Iodine
Iodine Radioisotopes
Goiter, Endemic
Goiter
Thyroid Gland
Potassium Iodide
Povidone-Iodine
Deficiency Diseases
Iodophors
Thyrotropin
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Thyroxine
Iodized Oil
Thyroglobulin
Iodine Isotopes
Hypothyroidism
Iodoproteins
Thyroid Hormones
Hyperthyroidism
Iodide Peroxidase
Perchlorates
Diiodotyrosine
Sodium Iodide
Anti-Infective Agents, Local
Monoiodotyrosine
Republic of Belarus
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
The epizootiology and pathogenesis of thyroid hyperplasia in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Lake Ontario. (1/1350)
The thyroid glands of coho salmon collected at different stages of their anadromous migration exhibited progressive and extensive hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The incidence of overt nodule formation rose from 5% in fish collected in August to 24% in fish collected in October. The histological picture of the goiters was similar to that found in thiourea-treated teleosts and thiouracil-treated mammals. There was a concomitant, significant decrease in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine values between September and October (thyroxine, 1.0+/-0.3 mug/100 ml and 0.4 mug/100 ml in September and October, respectively; triiodothyronine, 400.3+/-51.6 ng/100 ml and 80.2 ng/100 ml in September and October, respectively) and marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyrotrophs. These data indicate a progressive hypothyroid condition which, although it may be linked to iodide deficiency, may well be enhanced by other environmental factors. The evidence for involvement of other factors is discussed. (+info)Thyroid volumes and urinary iodine in Swiss school children, 17 years after improved prophylaxis of iodine deficiency. (2/1350)
Salt iodine content in Switzerland was raised from 7.5 to 15 mg per kg in 1980, and since then dietary iodine intake has been considered to be sufficient, even though a slight decrease due to imported food has recently been reported. The aim of this study was to establish normal values for thyroid volumes of school children who can be assumed to have had a sufficient iodine intake all their lifetime. Moreover. the present investigation was undertaken to verify that iodine sufficiency had been achieved equally in two regions each served by one of the two Swiss salt producers. Mean iodine concentration in urine spot samples from school children was 16.1 microg/dl, and it was identical in both the city of Lausanne (n=215) and the city of Solothurn (n=208). Thus it can be stated that in both cities (served by two different salt producers) iodine intake is equal and sufficient. Accordingly, thyroid volumes measured by ultrasound in school children aged 6 to 16 years were the same in both Lausanne (n=202) and Solothurn (n=207). Moreover, the age-adjusted median volumes at the 97th percentiles closely agree with and validate provisional international reference values recently proposed by the World Health Organisation and by the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disease. (+info)Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (3/1350)
Unfolded apocytochrome c acquires an alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with lipid. Folding kinetic results below and above the lipid's CMC, together with energy transfer measurements of lipid bound states, and salt-induced compact states in solution, show that the folding transition of apocytochrome c from the unfolded state in solution to a lipid-inserted helical conformation proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state (I(C)). This initial compact state is driven by a hydrophobic collapse of the polypeptide chain in the absence of the heme group and may represent a heme-free analogue of an early compact intermediate detected on the folding pathway of cytochrome c in solution. Insertion into the lipid phase occurs via an unfolding step of I(C) through a more extended state associated with the membrane surface (I(S)). While I(C) appears to be as compact as salt-induced compact states in solution with substantial alpha-helix content, the final lipid-inserted state (Hmic) is as compact as the unfolded state in solution at pH 5 and has an alpha-helix content which resembles that of native cytochrome c. (+info)Perspectives from micronutrient malnutrition elimination/eradication programmes. (4/1350)
Micronutrient malnutrition cannot be eradicated, but the elimination and control of iron, vitamin A and iodine deficiencies and their health-related consequences as public health problems are currently the targets of global programmes. Remarkable progress is occurring in the control of goitre and xerophthalmia, but iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) has been less responsive to prevention and control efforts. Subclinical consequences of micronutrient deficiencies, i.e. "hidden hunger", include compromised immune functions that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality, impaired cognitive development and growth, and reduced reproductive and work capacity and performance. The implications are obvious for human health and national and global economic and social development. Mixes of affordable interventions are available which, when appropriately adapted to resource availability and context, are proven to be effective. These include both food-based interventions, particularly fortification programmes, such as salt iodization, and use of concentrated micronutrient supplements. A mix of accompanying programmes for infection control, community participation, including education, communication and information exchange, and private sector involvement are lessons learned for overcoming deterrents and sustaining progress towards elimination. (+info)Candidate noninfectious disease conditions. (5/1350)
Important micronutrient deficiencies in at-risk populations can be addressed simultaneously with programmatically cost-effective results. Because of the interaction between many micronutrients, this would also be biologically effective. With adequate investment and political support, the chances of eliminating iodine deficiency as a problem in women of reproductive age and young children and of eliminating vitamin A deficiency as a problem in young children in the future are high. To eliminate iron deficiency and folic-acid-dependent neural tube defects (FADNTDs) in low-income populations, a new set of approaches will have to be developed. These same approaches, if successful, could be used to tackle other important micronutrient deficiencies. (+info)Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial. (6/1350)
BACKGROUND: Deficiencies of iron, iodine, and vitamin A are prevalent worldwide and can affect the mental development and learning ability of schoolchildren. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children. DESIGN: Micronutrient status was assessed in 115 children aged 6-11 y before and after consumption of biscuits (fortified with iron, iodine, and beta-carotene) for 43 wk over a 12-mo period and was compared with that in a control group (n = 113) who consumed nonfortified biscuits. Cognitive function, growth, and morbidity were assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: There was a significant between-group treatment effect on serum retinol, serum ferritin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and urinary iodine (P <0.0001) and in hemoglobin and hematocrit (P <0.05). The prevalence of low serum retinol concentrations (<0.70 micromol/L) decreased from 39.1% to 12.2%, of low serum ferritin concentrations (<20 microg/L) from 27.8% to 13.9%, of anemia (hemoglobin <120 g/L) from 29.6% to 15.6%, and of low urinary iodine concentrations (<100 microg/L) from 97.5% to 5.4%. There was a significant between-group treatment effect (P <0.05) in cognitive function with the digit span forward task (short-term memory). Fewer school days were missed in the intervention than in the control group because of respiratory- (P = 0.097) and diarrhea-related (P = 0.013) illnesses. The intervention had no effect on anthropometric status [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: Fortified biscuits resulted in a significant improvement in the micronutrient status of primary school children from a poor rural community and also appeared to have a favorable effect on morbidity and cognitive function [corrected]. (+info)Amylopectinosis in fetal and neonatal Quarter Horses. (7/1350)
