Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.
An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.
A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.
An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.
An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)
Surgery performed on the pregnant woman for conditions associated with pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium. It does not include surgery of the newborn infant.
Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Analogs or derivatives of morphine.
Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.
Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.
A cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of many drugs and environmental chemicals, such as DEBRISOQUINE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; and TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the Caucasian population.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.
Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.

Nitrocinnamoyl and chlorocinnamoyl derivatives of dihydrocodeinone: in vivo and in vitro characterization of mu-selective agonist and antagonist activity. (1/55)

Two 14beta-p-nitrocinnamoyl derivatives of dihydrocodeinone, 14beta-(p-nitrocinnamoylamino)-7,8-dihydrocodeinone (CACO) and N-cyclopropylmethylnor-14beta-(p-nitrocinnamoylamino)- 7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (N-CPM-CACO), and the corresponding chlorocinnamoylamino analogs, 14beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino)-7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (CAM) and N-cyclopropylmethylnor-14beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino) -7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (MC-CAM), were tested in opioid receptor binding assays and the mouse tail-flick test to characterize the opioid affinity, selectivity, and antinociceptive properties of these compounds. In competition binding assays, all four compounds bound to the mu opioid receptor with high affinity. When bovine striatal membranes were incubated with any of the four dihydrocodeinones, binding to the mu receptor was inhibited in a concentration-dependent, wash-resistant manner. Saturation binding experiments demonstrated that the wash-resistant inhibition of mu binding was due to a decrease in the Bmax value for the binding of the mu-selective peptide [3H][D-Ala2, MePhe4,Gly(ol)5] enkephalin and not a change in the Kd value, suggesting an irreversible interaction of the compounds with the mu receptor. In the mouse 55 degrees C warm water tail-flick test, both CACO and N-CPM-CACO acted as short-term mu-selective agonists when administered by i. c.v. injection, whereas CAM and MC-CAM produced no measurable antinociception at doses up to 30 nmol. Pretreatment of mice for 24 h with any of the four dihydrocodeinone derivatives produced a dose-dependent antagonism of antinociception mediated by the mu but not the delta or kappa receptors. Long-term antagonism of morphine-induced antinociception lasted for at least 48 h after i.c. v. administration. Finally, shifts in the morphine dose-response lines after 24-h pretreatment with the four dihydrocodeinone compounds suggest that the nitrocinnamoylamino derivatives may produce a greater magnitude long-term antagonism of morphine-induced antinociception than the chlorocinnamoylamino analogs.  (+info)

GC-MS confirmation of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone in urine. (2/55)

A procedure for the simultaneous confirmation of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone in urine specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. After the addition of nalorphine and naltrexone as the two internal standards, the urine is hydrolyzed overnight with beta-glucuronidase from E. coli. The urine is adjusted to pH 9 and extracted with 8% trifluoroethanol in methylene dichloride. After evaporating the organic, the residue is sequentially derivatized with 2% methoxyamine in pyridine, then with propionic anhydride. The ketone groups on hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and naltrexone are converted to their respective methoximes. Available hydroxyl groups on the O3 and O6 positions are converted to propionic esters. After a brief purification step, the extracts are analyzed by GC-MS using full scan electron impact ionization. Nalorphine is used as the internal standard for codeine, morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine; naltrexone is used as the internal standard for the 6-keto-opioids. The method is linear to 2000 ng/mL for the 6-keto-opioids and to 5000 ng/mL for the others. The limit of quantitation is 25 ng/mL in hydrolyzed urine. Day-to-day precision at 300 and 1500 ng/mL ranged between 6 and 10.9%. The coefficients of variation for 6-acetylmorphine were 12% at both 30 and 150 ng/mL. A list of 38 other basic drugs or metabolites detected by this method is tabulated.  (+info)

The antitussive activity of delta-opioid receptor stimulation in guinea pigs. (3/55)

