Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.
'Chemical burns' is a medical term that refers to injuries resulting from skin or eye contact with harmful substances, such as acids, alkalis, or irritants, which can cause damage ranging from mild irritation to severe necrosis and scarring.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.
A type of porcelain used in dental restorations, either jacket crowns or inlays, artificial teeth, or metal-ceramic crowns. It is essentially a mixture of particles of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar melting first and providing a glass matrix for the quartz. Dental porcelain is produced by mixing ceramic powder (a mixture of quartz, kaolin, pigments, opacifiers, a suitable flux, and other substances) with distilled water. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Preparation of TOOTH surfaces and DENTAL MATERIALS with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration.
Preparation of TOOTH surfaces, and of materials bonded to teeth or DENTAL IMPLANTS, with agents and methods which roughen the surface to facilitate adhesion. Agents include phosphoric or other acids (ACID ETCHING, DENTAL) and methods include LASERS.
An adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic DENTAL CROWNS. This process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (DENTAL CEMENTS) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing.
Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.
Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets.
Zirconium. A rather rare metallic element, atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.22, symbol Zr. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule.
Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.

Role of wall phosphomannan in flocculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1/116)

Treatment with 60% hydrofluoric acid (HF) removed most of the phosphorus and small amounts of mannan, glucan and protein from walls of two non-flocculent strains (NCYC366 and NCYC1004) and two flocculent strains (NCYC1005 and NCYC1063) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Organisms of all strains showed increased flocculating ability following HF treatment. Flocculation of untreated organisms of NCYC1005 and NCYC1063, and of HF-treated organisms of all four strains, declined appreciably when they were washed in deionized water, with or without EDTA, and the flocculation was measured in deionized water instead of in 0-05 M-sodium acetate containing Ca2+. Treatment with 1,2-epoxypropane also caused a decrease in the flocculating ability of these organisms. Extracting the lipids from organisms of strains NCYC366 and NCYC1004 had no effect on their flocculating ability, but decreased the flocculating ability of organisms of strains NCYC1005 and NCYC1063. pH-electrophoretic mobility curves of untreated and HF-treated organisms confirmed the loss of wall phosphate by HF treatment, and indicated that HF treatment had little effect on the content of protein carboxyl groups in the outer wall layers. Mannose at 0-22 M completely prevented floc formation by organisms of strain NCYC1063; but, even at 0-33 M, it had very little effect on floc formation by HF-treated organisms of strains NCYC366 and NCYC1063. Organisms of all four strains bound fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A to the same extent after treatment with HF as before, but this treatment led to a greatly diminished binding of of fluorescein-conjugated antiserum raised against organisms of strain NCYC366. The results indicate that phosphodiester linkages in yeast-wall mannan are not involved in bride formation through Ca2+ during floc formation and that this arises principally through carboxyl groups.  (+info)

Increased CD3 positive cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after hydrogen fluoride inhalation. (2/116)

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether experimental hydrogen fluoride exposure for 1 hour induces an inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract that is detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. METHODS: Nineteen healthy, nonsmoking men were exposed for 1 hour to constant low (<0.6 mg/m3), intermediate (0.7-2.4 mg/m3), or high (2.5-5.2 mg/m3) concentrations of hydrogen fluoride. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed at least 3 weeks before and 24 hours after the exposure. For 15 subjects differential countings were performed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the percentage of CD3 positive cells in the bronchial portion for those exposed to "intermediate" and "high" concentrations. For the "high" exposure group the increase in the bronchoalveolar portion was also significant. A significant correlation was found between the increase in the percentage of lymphocytes and CD3 positive cells in the bronchoalveolar portion (Spearman's coefficient r=0.68, P=0.008). Myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6 increased significantly in the bronchial portion for those exposed to "high" concentrations. There was a significant increase in myeloperoxidase (P=0.005) for all the exposures, while there was a decrease in E-selectin (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Hydrogen fluoride may induce an inflammatory reaction in the airways at concentrations that can occur in the ambient air in the primary aluminum industry.  (+info)

Factors affecting the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to porcelain. (3/116)

The aim of this investigation was to establish a regime for orthodontic bonding to feldspathic porcelain, which ensures adequate bond strength (6-8 MPa) with minimal damage on debond and consisted of an ex vivo investigation measuring the effects of porcelain surface preparation and thermocycling on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. One-hundred-and-twenty feldspathic porcelain bonded crown surfaces were divided into 12 equally-sized groups to assess the effects of: (1) glaze removal, (2) application of hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, or omission of acid treatment, and (3) silane priming upon the bond strength of premolar brackets bonded with Right-on (TM) composite resin adhesive. Specimens were subjected to thermocycling and then to shear debonding forces on an Instron machine. Removal of the porcelain glaze, or use of hydrofluoric acid, prior to bonding were found to be unnecessary to secure the target bond strength. Hydrofluoric acid application was associated with increased porcelain surface damage. Thermocycling caused a significant reduction in shear bond strength to porcelain (P < 0*001). The best regime for orthodontic bonding to feldspathic porcelain was to apply phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, and prime with silane prior to bonding. Usually the porcelain surfaces could be repolished. Refereed Paper  (+info)

Phosphorylcholine-containing N-glycans of Trichinella spiralis: identification of multiantennary lacdiNAc structures. (4/116)

Although the presence of phosphorylcholine (PC) in Trichinella spiralis is well established, the precise structure of the PC-bearing molecules is not known. In this paper, we report structural studies of N-glycans released from T.spiralis affinity-purified antigens by peptide N-glycosidase F. Three classes of N-glycan structures were observed: high mannose type structures; those which had been fully trimmed to the trimannosyl core and were sub-stoichiometrically fucosylated; and those with a trimannosyl core, with and without core fucosylation, carrying between one and eight N-acetylhexosamine residues. Of the three classes of glycans, only the last was found to be substituted with detectable levels of phosphorylcholine.  (+info)

Characterization of group N streptococcus lipoteichoic acid. (5/116)