Three Quarter Horses, a stillborn filly (horse No. 1), a female fetus aborted at approximately 6 months of gestation (horse No. 2), and a 1-month-old colt that had been weak at birth (horse No. 3), had myopathy characterized histologically by large spherical or ovoid inclusions in skeletal and cardiac myofibers. Smaller inclusions were also found in brain and spinal cord and in some cells of all other tissues examined. These inclusions were basophilic, red-purple after staining with periodic acid-Schiff (both before and after digestion with diastase), and moderately dark blue after staining with toluidine blue. The inclusions did not react when stained with Congo red. Staining with iodine ranged from pale blue to black. Their ultrastructural appearance varied from amorphous to somewhat filamentous. On the basis of staining characteristics and diastase resistance, we concluded that these inclusions contained amylopectin. A distinctly different kind of inclusion material was also present in skeletal muscle and tongue of horse Nos. 1 and 3. These inclusions were crystalline with a sharply defined ultrastructural periodicity. The crystals were eosinophilic and very dark blue when stained with toluidine blue but did not stain with iodine. Crystals sometimes occurred freely within the myofibers but more often were encased by deposits of amylopectin. This combination of histologic and ultrastructural features characterizes a previously unreported storage disease in fetal and neonatal Quarter Horses, with findings similar to those of glycogen storage disease type IV. We speculate that a severe inherited loss of glycogen brancher enzyme activity may be responsible for these findings. The relation of amylopectinosis to the death of the foals is unknown. (+info)A negative iodine balance is found in healthy neonates compared with neonates with thyroid agenesis. (8/1350)
We studied the effects of the presence or absence of the thyroid gland on the iodine metabolism and excretion in term Dutch newborns by performing a retrospective study of the urinary iodine excretion in 193 term newborns with abnormal congenital hypothyroidism screening results. Thirty-six euthyroid newborns with decreased thyroxine-binding globulin levels were compared with 157 hypothyroid patients, 54 due to thyroid agenesis and 103 due to thyroid dysgenesis. A significant difference in the urinary iodine excretion was observed between the agenesis group (mean: 28 micrograms/24 h) and the euthyroid newborns (mean: 46 micrograms/24 h, P=0.001). In conclusion, healthy, euthyroid, term newborns excreted more iodine in their urine than newborns with thyroid agenesis. These results strongly indicated the existence of a temporarily negative iodine balance: the excretion of iodine prevailed over the intake and the newborn's thyroidal iodine, stored during pregnancy, could be used for thyroxine synthesis in the postnatal period. Since healthy term neonates were able to maintain adequate plasma free thyroxine concentrations under normal TSH stimulation, the prenatally acquired iodine stores could be considered sufficiently high to compensate for the transient postnatal losses. (+info)Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Iodine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain iodine, a halogen element, combined with other elements or radicals. Iodine is commonly found in organic compounds such as iodides, iodates, and iodines, which are widely used in various applications, including medicine, agriculture, and industry.
In the medical context, iodine compounds are often used for their antiseptic and disinfectant properties. For example, tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in ethanol or water that is commonly used as a topical antimicrobial agent to prevent infection in minor cuts, wounds, and burns.
Iodine compounds are also essential for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid disorders such as goiter and mental retardation in children. Therefore, iodine is often added to table salt and other foods as a dietary supplement to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.
Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.
For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.
It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.
Endemic goiter refers to a condition of abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that is prevalent in a particular geographic area due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking water. The lack of iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and attempt to increase hormone production. This results in the visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Endemic goiter is preventable through iodine supplementation in the diet or through iodized salt.
Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.
Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.
The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Potassium iodide is an inorganic, non-radioactive salt of iodine. Medically, it is used as a thyroid blocking agent to prevent the absorption of radioactive iodine in the event of a nuclear accident or radiation exposure. It works by saturating the thyroid gland with stable iodide, which then prevents the uptake of radioactive iodine. This can help reduce the risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid related issues that may arise from exposure to radioactive materials. Potassium iodide is also used in the treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.
Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is an essential electrolyte in dietary intake. It is a chemical compound made up of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions. In a medical context, particularly in nutrition and dietetics, "sodium chloride, dietary" refers to the consumption of this compound in food sources.
Sodium plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as maintaining fluid balance, assisting nerve impulse transmission, and contributing to muscle contraction. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) per day and further suggest an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults, especially those with high blood pressure. However, the average American consumes more than twice the recommended amount, primarily from processed and prepared foods. Excessive sodium intake can lead to high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Povidone-Iodine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is a complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). This complex allows for sustained release of iodine, providing persistent antimicrobial activity. It has been widely used in various clinical settings, including as a surgical scrub, wound disinfection, and skin preparation before invasive procedures. Povidone-Iodine is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. The mechanism of action involves the release of iodine ions, which oxidize cellular components and disrupt microbial membranes, leading to cell death.
Deficiency diseases are a group of medical conditions that occur when an individual's diet lacks essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. These diseases develop because the body needs these nutrients to function correctly, and without them, various bodily functions can become impaired, leading to disease.
Deficiency diseases can manifest in many different ways, depending on which nutrient is lacking. For example:
* Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
* Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, a condition characterized by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
* Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children, a disease that leads to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
* Iron deficiency can result in anemia, a condition in which the blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells.