In this study, the activity of the delta-opioid receptor subtype-selective agonist, SB 227122, was investigated in a guinea pig model of citric acid-induced cough. Parenteral administration of selective agonists of the delta-opioid receptor (SB 227122), mu-opioid receptor (codeine and hydrocodone), and kappa-opioid receptor (BRL 52974) produced dose-related inhibition of citric acid-induced cough with ED(50) values of 7.3, 5.2, 5.1, and 5.3 mg/kg, respectively. The nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.m.), attenuated the antitussive effects of codeine or SB 227122, indicating that the antitussive activity of both compounds is opioid receptor-mediated. The delta-receptor antagonist, SB 244525 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited the antitussive effect of SB 227122 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). In contrast, combined pretreatment with beta-funaltrexamine (mu-receptor antagonist; 20 mg/kg, s.c.) and norbinaltorphimine (kappa-receptor antagonist; 20 mg/kg, s.c.), at doses that inhibited the antitussive activity of mu- and kappa-receptor agonists, respectively, was without effect on the antitussive response of SB 227122 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The sigma-receptor antagonist rimcazole (3 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the antitussive effect of dextromethorphan (30 mg/kg, i.p.), a sigma-receptor agonist, but not that of SB 227122. These studies provide compelling evidence that the antitussive effects of SB 227122 in this guinea pig cough model are mediated by agonist activity at the delta-opioid receptor.  (+info)

Identification of hydrocodone in human urine following controlled codeine administration. (4/55)

Allegations of illicit hydrocodone use have been made against individuals who were taking physician-prescribed oral codeine but denied hydrocodone use. Drug detection was based on positive urine opiate immunoassay results with subsequent confirmation of hydrocodone by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In these cases, low concentrations of hydrocodone (approximately 100 ng/mL) were detected in urine specimens containing high concentrations of codeine (> 5000 ng/mL). Although hydrocodone has been reported to be a minor metabolite of codeine in humans, there has been little study of this unusual metabolic pathway. We investigated the occurrence of hydrocodone excretion in urine specimens of subjects who were administered codeine. In a controlled study, two African-American and three Caucasian male subjects were orally administered 60 mg/70 kg/day and 120 mg/70 kg/day of codeine sulfate on separate days. Urine specimens were collected prior to and for approximately 30-40 h following drug administration. In a second case study, a postoperative patient self-administered 960 mg/day (240 mg four times per day) of physician-prescribed oral codeine phosphate, and urine specimens were collected on the third day of the dosing regimen. Samples from both studies were extracted on copolymeric solid-phase columns and analyzed by GC-MS. In the controlled study, codeine was detected in the first post-drug-administration specimen from all subjects. Peak concentrations appeared at 2-5 h and ranged from 1475 to 61,695 ng/mL. Codeine was detected at concentrations above the 10-ng/mL limit of quantitation for the assay throughout the 40-h collection period. Hydrocodone was initially detected at 6-11 h following codeine administration and peaked at 10-18 h (32-135 ng/mL). Detection times for hydrocodone following oral codeine administration ranged from 6 h to the end of the collection period. Confirmation of hydrocodone in a urine specimen was always accompanied by codeine detection. Codeine and hydrocodone were detected in all specimens collected from the postoperative patient, and concentrations ranged from 2099 to 4020 and 47 to 129 ng/mL, respectively. Analyses of the codeine formulations administered to subjects revealed no hydrocodone present at the limit of detection of the assay (10 ng/mL). These data confirm that hydrocodone can be produced as a minor metabolite of codeine in humans and may be excreted in urine at concentrations as high as 11% of parent drug concentration. Consequently, the detection of minor amounts of hydrocodone in urine containing high concentrations of codeine should not be interpreted as evidence of hydrocodone abuse.  (+info)

Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management? (5/55)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patient gender and race affect decisions about pain management. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Experimental design using medical vignettes to evaluate treatment decisions. A convenience sample of 111 primary care physicians (61 men, 50 women) in the Northeast was asked to treat 3 hypothetical patients with pain (kidney stone, back pain) or a control condition (sinusitis). Symptom presentation and severity were held constant, but patient gender and race were varied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The maximum permitted doses of narcotic analgesics (hydrocodone) prescribed at initial and return visits were calculated by multiplying mg per pill x number of pills per day x number of days x number of refills. No overall differences with respect to patient gender or race were found in decisions to treat or in the maximum permitted doses. However, for renal colic, male physicians prescribed higher doses of hydrocodone to white patients versus black patients (426 mg vs 238 mg), while female physicians prescribed higher doses to blacks (335 mg vs 161 mg, F1,85 = 9.65, P =.003). This pattern was repeated for persistent kidney stone pain. For persistent back pain, male physicians prescribed higher doses of hydrocodone to males than to females (406 mg vs 201 mg), but female physicians prescribed higher doses to females (327 mg v. 163 mg, F1,28 = 5.50, P =.03). CONCLUSION: When treating pain, gender and racial differences were evident only when the role of physician gender was examined, suggesting that male and female physicians may react differently to gender and/or racial cues.  (+info)

