Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.
NECROSIS occurring in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY system, including branches such as Heubner's artery. These arteries supply blood to the medial and superior parts of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, Infarction in the anterior cerebral artery usually results in sensory and motor impairment in the lower body.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.
The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.
Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
A noninflammatory, progressive occlusion of the intracranial CAROTID ARTERIES and the formation of netlike collateral arteries arising from the CIRCLE OF WILLIS. Cerebral angiogram shows the puff-of-smoke (moyamoya) collaterals at the base of the brain. It is characterized by endothelial HYPERPLASIA and FIBROSIS with thickening of arterial walls. This disease primarily affects children but can also occur in adults.
Aneurysm caused by a tear in the TUNICA INTIMA of a blood vessel leading to interstitial HEMORRHAGE, and splitting (dissecting) of the vessel wall, often involving the AORTA. Dissection between the intima and media causes luminal occlusion. Dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
NECROSIS induced by ISCHEMIA in the POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which supplies portions of the BRAIN STEM; the THALAMUS; TEMPORAL LOBE, and OCCIPITAL LOBE. Depending on the size and location of infarction, clinical features include OLFACTION DISORDERS and visual problems (AGNOSIA; ALEXIA; HEMIANOPSIA).
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Veins draining the cerebrum.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

Stroke location is not associated with return to work after first ischemic stroke. (1/31)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In prior studies, age, race, job category, disability, and cortical functions such as praxis, language, and memory have been associated with vocational outcome, but the influence of stroke location on return to work has never been critically examined. METHODS: We examined the influence of stroke location on vocational outcome in patients with clinically confirmed acute ischemic stroke from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Stroke Data Bank. RESULTS: Of 143 patients working full time at the time of first ischemic stroke, 23 patients were dead and 120 were alive at 1 year. Employment status was known in 109 (mean age, 55 years; 51 [47%] were white, and 82 [75%] were male). Fifty-eight (53%) had returned to work; most (85%) worked full time. Younger age was positively associated with return to work (P<0.05). In an age-adjusted analysis, stroke severity as measured by the Barthel Index 7 to 10 days after stroke was negatively associated with return to work (P<0.001). Higher household income and absence of cortical neurological dysfunction 7 to 10 days after stroke were positively but less strongly associated with return to work (P<0.08). Stroke location, sex, and depression at time of stroke were not associated with vocational outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that stroke location may be less important than other more easily measured factors in predicting vocational outcome.  (+info)

Amnesia due to fornix infarction. (2/31)

Background and Purpose-The fornix connects various structures involved in memory. We report a patient with anterograde amnesia after an acute ischemic infarct in the anterior fornix. Case Description-A 71-year-old female with acute-onset amnesia had neuroimaging studies showing ischemic infarction of both columns and the body of the fornix and the genu of the corpus callosum. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed anterograde amnesia without evidence of callosal disconnection. The patient showed marked improvement in her memory function on the follow-up visit. Conclusions-Amnesia in this case is likely due to infarction of the anterior fornix structures.  (+info)

Involuntary movements after anterior cerebral artery territory infarction. (3/31)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with anterior cerebral artery territory infarction presenting with involuntary movements have rarely been described in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: The author reports 9 such patients: 3 with asterixis, 5 with hemiparkinsonism (tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia), and 1 with both. Asterixis developed in the acute stage in patients with minimal arm weakness, whereas parkinsonism was usually observed after the motor dysfunction improved in patients with initially severe limb weakness. Asterixis correlated with small lesions preferentially involving the prefrontal area; parkinsonism is related to relatively large lesions involving the supplementary motor area. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior cerebral artery territory infarction should be included in the differential diagnosis of asterixis and hemiparkinsonism.  (+info)

Transtentorial herniation after unilateral infarction of the anterior cerebral artery. (4/31)

BACKGROUND: Fatal cerebral herniation is a common complication of large ("malignant") middle cerebral artery infarcts but has not been reported in unilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarction. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a 47-year-old woman who developed an acute left hemiparesis during an attack of migraine. Cranial CT (CCT) was normal but demonstrated narrow external cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Transcranial Doppler sonography was compatible with occlusion of the right ACA. Systemic thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator was initiated 105 minutes after symptom onset. Follow-up CCT 24 hours after treatment revealed subtotal ACA infarction with hemorrhagic conversion. Two days later, the patient suddenly deteriorated with clinical signs of cerebral herniation, as confirmed by CCT. An extended right hemicraniectomy was immediately performed. Within 6 months, the patient regained her ability to walk but remained moderately disabled. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported case of unilateral ACA infarct leading to almost fatal cerebral herniation. Narrow external cerebrospinal fluid compartments in combination with early reperfusion, hemorrhagic transformation, and additional dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier promoted by tissue plasminogen activator and migraine may have contributed to this unusual course.  (+info)

Posttraumatic isolated infarction in the territory of Heubner's and lenticulostriate arteries: case report. (5/31)

A 12 year old male had a secondarily generalized epileptic seizure and a subsequent right hemiparesis with fasciobrachial predominance after a closed head injury. His seizures responded to antiepileptic drug therapy immediately. Computerized tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute infarct of the head of the left caudate nucleus, indicating the isolated occlusion of the left recurrent artery of Heubner and lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Pathologies leading to vasculitis and embolism were also looked for, but no finding of associated systemic disease could be disclosed. We present this case since posttraumatic infarction in the territory of the deep perforators such as recurrent artery of Heubner and lateral lenticulostriate arteries are exceptionally rare conditions especially in this age group.  (+info)

Gait apraxia after bilateral supplementary motor area lesion. (6/31)

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at addressing the issue of the precise nature of gait apraxia and the cerebral dysfunction responsible for it. METHODS: The case of a patient, affected by a bilateral infarction limited to a portion of the anterior cerebral artery territory is reported. The patient's ability to walk was formally assessed by means of a new standardised test. RESULTS: Due to an anomaly within the anterior cerebral artery system, the patient's lesion was centred on the supplementary motor regions of both hemispheres. He presented with clear signs of gait apraxia that could not be accounted for by paresis or other neurological deficits. No signs of any other form of apraxia were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical profile of the patient and the analysis of 49 cases from previous literature suggest that gait apraxia should be considered a clinical entity in its own right and lesions to the supplementary motor areas are responsible for it.  (+info)

Anterior cerebral artery dissections manifesting as cerebral hemorrhage and infarction, and presenting as dynamic angiographical changes--case report. (7/31)

A 65-year-old woman presented with multiple dissecting aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) manifesting as hemiparesis on the right with dominance in the lower extremity. Computed tomography revealed hematoma in the left frontal lobe, corresponding to the area perfused by the callosomarginal artery. Initial angiography showed string sign and occlusion in the distal portion of the left callosomarginal artery and abnormal feeding suggesting double lumen of the A2 portion of the left ACA. The patient was treated conservatively under a diagnosis of multiple spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the left ACA. Repeat angiography on Day 8 showed improvement of the string sign and occlusion in the left callosomarginal artery, and change of the double lumen of the A2 portion into string sign. Further angiography on Day 36 showed normalization of the left callosomarginal artery and improvement of the string sign in the A2 portion. Multiple spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the ACA are extremely rare. Serial angiography beginning in the early stage will be important for correct diagnosis.  (+info)

Neuroradiologic and clinical features of arterial dissection of the anterior cerebral artery. (8/31)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Case reports of nontraumatic arterial dissection of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) have recently increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroradiologic and clinical features of ACA dissection based on a series of collected cases. METHODS: The cases of 18 patients with a diagnosis of ACA dissection based on clinical signs and neuroradiologic findings from 46 stroke centers during a 5-year period were collected. The neuroradiologic and clinical records were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 52.8 +/- 9.8 years. Five cases presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, nine with cerebral ischemia, and four with both ischemic symptoms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In cases presenting with ischemia, the main site of the lesion was the A2 portion and the main angiographic finding was stenosis with or without dilation. Follow-up angiography showed progression of the stenosis in the acute stage and resolution of the stenosis in the chronic stage. Hyperintensity around the flow void due to intramural hematoma on T1-weighted MR images was often seen during the second week. In all cases, the findings of MR angiography corresponded to the findings of cerebral angiography. Eight of nine cases showed a good prognosis. In three of the patients with bleeding, in whom the site of the lesion was at the A1 portion, a diffuse thick subarachnoid hemorrhage was present and surgical treatment was required but resulted in a poor prognosis. In the other patients with bleeding, in whom the site of the lesion was at the distal ACA, the prognosis was good and no rebleeding or need for surgical treatment occurred. CONCLUSION: ACA dissection presenting with ischemia has several identifiable neuroradiologic and clinical characteristics, which suggests that it may be classified as a unique clinical entity.  (+info)

The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) is a paired set of arteries that originate from the internal carotid artery or its branch, the posterior communicating artery. They supply oxygenated blood to the frontal lobes and parts of the parietal lobes of the brain.

The ACA runs along the medial side of each hemisphere, anterior to the corpus callosum, which is the largest bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. It gives off branches that supply the motor and sensory areas of the lower extremities, as well as the areas responsible for higher cognitive functions such as language, memory, and emotion.

The ACA is divided into several segments: A1, A2, A3, and A4. The A1 segment runs from its origin at the internal carotid artery to the anterior communicating artery, which connects the two ACAs. The A2 segment extends from the anterior communicating artery to the bifurcation of the ACA into its terminal branches. The A3 and A4 segments are the distal branches that supply the frontal and parietal lobes.