Preventing deficiency diseases involves eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups. In some cases, supplements may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrient intake, especially for individuals who have restricted diets or medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
Iodides are chemical compounds that contain iodine in the form of an iodide ion (I-). Iodide ions are negatively charged ions that consist of one iodine atom and an extra electron. Iodides are commonly found in dietary supplements and medications, and they are often used to treat or prevent iodine deficiency. They can also be used as expectorants to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract. Examples of iodides include potassium iodide (KI) and sodium iodide (NaI).
Iodophors are antiseptic solutions or preparations that contain iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, usually a nonionic surfactant. The most common example is povidone-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine). Iodophors are widely used for skin disinfection before surgical procedures and injections, as well as for the treatment of wounds and burns.
The advantage of iodophors over traditional tincture of iodine is that they provide a more sustained release of iodine, which results in a longer-lasting antimicrobial effect while being less irritating to the skin. The complexation with the solubilizing agent also helps to reduce staining of the skin and clothing compared to traditional iodine solutions.
Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a medical condition characterized by the partial or complete absence of thyroid hormone production in the baby's body at birth. The thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck, produces hormones that are essential for normal growth and development of the brain and body.
Congenital hypothyroidism can occur due to various reasons such as the absence or abnormal development of the thyroid gland, or a defect in the production or regulation of thyroid hormones. In some cases, it may be caused by genetic mutations that affect the development or function of the thyroid gland.
If left untreated, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to mental and physical retardation, growth problems, and other health issues. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat this condition as early as possible, usually within the first few weeks of life. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing thyroid hormones with synthetic medications, which are safe and effective when administered under a doctor's supervision.
Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).
Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.
T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.
Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.
TFTs typically include the following tests:
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.
These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.
Iodized oil is a type of oil, often sesame or soybean oil, that has been artificially enriched with the essential micromineral iodine. It is typically used as a medical treatment for iodine deficiency disorders, such as goiter and cretinism, and for preventing their occurrence.
The iodization process involves binding iodine to the oil molecules, which allows the iodine to be slowly released and absorbed by the body over an extended period of time. This makes it an effective long-term supplement for maintaining adequate iodine levels in the body. Iodized oil is usually administered via intramuscular injection, and its effects can last for several months to a year.
It's important to note that while iodized oil is a valuable tool in addressing iodine deficiency on an individual level, global public health initiatives have focused on adding iodine to table salt (known as iodization of salt) as a more widespread and sustainable solution for eliminating iodine deficiency disorders.
Thyroglobulin is a protein produced and used by the thyroid gland in the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is composed of two subunits, an alpha and a beta or gamma unit, which bind iodine atoms necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin is exclusively produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
In clinical practice, measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of thyroid cancer, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary or follicular) who have had their thyroid gland removed. However, it is important to note that thyroglobulin is not specific to thyroid tissue and can be produced by some non-thyroidal cells under certain conditions, which may lead to false positive results in some cases.
Iodine isotopes are different forms of the chemical element iodine, which have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Iodine has a total of 53 protons in its nucleus, and its stable isotope, iodine-127, has 74 neutrons, giving it a mass number of 127. However, there are also radioactive isotopes of iodine, which have different numbers of neutrons and are therefore unstable.
Radioactive isotopes of iodine emit radiation as they decay towards a stable state. For example, iodine-131 is a commonly used isotope in medical imaging and therapy, with a half-life of about 8 days. It decays by emitting beta particles and gamma rays, making it useful for treating thyroid cancer and other conditions that involve overactive thyroid glands.
Other radioactive iodine isotopes include iodine-123, which has a half-life of about 13 hours and is used in medical imaging, and iodine-125, which has a half-life of about 60 days and is used in brachytherapy (a type of radiation therapy that involves placing radioactive sources directly into or near tumors).
It's important to note that exposure to radioactive iodine isotopes can be harmful, especially if it occurs through inhalation or ingestion. This is because the iodine can accumulate in the thyroid gland and cause damage over time. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling or working with radioactive iodine isotopes.
Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.
Other common thyroid diseases include:
1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.
Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.
Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.
The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.
Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.
Iodoproteins are proteins that have iodine atoms chemically bonded to them. This type of modification is often seen in the thyroid hormones, where iodination of the tyrosine residues plays a crucial role in their biological activity. The iodination of proteins can also occur as a result of exposure to certain disinfectants such as iodopovidone (povidone-iodine), which is used for its antimicrobial properties. However, it's important to note that non-specific iodination of proteins can alter their structure and function, and may even lead to the formation of harmful byproducts, so it's not a common practice in biological systems.
Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.
Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.
In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.
Iodide peroxidase, also known as iodide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, it is a peroxidase that uses iodide as its physiological reducing substrate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide to produce iodine, which plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
The systematic name for this enzyme is iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (iodinating). It is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, where it helps to produce and regulate thyroid hormones by facilitating the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland.
Iodide peroxidase requires a heme cofactor for its enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions it catalyzes. The enzyme's ability to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin is essential for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), two critical hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in mammals.
Perchlorates are chemical compounds containing the perchlorate ion (ClO4-). Perchloric acid is the parent compound and has the formula HClO4. Perchlorates contain chlorine in its highest oxidation state (+7) and are strong oxidizing agents. They have been used in various industrial and military applications, such as in explosives, rocket propellants, and matches.
In a medical context, perchlorates can be relevant due to their potential health effects. Exposure to high levels of perchlorates can affect the thyroid gland's function because they can compete with iodide ions for uptake by the thyroid gland. Iodide is an essential component of thyroid hormones, and disruption of iodide uptake may lead to hypothyroidism, particularly in individuals who are iodine-deficient. However, it's important to note that the evidence for adverse health effects in humans from environmental exposures to perchlorates is still a subject of ongoing research and debate.