Lipoteichoic acid was extracted from the group N organism Streptococcus lactis ATCC 9936 with hot aqueous phenol and purified by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography using Ricinus communis lectin as the specific absorbent. The teichoic acid moiety of the lipoteichoic acid was calculated to contain 16 to 17 glycerol phosphate units, approximately half of which were substituted with alpha-D-galactosyl residues; the glycolipid moiety contained O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 2-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 1-glycerol. The finding of 2-O-alpha-D-galactosyl glycerol in the lipid fraction of hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates suggests that fatty acids also occur as substituents on the main chain of the lipoteichoic acid. The reactivity of the lipoteichoic acid with R. communis lectin was studied by the quantitative precipitin method and compared with the reactivity of Lactobacillus fermenti lipoteichoic acid, which has a lower degree of alpha-D-galactosyl substitution. Group N antiserum reacted strongly with the S. lactis lipoteichoic acid and cross-reacted with L. fermenti lipoteichoic acid. From inhibition studies it is concluded that the antibodies are specific for alpha-D-galactosyl substituents. In addition to lipoteichoic acid, a fraction was obtained by gel chromatography which contained galactose and reacted with group N antiserum but could be distinguished from the lipoteichoic acid by immunoelectrophoresis.  (+info)

Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia due to hydrofluoric acid. (6/116)

Hydrofluoric acid readily penetrates the skin and mucous membranes, causing deep tissue layer destruction. Dermal exposure can produce hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia, cardiac dysrhythmias and death. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who presented hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia due to occupational dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid. Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia were corrected by i.v. administration of calcium gluconate and magnesium sulphate.  (+info)

The shear bond strength of composite brackets on porcelain teeth. (7/116)

Recent advances in materials and techniques suggest that direct bonding of orthodontic attachments to surfaces other than enamel may now be possible. To test the effectiveness of bonding orthodontic attachments to porcelain teeth, composite brackets (Spirit MB) were bonded to 64 porcelain teeth by means of a self-cure non-mixed resin system (Unite). The 64 porcelain teeth were divided into groups of eight and after roughening with a green stone they were subjected to a combination of treatments. Some were etched, some primed with a silane coupling agent and some received both treatments before the brackets were bonded to them. Half of the teeth were then thermally-cycled 500 times between 4 and 60 degrees C before all the brackets were removed in a shear test. The shear data was analysed by one way analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keul test. The results showed that the highest bond strength existed in the group which had been both etched and primed but not thermocycled (P < 0.05). The factors that affected the bond strength, beginning with the most significant, were acid etching, primer application, and then thermocycling. A mechanical based composite bracket can offer good bond strength to porcelain teeth.  (+info)

Effect of hydrofluoric acid on glucose metabolism of the mouse studied by whole-body autoradiography. (8/116)

Distribution of radioactive carbon from [U-14C]glucose in the mouse poisoned by hydrofluoric acid has been studied by whole-body autoradiography. Under normal conditions, the highest autoradiographic density was found in the Harder's gland, palatine gland, sublingual gland, large intestinal mucosa, and many regions of the central nervous system 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of [U-14C]glucose. On the other hand, after hydrofluoric acid poisoning, it was found that (1) the radioactivity of brain was unchanged throughout all the poisoning; (2) the liver, renal cortex, lung, and blood showed an increase in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning; (3) the abdominal cavity showed a tendency to residual radioactivity with the poisoning; (4) by contrast, Harder's gland, the palatine gland, sublingual gland, and large intestinal mucosa showed a decrease in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning.  (+info)

Hydrofluoric acid is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical one. However, it's important for medical professionals to be aware of its potential hazards and health effects.

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive and toxic liquid, which is colorless or slightly yellowish. It is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is used in various industries for etching glass, cleaning metal surfaces, manufacturing semiconductors, and in chemical research.

In terms of health effects, exposure to HF can cause severe burns and tissue damage. Even at very low concentrations, it can cause pain and irritation to the skin and eyes. Inhalation can lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, and choking. If ingested, it can be fatal due to its ability to cause deep burns in the gastrointestinal tract and potentially lead to systemic fluoride toxicity. Delayed medical attention can result in serious complications, including damage to bones and nerves.

Chemical burns are a type of tissue injury that results from exposure to strong acids, bases, or other corrosive chemicals. These substances can cause damage by reacting chemically with the skin or other tissues, leading to destruction of cells and potentially serious harm. The severity of a chemical burn depends on several factors, including the type and concentration of the chemical, the duration of exposure, and the amount of body surface area affected.

Chemical burns can occur through direct contact with the skin or eyes, inhalation of toxic fumes, or ingestion of harmful substances. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blistering, swelling, and irritation at the site of contact. In severe cases, chemical burns can lead to scarring, disability, or even death.

Immediate medical attention is required for chemical burns, as they can continue to cause damage until the source of the injury is removed, and appropriate first aid measures are taken. Treatment typically involves thorough cleaning and irrigation of the affected area, followed by administration of pain medication and other supportive care as needed. In some cases, skin grafting or other surgical interventions may be required to promote healing and minimize scarring.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

Silanes are a group of chemical compounds that contain silicon and hydrogen. The general formula for silanes is Si_xH_(2x+2), where x is a positive integer. Silanes are named after their parent compound, silane (SiH4), which contains one silicon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

Silanes are colorless and highly flammable gases at room temperature. They are typically prepared by the reaction of metal silicides with acids or by the reduction of halogenated silanes. Silanes have a variety of industrial applications, including as intermediates in the production of silicon-based materials such as semiconductors and polymers.

In medical contexts, silanes are not typically used directly. However, some silane-containing compounds have been investigated for their potential therapeutic uses. For example, some organosilanes have been shown to have antimicrobial properties and may be useful as disinfectants or in the development of medical devices. Other silane-containing materials have been studied for their potential use in drug delivery systems or as imaging agents in diagnostic procedures.

It is important to note that some silanes can be hazardous if not handled properly, and they should only be used by trained professionals in a controlled environment. Exposure to silanes can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure can lead to more serious health effects.

Dental porcelain is a type of biocompatible ceramic material that is commonly used in restorative and cosmetic dentistry to create tooth-colored restorations such as crowns, veneers, inlays, onlays, and bridges. It is made from a mixture of powdered porcelain and water, which is heated to high temperatures to form a hard, glass-like substance. Dental porcelain has several desirable properties for dental restorations, including:

1. High strength and durability: Dental porcelain is strong enough to withstand the forces of biting and chewing, making it suitable for use in load-bearing restorations such as crowns and bridges.
2. Natural appearance: Dental porcelain can be matched closely to the color, translucency, and texture of natural teeth, allowing for highly aesthetic restorations that blend seamlessly with the surrounding dentition.
3. Biocompatibility: Dental porcelain is biologically inert and does not cause adverse reactions or toxicity in the body, making it a safe choice for dental restorations.
4. Chemical resistance: Dental porcelain is resistant to staining and chemical attack from substances such as coffee, tea, red wine, and acidic foods and drinks.
5. Low thermal conductivity: Dental porcelain has low thermal conductivity, which means it does not transmit heat or cold readily, reducing the risk of temperature sensitivity in dental restorations.