Interruptions or blockages in the flow of blood through the ACA can lead to various neurological deficits, including weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, language impairment, and changes in cognitive function.

Anterior cerebral artery infarction refers to the death of brain tissue (also known as an infarct) in the territory supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) due to insufficient blood flow. The ACA supplies oxygenated blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making, as well as motor control of the lower extremities.

An infarction in this territory can result from various causes, including atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or vasospasm. Symptoms of an ACA infarction may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (usually the lower extremities), difficulty with coordination and balance, urinary incontinence, changes in personality or behavior, and impaired cognitive function. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent and location of the infarct. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery.

Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:

1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.

These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is one of the main blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It arises from the internal carotid artery and divides into several branches, which supply the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

The MCA is responsible for providing blood flow to critical areas of the brain, such as the primary motor and sensory cortices, Broca's area (associated with speech production), Wernicke's area (associated with language comprehension), and the visual association cortex.

Damage to the MCA or its branches can result in a variety of neurological deficits, depending on the specific location and extent of the injury. These may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, sensory loss, language impairment, and visual field cuts.

The Circle of Willis is a circulatory arrangement in the brain where the major arteries that supply blood to the brain converge to form an almost circular structure. It is named after Thomas Willis, an English physician who first described it in 1664.

This circle is formed by the joining of the two internal carotid arteries, which divide into the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries, with the basilar artery, which arises from the vertebral arteries. These vessels anastomose, or connect, to form a polygon-like structure at the base of the brain.

The Circle of Willis plays a crucial role in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain, as it allows for collateral circulation. If one of the arteries that make up the circle becomes blocked or narrowed, blood can still reach the affected area through the other vessels in the circle. This helps to minimize the risk of stroke and other neurological disorders.

Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.

Cerebral arterial diseases refer to conditions that affect the blood vessels supplying the brain. These diseases can result in reduced blood flow, blockages, or bleeding in the brain. The most common cerebral arterial diseases include:

1. Atherosclerosis: A buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the inner lining of an artery, which can lead to narrowing or blockage of the artery.
2. Embolism: A blood clot or other particle that forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain, where it blocks a cerebral artery.
3. Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot within a cerebral artery.
4. Aneurysm: A weakened area in the wall of an artery that bulges out and can rupture, causing bleeding in the brain.
5. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can cause bleeding or reduced blood flow to surrounding tissue.
6. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain, which can lead to narrowing, blockage, or weakening of the vessel walls.

These conditions can lead to serious complications such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or vascular dementia. Treatment options include medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes to manage risk factors.

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) infarction is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the blood supply to the middle cerebral artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. The MCA supplies blood to a large portion of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortex, parts of the temporal and parietal lobes, and the basal ganglia.

An infarction is the death of tissue due to the lack of blood supply, which can lead to damage or loss of function in the affected areas of the brain. Symptoms of MCA infarction may include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and altered levels of consciousness.

MCA infarctions can be caused by various factors, including embolism (a blood clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot that forms in the MCA itself), or stenosis (narrowing of the artery due to atherosclerosis or other conditions). Treatment for MCA infarction may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove the obstruction, or rehabilitation to help regain lost function.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

A ruptured aneurysm is a serious medical condition that occurs when the wall of an artery or a blood vessel weakens and bulges out, forming an aneurysm, which then bursts, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to internal hemorrhage, organ damage, and even death, depending on the location and severity of the rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms are often caused by factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, aging, and genetic predisposition. They can occur in any part of the body but are most common in the aorta (the largest artery in the body) and the cerebral arteries (in the brain).

Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden and severe pain, weakness or paralysis, difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and shock. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further complications and increase the chances of survival. Treatment options for a ruptured aneurysm may include surgery, endovascular repair, or medication to manage symptoms and prevent further bleeding.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.

The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.

It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and measure the velocity of blood flow in the cerebral arteries located in the skull. This imaging modality employs the Doppler effect, which describes the change in frequency of sound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells. By measuring the frequency shift of the reflected ultrasound waves, the velocity and direction of blood flow can be determined.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is primarily used to assess cerebrovascular circulation and detect abnormalities such as stenosis (narrowing), occlusion (blockage), or embolism (obstruction) in the intracranial arteries. It can also help monitor patients with conditions like sickle cell disease, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments such as thrombolysis or angioplasty. The procedure is typically performed by placing a transducer on the patient's skull after applying a coupling gel, and it does not involve radiation exposure or contrast agents.

The basilar artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is formed by the union of two vertebral arteries at the lower part of the brainstem, near the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons.

The basilar artery runs upward through the center of the brainstem and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries at the upper part of the brainstem, near the midbrain. The basilar artery gives off several branches that supply blood to various parts of the brainstem, including the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, as well as to the cerebellum.

The basilar artery is an important part of the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain that ensures continuous blood flow to the brain even if one of the arteries becomes blocked or narrowed.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.

MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.

2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Cerebral revascularization is a surgical procedure aimed at restoring blood flow to the brain. This is often performed in cases where there is narrowing or blockage of the cerebral arteries, a condition known as cerebrovascular disease. The most common type of cerebral revascularization is called carotid endarterectomy, which involves removing plaque buildup from the carotid artery in the neck to improve blood flow to the brain. Another type is extracranial-intracranial bypass, where a new connection is created between an external carotid artery and an intracranial artery to bypass a blockage.

Echoencephalography (EEG) is a type of neurosonology technique that uses ultrasound to assess the structures of the brain and detect any abnormalities. It is also known as brain ultrasound or transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This non-invasive procedure involves placing a small ultrasound probe on the skull, which emits sound waves that travel through the skull and bounce back (echo) when they reach the brain tissue. The resulting echoes are then analyzed to create images of the brain's structures, including the ventricles, cerebral arteries, and other blood vessels.

EEG is often used in infants and young children, as their skulls are still thin enough to allow for clear ultrasound imaging. It can help diagnose conditions such as hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain), intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), stroke, and other neurological disorders. EEG is a safe and painless procedure that does not require any radiation or contrast agents, making it an attractive alternative to other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. However, its use is limited in older children and adults due to the thickening of the skull bones, which can make it difficult to obtain clear images.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Intracranial vasospasm is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the intracranial arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This narrowing is usually caused by the contraction or spasming of the smooth muscle in the walls of the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain tissue.

Intracranial vasospasm is often associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of stroke caused by bleeding in the space surrounding the brain. SAH can cause the release of blood components, such as hemoglobin and iron, which can irritate and damage the walls of the arteries. This irritation can trigger an inflammatory response that leads to the contraction of the smooth muscle in the artery walls, causing vasospasm.

Vasospasm can cause further ischemia (reduced blood flow) or infarction (tissue death) in the brain, leading to serious neurological deficits or even death. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment of intracranial vasospasm are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Treatment options may include medications to dilate the blood vessels, angioplasty (balloon dilation) or stenting procedures to mechanically open up the arteries, or surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the brain.

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd get if you were having a stroke. A TIA doesn't cause permanent damage and is often caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.

Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your nervous system. However, unlike a stroke, a TIA doesn't leave lasting damage because the blockage is temporary.

Symptoms of a TIA can include sudden onset of weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body. You could also experience slurred or garbled speech, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can include blindness in one or both eyes, dizziness, or a severe headache with no known cause.

Even though TIAs usually last only a few minutes, they are a serious condition and should not be ignored. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a TIA, seek immediate medical attention. TIAs can be a warning sign that a full-blown stroke is imminent.

The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.

The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.

Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Infarction is the term used in medicine to describe the death of tissue (also known as an "area of necrosis") due to the lack of blood supply. This can occur when a blood vessel that supplies oxygen and nutrients to a particular area of the body becomes blocked or obstructed, leading to the deprivation of oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of cells in that region.

The blockage in the blood vessel is usually caused by a clot (thrombus) or an embolus, which is a small particle that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a smaller vessel. The severity and extent of infarction depend on several factors, including the size and location of the affected blood vessel, the duration of the obstruction, and the presence of collateral circulation (alternative blood vessels that can compensate for the blocked one).

Common examples of infarctions include myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebral infarction (stroke), and pulmonary infarction (lung tissue death due to obstruction in the lung's blood vessels). Infarctions can lead to various symptoms, depending on the affected organ or tissue, and may require medical intervention to manage complications and prevent further damage.

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal, tangled connections between the arteries and veins in the brain. These connections bypass the capillary system, which can lead to high-flow shunting and potential complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or neurological deficits. AVMs are congenital conditions, meaning they are present at birth, although symptoms may not appear until later in life. They are relatively rare, affecting approximately 0.1% of the population. Treatment options for AVMs include surgery, radiation therapy, and endovascular embolization, depending on the size, location, and specific characteristics of the malformation.

A traumatic brain hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs within the brain or in the spaces surrounding the brain as a result of trauma or injury. This condition can range from mild to severe, and it is often a medical emergency.

Trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the leakage of blood into the brain tissue or the spaces surrounding the brain. The buildup of blood puts pressure on the delicate tissues of the brain, which can cause damage and result in various symptoms.

There are several types of traumatic brain hemorrhages, including:

1. Epidural hematoma: This occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the tough outer covering of the brain. It is often caused by a skull fracture that damages an artery or vein.
2. Subdural hematoma: In this type, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the next inner covering of the brain, called the arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by venous injuries but can also result from arterial damage.
3. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: This refers to bleeding within the brain tissue itself, often due to the rupture of small blood vessels.
4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the innermost covering of the brain, called the pia mater. This type of hemorrhage is commonly caused by an aneurysm or a head injury.