Diiodotyrosine (DIT) is a thyroid hormone precursor that contains two iodine atoms and the amino acid tyrosine. It is formed in the thyroid gland by the enzymatic iodination of tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin protein. DIT can then be further combined and processed to form the active thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain three and four iodine atoms, respectively.
In summary, Diiodotyrosine is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Sodium iodide is a chemical compound with the formula NaI. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in medicine, particularly as a radiocontrast agent for imaging procedures such as CT scans and X-rays. Sodium iodide is also used in the treatment of thyroid disorders because it contains iodine, which is an essential nutrient for proper thyroid function.
In medical applications, sodium iodide may be combined with a radioactive isotope such as technetium-99m or iodine-131 to create a radiopharmaceutical that can be used to diagnose or treat various conditions. The radiation emitted by the isotope can be detected by medical imaging equipment, allowing doctors to visualize and assess the function of organs and tissues within the body.
It's important to note that sodium iodide should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as it may have potential side effects and risks associated with its use.
Anti-infective agents, local, are medications that are applied directly to a specific area of the body to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. These agents include topical antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and anti-parasitic drugs. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the infectious organisms, thereby preventing their spread and reducing the risk of infection. Local anti-infective agents are often used to treat skin infections, eye infections, and other localized infections, and can be administered as creams, ointments, gels, solutions, or drops.
Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.
A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.
Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.
Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.
Iodates are salts or esters of iodic acid (HIO3). They contain the iodate ion (IO3-) which consists of an iodine atom bonded to three oxygen atoms. Iodates are commonly used as a source of iodine in dietary supplements and in some disinfectants. In medicine, potassium iodate is used for the prevention of thyroid gland enlargement (goiter) caused by iodine deficiency. It works by providing the necessary iodine to the body.
Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) is a thyroid hormone precursor that is formed by the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine. It is produced in the thyroid gland as part of the process of creating triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which are active forms of thyroid hormones. MIT itself does not have significant biological activity, but it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of more important thyroid hormones.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Republic of Belarus" is a country located in Eastern Europe, and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or health care in Belarus, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:
1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.
Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
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Iodine | Breastfeeding | CDC
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Iodine poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
11 iodine deficiency signs
Iodine-120m | NRC.gov
Iodine Deficiency: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Iodine.
Iodine Injection in Hydrocele | The BMJ
Iodine - Antibiotics & Antiseptics | Walgreens
Iodine pills
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Chemical data for I - Iodine | PhysLink.com
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'50 percent Indian kids suffer from iodine...
iodine-server-0.7.0-8.mga9.aarch64 RPM
WebElements Periodic Table » Iodine » crystal structures
Povidone-Iodine for Adenoviral Conjunctivitis - American Academy of Ophthalmology
Iodine ReagentPlus , = 99.8 titration 7553-56-2
Re: Iodine degrades staphylococcus biofilms by wombat
Radioactive Iodine for Follicular Thyroid Cancer | Moffitt
Researchers Test Electric Iodine Propulsion Engine For Satellites In Orbit - SlashGear
Strain differences among rats in response to Remington iodine-deficient diets
iodine tablet - Fukushima Diary
DailyMed - 3M SKIN AND NASAL ANTISEPTIC- povidone-iodine solution
Iodine | CattleToday.com - Cattle, Cow & Ranching Community
Amount of iodine5
- How well a person does depends on the amount of iodine swallowed and how quickly treatment was received. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, cost-effectiveness of this program was said to be dependent on the amount of iodine in the salt that reaches the consumers at the household level and the salt intake of the households. (businessmirror.com.ph)
- The amount of iodine in the structure of salt shall be identified by the appropriate executive authority. (who.int)
- Consequently, the amount of iodine derived from salt intake exceeds the established limits required for achieving the right balance between salt consumption and health benefits and leads to undesirable health effects. (hindawi.com)
- A small amount of iodine from seawater enters the atmosphere and, through rain, enters ground water and soil near the sea. (msdmanuals.com)
Intake26
- Normal dietary iodine intake is between 90-150 mcg/day (higher in pregnant and lactating women). (medscape.com)
- [ 9 ] Salt was selected as the medium for iodine supplementation because intake is uniform across all socioeconomic strata and across seasons of the year, supplementation is achieved using simple technology, and the program is inexpensive. (medscape.com)
- Data collected in the United States by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) for the years 1971-1974 showed that the median urinary iodine level was 320 mcg/L, reflecting adequate dietary iodine intake. (medscape.com)
- In order to determine the iodine intake in pregnant women, the review study was conducted in different parts of India, namely in the states of Rajasthan, West Bengal, Delhi, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra. (deccanherald.com)
- Only increase intake of iodine. (deccanherald.com)
- This review highlights the history of the discovery of iodine and its uses, discusses the sources of iodine nutrition, and summarizes the current recommendations for iodine intake with a focus on women of childbearing age. (mdpi.com)
- As a result of decreased iodine intake from our diet many are deficient in this critically essential mineral complex. (life-enhancement.com)
- A recent survey has reported that Filipinos have inadequate intake of iodine. (businessmirror.com.ph)
- Diet is the major source of iodine intake for humans. (gov.hk)
- Iodine content in infant formulae will affect the daily iodine intake of these infants. (gov.hk)
- When assessing whether a product may pose health risk to the consumer, risk assessment has to be conducted to determine if the level of iodine in the diet meets the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended daily nutrient intake (the amount of a nutrient a person should consume in a day). (gov.hk)