The simultaneous determination of codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, 6-acetylmorphine, and oxycodone in hair and oral fluid. (6/55)

Recently, the abuse of prescription opiates as alternatives to heroin has become a national concern. The determination of a six-drug opiate panel, codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxycodone, in hair and oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Oral fluid was obtained from the donor by insertion of absorptive collectors into the mouth. Hair was collected from the patient and powdered using stainless steel ball bearings in a mini bead-beater apparatus. Opiates present in the samples were extracted from a buffered, aqueous matrix using a solid-phase cartridge. The extracts were concentrated and the methoxime/BSTFA derivatives prepared in order to eliminate interference from the keto-opiates. The extracts were separated by GC-MS in electron impact mode. By utilizing methoxyamine, we were able to produce the methoxime derivatives required for single derivative production and chromatographically separate all six opiates. The routine analysis of these opiates in hair and oral fluid using GC-MS is described for the first time.  (+info)

CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 involvement in the primary oxidative metabolism of hydrocodone by human liver microsomes. (7/55)

AIM: To determine the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of hydrocodone metabolism to its O- and N-demethylated products, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone, to determine the individual cytochrome p450 enzymes involved, and to predict the in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance of hydrocodone via these pathways. METHODS: Liver microsomes from six CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EM) and one CYP2D6 poor metabolizer (PM) were used to determine the kinetics of hydromorphone and norhydrocodone formation. Chemical and antibody inhibitors were used to identify the cytochrome p450 isoforms catalyzing these pathways. Expressed recombinant cytochrome p450 enzymes were used to characterize further the metabolism of hydrocodone. RESULTS: Hydromorphone formation in liver microsomes from CYP2D6 EMs was dependent on a high affinity enzyme (Km = 26 microm) contributing 95%, and to a lesser degree a low affinity enzyme (Km = 3.4 mm). In contrast, only a low affinity enzyme (Km = 8.5 mm) formed this metabolite in the liver from the CYP2D6 PM, with significantly decreased hydromorphone formation compared with the livers from the EMs. Norhydrocodone was formed by a single low affinity enzyme (Km = 5.1 mm) in livers from both CYP2D6 EM and PM. Recombinant CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 formed only hydromorphone and only norhydrocodone, respectively. Hydromorphone formation was inhibited by quinidine (a selective inhibitor of CYP2D6 activity), and monoclonal antibodies specific to CYP2D6. Troleandomycin, ketoconazole (both CYP3A4 inhibitors) and monoclonal antibodies specific for CYP3A4 inhibited norhydrocodone formation. Extrapolation of in vitro to in vivo data resulted in a predicted total hepatic clearance of 227 ml x h-1 x kg-1 and 124 ml x h-1 x kg-1 for CYP2D6 EM and PM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The O-demethylation of hydrocodone is predominantly catalyzed by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent by an unknown low affinity cytochrome p450 enzyme. Norhydrocodone formation was attributed to CYP3A4. Comparison of recalculated published clearance data for hydrocodone, with those predicted in the present work, indicate that about 40% of the clearance of hydrocodone is via non-CYP pathways. Our data also suggest that the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 may influence hydrocodone metabolism and its therapeutic efficacy.  (+info)

Cough suppression during flexible bronchoscopy using combined sedation with midazolam and hydrocodone: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. (8/55)