Symptoms of a traumatic brain hemorrhage may include:

* Sudden severe headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Confusion or disorientation
* Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
* Balance problems or difficulty walking
* Slurred speech or difficulty communicating
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs

Immediate medical attention is necessary if a traumatic brain hemorrhage is suspected. Treatment may involve surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and stop the bleeding, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for a traumatic brain hemorrhage depends on various factors, including the location and severity of the bleed, the patient's age and overall health, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

The vertebral artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and upper spinal cord. It arises from the subclavian artery, then ascends through the transverse processes of several cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum. Inside the skull, it joins with the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The vertebral artery also gives off several important branches that supply blood to various regions of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

The Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) is one of the major arteries that supplies blood to the brain. It is a branch of the basilar artery, which is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries. The PCA supplies oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe (responsible for visual processing), the temporal lobe (involved in auditory and memory functions), and the thalamus and midbrain (relay station for sensory and motor signals).

The PCA has two segments: the precommunicating segment (P1) and the postcommunicating segment (P2). The P1 segment runs posteriorly along the cerebral peduncle, while the P2 segment courses around the midbrain to reach the occipital lobe.

Atherosclerosis, embolism, or other vascular conditions can affect the PCA and lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, including visual loss, memory impairment, and difficulty with language processing.

Cerebrovascular disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain. These disorders can be caused by narrowing, blockage, or rupture of the blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The most common types of cerebrovascular disorders include:

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts, causing a lack of oxygen and nutrients to reach brain cells. This can lead to permanent damage or death of brain tissue.
2. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, often by a blood clot. Symptoms may last only a few minutes to a few hours and typically resolve on their own. However, a TIA is a serious warning sign that a full-blown stroke may occur in the future.
3. Aneurysm: An aneurysm is a weakened or bulging area in the wall of a blood vessel. If left untreated, an aneurysm can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
4. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An AVM is a tangled mass of abnormal blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. This can lead to bleeding in the brain or stroke.
5. Carotid stenosis: Carotid stenosis occurs when the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This can increase the risk of stroke.
6. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This condition occurs when the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply blood to the back of the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, and difficulty swallowing.

Cerebrovascular disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Risk factors for these conditions include age, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and family history. Treatment may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of further complications.

Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.

Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.

It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

Akinetic mutism is a neurological condition characterized by a severe decrease in initiating and sustaining voluntary movements and speech, along with a decreased level of responsiveness to the environment. It is often caused by damage to the frontal lobe of the brain, particularly to the anterior cingulate cortex and its connections to other parts of the brain.

People with akinetic mutism may appear awake and have their eyes open, but they are generally unresponsive to external stimuli and do not initiate voluntary movements or speech on their own. They may occasionally respond to direct questions or commands, but their responses are often limited and delayed. The condition can be caused by various factors, including brain injury, stroke, tumors, infections, or degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Akinetic mutism is distinct from a vegetative state, which is characterized by the absence of both awareness and sleep-wake cycles. In contrast, people with akinetic mutism may retain some degree of awareness and have sleep-wake cycles, although their level of responsiveness is significantly reduced.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Intracranial arteriosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the walls of the intracranial arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This process is caused by the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, within the walls of the arteries.

Intracranial arteriosclerosis can lead to a narrowing or blockage of the affected arteries, reducing blood flow to the brain. This can result in various neurological symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, seizures, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.

The condition is more common in older adults, particularly those with a history of hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol levels. Intracranial arteriosclerosis can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Treatment typically involves managing risk factors and may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and prevent blood clots. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be necessary to open up the affected arteries.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

Moyamoya Disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the narrowing or occlusion (blockage) of the internal carotid artery and its main branches. The name "moyamoya" means "puff of smoke" in Japanese and describes the look of the tangle of tiny vessels formed to compensate for the blockage. Over time, these fragile vessels can become less effective or rupture, leading to transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes), strokes, bleeding in the brain, or cognitive decline. The exact cause of moyamoya disease is unknown, but it may be associated with genetic factors and certain medical conditions such as Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and sickle cell anemia. Treatment options include surgical procedures to improve blood flow to the brain.

A dissecting aneurysm is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a tear in the inner layer of the artery wall, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall. This can cause the artery to bulge or balloon out, leading to a dissection aneurysm.

Dissecting aneurysms can occur in any artery, but they are most commonly found in the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. When a dissecting aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it is often referred to as a "dissecting aortic aneurysm."

Dissecting aneurysms can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), genetic disorders that affect the connective tissue, trauma, or illegal drug use (such as cocaine).

Symptoms of a dissecting aneurysm may include sudden severe chest or back pain, which can feel like ripping or tearing, shortness of breath, sweating, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, a dissecting aneurysm can lead to serious complications, such as rupture of the artery, stroke, or even death.

Treatment for a dissecting aneurysm typically involves surgery or endovascular repair to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of rupture. The specific treatment approach will depend on various factors, including the location and size of the aneurysm, the patient's overall health, and their medical history.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

Ultrasonography, Doppler refers to a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the movement of blood flow through vessels, tissues, or heart valves. The Doppler effect is used to measure the frequency shift of the ultrasound waves as they bounce off moving red blood cells, which allows for the calculation of the speed and direction of blood flow. This technique is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, heart valve abnormalities, and fetal heart development during pregnancy. It does not use radiation or contrast agents and is considered safe with minimal risks.

A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can result in the death of brain tissue and cause permanent damage or temporary impairment to cognitive functions, speech, memory, movement, and other body functions controlled by the affected area of the brain.

Strokes can be caused by either a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). A transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts only a few minutes and does not cause permanent damage.

Symptoms of a stroke may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and confusion or disorientation. Immediate medical attention is crucial for stroke patients to receive appropriate treatment and prevent long-term complications.

Collateral circulation refers to the alternate blood supply routes that bypass an obstructed or narrowed vessel and reconnect with the main vascular system. These collateral vessels can develop over time as a result of the body's natural adaptation to chronic ischemia (reduced blood flow) caused by various conditions such as atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, or vasculitis.

The development of collateral circulation helps maintain adequate blood flow and oxygenation to affected tissues, minimizing the risk of tissue damage and necrosis. In some cases, well-developed collateral circulations can help compensate for significant blockages in major vessels, reducing symptoms and potentially preventing the need for invasive interventions like revascularization procedures. However, the extent and effectiveness of collateral circulation vary from person to person and depend on factors such as age, overall health status, and the presence of comorbidities.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Carotid stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the carotid artery. The carotid arteries are major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Carotid stenosis usually results from the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls of the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.

As the plaque accumulates, it causes the artery to narrow, reducing blood flow to the brain. Severe carotid stenosis can increase the risk of stroke, as a clot or debris from the plaque can break off and travel to the brain, blocking a smaller blood vessel and causing tissue damage or death.

Carotid stenosis is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications (such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing cholesterol levels), medications to reduce the risk of clots, or surgical procedures like endarterectomy or stenting to remove or bypass the blockage.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.

The frontal lobe is the largest lobes of the human brain, located at the front part of each cerebral hemisphere and situated in front of the parietal and temporal lobes. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, planning, parts of social behavior, emotional expressions, physical reactions, and motor function. The frontal lobe is also responsible for what's known as "executive functions," which include the ability to focus attention, understand rules, switch focus, plan actions, and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. It is divided into five areas, each with its own specific functions: the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in a wide range of impairments, depending on the location and extent of the injury.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Carotid artery diseases refer to conditions that affect the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the head and neck. The most common type of carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arteries.

These plaques can cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other carotid artery diseases include carotid artery dissection, which occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the artery, and fibromuscular dysplasia, which is a condition that affects the muscle and tissue in the walls of the artery.

Symptoms of carotid artery disease may include neck pain or pulsations, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or "mini-strokes," and strokes. Treatment options for carotid artery disease depend on the severity and type of the condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, endarterectomy (a surgical procedure to remove plaque from the artery), or angioplasty and stenting (procedures to open blocked arteries using a balloon and stent).

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. According to the Mayo Clinic, CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a child's ability to control movement.

The symptoms of cerebral palsy can vary in severity and may include:

* Spasticity (stiff or tight muscles)
* Rigidity (resistance to passive movement)
* Poor coordination and balance
* Weakness or paralysis
* Tremors or involuntary movements
* Abnormal gait or difficulty walking
* Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing or using utensils
* Speech and language difficulties
* Vision, hearing, or swallowing problems

It's important to note that cerebral palsy is not a progressive condition, meaning that it does not worsen over time. However, the symptoms may change over time, and some individuals with CP may experience additional medical conditions as they age.

Cerebral palsy is usually caused by brain damage that occurs before or during birth, but it can also be caused by brain injuries that occur in the first few years of life. Some possible causes of cerebral palsy include:

* Infections during pregnancy
* Lack of oxygen to the brain during delivery
* Traumatic head injury during birth
* Brain bleeding or stroke in the newborn period
* Genetic disorders
* Maternal illness or infection during pregnancy

There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but early intervention and treatment can help improve outcomes and quality of life. Treatment may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, medications to manage symptoms, surgery, and assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs.

The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.

The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.

The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.