- According to WHO, infants might have lowered thyroid function with the risk of brain damage when the iodine intake is about one-third of this value. (gov.hk)
- Insufficient iodine intake impairs the production of thyroid hormones, leading to a condition called hypothyroidism . (oregonstate.edu)
- The recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) for iodine intake is 150 micrograms (μg)/day in adults, 220 μg/day in pregnant women, and 290 μg/day in breast-feeding women. (oregonstate.edu)
- During pregnancy and lactation, the fetus and infant are entirely reliant on maternal iodine intake for thyroid hormone synthesis . (oregonstate.edu)
- In iodine-deficient populations, a rapid increase in iodine intake may precipitate iodine-induced hyperthyroidism . (oregonstate.edu)
- In iodine-sufficient adults, long-term iodine intake above the tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) of 1,100 μg/day may increase the risk of thyroid disorders, including iodine-induced goiter and hypothyroidism. (oregonstate.edu)
- Iodine intake-associated health disorders continue to represent major public health issues around the world. (hindawi.com)
- This is why the world distribution of these disorders has changed with a significant rise in the geographical areas with a "more than adequate" or "excessive" intake of iodine [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In 2017, 11 countries were identified with "excessive iodine intake", and this change in areas that were previously deficient (but now behave as areas with excessive iodine levels) is a predictor for changes in the frequency of other thyroid pathologies [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Health consequences of iodine intake deficiency or excess. (hindawi.com)
- These health problems include goitre, stillbirth, stunted growth (cretinism), thyroid deficiency and mental defects (impaired neurocognitive development), and are preventable by ensuring adequate intake of iodine. (who.int)
- Iodine deficiency is caused by low dietary intake of iodine. (who.int)
- Data from the WHO global database6 show that 54 countries worldwide have populations with insufficient iodine intake as indicated by median urine iodine below 100 µg/l. (who.int)
- however, insufficient or excess iodine intake persists in many countries. (who.int)
- Conclusion In Japan, where iodine intake is sufficient, administration of inorganic iodine to lactating mothers with Graves disease did not affect thyroid function in most infants despite high levels of exposure to iodine via breast milk. (medscape.com)
Levels of iodine5
- The general population is exposed to low levels of iodine in air, some food, and some beverages. (cdc.gov)
- Other human studies have not found an association between exposure to high levels of iodine and cancer risk. (cdc.gov)
- Adequate levels of iodine, a trace element variably distributed on the earth and found mostly in the soil and water of coastal areas, are required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which play key roles in the metabolic processes of vertebrate life. (mdpi.com)
- Crops produced on such soil have inadequate levels of iodine. (who.int)
- [ 7 , 8 ] Studies of the administration of inorganic iodine during breastfeeding found that when lactating mothers with euthyroidism received overdoses of iodine, preterm newborn infants and neonates ingested excessive levels of iodine through the breast milk and developed hypothyroidism. (medscape.com)
Enough iodine6
- Do infants get enough iodine from breast milk? (cdc.gov)
- therefore, all women should check the nutrition label or speak with their health care provider about whether their multivitamin supplement or prenatal vitamin contains enough iodine. (cdc.gov)
- Iodine is also added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet. (cdc.gov)
- However, there is normally not enough iodine in foods to harm the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- enough iodine in their diet. (cdc.gov)
- It can be hard for a pregnant woman to get enough iodine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Maternal iodine4
- Although breast milk contains iodine, concentrations can vary based on maternal iodine levels. (cdc.gov)
- Maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in maternal and fetal hypothyroidism, as well as miscarriage, preterm birth, and neurological impairments in offspring. (oregonstate.edu)
- Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. (medscape.com)
- There have been case reports of congenital hypothyroidism induced by excess maternal iodine ingestion during pregnancy outside the setting of Graves disease. (medscape.com)
Tincture3
- In 1908, he introduced tincture of iodine as a way to rapidly sterilise the human skin in the surgical field. (wikipedia.org)
- To prepare Iodine Tincture, add 50 g of potassium iodide to 500 ml of DI water. (wardsci.com)
- Triodine-7 Triple Source Iodine Tincture contains Potassium Iodide and Povidone Iodine. (caprinesupply.com)
Disorders21
- In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) developed a system for classifying iodine deficiency based upon the median urinary iodine concentration in a population (See Table 1. (medscape.com)
- Adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)/International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). (medscape.com)
- Can anyone advise if taking iodine medications have any impact on hair loss due to thyroid disorders? (healingwell.com)
- The workshop highlighted a review study by a team of researchers from the Indian Coalition for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). (deccanherald.com)
- Thirteen million out of a total of 26 million children born in India every year are unprotected against iodine deficiency disorders such as brain damage, and have severely depleted levels of productivity,' said Chandrakant S. Pandav, ICCIDD regional coordinator, South Asia. (deccanherald.com)
- Iodine deficiency results in a range of adverse health disorders with varying degrees of severity, from thyroid gland enlargement ( goiter ) to severe physical and mental retardation known as cretinism . (oregonstate.edu)
- This Law defines the economic organizational and legal bases of the system of preventive measures aimed at the prevention and elimination of Iodine deficiency disorders in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan and regulates the relations emerging in this sphere. (who.int)
- 1.0.1.Iodine deficiency disorders are pathologic states related to disorders in thyroid functions, caused by the reduction of Iodine entering the body. (who.int)
- 1.0.2.Prevention of Iodine deficiency disorders is a system of measures aimed at the prevention of Iodine deficiency disorders. (who.int)
- Iodizing of salt is a process of iodizing salt with iodine for mass prevention of Iodine deficiency disorders. (who.int)
- This Law shall be applied to the citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the permanent residents of the Republic of Azerbaijan, having no citizenship and foreigners, as well as all juridical persons, functioning in the sphere of prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, irrespective of their organizational and legal forms. (who.int)