Overall, dental porcelain is a versatile and reliable material for creating high-quality, natural-looking, and durable dental restorations.

Acid etching in dental terminology refers to a surface treatment technique used in dentistry, particularly for bonding procedures. This process involves the application of a mild acid (usually phosphoric or maleic acid) onto the enamel or dentin surface of a tooth. The acid etches the surface by selectively removing the minerals and creating microscopic irregularities or porosities.

This etched surface provides an increased surface area and better mechanical retention for bonding agents, resin composites, or dental cements. As a result, the bond between the tooth and the restorative material becomes stronger and more durable. Acid etching is widely used in various dental procedures such as direct and indirect tooth-colored restorations, veneers, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic attachments.

Dental etching is a dental procedure that involves the use of a chemical agent, such as phosphoric or maleic acid, to create microscopic roughness on the surface of teeth. This process is typically used to prepare the tooth enamel for the application of bonding agents, such as dental adhesives and composite resins, which are used in various restorative and cosmetic dental procedures, such as fillings, veneers, and crowns.

During dental etching, the chemical agent is applied to the tooth surface for a specific amount of time, usually between 15-60 seconds, depending on the strength of the acid and the desired level of etching. The acid dissolves the minerals in the enamel, creating small pores or irregularities that increase the surface area and improve the bonding of the restorative material to the tooth. After etching, the tooth is rinsed with water and dried, and the bonding agent is applied and cured to create a strong and durable bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Dental etching is a safe and effective procedure when performed by a trained dental professional. However, over-etching or improper use of the acid can weaken the tooth structure and lead to sensitivity or other complications. Therefore, it is important to follow proper techniques and guidelines for dental etching to ensure optimal outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Dental bonding is a cosmetic dental procedure in which a tooth-colored resin material (a type of plastic) is applied and hardened with a special light, which ultimately "bonds" the material to the tooth to improve its appearance. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), dental bonding can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Repairing chipped or cracked teeth
2. Improving the appearance of discolored teeth
3. Closing spaces between teeth
4. Protecting a portion of the tooth's root that has been exposed due to gum recession
5. Changing the shape and size of teeth

Dental bonding is generally a quick and painless procedure, often requiring little to no anesthesia. The surface of the tooth is roughened and conditioned to help the resin adhere properly. Then, the resin material is applied, molded, and smoothed to the desired shape. A special light is used to harden the material, which typically takes only a few minutes. Finally, the bonded material is trimmed, shaped, and polished to match the surrounding teeth.

While dental bonding can be an effective solution for minor cosmetic concerns, it may not be as durable or long-lasting as other dental restoration options like veneers or crowns. The lifespan of a dental bonding procedure typically ranges from 3 to 10 years, depending on factors such as oral habits, location of the bonded tooth, and proper care. Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices can help extend the life of dental bonding.

Aluminum silicates are a type of mineral compound that consist of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in their chemical structure. They are often found in nature and can be categorized into several groups, including kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, and bentonite. These minerals have various industrial and commercial uses, including as fillers and extenders in products like paper, paint, and rubber. In the medical field, certain types of aluminum silicates (like bentonite) have been used in some medicinal and therapeutic applications, such as detoxification and gastrointestinal disorders. However, it's important to note that the use of these minerals in medical treatments is not widely accepted or supported by extensive scientific evidence.

Shear strength is a property of a material that describes its ability to withstand forces that cause internal friction and sliding of one portion of the material relative to another. In the context of human tissues, shear strength is an important factor in understanding how tissues respond to various stresses and strains, such as those experienced during physical activities or injuries.

For example, in the case of bones, shear strength is a critical factor in determining their ability to resist fractures under different types of loading conditions. Similarly, in soft tissues like ligaments and tendons, shear strength plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of these structures during movement and preventing excessive deformation or injury.

It's worth noting that measuring the shear strength of human tissues can be challenging due to their complex structure and anisotropic properties. As such, researchers often use specialized techniques and equipment to quantify these properties under controlled conditions in the lab.

Resin cements are dental materials used to bond or cement restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances, to natural teeth or implants. They are called "resin" cements because they are made of a type of synthetic resin material that can be cured or hardened through the use of a chemical reaction or exposure to light.

Resin cements typically consist of three components: a base, a catalyst, and a filler. The base and catalyst are mixed together to create a putty-like consistency, which is then applied to the restoration or tooth surface. Once the cement is in place, it is exposed to light or allowed to chemically cure, which causes it to harden and form a strong bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Resin cements are known for their excellent adhesive properties, as well as their ability to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. They can also be color-matched to natural teeth, making them an aesthetically pleasing option for dental restorations. However, they may not be suitable for all patients or situations, and it is important for dental professionals to carefully consider the specific needs and conditions of each patient when choosing a cement material.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

Potassium compounds refer to substances that contain the element potassium (chemical symbol: K) combined with one or more other elements. Potassium is an alkali metal that has the atomic number 19 and is highly reactive, so it is never found in its free form in nature. Instead, it is always found combined with other elements in the form of potassium compounds.

Potassium compounds can be ionic or covalent, depending on the properties of the other element(s) with which it is combined. In general, potassium forms ionic compounds with nonmetals and covalent compounds with other metals. Ionic potassium compounds are formed when potassium donates one electron to a nonmetal, forming a positively charged potassium ion (K+) and a negatively charged nonmetal ion.

Potassium compounds have many important uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. For example, potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute and to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium citrate is used to treat kidney stones and to alkalinize urine. Potassium iodide is used to treat thyroid disorders and to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine during medical imaging procedures.

It's important to note that some potassium compounds can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities, so they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Dental stress analysis is a method used in dentistry to evaluate the amount and distribution of forces that act upon teeth and surrounding structures during biting, chewing, or other functional movements. This analysis helps dental professionals identify areas of excessive stress or strain that may lead to dental problems such as tooth fracture, mobility, or periodontal (gum) disease. By identifying these areas, dentists can develop treatment plans to reduce the risk of dental issues and improve overall oral health.

Dental stress analysis typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as strain gauges, T-scan occlusal analysis systems, or finite element analysis software, to measure and analyze the forces that act upon teeth during various functional movements. The results of the analysis can help dentists determine the best course of treatment, which may include adjusting the bite, restoring damaged teeth with crowns or fillings, or fabricating custom-made oral appliances to redistribute the forces evenly across the dental arch.