The mesenteric arteries are the arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the intestines. There are three main mesenteric arteries: the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum to two-thirds of the transverse colon) and large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, and the first part of the transverse colon); the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum; and the middle colic artery, which is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the transverse colon. These arteries are important in maintaining adequate blood flow to the intestines to support digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction refers to the death of brain tissue in the region of the brain supplied by the posterior cerebral artery due to insufficient blood supply. The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe (responsible for vision), parts of the temporal lobe, and other structures in the brain.

PCA infarction can result from various conditions that cause a blockage or reduction of blood flow in the PCA, such as embolism (a clot or debris traveling from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot forming within the artery), or dissection (tearing of the artery wall). Symptoms of PCA infarction may include visual loss or disturbances, memory problems, language impairment, and other neurological deficits, depending on the extent and location of the infarction.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

An intracranial embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other foreign material (embolus) forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the blood vessels within the brain. This embolus then blocks the flow of blood in the cerebral arteries, leading to potential damage or death of brain tissue. Common sources of intracranial emboli include heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, or following a heart attack; or from large-vessel atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. Symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the obstruction, but may include sudden weakness or numbness, confusion, difficulty speaking, vision loss, severe headache, or even loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and treat intracranial embolism, often involving anticoagulation therapy, endovascular procedures, or surgery.

Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Temporal arteries are the paired set of arteries that run along the temples on either side of the head. They are branches of the external carotid artery and play a crucial role in supplying oxygenated blood to the scalp and surrounding muscles. One of the most common conditions associated with temporal arteries is Temporal Arteritis (also known as Giant Cell Arteritis), which is an inflammation of these arteries that can lead to serious complications like vision loss if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Thrombolytic therapy, also known as thrombolysis, is a medical treatment that uses medications called thrombolytics or fibrinolytics to dissolve or break down blood clots (thrombi) in blood vessels. These clots can obstruct the flow of blood to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, or brain, leading to serious conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.

The goal of thrombolytic therapy is to restore blood flow as quickly and efficiently as possible to prevent further damage to the affected organ and potentially save lives. Commonly used thrombolytic drugs include alteplase (tPA), reteplase, and tenecteplase. It's essential to administer these medications as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms for optimal treatment outcomes. However, there are risks associated with thrombolytic therapy, such as an increased chance of bleeding complications, which must be carefully weighed against its benefits in each individual case.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Vasoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. This process decreases the diameter of the lumen (the inner space of the blood vessel) and reduces blood flow through the affected vessels. Vasoconstriction can occur throughout the body, but it is most noticeable in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, which control the amount of blood that flows into the capillary network.

The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, plays a significant role in regulating vasoconstriction through the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Various hormones and chemical mediators, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and serotonin, can also induce vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction is a vital physiological response that helps maintain blood pressure and regulate blood flow distribution in the body. However, excessive or prolonged vasoconstriction may contribute to several pathological conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases.

Reperfusion, in medical terms, refers to the restoration of blood flow to tissues or organs that have been deprived of adequate oxygen supply, usually as a result of ischemia (lack of blood flow). This process is often initiated through therapeutic interventions such as thrombolysis (breaking up blood clots), angioplasty (opening narrowed or blocked blood vessels using a balloon or stent), or surgical procedures.

Reperfusion aims to salvage the affected tissues and prevent further damage; however, it can also lead to reperfusion injury. This injury occurs when the return of oxygen-rich blood to previously ischemic tissues results in the overproduction of free radicals and inflammatory mediators, which can cause additional cellular damage and organ dysfunction.

Managing reperfusion injury involves using various strategies such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and other protective treatments to minimize its negative impact on the recovering tissues or organs.