- Raising the awareness of population with regard to the prevention of Iodine deficiency disorders and health education of population on prevention of iodine deficiency disorders through dissemination IEC materials and broadcasting these issues on TV, radio and media. (who.int)
- The State control over the Prevention of Iodine deficiency disorders shall be exercised by the appropriate executive power agency within their powers in conformity with the procedures stipulated by the legislation. (who.int)
- Universal salt iodization programs have been considered one of the most cost-effective interventions for the prevention of iodine deficiency-associated disorders, as evidenced over time since the implementation of such programs. (hindawi.com)
- Nevertheless, there is a remarkable rate of iodine excess among the country's population, which, at least hypothetically, represents a higher risk for developing functional and structural disorders of the thyroid gland. (hindawi.com)
- Historically, iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) have been extensively studied. (hindawi.com)
- In iodine-deficient areas, universal salt iodization (USI) is the most cost-effective strategy to control these disorders [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) refer to a wide range of health problems associated with iodine deficiency1 in a population. (who.int)
- In 1990, World Health Assembly Resolution WHA43.2 endorsed the goal of eliminating IDD as a public health problem.3 In 1993, WHO, UNICEF and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) recommended universal salt iodization as the main strategy to achieve elimination of IDD.4 In high-risk areas, iodized oil is recommended for the most vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and young children. (who.int)
- Consequently, in 2005 and 2007, the World Health Assembly resolutions WHA58.24 and WHA60.21 on sustaining the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders called on countries to establish multidisciplinary national coalitions to monitor the state of iodine nutrition every three years and to report progress to the World Health Assembly. (who.int)
- Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders will improve children's cognitive development, reduce stillbirths and reduce stunting. (who.int)
Supplementation3
- The estimated annual cost of iodine supplementation of salt in the United States is $0.04 per person. (medscape.com)
- Other major sources of dietary iodine in the United States are egg yolks, milk, and milk products because of iodine supplementation in chicken feed, the treatment of milk cows and cattle with supplemental dietary iodine to prevent hoof rot and increase fertility, and the use of iodophor cleaners by the dairy industry. (medscape.com)
- supplementation and prevention of iodine deficiency and iodine toxicity in poultry and livestock. (cabi.org)
Deficient in iodine3
- If a pregnant or breastfeeding woman is deficient in iodine, the fetus or infant may be at risk for iodine deficiency and associated cognitive and psychomotor impairments. (cdc.gov)
- According to a 2017 study , about a third of people are deficient in iodine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Worldwide, the soil in large geographic areas is deficient in iodine. (medscape.com)
Hypothyroidism10
- An iodine deficiency limits the ability of the thyroid to make hormones, causing hypothyroidism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Having dry, flaky skin could be a sign of hypothyroidism, as it can be the result of iodine deficiency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Many people face many problems because of the deficiency of thyroid hormone in their bodies such as it deficiency results into an enlargement of the thyroid (goiter), hypothyroidism, and paralysis in infants, disabilities of body parts of children whose mother is the victim of lack of iodine in the pregnancy period. (webnewswire.com)
- Iodine deficiency-induced hypothyroidism has adverse effects in all stages of development but is most damaging to the developing brain. (oregonstate.edu)
- Iodine deficiency and iodine excess have severe consequences on human health and have been associated with the presence of goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodules and thyroid autoimmunity, poor mental health, and impaired intellectual development. (hindawi.com)
- Populations living in iodine-deficient areas are subject to associated pathologies (increased perinatal mortality, mental retardation, hypothyroidism, and endemic goiter) and poor socioeconomic development. (hindawi.com)
- [ 6 ] On the other hand, in Japan, it has been reported that administration of inorganic iodine to pregnant women with Graves disease did not cause hypothyroidism in almost all of their fetuses. (medscape.com)
- detection rates of clinical hyperthyroidism , subclinical hypothyroidism , subclinical hypothyroidism , goiter , thyroid nodules , TPO Ab and TG Ab positive rates in different iodine nutritional status (P>0.05). (bvsalud.org)
- The positive rate of hypothyroidism in the iodine deficiency group is higher than in other iodine nutrition groups. (bvsalud.org)
- The detection rate of clinical hypothyroidism was statistically significant in different iodine nutritional states (P (bvsalud.org)
Severe4
- Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis and/or thyroid enlargement (goiter). (medscape.com)
- However, it is inconvenient and expensive to maintain rats on a Remington low iodine diet for 3 months, and studies on the effect of severe iodine deficiency are much more rapidly performed using a rapidly responding strain such as the Simonsen albino. (nih.gov)
- Vet took blood work and diagnosed cow with severe iodine deficiency, which affected the calf in utero. (cattletoday.com)
- The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe iodine deficiency was higher in urban areas than in rural areas . (bvsalud.org)
Control of iodine deficiency disorder2
- Five years ago, the eighth National Nutrition Survey already reported that one of the interventions that can be considered effective in the control of iodine deficiency disorder in the Philippines is the countrywide salt iodization program. (businessmirror.com.ph)
- 3 Resolution WHA43.2, The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorder s . (who.int)
Take iodine1
- 2) However, the effects of iodine are somewhat cumulative, and no doctor recommends anyone take iodine for more than a couple days, because (among other things), iodine stimulates the thyroid gland - which is a big deal, since it controls metabolism. (backcountry.net)
Iodide10
- Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I−), iodate (IO− 3), and the various periodate anions. (wikipedia.org)
- Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with coppersulfate. (physlink.com)
- The gastric iodide pump is, relationship between increasing incidence however, phylogenetically more primitive of goitre due to iodine deficiency and inci- than that of the thyroid, has a lower affinity dence of gastric cancer in some regions of for iodide and does not respond to thyroid the country [ 2 ]. (who.int)
- Ultra Iodine Complex is a high potency iodine supplement, supplying both iodine and iodide. (life-enhancement.com)
- Potassium iodide helps protect against thyroid cancer-a major risk following radiation exposure-by reducing the amount of radioactive iodine absorbed by the thyroid gland, according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (propublica.org)