BACKGROUND: Current British Thoracic Society guidelines do not recommend routinely the combined use of a benzodiazepine and opiate during flexible bronchoscopy (FB). A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind study was undertaken to determine whether hydrocodone in combination with midazolan improves cough suppression during FB without increasing the risk of desaturation. METHODS: 120 patients were randomised to receive midazolam and 5 mg i.v. hydrocodone or midazolam and placebo with topical anaesthesia. Pulse oximetry was recorded continuously during FB. Bronchoscopists and nurses charted their perception of cough and the patients rated their discomfort during the procedure on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to the indication for FB, duration of procedure (21 (11) min v 22 (10) min, p = 0.570), doses of supplemental lignocaine (171 (60) mg v 173 (66) mg, p = 0.766) and midazolam (4.5 (2.3) mg v 4.9 (2.7) mg, p = 0.309), lowest oxygen saturation (94.8 (2.7) v 94.9 (2.7), p = 0.433), and desaturations < or =90%. Perception of cough by both the bronchoscopist and the nurse was significantly lower in the hydrocodone group (3 (0-10) and 3 (0-10)) than in the placebo group (6 (0-10) and 6 (0-10)), respectively (p = 0.001). According to the VAS scale, patients' tolerance was also significantly better with hydrocodone than with placebo (2 (0-8) v 3 (0-9), p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: The combination of midazolam and hydrocodone markedly reduces cough during FB without causing significant desaturation, especially when invasive diagnostic procedures are performed.  (+info)

Hydrocodone is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It works by changing how the brain and nervous system respond to pain. Medically, it's defined as a semisynthetic opioid analgesic, synthesized from codeine, one of the natural opiates found in the resin of the poppy seed pod.

Hydrocodone is available only in combination with other drugs, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, which are added to enhance its pain-relieving effects and/or to prevent abuse and overdose. Common brand names include Vicodin, Lortab, and Norco.

Like all opioids, hydrocodone carries a risk of addiction and dependence, and it should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It's also important to note that misuse or abuse of hydrocodone can lead to overdose and death.

Hydromorphone is a potent semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, which is chemically related to morphine but is approximately 8 times more potent. It is used for the relief of moderate to severe pain and is available in various forms such as tablets, extended-release tablets, solutions, and injectable formulations. Common brand names include Dilaudid and Exalgo. Hydromorphone works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and decreasing the emotional response to pain. As with other opioids, hydromorphone carries a risk for dependence, addiction, and abuse.

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, which means it's a painkiller that's synthesized from thebaine, an alkaloid found in the poppy plant. It's a strong pain reliever used to treat moderate to severe pain and is often prescribed for around-the-clock treatment of chronic pain. Oxycodone can be found in various forms, such as immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, capsules, and solutions.

Common brand names for oxycodone include OxyContin (extended-release), Percocet (oxycodone + acetaminophen), and Roxicodone (immediate-release). As an opioid, oxycodone works by binding to specific receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and gut, reducing the perception of pain and decreasing the emotional response to pain.

However, it's important to note that oxycodone has a high potential for abuse and addiction due to its euphoric effects. Misuse or prolonged use can lead to physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. Therefore, it should be taken exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional and used with caution.

Codeine is a opiate analgesic, commonly used for its pain-relieving and cough suppressant properties. It is typically prescribed for mild to moderately severe pain, and is also found in some over-the-counter cold and cough medications. Codeine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which helps to reduce the perception of pain. Like other opiates, codeine can produce side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression, and it carries a risk of dependence and addiction with long-term use. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking codeine, and to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you may have.

Oxymorphone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, which is a strong painkiller. It is derived from thebaine, a constituent of opium. Medically, it is used to treat moderate to severe pain and is available under various brand names such as Opana and Numorphan.

Oxymorphone works by binding to the mu-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which results in pain relief, relaxation, and sedation. It has a high potential for abuse and addiction due to its euphoric effects, and its use should be closely monitored and controlled.

Like other opioids, oxymorphone can cause physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms if discontinued abruptly after prolonged use. Common side effects of oxymorphone include dizziness, lightheadedness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and sweating. Serious side effects may include respiratory depression, low blood pressure, and decreased heart rate.

It is important to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking oxymorphone and to report any bothersome or worsening side effects promptly.