Both individuals had had infarction of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). One individual, a 72-year-old male, had difficulty ... large cerebral infarction of the medial surface of the left frontal lobe in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery ... Oxygenated blood is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery to most medial portions of the frontal lobes and to the anterior ... unilateral or bilateral infarction of cortex in the territory supplied by the anterior cerebral artery or associated arteries. ...
Watershed areas are found in the brain, where areas are perfused by both the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and in the ... Hypoperfusion in watershed areas can lead to mural and mucosal infarction in the case of ischemic bowel disease. When watershed ... For example, a cerebral watershed area is situated in the dorsal prefrontal cortex; when it is affected on the left side, this ... During times of blockage of one of the arteries that supply the watershed area, such as in atherosclerosis, these regions are ...
The recurrent artery of Heubner is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. It has a mean diameter of 0.8 mm, and a mean ... This may cause infarction in those subcortical areas and thus hemiparesis. More proximal portions of the artery may cause ... The lenticulostriate arteries arise from the middle cerebral artery. The recurrent artery of Heubner usually arises from the A1 ... The recurrent artery of Heubner, Heubner's artery or distal medial striate artery is an artery in the head. It is named after ...
Vertigo may sometimes present as an isolated symptom several weeks or months before acute ischemia and cerebral infarction ... The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of three pairs of arteries that supplies blood to the cerebellum. It ... "Cerebellar Infarction in the Territory of the Anterior and Inferior Cerebellar Artery". Brain. 113: 139-55. doi:10.1093/brain/ ... Hearing loss as the leading symptom in anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction]". Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr (in German ...
The most frequent location for a watershed stroke is the region between the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery ... "The Pathophysiology of Watershed Infarction in Internal Carotid Artery Disease: Review of Cerebral Perfusion Studies". Stroke. ... are located between the cortical territories of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and posterior ... artery in the neck may cause watershed infarcts between the territories of the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral ...
ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. Helgason, C; Caplan, LR (1986). "Anterior choroidal artery-territory infarction: Report of cases and ... It may (rarely) instead arise from the middle cerebral artery. It originates from the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) 5 mm ... The anterior choroidal artery is a bilaterally paired artery of the brain. It is typically a branch of the internal carotid ... However, the posterior limb of the internal capsule also receives lenticulostriate arteries from the middle cerebral artery, ...
... which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery. It then winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve ... An infarction of the superior cerebellar artery can cause a cerebellar stroke. This can cause a headache and ataxia (with ... pia mater and anastomose with those of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries ... The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is an artery of the head. It arises near the end of the basilar artery. It is a branch of ...
The collicular artery or quadrigeminal artery arises from the posterior cerebral artery. This small artery supplies portions of ... The main collicular artery also gives branch to an accessory collicular artery. Anterior branches Anteromedial branches are ... Duvernoy, Henri M. (2013). Human Brain Stem Vessels: Including the Pineal Gland and Information on Brain Stem Infarction. ... The collicular artery originates from P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery near the side of interpeduncular fossa. It ...
... pulmonary artery stenosis, cerebral artery stenosis and aneurysms. Complications may include myocardial infarction and stroke. ... anterior chest wall deformities as well as scoliosis. Patients are at a much greater risk for fractures than the general ...
The three longitudinal arteries are the anterior spinal artery, and the right and left posterior spinal arteries. These travel ... The actual blood flow caudally through these arteries, derived from the posterior cerebral circulation, is inadequate to ... can result in spinal cord infarction and paraplegia. In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract, a primary neuron's axon ... In humans the largest of the anterior radicular arteries is known as the artery of Adamkiewicz, or anterior radicularis magna ( ...
Cerebral aneurysm - Aneurysms of the arteries in the brain most commonly affect the anterior cerebral artery. Rupture of the ... Perhaps confusingly, heart failure can be caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) that result in ... Carotid artery - Diseases of the carotid arteries: Carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery disease - Narrowing of the carotid ... Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG): Grafting an artery or vein from elsewhere to bypass a stenotic coronary artery. ...
It can also occur in a stroke that affects both anterior cerebral artery territories.[citation needed] Another cause is ... "Akinetic mutism and mixed transcortical aphasia following left thalamo-mesencephalic infarction". Journal of the Neurological ... It occurs in patients with bilateral circulatory disturbances in the supply area of the anterior cerebral artery. Akinetic ... When the anterior cingulate cortex is damaged, it can result in akinetic mutism.[citation needed] Akinetic mutism is a symptom ...
Infarction usually occurs in regions perfused by anterior spinal artery, which spans the anterior two-thirds of spinal cord. ... "Spinal Cord Infarction in Clinical Neurology: A Review of Characteristics and Long-Term Prognosis in Comparison to Cerebral ... indicate the infarction is predominately in the watershed area of the gray matter of ventral horn (anterior spinal artery ... Infarction occurs predominantly in arteries, and the watershed region, which refers thoracic spinal cord here, is highly ...
... coronary arteries and cortical branch of cerebral arteries). There are many examples of normal arterio-arterial anastomoses in ... anterior interventricular artery and posterior interventricular artery of the heart Scapular anastomosis (for the subclavian ... Inadequate supply to the heart will lead to chest pains (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction). These can be ... There are anastomoses between the Circumflex and right coronary arteries and between the anterior and posterior inter- ...
... lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and recurrent artery of Heubner of the anterior cerebral ... punctate infarctions or intraparenchymal haemorrhage due to vessel rupture.[citation needed] Due to the orderly somatotropic ... which is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. The inferior half of the posterior limb is supplied by the anterior ... lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery branch of the internal ...
... anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Cardinal signs include vertigo, headache, ... They are far less common than strokes which occur in the cerebral hemispheres. In recent years mortality rates have decreased ... Edlow, J.A.; Newman-Toker, D.E.; Savitz, S.I. (2008). "Diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction". The Lancet ... Macdonell, R.A.; Kalnins, R.M.; Donnan, G.A. (1987). "Cerebellar infarction: Natural history, prognosis, and pathology". Stroke ...
... homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing is a feature of occlusion of posterior cerebral artery supplying the anterior part ... Intrinsic lesions include demyelinating diseases and infarction. Such lesions produce optic tract syndrome type II. Extrinsic ... Middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery infarcts (including cerebral palsies) may affect the optic radiations, and ... Lesions affecting the anterior or lateral choroidal arteries may affect the lateral geniculate nucleus. Incongruous homonymous ...
... severe myocardial ischaemia in the dog due to left anterior descending coronary occlusion with left circumflex coronary artery ... In 1963 he spent two months in the "Istituto Superiore di Sanitá" in Rome to study methods concerning cerebral circulation with ... Search for methods to prevent sudden cardiac death due to acute myocardial infarction. First a new, (widely appreciated) model ... Szekeres L.: "Sudden Death due to Acute Myocardial Infarction" CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, 1986, 288 pp. Solti F., ...
... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.337.562 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.337.656 - ... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.480.200.200.450 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.480 ... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.560.200.387 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.253.560. ... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.553.355.249.200.450 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C14.907.553.355 ...
... cerebral white matter and anterior limb of the internal capsule. The two proposed mechanisms are microatheroma and ... cerebellar arteries, and basilar artery". Other lesions that are associated with lacunes appear in the "deep nuclei of the ... The classic syndromes are as follows: A silent lacunar infarction (SLI) is one type of silent stroke which usually shows no ... either artery-to-artery embolism or cardioembolism. In one recent series, 25% of patients with clinical radiologically defined ...
... including infarction of both divisions of the middle cerebral artery and generally both Broca's area and Wernicke's area. ... Therefore, the localization of the two best-known aphasias mirrors the grossest dichotomy in brain organization: anterior areas ... the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus in the distribution of the inferior division of the middle cerebral artery, ...
... to these areas is seen in patients showing infarction limited to regions supplied by the dominant posterior cerebral artery ( ... of the brain to the anterior (front) and vice versa. While anomic aphasia is associated with lesions throughout the left ... PCA) and is referred to as posterior cerebral artery syndrome. The best way to see if anomic aphasia has developed is by using ...
Cerebral ateriovenous malformation (Cerebral AVM) is characterised by abnormal shunting between cerebral arteries and veins ... hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic infarction, cerebral aneurysms, dural arteriovenous fistulae, cerebral venous sinus ... Anterior temporal EDH is usually caused by sphenoparietal sinus. Such EDH is limited and does not require surgery because its ... When the SAH volume is large, rarely it can cause cerebral infarction a few days after trauma due to arterial vasospasm. ...
If cerebral infarction is caused by a thrombus occluding blood flow to an artery supplying the brain, definitive therapy is ... Based on the extent of the symptoms, the stroke episode is classified as total anterior circulation infarct (TACI), partial ... Cerebral infarction is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). It is ... In people who die of cerebral infarction, an autopsy of stroke may give a clue about the duration from the infarction onset ...
... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C10.228.140.300.301.200.200.450 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C10.228. ... infarction, anterior cerebral artery MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.387 - infarction, middle cerebral artery MeSH C10.228.140.300 ... 140.300.301.200.200.475 - infarction, posterior cerebral artery MeSH C10.228.140.300.350 - cerebrovascular trauma MeSH C10.228. ... 418 - infarction, posterior cerebral artery MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.450 - intracranial aneurysm MeSH C10.228.140.300. ...
... subcortical infarction in the superficial territory of the middle cerebral artery". Neurology. 42 (10): 1992-1998. doi:10.1212/ ... The temporal pole is located between the frontal and occipital poles, and sits in the anterior part of middle cranial fossa in ... The blood supply to the centrum semiovale is from the superficial middle cerebral artery. The cortical branches of this artery ... Each cerebral hemisphere has an outer layer of cerebral cortex which is of grey matter and in the interior of the cerebral ...
... ansa lenticularis anterior cerebral artery Anterior chamber of eyeball anterior choroidal artery anterior commissure anterior ... ligament incisive canal incisive fossa incisor incisura incus index finger indusium griseum infarction inferior alveolar artery ... anterior root anterior spinal artery anterior spinocerebellar tract anterior superior alveolar artery anterior tibial artery ... anterior horn cells anterior horn of the lateral ventricle anterior hypothalamus anterior inferior cerebellar artery anterior ...
Blood velocity can be measured in various blood vessels, such as middle cerebral artery or descending aorta, by relatively ... B-lines can occur in a healthy lung; however, the presence of 3 or more in the anterior or lateral lung regions is always ... B-lines can also be present in a number of other conditions including pneumonia, pulmonary contusion, and lung infarction. ... By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, ...
... or infarcts of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA). One function of the arcuate fasciculus is the connection between ... Furthermore, TMA is caused by lesions in cortical motor areas of the brain as well as lesions in the anterior portion of the ... "Transcortical sensory aphasia following left frontal infarction". Journal of Neurology. 245 (2): 69-76. doi:10.1007/ ... Many patients' progress is assessed over time via repeated testing and corresponding cerebral imaging by fMRI.[citation needed ...