Overall, dental stress analysis is an important tool in modern dentistry that helps dental professionals diagnose and treat dental problems related to occlusal (bite) forces, ensuring optimal oral health and function for their patients.

Aluminum oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Al2O3. It is also known as alumina and it is a white solid that is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. Aluminum oxide is highly resistant to corrosion, has a high melting point, and is an electrical insulator.

In the medical field, aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications such as:

1. Dental crowns and implants: Aluminum oxide is used in the production of dental crowns and implants due to its strength and durability.
2. Orthopedic implants: Aluminum oxide is used in some types of orthopedic implants, such as knee and hip replacements, because of its biocompatibility and resistance to wear.
3. Medical ceramics: Aluminum oxide is used in the production of medical ceramics, which are used in various medical devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids.
4. Pharmaceuticals: Aluminum oxide is used as an excipient in some pharmaceutical products, such as tablets and capsules, to improve their stability and shelf life.
5. Medical research: Aluminum oxide is used in medical research, for example, as a substrate material for growing cells or as a coating material for medical devices.

It's important to note that while aluminum oxide has many useful applications in the medical field, exposure to high levels of aluminum can be harmful to human health. Therefore, it is important to use aluminum oxide and other aluminum-containing materials safely and according to established guidelines.

In the field of medicine, ceramics are commonly referred to as inorganic, non-metallic materials that are made up of compounds such as oxides, carbides, and nitrides. These materials are often used in medical applications due to their biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Some examples of medical ceramics include:

1. Bioceramics: These are ceramic materials that are used in medical devices and implants, such as hip replacements, dental implants, and bone grafts. They are designed to be biocompatible, which means they can be safely implanted into the body without causing an adverse reaction.
2. Ceramic coatings: These are thin layers of ceramic material that are applied to medical devices and implants to improve their performance and durability. For example, ceramic coatings may be used on orthopedic implants to reduce wear and tear, or on cardiovascular implants to prevent blood clots from forming.
3. Ceramic membranes: These are porous ceramic materials that are used in medical filtration systems, such as hemodialysis machines. They are designed to selectively filter out impurities while allowing essential molecules to pass through.
4. Ceramic scaffolds: These are three-dimensional structures made of ceramic material that are used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They provide a framework for cells to grow and multiply, helping to repair or replace damaged tissues.

Overall, medical ceramics play an important role in modern healthcare, providing safe and effective solutions for a wide range of medical applications.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.

Orthodontic brackets are small square attachments that are bonded to the teeth or bands that are attached to the back molars. They have a slot in which the orthodontic archwire fits and is held in place. The bracket can be made of stainless steel, ceramic, plastic or a combination of these materials. They play an essential role in moving the teeth into the desired position during orthodontic treatment.

Zirconium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. It is a gray-white, strong, corrosion-resistant transition metal that is used primarily in nuclear reactors, as an opacifier in glazes for ceramic cookware, and in surgical implants such as artificial joints due to its biocompatibility.

In the context of medical devices or implants, zirconium alloys may be used for their mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion. For example, zirconia (a form of zirconium dioxide) is a popular material for dental crowns and implants due to its durability, strength, and natural appearance.

However, it's important to note that while zirconium itself is not considered a medical term, there are various medical applications and devices that utilize zirconium-based materials.

Composite resins, also known as dental composites or filling materials, are a type of restorative material used in dentistry to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure. They are called composite resins because they are composed of a combination of materials, including a resin matrix (usually made of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate or urethane dimethacrylate) and filler particles (commonly made of silica, quartz, or glass).

The composite resins are widely used in modern dentistry due to their excellent esthetic properties, ease of handling, and ability to bond directly to tooth structure. They can be used for a variety of restorative procedures, including direct and indirect fillings, veneers, inlays, onlays, and crowns.

Composite resins are available in various shades and opacities, allowing dentists to match the color and translucency of natural teeth closely. They also have good wear resistance, strength, and durability, making them a popular choice for both anterior and posterior restorations. However, composite resins may be prone to staining over time and may require more frequent replacement compared to other types of restorative materials.

Nitric acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is the primary constituent of nitric acid solutions.

Medically, nitric acid or its salts may be mentioned in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments. For example, nitrate or nitrite salts of potassium or sodium can be used as vasodilators to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) by improving blood flow and reducing oxygen demand in the heart muscle. Nitric acid itself is not used medically.

It's important to note that exposure to nitric acid can cause severe burns and tissue damage, so it should be handled with care and appropriate personal protective equipment.

Fluorine compounds are chemical substances that contain fluorine, the most electronegative and reactive of all elements, as an integral part of their molecular structure. Fluorine is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table and readily forms compounds with many other elements.

Fluoride is the most common form of fluorine compound found in nature, existing as an ion (F-) in minerals such as fluorspar (calcium fluoride, CaF2) and cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride, Na3AlF6). Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the crystal structure of tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attack by bacteria, which is why fluoride is often added to drinking water and dental products.

Other examples of fluorine compounds include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluoric acid (HF), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Fluorine compounds have a wide range of applications, including use as refrigerants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, and materials for the semiconductor industry. However, some fluorine compounds can be highly toxic or reactive, so they must be handled with care.

Silicon dioxide is not a medical term, but a chemical compound with the formula SiO2. It's commonly known as quartz or sand and is not something that would typically have a medical definition. However, in some cases, silicon dioxide can be used in pharmaceutical preparations as an excipient (an inactive substance that serves as a vehicle or medium for a drug) or as a food additive, often as an anti-caking agent.

In these contexts, it's important to note that silicon dioxide is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, exposure to very high levels of respirable silica dust, such as in certain industrial settings, can increase the risk of lung disease, including silicosis.