- To prepare a Lugol's iodine solution, add 20 g of potsasium iodide to 100 ml of DI water. (wardsci.com)
- Most of the Earth's iodine, in the form of the iodide ion (I - ), is found in oceans, and iodine content in the soil varies with region. (oregonstate.edu)
- To make Lugols you need iodine (I2) which you have in prill form and potassium iodide (KI) which is readily available on the internet. (earthclinic.com)
- I made mine by mixing 1 oz. of Iodine with 2 oz. of potassium iodide and two cups of distilled water. (earthclinic.com)
- In many areas, including the United States, table salt is fortified with iodine (in its combination form iodide) to help make sure people consume enough. (msdmanuals.com)
Symbol I and atomic number 531
- Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. (wikipedia.org)
Cretinism1
- PAHO/WHO Technical Group on Endemic Goiter Cretinism, and Iodine Deficiency. (who.int)
Antiseptic2
- In 1873 the French medical researcher Casimir Joseph Davaine (1812-1882) discovered the antiseptic action of iodine. (wikipedia.org)
- Povidone Iodine (Betadine Surgical Scrub) is an antiseptic combination, prescribed for minor wounds and infections, as well as killing bacteria. (medindia.net)
Goiter4
- If babies and children receive too much iodine, they can develop an enlarged thyroid gland (called a goiter), which does not produce enough thyroid hormone for normal growth. (cdc.gov)
- The risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is especially high in older people with multi-nodular goiter. (oregonstate.edu)
- Endemic goiter can be differentiated from sporadic, nontoxic, multinodular goiter only by a history of iodine deficiency. (medscape.com)
- The nodules of a goiter associated with iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) cannot be distinguished from thyroid cancer based on the results from a physical examination. (medscape.com)
Urinary iodine concentration2
- Epidemiological criteria for the evaluation of iodine nutrition in a population, based on the mean urinary iodine levels, on the range of urinary iodine concentration, or both. (hindawi.com)
- Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. (medscape.com)
Bromine4
- Like bromine , iodine is readily sublimed , going from the solid state directly to the gaseous state,(skipping the liquid state) so exposure to the solid form can still lead to inhalation of the chemical. (citizendium.org)
- There is a good deal of information on the internet covering its use internally, and the need to detoxifying when using it since iodine causes your cells to release toxins like bromine, fluorine, mercury, lead, and arsenic. (earthclinic.com)
- I think the bromine/fluoride release from starting the Iodine protocol is kicking me to the curb. (curezone.com)
- Bromine and iodine compounds. (cdc.gov)
Pregnancy2
- Lack of iodine during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and intellectual disability and birth defects in the baby. (msdmanuals.com)
- Delange F. Optimal iodine nutrition during pregnancy, lactation and neonatal period. (medscape.com)
Dietary10
- The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (the average amount of a vitamin or mineral that meets the daily nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people) of iodine is higher for women when they are pregnant or breastfeeding in order to support proper fetal or infant growth and neurological development. (cdc.gov)
- It can also be taken up by some plants that grow in the soil, but plants are considered a poor source of dietary iodine. (cdc.gov)
- Damage to the thyroid gland can result in taken up by some plants that grow in the soil, but plants are effects in other parts of your body, such as your skin, lung, considered a poor source of dietary iodine. (cdc.gov)
- In areas where iodine is not added to the water supply or food products meant for humans or domesticated animals, the primary sources of dietary iodine are saltwater fish, seaweed, and trace amounts in grains. (medscape.com)
- Bread is also a significant source of dietary iodine in the United States. (medscape.com)
- In the early 1900s, the Great Lakes, Appalachian, and northwestern regions of the United States were endemic regions for IDD, but since the iodization of salt and other foods in the 1920s, dietary iodine levels generally have been adequate. (medscape.com)
- For exclusively formula-fed infants, infant formula is their only food source of dietary iodine. (gov.hk)
- Seafood is an excellent source of dietary iodine. (oregonstate.edu)
- Dairy products, grains, eggs, and poultry contribute substantially to dietary iodine intakes in the US. (oregonstate.edu)
- Sources of dietary iodine: bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. (medscape.com)
Prevalence1
- To investigate the adult iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Qinghai Province, and analyze the correlation between iodine and thyroid diseases , so as to provide a basis for adjusting the salt iodization plan in Qinghai Province. (bvsalud.org)
Populations6
- Some human studies have found an increased risk of thyroid cancer in certain populations, particularly populations with iodine deficient diets receiving iodine supplements. (cdc.gov)
- However, these tests cancer in certain populations, particularly populations with cannot predict whether you will experience any health iodine deficient diets receiving iodine supplements. (cdc.gov)
- More than 120 countries worldwide have introduced programs of salt fortification with iodine in order to correct iodine deficiency in populations. (oregonstate.edu)
- Iodine deficiency is a constant natural phenomenon, affecting populations worldwide. (hindawi.com)
- Populations living in areas where the iodine content in soil is depleted through repeated leaching by water and heavy rainfall are frequently affected. (who.int)
- Iodine deficiency disorder is a public health problem in populations where the median urine iodine is less than 100 µg/l or where more than 5% of children aged 6 to 12 years have goitre. (who.int)
18112
- In 1811, iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois, who was born to a manufacturer of saltpetre (an essential component of gunpowder). (wikipedia.org)
- Gr. iodes, violet) Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparinglyin the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chileansaltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, andin brackish waters from oil and salt wells. (physlink.com)
Increase the risk of thyroid2
Synthesis of thyroid hormones2
- As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
- Iodine (I), a non-metallic trace element, is required by humans for the synthesis of thyroid hormones . (oregonstate.edu)
IDDs1
- Adding small amounts of iodine to the nationwide salt supply allows for convenient provision of the level necessary to meet the average daily requirements to avoid IDDs. (hindawi.com)
Source of iodine1
- People commonly use Lugol's solution as a source of iodine. (earthclinic.com)
Amounts of iodine1
- Pregnant women often consume inadequate amounts of iodine. (msdmanuals.com)
Areas where iodine1
- Iodine deficiency is rare in areas where iodine is added to table salt. (msdmanuals.com)
Exposure to iodine2
Relationship between iodine2
- SUMMARY We carried out a case-control study is to investigate the relationship between iodine deficiency and stomach cancer. (who.int)