Treatment for posterior spinal artery syndrome depends on the causes and symptoms, as well as the source of the infarction. The ... Additionally, research has suffered setbacks because PSAS is rare with few documented cases, unlike anterior spinal artery ... Clinical history, blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) tests can also be used to make a full diagnosis. ... "Unilateral posterior cervical spinal cord infarction due to spontaneous vertebral artery dissection". The Journal of Spinal ...
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory strokes account for 0.5-3% of all ischemic strokes. The etiological mechanisms of ACA ... "Anterior Cerebral Artery and Heubners Artery Territory Infarction", Manifestations of Stroke, M. Paciaroni, G. Agnelli, V. ... Isolated Anterior Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction: Dissection as an Etiological Mechanism Topographic Evolution of ... The Accessory Middle Cerebral Artery - A Variant of the Recurrent Artery of Heubner ( A. centralis longa ) ...
... s artery territory infarction after surgical clipping of an unruptured saccular aneurysm of the left anterior cerebral artery: ... The recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH), also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is named after the ... Later the artery turns posteriorly, runs parallel and is anterior to A1, which is why it is at risk from A1-A2 ACA junction ... of an unruptured saccular aneurysm of the junction between the A1 and the A2 segments of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA ...
Vascular distributions: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarction. Diffusion-weighted image on the left demonstrates high ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) consists of the A1 segment proximal to the anterior communicating artery, with the A2 ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) consists of the A1 segment proximal to the anterior communicating artery, with the A2 ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA; blue) supplies the medial frontal and parietal lobes. The posterior cerebral artery (PCA; ...
We report five cases with caudate infarction due to Heubners recurring artery occlusion, in which we conducted detailed memory ... Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery / complications* * Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery / diagnostic imaging * Infarction ... Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubners recurring artery occlusion Brain Cogn. 2006 Jul;61(2):133-8. doi: ... We report five cases with caudate infarction due to Heubners recurring artery occlusion, in which we conducted detailed memory ...
Both individuals had had infarction of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). One individual, a 72-year-old male, had difficulty ... large cerebral infarction of the medial surface of the left frontal lobe in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery ... Oxygenated blood is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery to most medial portions of the frontal lobes and to the anterior ... unilateral or bilateral infarction of cortex in the territory supplied by the anterior cerebral artery or associated arteries. ...
Categories: Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Dysexecutive syndromes result from damage to the anterior regions of the brain and present as a combination of disinhibition, ... Anterior cerebral artery infarction: stroke mechanism and clinical-imaging study in 100 patients. Neurology. 2008;70:2386-2393. ... However, published reviews of cases of anterior cerebral artery territory infarction find a high prevalence of post-stroke ... 15. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Anterior cerebral territory infarction in the Lausanne Stroke Registry: clinical and etiologic ...
Involuntary masturbation after bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008;110:190. ... Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery: Report of two cases. Surg Neurol 1993;39:53. ... A Axillary and Brachial Arteries the axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery, and is called the brachial ... The axillary artery sometimes leaves the lateral twine just distal to the coracoid process, passes by way of the ...
... anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs), and 3 of 5 (60%) M2-MCAs. In all cases of ACA coverage, the anterior communicating artery ... and territorial infarction, in 3.4%. Delayed occlusion of ophthalmic arteries and delayed narrowing of arteries covered by the ... posterior inferior cerebellar artery, superior cerebellar artery, posterior communicating artery, anterior spinal artery, ACA, ... anterior cerebral artery. PED. Pipeline Embolization Device. Flow-diversion systems appear to be promising tools for the ...
Part II: anterior and posterior cerebral artery infarctions. Naidich, Thomas P; Firestone, Michael I; Blum, Jeffrey T; Abrams, ... Amusia for pitch caused by right middle cerebral artery infarct. Hochman, M Seth; Abrams, Kevin J. ...
C, CT scan the next day demonstrates infarction in the right anterior cerebral artery territory. ... anterior communicating artery in 8, carotid tip in 6, middle cerebral artery in 4, vertebral artery in 4, posterior ... In 1 patient with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, thrombus occluded the middle cerebral artery, mechanical ... Note subfalcine herniation of the anterior cerebral artery resulting from a large hematoma (arrow). ...
In this process, one or both anterior cerebral arteries become trapped, causing infarction of the paramedian cortex. As the ... The goal is to maintain ICP at ≤ 20 mm Hg and cerebral perfusion pressure at 50 to 70 mm Hg. Cerebral venous drainage can be ... and causes superior cerebellar infarction due to occlusion of the superior cerebellar arteries. ... The head of the bed can be elevated to 30° (with the head above the heart) as long as cerebral perfusion pressure remains at ...
Cerebral angiography showed multiple areas of spasm in the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. A follow-up ... However, Suzuki et al.8 reported zero instances of cerebral infarction in a series of 343 patients. The second disadvantage is ... giving rise to the OA before terminating as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.6 The external carotid artery (ECA) ... The first is temporary occlusion of blood supply to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries during the injection. ...
Thrombectomy is Safe and Effective for Occlusions of the Anterior Cerebral Artery Source: APPLIED RADIOLOGY JOURNAL Published ... Percent Insular Ribbon Infarction Predicts Infarct Growth Rate, Stroke Outcome Source: APPLIED RADIOLOGY JOURNAL Published on ...
Vascular distributions: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarction. Diffusion-weighted image on the left demonstrates high ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) consists of the A1 segment proximal to the anterior communicating artery, with the A2 ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) consists of the A1 segment proximal to the anterior communicating artery, with the A2 ... The anterior cerebral artery (ACA; blue) supplies the medial frontal and parietal lobes. The posterior cerebral artery (PCA; ...
anterior cerebral artery infarction DOID:3528 * no_name DOID:3455 * tactile agnosia ...
Brust JCM. Cerebral infarction, in Rowland LP: Merritts textbook of Neurology. ed 8, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1989, pp206- ... Microsurgical Anatomy of the Anterior Cerebral Artery.2000 September;2(2). Microsurgical Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery. ... medial anterior cerebral artery), 상뇌량동맥(superior callosal artery), 제삼전대뇌동맥(third A2 artery), 삼중기형전대뇌동맥(triplicated anterior ... Yasargil MG, Smith RD, Young PH, Teddy PJ. Anterior cerebral and anterior communicating artery aneurysms, in Yasargil MG: ...
Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction Medicine & Life Sciences 79% * Anterior Cerebral Artery Medicine & Life Sciences 71% ... Water dynamics in the infarct region and on either side of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was monitored with proton-density ... Water dynamics in the infarct region and on either side of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was monitored with proton-density ... Water dynamics in the infarct region and on either side of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was monitored with proton-density ...
... and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). This type of infarction occurs when the clot is located at the top of the carotid artery ... The infarct is caused by a branch occlusion of the left anterior cerebral artery. As the anterior cerebral artery supplies the ... The internal carotid artery (ICA) terminates in middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The MCA main ... In this case, the anterior cerebral artery territory is spared, presumably because of an intact anterior communicating artery ...
Eight patients had distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms and three had anterior communicating artery aneurysms. ... One is injury to bridging veins, which can cause serious venous infarction, and the other is disorientation when searching for ... Objective: CEA and CAS are done to treat carotid artery stenosis, but clear eligibility criteria have not been established. In ... B-flow imaging allows detailed examination of the carotid artery, and can detect microfloating plaque as areas of high ...
Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction ... ICA occlusion may predict less collateral flow supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) or anterior communication artery ... Anterior cerebral artery embolism during thrombectomy increases disability and mortality. J Neurointerv Surg 2018;10:1057-62. ... The DASH score: a simple score to assess risk for development of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol Sci 2014 ...
Brain MRI revealed acute multiple scattered infarctions involving both middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery territories ... weighted image revealed acute multiple scattered infarctions involving both middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery ... the anterior cerebral, and the posterior cerebral arteries. Conventional angiography showed multiple, rather diffuse stenoses, ... Keywords: Cerebral infarction; Headache disorders, primary; High resolution MRI; Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome ...
Acute anterior cerebral artery/middle cerebral artery watershed infarction seen in a 47-year-old male patient who presented ... Example of Riverains pulmonary artery vessel suppression artificial intelligence application for CT. It can automatically ...
MR angiography showed mild-moderate stenosis of left Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) and right Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), and ... Brain MRI showed acute infarction in the right lateral medulla (Figure 1b). In CT angiography, the right Vertebral Artery (VA) ... From January 2012 to January 2017, 5011 patients with cerebral infarctions were hospitalized at our institution. Among them, ... Brain MRI showed acute infarction in the left dorsal-lateral medulla (Figure 1c). CT angiography was negative except mild ...
B) Middle cerebral artery. C) Anterior cerebral artery. D) Basilar artery. E) Posterior cerebral artery. ... this MRI shows diffusion restriction as a result of infarction in the territory supplied by the right posterior cerebral artery ... C) anterior cerebral artery This answer is incorrect.. The hyperintense area on this MRI shows diffusion restriction as a ... B) middle cerebral artery This answer is incorrect.. The hyperintense area on this MRI shows diffusion restriction as a result ...
... to the left anterior descending artery leading to acute anterior myocardial infarction as well as left middle cerebral artery ... Left anterior descending artery; MCA: Middle cerebral artery; MI: Myocardial infarction; EF: Ejection fraction; ECG: ... resulting in right sided hemiparesis and left anterior descending (LAD) artery leading to acute anterior myocardial infarction ... The left anterior descending artery was found totally occluded and was bypassed with the left internal mammary artery. The ...
... leading to ACA infarction. Whereas in lateral or descending transtentorial herniation, the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is ... as a late complication of subfalcine herniation the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is compressed against the free edge of the ... posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, oculomotor, and sixth cranial nerves. These structures are ...
... and reproducible grading system for patients have an anterior circulation middle cerebral artery large vessel occlusion (http ... An acute ischemic infarction is suspected. Algorithm receives the entire CT dataset. If the algorithm can determine a result, ... return: the degree of the loss of the normal grey-white differentiation in the left and right middle cerebral artery ... performed as the standard of scare to assess for acute intracranial hemorrhage and to define the extent of cerebral infarction ...
Stroke is caused not only by arterial thrombosis but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. Arterial stroke is currently the main ... Stroke is caused not only by arterial occlusion but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. Therefore, stroke includes arterial ... For example, lesions in the anterior cerebral artery involve symptoms of urinary incontinence, apraxia of gait and motor mutism ... Intracerebral hemorrhage and infarction of CVT. Cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure may develop; thus, ...
... cerebral artery territory infarction with a hypoplastic left anterior cerebral artery with the right anterior cerebral artery ... Simultaneous bilateral cerebral infarction can be the result of a unilateral cerebral artery occlusion and this can potentially ... However, bilateral infarction can result from unilateral occlusion of anomalous cerebral vasculature. We report the case of a ... Anomalies of cerebral vasculature are not as rare as is usually believed and this should be borne in mind when investigating ...