... or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is ... hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. Hydrofluoric acid is also useful for ... hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning ... 12 for pure sulfuric acid. Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in ...
A hydrofluoric acid burn is a chemical burn from hydrofluoric acid. Where it contacts the skin it results in significant pain, ... Hydrofluoric acid can be released from volcanoes, sea salt aerosol, and from welding or manufacturing processes. In the body, ... Schwerin, DL; Hatcher, JD (January 2019). "Hydrofluoric Acid Burns". StatPearls. PMID 28722859. Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Ni, L; You, ... "CDC - The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Systemic Agent: HYDROGEN FLUORIDE/ HYDROFLUORIC ACID - NIOSH". www.cdc ...
"Hydrofluoric acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-26. "Radioactive Waste Management , Nuclear Waste Disposal - ... As a result of chemical conversion of DUHF, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and/or its aqueous solution (i.e. hydrofluoric acid) ... fluorine or hydrofluoric acid). According to The Washington Post, this incident was not hazardous because the uranium cargo was ... HF is a corrosive acid that can be extremely dangerous if inhaled; it is one of the major work hazards in such industries. In ...
Products include aluminum compounds; calcium carbide and calcium chloride; hydrofluoric acid; potassium compounds; borax; ... The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include acidic rinse waters together with ... Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is ... The resulting acid mine drainage, which is often rich in heavy metals (because acids dissolve metals), is one of the many ...
... or hydrofluoric acid. An important economic concentrate of spodumene, known as spodumene concentrate 6 or SC6, is a high-purity ... Lithium is recovered from spodumene by dissolution in acid, or extraction with other reagents, after roasting to convert it to ... "Lithium Extraction from Spodumene by the Traditional Sulfuric Acid Process: A Review". Mineral Processing and Extractive ...
ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. Dünser, Martin W.; Rieder, Josef (8 February 2007). "Hydrofluoric Acid Burn". New England Journal of ...
Gel preparations of calcium gluconate are used to treat hydrofluoric acid burns. The calcium gluconate reacts with hydrofluoric ... el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH (June 1989). "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure". Veterinary ... Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D (2006). "Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by ... Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of gluconic acid and is used as a mineral supplement and medication. As a medication it ...
Hydrofluoric acid, the water solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF), is a contact poison. Even though it is from a chemical ... it is far more dangerous than conventional strong mineral acids, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid. ... Hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that binds with the fluoride ions. Skin ... Ingested fluoride forms hydrofluoric acid in the stomach. In this form, fluoride crosses cell membranes and then binds with ...
... also known as hydrofluoric acid. Unlike the other hydrohalic acids, which are strong, hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid at low ... Hydrofluoric acid is a contact poison with greater hazards than many strong acids like sulfuric acid even though it is weak: it ... Hydrofluoric acid is the weakest of the hydrohalic acids, having a pKa of 3.2 at 25 °C. It is a volatile liquid due to the ... hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in kilns by the endothermic reaction of fluorite (CaF2) with sulfuric acid: ...
el Saadi M. S.; Hall A. H.; Hall P. K.; Riggs B. S.; Augenstein W. L.; Rumack B. H. (1989). "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure ... Uronic acid Glucuronic acid Isosaccharinic acid (ISA) "D-Gluconic acid". American Chemical Society. Bjerrum, J., et al. ... terminating in a carboxylic acid group. It one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. Gluconic acid is ... Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be ...
"Hydrofluoric acid for marking slides". The Ohio Naturalist. Biological Club of the Ohio State University. 5 (3): 272. January ... Ohio Joseph created a study of Phyllachora fungi he published in 1905 as well as a brief article on using hydrochloric acid to ...
The Hydrofluoric Acid Plant 11. The Isceon Plant - a hydrocarbon refrigerant plant 12. The Aluminum Sulfate Plant 13. The Plant ... The Sulfuric Acid Plant 3. The Vertical Retort Plant - a zinc plant 4. The Sinter Plant 5. The Cadmium Plant 6. The Beryllium ... Battery Acid plant 29. The Zinc Stores 30. Personnel Office 31. Main office block 32. Works Pay Stations 33. The Research Pilot ... After World War I, demand for zinc and sulphuric acid greatly fell, and after running into commercial difficulties it was taken ...
Giguère, Paul A.; Turrell, Sylvia (1980). "The nature of hydrofluoric acid. A spectroscopic study of the proton-transfer ...
Combustion of ETFE occurs in the same way as a number of other fluoropolymers, in terms of releasing hydrofluoric acid (HF). HF ... When burned, ETFE releases hydrofluoric acid. Useful comparison tables of PTFE against FEP, PFA and ETFE can be found on ...
... "fluoric acid".[citation needed] In 1810, French physicist André-Marie Ampère suggested that hydrofluoric acid was a compound of ... In the late 18th century, hydrofluoric acid was discovered. By the early 19th century, it was recognized that fluorine was a ... ISBN 978-0-465-05129-8. Partington, J. R. (1923). "The early history of hydrofluoric acid". Memoirs and Proceedings of the ... Andreas Sigismund Marggraf made the first definite preparation of hydrofluoric acid in 1764 when he heated fluorite with ...
"Hydrofluoric acid fatality in Perth - hazard alert". 1995-03-06. Retrieved 2011-12-18. Overpeck, J. T.; T. Webb; I. C. Prentice ... In 1924, the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) to digest silicate minerals was introduced by Assarson and Granlund, greatly ... Palynology is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant ... Palynomorphs are the microscopic, acid-resistant organic remains and debris produced by a wide variety plants, animals, and ...
With hydrofluoric acid, it gives silver fluoride. The thermal conversion of silver carbonate to silver metal proceeds via ...
"CITGO Refinery Hydrofluoric Acid Release and Fire , CSB". Csb.gov. "Investigation Continues After Tank Battery Fire in West ... July 19, 2009 - A fire in the alkylation unit at CITGO's Corpus Christi refinery led to a release of hydrofluoric acid (HF). ... December 22, 2018 - Five gallons of Modified Hydrofluoric Acid leaked from a hose, as it was being transferred from a tanker ... June 21, 2019 - A propane and hydrofluoric acid leak caused a low-hanging vapor cloud, which ignited and resulted in 3 ...
... and phosphoric acid. The HF is removed as hydrofluoric acid. The overall process can be represented as: Ca 5 ( PO 4 ) 3 F ... "tower acid" were the two concentrations of sulfuric acid produced by the lead chamber process, chamber acid being the acid ... treating potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid produces nitric acid. When combined with nitric acid, sulfuric acid acts both as ... Sulfuric acid acts as the electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (lead-acid accumulator): At anode: Pb + SO2−4 ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 e− At ...
The hydrates crystallize from aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The material is a fluoride acceptor. With xenon hexafluoride it forms ...
... es are highly resistant to hydrofluoric acid. With an addition of iron oxide, they act as efficient heat ...
It is soluble in water and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with phosphorus trifluoride to form protactinium(IV) fluoride. The ... oxide and hydrofluoric acid in an aqueous solution: Pa 2 O 5 + 10 HF ⟶ 2 PaF 5 ⋅ 2 H 2 O + 6 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Pa2 O5 ... extremely hygroscopic solid that is partially soluble in water and soluble in hydrofluoric acid. It has a tetragonal crystal ...
Wilson, Glynn (2003-10-20). "Hydrofluoric acid makes for "danger zone" around plant". The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from the ... including such diverse topics as the Black Panther Party and the threat of hydrofluoric acid contamination at a New Orleans ...