Obstetric surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the female reproductive system during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or after childbirth to address various medical conditions and complications. Some common obstetric surgical procedures include:

1. Cesarean section (C-section): A surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.
2. Induction of labor: The use of medication or other methods to stimulate labor.
3. Dilation and curettage (D&C): A procedure to remove tissue from the uterus using a thin, sharp instrument called a curette.
4. Hysterectomy: The surgical removal of the uterus.
5. Myomectomy: The surgical removal of fibroids, which are noncancerous growths in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Ovarian cystectomy: The surgical removal of a cyst from the ovary.
7. Tubal ligation: A permanent form of birth control in which the fallopian tubes are tied, cut, or sealed to prevent pregnancy.
8. Ectopic pregnancy surgery: Removal of an ectopic pregnancy, which is a pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

These procedures may be necessary to save the life of the mother or baby, to treat medical conditions, or to prevent future complications. They should only be performed by trained medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Substance abuse detection refers to the process of identifying the use or misuse of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, illicit drugs, or prescription medications, in an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:

1. Physical examination: A healthcare professional may look for signs of substance abuse, such as track marks, enlarged pupils, or unusual behavior.
2. Laboratory tests: Urine, blood, hair, or saliva samples can be analyzed to detect the presence of drugs or their metabolites. These tests can provide information about recent use (hours to days) or longer-term use (up to several months).
3. Self-report measures: Individuals may be asked to complete questionnaires or interviews about their substance use patterns and behaviors.
4. Observational assessments: In some cases, such as in a treatment setting, healthcare professionals may observe an individual's behavior over time to identify patterns of substance abuse.

Substance abuse detection is often used in clinical, workplace, or legal settings to assess individuals for potential substance use disorders, monitor treatment progress, or ensure compliance with laws or regulations.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

Morphine derivatives are substances that are synthesized from or structurally similar to morphine, a natural opiate alkaloid found in the opium poppy. These compounds share many of the same pharmacological properties as morphine and are often used for their analgesic (pain-relieving), sedative, and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects.

Examples of morphine derivatives include:

1. Hydrocodone: A semi-synthetic opioid that is often combined with acetaminophen for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.
2. Oxycodone: A synthetic opioid that is used for the management of moderate to severe pain, either alone or in combination with other medications.
3. Hydromorphone: A potent semi-synthetic opioid that is used for the treatment of severe pain, typically in a hospital setting.
4. Oxymorphone: A synthetic opioid that is similar to hydromorphone in its potency and use for managing severe pain.
5. Codeine: A naturally occurring opiate alkaloid that is less potent than morphine but still has analgesic, cough suppressant, and antidiarrheal properties. It is often combined with other medications for various therapeutic purposes.
6. Fentanyl: A synthetic opioid that is significantly more potent than morphine and is used for the management of severe pain, typically in a hospital or clinical setting.

It's important to note that while these derivatives can be beneficial for managing pain and other symptoms, they also carry a risk of dependence, addiction, and potentially life-threatening side effects such as respiratory depression. As a result, their use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals and prescribed cautiously.

Antitussive agents are medications that are used to suppress cough. They work by numbing the throat and interrupting the cough reflex. Some common antitussives include dextromethorphan, codeine, and hydrocodone. These medications can be found in various over-the-counter and prescription cough and cold products. It is important to use antitussives only as directed, as they can have side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, and slowed breathing. Additionally, it's important to note that long term use of opioid antitussive like codeine and hydrocodone are not recommended due to the risk of addiction and other serious side effects.

Narcotics, in a medical context, are substances that induce sleep, relieve pain, and suppress cough. They are often used for anesthesia during surgical procedures. Narcotics are derived from opium or its synthetic substitutes and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and hydrocodone. These drugs bind to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and producing a sense of well-being. However, narcotics can also produce physical dependence and addiction, and their long-term use can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses are required to achieve the same effect. Narcotics are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and are subject to strict regulations.

Miosis is the medical term for the constriction or narrowing of the pupil of the eye. It's a normal response to close up viewing, as well as a reaction to certain drugs like opioids and pilocarpine. Conversely, dilation of the pupils is called mydriasis. Miosis can be also a symptom of certain medical conditions such as Horner's syndrome or third cranial nerve palsy.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 is a specific isoenzyme belonging to the Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) family of enzymes, which are primarily located in the liver and play a crucial role in the metabolism of various drugs and xenobiotics. The term "P-450" refers to the absorption spectrum of these enzymes when they are combined with carbon monoxide, exhibiting a peak absorbance at 450 nanometers.

CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of approximately 20-25% of clinically prescribed drugs, including many antidepressants, neuroleptics, beta-blockers, opioids, and antiarrhythmics. This enzyme can demonstrate genetic polymorphisms, leading to variations in drug metabolism rates among individuals. These genetic differences can result in four distinct phenotypes: poor metabolizers (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive metabolizers (EM), and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM).

Poor metabolizers have decreased or absent CYP2D6 enzyme activity due to genetic mutations, leading to an accumulation of drugs in the body and increased susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. In contrast, ultra-rapid metabolizers possess multiple copies of the functional CYP2D6 gene, resulting in enhanced enzymatic activity and rapid drug clearance. This can lead to therapeutic failure due to insufficient drug exposure at the target site.

Understanding the genetic variations in CYP2D6 is essential for personalized medicine, as it allows healthcare providers to tailor drug therapy based on an individual's metabolic capacity and minimize the risk of adverse reactions or treatment failures.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Acetaminophen is a medication used to relieve pain and reduce fever. It is a commonly used over-the-counter drug and is also available in prescription-strength formulations. Acetaminophen works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and trigger pain signals.

Acetaminophen is available in many different forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, and suppositories. It is often found in combination with other medications, such as cough and cold products, sleep aids, and opioid pain relievers.

While acetaminophen is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause serious liver damage or even death if taken in excessive amounts. It is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully and avoid taking more than the recommended dose, especially if you are also taking other medications that contain acetaminophen.

If you have any questions about using acetaminophen or are concerned about potential side effects, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional.

Opioid-related disorders is a term that encompasses a range of conditions related to the use of opioids, which are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, as well as illegal drugs like heroin. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) identifies the following opioid-related disorders:

1. Opioid Use Disorder: This disorder is characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The symptoms may include a strong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when not using opioids, and unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use.
2. Opioid Intoxication: This disorder occurs when an individual uses opioids and experiences significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes, such as marked sedation, small pupils, or respiratory depression.
3. Opioid Withdrawal: This disorder is characterized by the development of a substance-specific withdrawal syndrome following cessation or reduction of opioid use. The symptoms may include anxiety, irritability, dysphoria, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle aches.
4. Other Opioid-Induced Disorders: This category includes disorders that are caused by the direct physiological effects of opioids, such as opioid-induced sexual dysfunction or opioid-induced sleep disorder.

It is important to note that opioid use disorder is a chronic and often relapsing condition that can cause significant harm to an individual's health, relationships, and overall quality of life. If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, it is essential to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.