  • We report five cases with caudate infarction due to Heubner's recurring artery occlusion, in which we conducted detailed memory examinations in terms of explicit memory and implicit memory. (nih.gov)
  • Comparing normal control subjects with patients with left caudate infarction due to Heubner's recurring artery occlusion demonstrated lower scores on both declarative and motor procedural memory tasks. (nih.gov)
  • Acute ischemic stroke is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral artery and is more common than hemorrhagic stroke. (medscape.com)
  • It includes occlusion and stenosis of cerebral and precerebral arteries, resulting in cerebral infarction. (medscape.com)
  • One territorial infarction was observed in a case of M2-MCA coverage, without arterial occlusion. (ajnr.org)
  • Delayed occlusion of ophthalmic arteries and delayed narrowing of arteries covered by the Pipeline Embolization Device were observed in 5.9% and 16.2%, respectively. (ajnr.org)
  • Upward herniation also distorts the mesencephalon vasculature, compresses the veins of Galen and Rosenthal, and causes superior cerebellar infarction due to occlusion of the superior cerebellar arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Methods: In this study, we investigated the contribution of AQP4 to brain water dynamics by administering deuterium-labeled water (D 2 O) intraperitoneally to wild-type and AQP4 knockout (AQP4-ko) mice that had undergone surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Methods We included 130 consecutive patients after MT caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke, treated with MT. MBE was defined as a midline shift of ≥5 mm on the follow-up imaging within 72 hours after MT. Characteristics of patients at admission and details of treatment were collected. (bmj.com)
  • Recent landmark randomized controlled trials 1-3 have validated the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) over medical treatment in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke (LVOS). (bmj.com)
  • Occlusion of the basilar artery would result in bilateral infarction. (frontalcortex.com)
  • It was designed to provide a simple, reliable, and reproducible grading system for patients have an anterior circulation middle cerebral artery large vessel occlusion (http://www.aspectsinstroke.com). (acrdsi.org)
  • The ischemic stroke accounts for the 87% of all cases, which results from the cerebral arteries occlusion due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis and platelets plug ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, bilateral infarction can result from unilateral occlusion of anomalous cerebral vasculature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Simultaneous bilateral cerebral infarction can be the result of a unilateral cerebral artery occlusion and this can potentially mimic a space-occupying lesion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given this, bilateral cerebral infarction may be the result of unilateral cerebral artery occlusion and this can account for its unusual initial presentation as an intracranial tumour. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An isolated internal carotid artery is an unfavourable configuration of the circle of Willis which can lead to severe ischemia in case of a ICA occlusion. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • A 60-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a diagnosis of the left cervical internal carotid artery occlusion presenting with mild aphasia and right hemiparesis. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Post stroke epilepsy caused an unintended and forced mouth opening which led to a temporary occlusion of the donor artery after STA-MCA bypass. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • A 60-year-old man who is a smoker with a medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetic mellitus was transferred to our hospital with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke secondary to a left cervical internal carotid artery occlusion. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) angiography showed occlusion of the proximal left cervical carotid artery and ipsilateral ischemic stroke [ Figures 1a - f ]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The insular cortex is more susceptible to ischemia following MCA occlusion than other portions of the MCA territory because it has the least potential for collateral supply from the anterior cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Correlation of early CT signs in the deep middle cerebral artery territories with angiographically confirmed site of arterial occlusion. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Part II: anterior and posterior cerebral artery infarctions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the feature of RCVS is a reversible cerebral arterial vasospasm, it can cause various brain lesions including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and even ischemic strokes [ 1 , 2 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The hyperintense area on this MRI shows diffusion restriction as a result of infarction in the territory supplied by the right posterior cerebral artery. (frontalcortex.com)
  • The uncus is functionally divided into anterior and posterior parts. (allforexindicators.com)
  • This is a thin shelf-like luminal protrusion of the intimal fibrous tissue that extends from the posterior aspect of the proximal internal carotid artery bulb into the lumen. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Repeat MRI with axial diffusion-weighted images revealed multiple areas of acute infarction in areas supplied by both anterior Apremilast (CC 10004) cerebral arteries a branch of the anterior cerebral artery the right posterior cerebral artery and the left middle cerebral artery (Figure 1A). (health-ground.com)
  • Endovascular treatment for wide-necked posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms with a fetal-type variant of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is often challenging. (neurointervention.org)
  • The posterior limb of the internal capsule is supplied by the thalamogeniculate artery , which is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery . (en-academic.com)
  • Posterior limb of internal capsule - Infobox Brain Name = PAGENAME Latin = crus posterius capsulae internae GraySubject = 189 GrayPage = 836 Caption = Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere. (en-academic.com)
  • Lateral projection of a left common carotid artery injection that displays the order of branching in the intracranial carotid, including 1: ophthalmic, 2: posterior communicating, 3: anterior choroidal, and 4: anterior cerebral arteries. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] bends anterior to the tympanic cavity near the apex of the petrous bone, and traverses the posterior aspect of the foramen lacerum. (medscape.com)
  • This gives rise to the superior hypophyseal perforators to the anterior pituitary and stalk, posterior communicating artery (PCoA), and anterior choroidal artery (AChA) before bifurcating into the ACA and MCA (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The PCoA extends posteriorly to connect with the primary segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), allowing collateral flow to pass between the anterior and posterior circulations. (medscape.com)
  • However, further investigation confirmed bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory infarction with a hypoplastic left anterior cerebral artery with the right anterior cerebral artery supplying both frontal lobes (an anatomical variant). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Water dynamics in the infarct region and on either side of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was monitored with proton-density-weighted imaging (PDWI) performed on a 7T animal MRI. (elsevierpure.com)
  • MRI axial FLAIR images of Brain show an infarct involving left frontal lobe anterior to sylvian fissure. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • CT study of Brain shows an infarct involving involving right peri sylvian cerebral cortex and adjacent insular cortex. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • Proximal Stem Middle Cerebral Artery infarct involves deeper basal ganglia in addition. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • Cerebral magnetic resonance images of 14 patients with cerebral infarct-related early seizures. (jamanetwork.com)
  • We investigated the patency of covered side branches and flow modification within the parent artery following placement of the Pipeline Embolization Device in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. (ajnr.org)
  • Endovascular treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms remains a technically challenging procedure due to the risk of coil protrusion into the parent artery and subsequent thrombus formation or parent vessel compromise. (ajnr.org)
  • Here, we report a patient, G.T., who suffered an exceptionally rare form of stroke-bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction, without rupture or the complications associated with anterior communicating artery aneurysms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Low-grade arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) associated with multiple flow-related distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms are rare occurrences. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Flow-related aneurysms in the region of distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) are a rare occurrence, accounting for 9% of the total intracranial aneurysms with multiple aneurysms on the same vessel are rarer. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 10 ] We present an unusual case of a low-grade arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with three associated DACA aneurysms arising from a single feeder to an AVM from the left callosomarginal artery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Head computed tomography angiogram at the time of presentation revealing a compact arteriovenous malformation in the left frontal lobe and three aneurysms in the distal anterior cerebral artery region. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This is because these aneurysms tend to incorporate the origin of the fetal-type PCA and internal carotid artery (ICA). (neurointervention.org)
  • In the setting of an acute stroke (under 4.5 hours from symptom presentation), a rapid non-contrast trans-axial CT scan is performed as the standard of scare to assess for acute intracranial hemorrhage and to define the extent of cerebral infarction. (acrdsi.org)
  • The ASPECT (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT) score is a 10-point quantitative score utilized to assess the extent of early infarction on a non-contrast CT. (acrdsi.org)
  • Stroke is caused not only by arterial thrombosis but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular pathological hallmarks of arterial stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2013). Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke According to Subtype in Patients With Clinical Manifest Arterial Disease. (uran.ua)
  • So far CVR-L-Arg has been used to study cerebral endothelial function in many pathological conditions such as stroke, migraine, etc. (hindawi.com)
  • An ischemic stroke happens when an artery is blocked by a blood clot or other substances such as fatty deposits. (prakash.com)
  • To prevent stroke recurrence, a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass for atherosclerotic cerebrovascular occlusive disease is performed. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 5 , 6 ] Here, we present a patient who underwent STA-MCA bypass for the prevention of stroke recurrence, in which the donor artery was temporally occluded due to a secondary generalized seizure as a manifestation of post stroke epilepsy. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Different strategies have been employed to recanalize acutely occluded middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries (ICA) in the setting of acute stroke including intravenous and intra-arterial tPA. (nih.gov)
  • This is a retrospective review of nine patients with symptoms of acute stroke from clot in the middle cerebral or internal carotid territories who were treated with intracranial balloon angioplasty. (nih.gov)
  • All patients presented with symptoms of acute anterior circulation stroke less than six hours from onset. (nih.gov)
  • It was reported in all cases of anterior cerebral artery coverage, in 3/5 cases of M2-MCA coverage, and in 5/34 (14.7%) cases of ophthalmic artery coverage. (ajnr.org)
  • The cavernous segment averages 39 mm in length and gives rise to far more branches, including the meningohypophyseal trunk, the anterior meningeal artery, the artery to the inferior portion of the cavernous sinus, and the ophthalmic artery. (medscape.com)
  • His right femoral artery was cannulated, and a microcatheter was advanced toward the internal carotid artery (ICA). (asahq.org)
  • The internal carotid artery (ICA) terminates in middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • A) Right internal carotid artery angiogram demonstrating the internal carotid artery dividing into middle and anterior cerebral arteries with the latter additionally supplying the left anterior cerebral artery territory. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B) Left internal carotid artery angiogram revealing the internal carotid artery branching into the middle carotid artery with absent contrast flow into the anterior cerebral artery territory. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A) Contrast enhanced CT shows mild enlargement of the supraclinoid segment of the left internal carotid artery and proximal portions of the left anterior and middle cerebral arteries. (neurology.org)
  • Furthermore, carotid artery pathology determines secondary profylaxis with either carotid endarterectomy, stenting or anti-platelet therapy. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Other pathology that we will discuss is the floating thrombus, the carotid web and the isolated internal carotid artery. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The indication for this technique is that the neck of the aneurysm should significantly and broadly incorporate both the internal carotid artery and fetal-type PCA, such that a single-balloon remodeling and single stent would be inadequate to protect both the arteries. (neurointervention.org)