- The relationship between iodine nutrition and thyroid disease in lactating women with different iodine intakes. (medscape.com)
Inadequate1
- Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). (medscape.com)
Lugol's1
- This tape also explains the many added benefits of using Vitamin C(as Ascorbate) as well as natural Sea Salt together with lugol's iodine. (earthclinic.com)
Radioactive isotopes2
- Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Several isotopes of iodine, including 123 I, 124 I, 129 I and 131 I are radioactive isotopes of iodine used to treat certain cancers or for medical imaging processes. (citizendium.org)
Pregnant and breas1
- Thus, pregnant and breastfeeding women should take prenatal vitamins containing 250 micrograms of iodine daily. (msdmanuals.com)
Urine iodine1
- 10. Eleven out of 34 countries that reported to WHO have optimum iodine nutrition (median urine iodine of 100-199 µg/l) as shown in Figure 1. (who.int)
Excess iodine1
- Our endocrinologists and nuclear medicine specialists offer individualized advice on how to prepare for RAI therapy by following a low-iodine diet and avoiding sources of excess iodine, such as certain vitamins and medications. (moffitt.org)
Potassium iodine3
- What elements make up the compound potassium iodine? (answers.com)
- Japan has distributed potassium iodine tablets to residents who may have been exposed to radiation from the nuclear power plants damaged by the recent earthquake, but in recent years, U.S. authorities have questioned whether the benefits of such pills have been exaggerated or misunderstood. (propublica.org)
- Potassium iodine, or what's known as KI, "is not an 'anti-radiation' drug," then-White House official John Marburger wrote in a 2008 memo [PDF]. (propublica.org)
Nutrition and thyroid1
- Relation between iodine nutrition and thyroid diseases in Qinghai, China. (bvsalud.org)
Salt iodization program1
- Rates of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are not only common but also appear to be increasing, despite a salt-iodization program. (ideafit.com)
Prevention1
- WHO Secretariat, Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. (medscape.com)
Supplements3
- I will say that i stopped taking iodine and all my supplements several weeks ago in an effort to make my blood tests as true as possible. (healingwell.com)
- My doc said that I'm hypothyroid, and rather than put me on Armor (which she is willing to do), she suggested that I try iodine supplements. (earthclinic.com)
- Infants, children, and adults with iodine deficiency are treated with iodine supplements taken by mouth. (msdmanuals.com)
Iodization3
- Even in areas with voluntary/mandatory iodization programs and in iodine- replete countries, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and young infants are among the most vulnerable to iodine deficiency due to their special requirements during these life stages. (oregonstate.edu)
- The salt used for nutrition and fodder purposes shall be iodized, its iodization, quality, security, quantity of iodine in its structure, control methods over the iodization of salt and the existence of independent iodine in its structure shall comply with the appropriate standards and requirements. (who.int)
- Iodine Status in the Colombian Population and the Impact of Universal Salt Iodization: A Double-Edged Sword? (hindawi.com)
Thyroid function9
- Iodine is central to healthy thyroid function. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Iodine is essential for thyroid function, and optimal thyroid function is essential for brain health. (life-enhancement.com)
- Iodine deficiency may result in lowered thyroid function, which in turn may affect growth and brain development in infants. (gov.hk)
- Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones , triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ), and is therefore essential for normal thyroid function. (oregonstate.edu)
- Plus, Iodine, which contributes to normal thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones, and Iron which contributes to the reduction of tiredness and to normal energy yielding metabolism. (hollandandbarrett.com)
- Context The effects of maternal inorganic iodine therapy on infant thyroid function are not well known. (medscape.com)
- It is reported that in some cases, long-term control of thyroid function as well as remission of Graves disease can be achieved with inorganic iodine alone. (medscape.com)
- [ 9-12 ] However, no studies have evaluated the effects of inorganic iodine administered to lactating mothers with Graves disease on infant thyroid function. (medscape.com)
- We therefore prospectively investigated thyroid function in infants of lactating mothers with Graves disease who were treated with inorganic iodine for thyrotoxicosis and simultaneously measured iodine concentrations in breast milk and infant urine. (medscape.com)
Infants4
- Do not use on infants less than 2 months old due to the risk of increased blood iodine levels. (nih.gov)
- As of 19 September 2012 , seven out of the 61 powdered infant formulae tested were found to have low level of iodine content to an extent that may cause health problems to those infants who have been solely fed on them. (gov.hk)
- Although seven infant formulae were found to have low iodine content which may affect the normal function of the thyroid gland of infants, as at 17 September 2012 , among the 111 blood samples tested by the Department of Health, only two were found to have thyroid hormone levels outside the normal reference range. (gov.hk)
- However, inorganic iodine is transferred to fetuses via the placenta and to infants via breast milk. (medscape.com)
Production of thyroid hormones2
- Iodine is an essential nutrient necessary for the production of thyroid hormones which are responsible for normal growth and development. (gov.hk)
- as it attempts to capture more iodine for the production of thyroid hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
Thyroxine2
Tablets5
- In the wake of the war raging in Ukraine, physical and digital sales of iodine tablets have gone through the roof in Denmark. (cphpost.dk)
- All pharmacies and drugstores are selling more iodine tablets than they ever did before: from Swedish company Apotea to Apotek 1 in Norway. (cphpost.dk)
- Iodine tablets are useful when you are close to a nuclear accident site or when a radioactive cloud is on the way," explained Kresten Breddam, the head of section and chief consultant at the Danish Health Authority's Radiation Protection Unit. (cphpost.dk)
- In the event of exposure, only high-dose iodine tablets containing 50 milligrams of iodine will have an effect. (cphpost.dk)
- High-dose iodine tablets can block the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland, thus limiting the damage that radioactive iodine can cause. (cphpost.dk)
Uptake1
- Stomach cancer was reported as the lead- cells that migrated during evolution and ing cause of cancer-related deaths among specialized in iodine uptake, storage and American men in 1930. (who.int)
Deficiency causes2
- Iodine deficiency causes a lack of thyroid hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Iodine deficiency causes significant problems from birth, jeopardizing children's mental health and physical development, affecting their performance and competency, or worse, their survival, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). (businessmirror.com.ph)
