.gr)
- A solid state sensor electrode develops a voltage due to the ion exchange that occurs between the solution and the inorganic membrane. (hannagreece.gr)
- The total consumption of EDTA solution indicates the total amount of mixed metal ions contained in the sample solution. (dojindo.com)
Solvent1
- This study is focused on the relationship between the potential stability of the electrode and the capacitance of the solid contact where ion-to-electron transduction takes place, The influence of this capacitance on the potential stability of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes is studied experimentally by using conducting polymer layers of different thickness as solid contacts in potassium ion-selective electrodes based on a solvent polymeric membrane. (abo.fi)
Preparation1
- Usage of specific resins allows preparation of selective electrodes for tens of different ions, both single-atom or multi-atom. (wikipedia.org)
Analytical1
- Bobacka, J 1999, ' Potential Stability of All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Conducting Polymers as Ion-to-Electron Transducers ', Analytical Chemistry , vol. 71, pp. 4932-4937. (abo.fi)
Combination6
- ISEF121 is a digital, combination fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE) with a non-refillable, single junction reference and built-in temperature sensor. (globalspec.com)
- Combination-style, non-refillable, gel-filled electrode. (wardsci.com)
- Diagnostic screening with a combination chloride ion-selective electrode. (bmj.com)
- Choose from cost-effective ion-selective electrodes and solutions to combination ion-selective electrodes featuring both half-cell and reference cell in one electrode. (coleparmer.fr)
- The Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode has a combination-style, non-refillable, gel-filled electrode. (maelibunadur.is)
- Sensorex ISE electrodes feature a combination electrode design to measure ion concentration in ppm. (furrowpump.com)
Meters1
- In response to requirements at the time, many types of ion electrodes have been used as the detectors in dedicated specific ion meters. (horiba.com)
Samples1
- To get the most out of your electrodes, rinse between samples with distilled or deionized water and gently blot with a lab wipe. (coleparmer.fr)
Sensor1
- You need only replace the electrode and not the entire sensor-lowering your overall equipment costs. (maelibunadur.is)
Specific2
- Ion-exchange resins are based on special organic polymer membranes which contain a specific ion-exchange substance (resin). (wikipedia.org)
- Such an electrode has a "double reaction" mechanism - an enzyme reacts with a specific substance, and the product of this reaction (usually H+ or OH−) is detected by a true ion-selective electrode, such as a pH-selective electrodes. (wikipedia.org)