This is usually an acid solution containing hydrofluoric acid. 8. The rest of the photoresist is stripped from the silicon ...
This is a salt of rhenium and hydrofluoric acid. Rhenium pentafluoride can be synthesised by the reduction of rhenium ...
... or by acid leaching (dissolving) the gangue with hydrofluoric acid (for a silicate gangue) or hydrochloric acid (for a ... This process relies on large quantities of hydrofluoric acid. This downstream process, currently[as of?] only done in China, ... Expanded graphite is made by immersing natural flake graphite in a bath of chromic acid, then concentrated sulfuric acid, which ... which relies on large quantities of hydrofluoric acid (HF). This downstream process, currently only done in China, has much ...
... s are soluble in hydrofluoric acid or alcohol; they react violently with water, acids, oxidizers or ...
Harold's son ultimately chooses to kill William with hydrofluoric acid. Meanwhile, Agent Erickson and the previously thought- ...
... hydrofluoric acid, and iron. it is found in Ceylon, Arabia, and Egypt. Several species were reported to exist (Pliny, "Hist. ... Oriental topaz is composed of nearly pure alumina, silica, and fluoric acid; its shape is an orthorhombic prism with a cleavage ...
... it forms hydrofluoric acid and hydrobromic acid. It is used in organic chemistry as a fluorinating agent. It has the same ... It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and with fluorine gas to form iodine heptafluoride. The molecule has the form of ... It reacts with HCl to form the strong acid HICl2. The crystal structure of iodine monochloride consists of puckered zig-zag ...
... or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is ... hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. Hydrofluoric acid is also useful for ... hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning ... 12 for pure sulfuric acid. Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in ...
Hydrofluoric acid is a caustic chemical that is highly corrosive, which means it immediately causes severe damage ... Hydrofluoric acid is a caustic chemical that is highly corrosive, which means it immediately causes severe damage ... Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical that is a very strong acid. It is usually in liquid form. ... Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical that is a very strong acid. It is usually in liquid form. ...
Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is used extensively in the extraction, processing, and refining of metals, rock, brick, and ... Water: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be used to contaminate water.. *Food: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be ... Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is very reactive with most bases, acids, and oxidants and should not be stored with them. ... Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid forms explosive gases when mixed with methanesulfonic acid, or polymerizing cyanogens. ...
Information on hydrofluoric acid, a potential agent for chemical terrorism. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and ... Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Case Definition: Hydrofluoric Acid. Clinical description, lab criteria for diagnosis, case classification, & additional ...
Hydrofluoric acid also may be found in home rust removers. ... acid, one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for ... encoded search term (Hydrofluoric Acid Burns) and Hydrofluoric Acid Burns What to Read Next on Medscape ... In a review of 15 years experience with hydrofluoric acid burns at one center, hydrofluoric acid burns accounted for 35 (17%) ... hydrofluoric acid to 1% or more body surface area (BSA), exposure to hydrofluoric acid of any concentration to 5% or more BSA, ...
Hydrofluoric Acid) Scavenging Glass extends the service life of batteries and other components by combatting corrosive ... Hydrofluoric acid (HF) absorbent glass powder from SCHOTT is capable of permanently binding hydrofluoric acid and permanently ... HF (Hydrofluoric Acid) Scavenging Glass. Extending the life of lithium-ion batteries and the preservation of their capacity is ... SCHOTTs special glass powder binds fluorine, preventing aggressive acids in the cell and therefore avoiding an attack on the ...
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Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Seamens CM, Seger DL, Meredith T. Hydrofluoric acid. In: Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T, eds. Clinical toxicology. ... Biologic: No specific test for hydrofluoric acid is available; however, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and an elevated ...
Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless fuming liquid, that when concentrated contains 38% hydrogen fluoride. Hydrofluoric acid is one ... Retrieved from "https://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&oldid=92544" ...
Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... When hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. ...
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Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile ...
HYDROFLUORIC ACID 40% LR - 18625 - 190119. Post navigation. Previous PostPrevious HYDROFLUORIC ACID 40% LR - 18625 - 180498 ...
Global Hydrofluoric Acid Market Size, Share, Price, Trends, Analysis, Key Players,.... Nadan Niazi - December 28, 2022. 0 ...
Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Symptoms and Signs of Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure Symptoms and signs of hydrofluoric acid exposure vary depending on the route ... Prognosis for Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure Prognosis depends on the route of hydrofluoric acid exposure. ... Prevention of Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure Various organizations (eg, Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], ...
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Non-volatile Acid(H2SO4)% ≤. 0.05. 0.08. 0.08. 1.0. 1.0. 2.0. 2.0. ... Fluorosilicic Acid(H2SiF6)% ≤. 0.05. 2.5. 5.0. 8.0. 10.0. ...
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  • Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Digestion of the mineral with sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures releases a mixture of gases, including hydrogen fluoride, which may be recovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • In dilute aqueous solution hydrogen fluoride behaves as a weak acid,Infrared spectroscopy has been used to show that, in solution, dissociation is accompanied by formation of the ion pair H3O+·F−. H2O + HF ⇌ H3O+⋅F− pKa = 3.17 This ion pair has been characterized in the crystalline state at very low temperature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution. (wikipedia.org)
  • When hydrogen fluoride is combined with water it is known as hydrofluoric acid, a colorless liquid, which in low concentrations is visually indistinguishable from water. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric acid that is more than 40% hydrogen fluoride fumes in air. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride mixes readily with water forming hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is used in commercial automotive cleaners, rust removers and inhibitors for ceramics and fabrics, and water spot removers. (cdc.gov)
  • Indoor Air: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol), or as a gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Water: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be used to contaminate water. (cdc.gov)
  • Agricultural: If hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is released into the air as a liquid spray (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be absorbed systemically into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. (cdc.gov)
  • Eye exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is highly unlikely to result in systemic toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • When hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric Acid, also known as Hydrogen Fluoride, Fluoric Acid, Fluorine Hydride, and Fluor Hydric Acid appears as a clear, colorless to yellow liquid. (laballey.com)
  • Lab Alley's Hydrofluoric Acid contains 5% Hydrogen Fluoride mixed with 95% of Water. (laballey.com)
  • Most people that are looking for 100% hydrofluoric acid for sale are actually looking for 100% (or 99.9%) hydrogen fluoride . (laballey.com)