  • However, pharmaceutical thrombolysis alone, may not be effective in patients with a large amount of clot volume (complete M1, terminal internal carotid artery). (nih.gov)
  • The internal carotid artery (ICA) embryologically develops from the third primitive aortic arch. (medscape.com)
  • This artery arises from the common carotid artery in the neck, entering the head at skull base via the carotid canal, and terminates at the bifurcation into the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA). (medscape.com)
  • The 2 ACAs connect through the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), thus joining the left and right carotid circulations. (medscape.com)
  • At times, particularly in patients who have sustained damage to the corpus callosum that connects the two cerebral hemispheres (see also split-brain), the hands appear to be acting in opposition to each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3) A2 기형 중 양측 대뇌반구로 관류되는 단일 전대뇌동맥을 기전대뇌동맥이라 하며 2개의 정상 전대뇌동맥에 추가로 전교통동맥에서 유래하는 A2를 부전대뇌동맥이라 하는데, 후자는 뇌량의 정중동맥(median artery of corpus callosum), 내측전대뇌동맥(medial anterior cerebral artery), 상뇌량동맥(superior callosal artery), 제삼전대뇌동맥(third A2 artery), 삼중기형전대뇌동맥(triplicated anterior cerebral artery)등 여러가지 이름으로 불리기도 한다. (the-jcen.org)
  • Studies have shown that there is a lower fractional anisotropy in white matter tracts of the genu corpus callosum, bilateral anterior corona radiata in patients with bipolar disorder. (prakash.com)
  • Head CT without contrast and CT angiogram revealed redemonstration of subarachnoid hemorrhage from the proximal largest aneurysm with intraventricular extension predominantly along the corpus callosum, with effaced basal cisterns and an interval increase in both hydrocephalus and cerebral edema [ Figure 2 ]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH), also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is named after the German paediatrician Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (1843-1926). (eurorad.org)
  • It is the largest vessel of the medial lenticulostriate arteries and the only one routinely seen on angiography. (eurorad.org)
  • 2) thalamocortico fibers connect the medial and anterior nuclei of the thalamus to the frontal lobe s (these are severed during a prefrontal lobotomy ). (en-academic.com)
  • The cavernous portion of the intracranial ICA segment crosses the membranes of the cavernous sinus, winding anteriorly and superomedially, then ascends vertically in a groove along the sphenoid bone, and then passing along the medial aspect of the anterior clinoid process. (medscape.com)
  • The involvement of the basal ganglia denotes that the block has occurred at the proximal middle cerebral artery, before the take off of lenticulo striate perforators that supply basal ganglia. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by sudden onset severe headache with or without focal neurologic deficits and is accompanied by segmental or multifocal intracranial arterial vasospasms that resolve within 3 months. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Cerebral autoregulation maintains constant blood flow (CBF) through the brain in spite of changing mean arterial pressure [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Distal Stem Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Infarction involve the distribution of both, superior as well as inferior division of the middle cerebral artery with sparing of basal ganglia, results when an embolus blocks the MCA distal main stem after the take-off of the lenticulostriate vessels which supply basal ganglia. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • Over 80% of children with AIDS have CNS involvement including acquired microcephaly, diffuse cerebral atrophy, calcifications of the basal ganglia, and HIV-associated encephalitis. (neurology.org)
  • Numerous theories regarding basal ganglia infarction resulting from the effects of these metabolites have been suggested. (medscape.com)
  • In this process, one or both anterior cerebral arteries become trapped, causing infarction of the paramedian cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Projection fibers are afferents carrying information to the cerebral cortex, and efferents carrying information away from it. (prakash.com)
  • This bundle of nerve fibers in the brain carries information between cells in the outermost layer of the brain (cerebral cortex) and those in the brain stem (the lower part of the brain connected to the spinal cord). (prakash.com)
  • Both brain stem and cerebral cortex play a role in motor function and sensation and it is the corona radiata that links both sensory and motor nerve pathways between these structures. (prakash.com)
  • the radiating crown of projection fibers passing from the internal capsule to every part of the cerebral cortex. (prakash.com)
  • It consists of axon al fibres that run between the cerebral cortex and the pyramids of the medulla . (en-academic.com)
  • The loss of the insular ribbon sign refers to a loss of definition of the gray-white interface in the lateral margin of the insular cortex ("insular ribbon") and is considered an early CT sign of MCA infarction . (radiopaedia.org)
  • A computed tomography examination (CT) of the brain 24 hours after the patient awoke, detected hypointense lesions in the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the anterior part of the putamen (Fig. 2). (eurorad.org)
  • The RAH supplies blood to the anterior portion of the caudate nucleus, the anterior third of the putamen, the external segment of the globus pallidus and the anterior crus of the internal capsule. (eurorad.org)
  • Restricted caudate infarction may cause behavioral and cognitive deficits consisting of abulia, restlessness, agitation, disinhibition, and mood changes, sometimes associated with dysarthria and movement disorders. (prakash.com)
  • Maximum intensity projection (MIP) image from a computed tomography angiogram (CTA) demonstrates a filling defect or high-grade stenosis at the branching point of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) trunk (red circle), suspicious for thrombus or embolus. (medscape.com)
  • Brain MRI revealed acute multiple scattered infarctions involving both middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery territories ( Fig. 1A ). (pfmjournal.org)
  • MR angiography showed mild-moderate stenosis of left Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) and right Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), and the other arteries were normal. (biomedres.info)
  • We report a very rare case of endocarditis on top of discrete subaortic membrane in an adult male which was complicated by embolisation to the left anterior descending artery leading to acute anterior myocardial infarction as well as left middle cerebral artery resulting in right sided hemiparesis. (ijcimr.org)
  • If the algorithm can determine a result, return: the degree of the loss of the normal grey-white differentiation in the left and right middle cerebral artery territories utilizing the standardize ASPECT score. (acrdsi.org)
  • Loss of the insular ribbon: another early CT sign of acute middle cerebral artery infarction. (radiopaedia.org)
  • On occasion, the persistent stapedial branch of the petrous segment traverses a bony canal and continues as the middle meningeal artery. (medscape.com)
  • 전두엽의 과도한 견축을 피하면서 뇌량변연동맥(callosomarginal artery)을 확인 한 후 동맥류를 결찰 하였다. (the-jcen.org)
  • 4 Several risk factors, including patients' factors 5 (older age, sex, or chronic brain damage) and periprocedural factors 6 (anesthesia, intraprocedural vasospasm, or vessel injury), may contribute to poor functional outcomes despite successful recanalization of the occluded artery with MT. However, postprocedural malignant brain edema (MBE) may also play an important role in reducing the benefit of MT. (bmj.com)
  • These important imaging data points will assist in determining if the patient is a candidate for the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and/or interventional mechanical thrombectomy therapy, both of which have been shown to improve long term neurological outcomes in the setting of a developing ischemic infarction related to large vessel thromboembolic disease. (acrdsi.org)
  • Although the bones of the scull remain an obstacle for ultrasound waves and therefore ultrasound may not seem to be the optimal technique for cerebral vessel imaging, transcranial ultrasound techniques were improved and found their place and indications. (hindawi.com)
  • A 58-year-old male patient presented at the neurosurgery department for surgical clipping of an unruptured saccular aneurysm of the junction between the A1 and the A2 segments of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA). (eurorad.org)
  • Later the artery turns posteriorly, runs parallel and is anterior to A1, which is why it is at risk from A1-A2 ACA junction aneurysm clipping. (eurorad.org)
  • The procedure of aneurysm clipping involves placing a surgical clip at the junction of the healthy artery and the neck of the aneurysm. (eurorad.org)
  • Flow-diverter technology has proved to be a safe and effective treatment for intracranial aneurysm based on the concept of flow diversion allowing parent artery and collateral preservation and aneurysm healing. (ajnr.org)
  • A2 Anomaly Associated with Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm. (the-jcen.org)
  • The recognition of the anatomic variations prior to clip placement for anterior cerebral artery aneurysm is emphasized. (the-jcen.org)
  • Our inclusion criterion for double-balloon-assisted coiling was as follows: the neck of the aneurysm should significantly and broadly incorporate the ICA and fetal-type PCA, such that a single-balloon remodeling and single stent would be inadequate to protect both arteries. (neurointervention.org)
  • From January 2012 to January 2017, 5011 patients with cerebral infarctions were hospitalized at our institution. (biomedres.info)
  • We retrospectively reviewed imaging and clinical results during the postoperative period at 6 and 12 months to assess flow modification through the parent artery and side branches. (ajnr.org)
  • Thrombosis also form in cerebral venous, which is termed as cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT), a particular type of cerebrovascular disease, characterized by intracerebral hemorrhage and infarction, associated with increased intracranial pressure due to cerebrospinal fluid absorption and cerebral venous drainage, accounting for 0.5-1% of strokes ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Rather, they have been linked to potentially dramatic impairments in functional capacity, quality of life, and cognitive function that may be to varying extents reversible with treatment.1-3 On January 12-13, 2023, the newly formed Society of Neurointerventional Surgery (SNIS) Cerebral Venous and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Disorders Committee held its inaugural conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • 3. Sarikaya B, Provenzale J. Frequency of various brain parenchymal findings of early cerebral ischemia on unenhanced CT scans. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Cerebral endothelial dysfunction is mentioned in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • In the four postmortem patients, the vascular pathology was similar, showing ectasia and aneurysmal dilatation confined to the large arteries of the circle of Willis. (neurology.org)
  • 7 It can result in increased intracranial pressure, rapid neurologic deterioration, and cerebral herniation. (bmj.com)
  • Intracranial arteries are involved in many neurologic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • On postoperative day 7, patency of the donor artery was confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and no complications were noted. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We present the clinical and diagnostic features of this presentation and attempt to ascertain, by reviewing existent medical literature, the frequency and patterns of structural variations in cerebral vasculature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The artery passes inferiorly and laterally to the origin of olfactory striae before reaching the anterior perforating substance [1]. (eurorad.org)
  • The supraclinoid or cerebral ICA bends posteriorly and laterally between the oculomotor (III) and optic (II) nerves. (medscape.com)
  • 9 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 14 Most operators are reluctant to use antiplatelet therapy in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage because of the potential need for a ventriculostomy, the potential for infarction secondary to vasospasm, and the high likelihood of future invasive interventions. (ajnr.org)
  • It is now recognized that impairments in cerebral venous outflow may cause headaches and visual symptoms that are more than simply burdensome. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • This portion gives rise to the caroticotympanic artery, supplying the tympanic cavity, and the pterygoid or vidian branch passing through the pterygoid canal. (medscape.com)
  • the other had a thalamus infarction. (ajnr.org)
  • Brain MRI showed acute infarction in the left lateral medulla ( Figure 1a ). (biomedres.info)
  • Infarction s to the internal capsule tend to be small, punctate lesion s. (en-academic.com)
  • Genu of internal capsule - Infobox Brain Name = PAGENAME Latin = genu capsulae internae GraySubject = 189 GrayPage = 836 Caption = Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere. (en-academic.com)
  • [ 3 ] The vidian artery anastomoses with the internal maxillary artery. (medscape.com)
  • Details are presented in regard to the clinical picture as well as brain imaging with cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance angiography in some cases. (neurology.org)
  • In addition, imaging of the cerebral function became possible by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. (hindawi.com)
  • Arteries to the brain on magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA). (medscape.com)