  • The sale of this product has been discontinued by numerous pure hydrofluoric acid and pure hydrogen fluoride suppliers including Lab Alley, which does not sell 100% hydrofluoric acid. (laballey.com)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is a highly dangerous gas, forming corrosive and penetrating hydrofluoric acid upon contact with moisture. (laballey.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is a highly toxic compound derived from hydrogen fluoride, which is dissolved in water. (managenergy.tv)
  • Most hydrogen fluoride exposures occur by inhalation of the gas and dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Severe burns occur after exposure of concentrated (ie, 50% or stronger solution) hydrofluoric acid to 1% or more body surface area (BSA), exposure to hydrofluoric acid of any concentration to 5% or more BSA, or inhalation of hydrofluoric acid fumes from a 60% or stronger solution. (medscape.com)
  • A unique feature of hydrofluoric acid exposure is its ability to cause significant systemic toxicity due to fluoride poisoning . (medscape.com)
  • More than 1000 cases of hydrofluoric acid exposure are reported annually. (medscape.com)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for hydrofluoric acid exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in industry and dermal exposure causes deeply-penetrating painful soft tissue injury and also local and sometimes systemic fluoride toxicity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms and signs of hydrofluoric acid exposure vary depending on the route of exposure. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although hydrofluoric acid is weak compared with most other mineral acids, it can produce serious health effects by any route of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Potential for exposure to a variety of laboratory chemicals used for analysis, research or process development work, such as acids (e.g. nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid), bases (e.g. sodium hydroxide), acetone and various other reagents and cleaners. (cdc.gov)
  • Butyric acid may exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Sutherland said her agency has sought more information about safety guidelines related to the refinery's hydrofluoric acid but has not received the requested documents from Exxon Mobil. (latimes.com)
  • The accident began in the refinery's hydrofluoric acid (HF) alkylation unit, where extremely toxic HF is used to boost gasoline octane. (acs.org)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is a caustic chemical that is highly corrosive, which means it immediately causes severe damage to tissues, such as burning or ulcers, on contact. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive to body tissue, even in dilute solutions, and higher exposures can produce serious systemic toxicity. (unr.edu)
  • The term "corrosive" includes all items commonly referred to as acids, as well as most batteries. (usps.com)
  • When handling large amounts of corrosive substances or when tapping from large bottles or diluting acids or alkalis, protection for the entire face should be used. (lu.se)
  • Note that acids that produce corrosive gases/fumes e.g. perchloric acid, aqua regia and concentrated hydrochloric acid must only be handled in special, flushable fume hoods. (lu.se)
  • It is now mainly produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, with concentrated sulfuric acid at approximately 265 °C. CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4 The acid is also a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid from apatite and fluoroapatite. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hammett acidity function, H0, for 100% HF was first reported as -10.2, while later compilations show -11, comparable to values near -12 for pure sulfuric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • PIG Hazardous Chemical Mats can handle even 90% sulfuric acid and 30% sodium hydroxide without degrading or reacting. (newpig.com)
  • It is produced commercially by action of sulfuric acid on the mineral fluorspar. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfuric Acid (UN2796). (usps.com)
  • List of Chromic/Sulfuric Acid substitutes used to clean laboratory glassware. (ucdavis.edu)
  • This leads to protonation of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitric Acid (UN2031, UN2032). (usps.com)
  • List of safety tips to know before handling Nitric Acid. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Remember that perchloric acid is explosive when it comes in contact with organic materials. (lu.se)
  • If the person breathed in fumes from the acid, the provider may hear signs of fluid in the lungs when listening to the chest with a stethoscope. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hoffmann S, Parikh P, Bohnenberger K. Dermal Hydrofluoric Acid Toxicity Case Review: Looks Can Be Deceiving. (medscape.com)
  • SiO2 + 4 HF → SiF4(g) + 2 H2O SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding. (wikipedia.org)
  • This acid is most commonly used for industrial purposes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Males are affected more commonly by hydrofluoric acid burns, which reflects occupational patterns. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is commonly used in numerous industrial processes, including oil refining, silicon and glass etching, refrigerant production, fluoropolymer production, and aluminum metal production. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is the strongest inorganic acid and is commonly used in research due to its ability to etch silicon compounds. (laballey.com)
  • The report provides an overview of the growth rate of the Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid market during the forecast period, i.e., 2022-2030. (marketreports.info)
  • In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include sodium fluoride and uranium hexafluoride. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrofluoric (HF) acid, one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for industrial purposes (eg, glass etching, metal cleaning, electronics manufacturing). (medscape.com)
  • Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid Market study by "marketreports.info" provides details about the market dynamics affecting the market, Market scope, Market segmentation and overlays shadow upon the leading market players highlighting the favorable competitive landscape by top major Solvay SA, ANALYTIKA, Xuancheng Hengtai Electronic Chemical Materials Co. Ltd., Stella Chemifa Corporation, Merck KGaA, spol. (marketreports.info)
  • The Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid report profiles the key players in the industry, along with a detailed analysis of their individual positions against the global landscape. (marketreports.info)
  • Shaowu Huaxin Chemical Industry Co.Ltd, Fujian Long Fluorine Chemical Co. Ltd. in the Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid market. (marketreports.info)
  • The researcher provides an extensive analysis of the Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid market size, share, trends, overall earnings, gross revenue, and profit margin to accurately draw a forecast and provide expert insights to investors to keep them updated with the trends in the market. (marketreports.info)
  • The Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid study assesses factors such as segmentation, description, and applications of Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid industries. (marketreports.info)
  • The final report will add the analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 in this Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid report Market. (marketreports.info)
  • Adapting to the recent novel COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid Market is included in the present report. (marketreports.info)
  • The Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid Market has been segmented on the basis of different aspects. (marketreports.info)
  • The Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid report has its roots definitely set in thorough strategies provided by the proficient data analysts. (marketreports.info)
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  • The secondary method gives a direct peek into the demand and supply connection specifically into Ultra High Purity Hydrofluoric Acid market. (marketreports.info)
  • High purity electronic grade phosphoric acid belongs to high purity phosphoric acid. (marketresearch.com)
  • The Global High Purity Electronic Grade Phosphoric Acid Market Size was estimated at USD 147.40 million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 223.10 million by 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.10% during the forecast period. (marketresearch.com)
  • Bosson Research's latest report provides a deep insight into the global High Purity Electronic Grade Phosphoric Acid market covering all its essential aspects. (marketresearch.com)
  • The report structure also focuses on the competitive landscape of the Global High Purity Electronic Grade Phosphoric Acid Market. (marketresearch.com)
  • In a word, this report is a must-read for industry players, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the High Purity Electronic Grade Phosphoric Acid market in any manner. (marketresearch.com)
  • Fifty out of the United States' 148 oil refineries use hydrofluoric acid to boost octane levels of their products, even though less-toxic alternatives exist. (crosscut.com)
  • Washington's other four refineries don't use hydrofluoric acid. (crosscut.com)
  • But oil industry representatives have said retrofitting the refineries using hydrofluoric acid so they could use alternatives would be extremely costly - and that they're not convinced the alternatives are all that much safer. (crosscut.com)
  • The 170,000 people at risk around ConocoPhillips' plant near Bellingham number among some 16 million Americans in the potential path of hydrofluoric acid should an accident or terrorist strike let loose a spill at the refineries using hydrofluoric acid, which are the subject of an investigation released by the Center for Public Integrity and ABC News. (crosscut.com)
  • To reduce the refraction of sunlight, the silicon wafers are dipped in hydrofluoric acids. (managenergy.tv)
  • Hydrofluoric acid burns are a unique clinical entity. (medscape.com)
  • Local effects of hydrofluoric acid burns include tissue destruction and necrosis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Deaths have been reported from concentrated acid burns to as little as 2.5% BSA. (medscape.com)
  • Potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance caused by severe hydrofluoric acid burns combined with inhalation injury: A case report. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid burns: a 15-year experience. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical significance of urinary fluoride levels in patients with hydrofluoric acid burns. (medscape.com)
  • EH&S provides calcium gluconate gel upon request (while supplies last) for first aid treatment of hydrofluoric acid skin burns. (unr.edu)
  • A gassing solution comprising sodium nitrite in water together with the selected enol compound and acetic acid is introduced into the emulsion explosive at the blast hole by entraining the gassing solution into a stream of the emulsion explosive using pumps. (kemcore.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid, a toxic chemical, is found in solar panels and other materials. (managenergy.tv)
  • Citing a 73-page report her agency released Wednesday, Sutherland said the explosion posed a threat to the community because highly toxic hydrofluoric acid was on site. (latimes.com)
  • SCHOTT's special glass powder binds fluorine, preventing aggressive acids in the cell and therefore avoiding an attack on the sensitive electrode materials, which would lead to reduced lifetime and premature capacity drop and gas formation. (schott.com)
  • Compared with strong acids that exist primarily in the ionized form, HF in dilute solutions is better able to penetrate the skin barrier and diffuse into local soft tissues, where it causes injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Strong acids cause only direct caustic injury (coagulative necrosis, which typically spares the underlying soft tissues), but HF causes caustic skin injury due to its acidity and also injures underlying soft-tissue due to penetration of the fluoride ion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the United States of America (USA), Lab Alley is selling its high-quality Hydrofluoric Acid, Lab Grade online at laballey.com and is highly recommended for labs, industrial, and manufacturing applications. (laballey.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical that is a very strong acid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chemical gassing agents -In the case of emulsion explosives, using Acetic acid can accelerate the gassing process. (kemcore.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid 7664-39-3--Quzhou Xuanyi Chemical Co., Ltd. (atizo360.com)
  • Fluorosilicic acid---Jiangxi Chinafluorine Chemical Co., Ltd. (zggylp.com)
  • Survival after hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia and cardiac arrest following mild hydrofluoric acid burn. (medscape.com)
  • A hydrofluoric acid concentration monitor that complies with the sanitary standards for semiconductor processes. (horiba.com)
  • The majority of hydrofluoric acid exposures occurs in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Work-related health emergency cases due to hydrofluoric acid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. (cdc.gov)
  • The intent of this investigation was to describe work-related hydrofluoric acid exposures in Texas. (cdc.gov)
  • Materials and Methods: Work-related hydrofluoric acid exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2000-2010 were identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: There were 409 work-related hydrofluoric acid exposures in years 2000-2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: Hydrofluoric acid exposures reported to Texas poison centers decreased over the eleven-year period. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric acid (HF) absorbent glass powder from SCHOTT is capable of permanently binding hydrofluoric acid and permanently preventing its damaging effect on the cells. (schott.com)
  • This study evaluated the shear bond strength between composite resin and feldspathic ceramic subjected to etching surface with hydrofluoric acid (HF) at different concentrations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. (wikipedia.org)
  • HF is a weak acid (pKa = 3.17) in dilute aqueous solution and exists primarily in the non-ionized form. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Objectives: Hydrofluoric acid is used in a number of industries. (cdc.gov)
  • At the time of reporting to Texas poison centers, the patient was already at or en route to a health care facility in 71.9% of the cases and referred to a healthcare facility in 20.5% of the cases. (cdc.gov)
  • It is considered a weak acid but is still extremely harmful due to its ability to penetrate tissue. (cdc.gov)
  • 5. Download our Acetic acid msds for more handling information. (kemcore.com)
  • Detection of hydrofluoric acid in environmental samples, as determined by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
  • If hydrofluoric acid (HF) is released as a gas, it is highly unlikely to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
  • Other uses include use of acetic acid in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride and ester production. (kemcore.com)
  • It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. (kemcore.com)
  • In cases where acetic acid is used, it is added to the emulsion prior to gassing, the desired amount of acid is mixed in the emulsion, before adding the gasser. (kemcore.com)
  • Acetic acid biodegrades readily under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (kemcore.com)
  • Acetic acid does not absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm(4), and is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). (kemcore.com)
  • Acetic Acid (UN2790). (usps.com)
  • BFV are a complex mixture of volatile agents containing of diacetyl and butyric acid, two components of BFV, and to develop a hybrid computational fluid dynamic-physiologically diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), acetoin, 2-nonanone, acetic acid, based pharmacokinetic model (CFD-PBPK) to describe these and butyric acid, among other vapors (Boylstein et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Many methods can be used to eliminate W2S2, such as chlorosulfonic acid and halide. (mis-asia.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is a serious systemic poison. (cdc.gov)
  • Swallowing this acid can cause a severe drop in blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ingestion of even a small amount of hydrofluoric acid is likely to produce systemic effects and may be fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is stored in fluorinated plastic (often PTFE) containers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is powerful enough to eat through glass. (crosscut.com)
  • Acceptable in solutions that can qualify as a Limited Quantity air material or Limited Quantity surface material, contains less than 80 percent acid, and does not exceed 1 pint. (usps.com)
  • Acceptable only in solutions not exceeding 10 percent acid that can qualify as a Limited Quantity air material or Limited Quantity surface material. (usps.com)