Oral hydrocodone has a mean equivalent daily dosage (MEDD) factor of 0.4, meaning that 1 mg of hydrocodone is equivalent to 0.4 ... Hydrocodone 10 mg is equivalent to about 10 mg of morphine by mouth. Hydrocodone was patented in 1923, while the long-acting ... Hydrocodone is available in a variety of formulations for oral administration: The original oral form of hydrocodone alone, ... The volume of distribution of hydrocodone is 3.3 to 4.7 L/kg. The plasma protein binding of hydrocodone is 20 to 50%. In the ...
"Hydrocodone". Drugbank. Retrieved 14 June 2011. Hoskins JM, Carey LA, McLeod HL (August 2009). "CYP2D6 and tamoxifen: DNA ...
It is an analogue of hydrocodone substituted with an 8-ethyl group and an N-cyclopropylmethyl group. It acts as a mixed agonist ... Alkylation of that intermediate with cyclopropylmethyl chloride affords the analgesic codorphone (5). Hydrocodone F.. Macdonald ...
... hydrocodone and oxycodone; synthetic opioids: pethidine, methadone, fentanyl, and levorphanol; various sedative-hypnotics: ...
On April 2, 2019, Cuco released "Hydrocodone," the lead single for Para Mi, before releasing "Bossa No Sé" with Jean Carter on ... Bloom, Madison (April 2, 2019). "Cuco Shares New Song "Hydrocodone"". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 22, 2019. Darville, Jordan ( ... Hydrocodone (Official Music Video), retrieved August 18, 2019 - via YouTube Cuco - Bossa No Sé ft. Jean Carter (Official Video ...
Da Mafia 6ix "Hydrocodone" ft. Charlie P #RIPLordInfamous. DJ Paul KOM TV. January 29, 2015. Archived from the original on ... The official music video for "Hydrocodone" was released on January 29, 2015. Paul Wall and Crunchy Black's verses were cut for ...
Hydrocodone can be prescribed under a different brand name. These brand names include Norco, Lortab, and Vicodin. Hydrocodone ... Hydrocodone is second among the list of top prescribed opioid painkillers, but it is also high on the list of most frequently ... Statistics show that hydrocodone ranks in at number 4 on the list of the most common drugs used recreationally in the United ... When opioids like hydrocodone are taken as prescribed, for the indication prescribed, and for a short period of time, then the ...
"Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen (Professional Patient Advice)". Drugs.com. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May ... oxycodone or hydrocodone. Another very commonly used analgesic combination includes paracetamol in combination with ...
Codeine Hydrocodone Paracetamol Paracetamol toxicity Pubchem. "Diacetylmorphine , C21H23NO5 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih. ... When cold water extraction is used with codeine/paracetamol, hydrocodone/paracetamol and oxycodone/paracetamol medications, it ...
"Hydromet (Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide)". DailyMed. NIH. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Certain preparations of drugs such as hydrocodone are mixed with a small, sub-therapeutic amount of homatropine methylbromide ...
For example, tramadol, oxycodone or hydrocodone. Opioids function on the central nervous system to provide pain relief. The ...
"DailyMed - THERACODOPHEN-650 - hydrocodone bitartrate, acetaminophen, .gamma.-aminobutyric acid". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. NCAHF ( ... Hydrocodone 10 mg, Acetaminophen 650 mg, and Theramine); Strazepam Convenience Pack (Temazepam 15 mg and Sentra PM); ...
"Senators approve Manchin amendment to reclassify hydrocodone drugs". Charleston Gazette-Mail. May 23, 2012. Retrieved January ... Manchin successfully proposed an amendment to the Food and Drug Administration reauthorization bill to reclassify hydrocodone ...
... may be combined with the opioid hydrocodone. Chlorphenamine/dihydrocodeine immediate-release syrups are also ...
... is approximately the same strength as hydrocodone; it has a faster onset of action. The 2013 DEA annual production ... although not the stronger hydrocodone or oxycodone, which are regulated like morphine) and others of this class in the laws of ...
Rachel Feltman (13 August 2015). "Scientists engineer yeast to turn sugar into hydrocodone". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 ...
Codeine and hydrocodone were found in Clark's urine. Multiple leaders in the community opined that Clark's criminal record was ...
Hydrocodone is a FDA-approved, mild analgesic and antitussive. Notably, morphine and codeine are natural products of the opiate ... "Hydrocodone: Uses, Side Effects & Dosage Guide - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Smanski, Michael J.; Zhou, Hui; Claesen, Jan; Shen, Ben ... As an example, morphinone reductase was used as part of the de novo biosynthetic pathway of hydrocodone in yeast. French, C E; ... The enzyme yields hydromorphone and hydrocodone, which are both valuable semi-synthetic opiate drugs. Hydromorphone is a ...
Hydrocodone is also a metabolite of codeine in humans. Codeine and its metabolites are mostly removed from the body by the ... such as hydrocodone (1920 in Germany), oxycodone (1916 in Germany), dihydrocodeine (1908 in Germany), and its derivatives such ... hydrocodone and oxycodone". Anesthesia Progress. 45 (4): 154-156. PMC 2148980. PMID 10483388. Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, ...
It is also a product of the metabolism of hydrocodone by Pseudomonas putida M10, the bacterium used for oil spill remediation. ... Thebacon can be said to be the 6-monoacetylmorphine analog of hydrocodone, and/or the 6-acetylmorphone analog of codeine. It is ... Thebacon was invented in Germany in 1924, four years after the first synthesis of hydrocodone. Thebacon is a derivative of ... Thebacon's analgesic and antitussive potency is slightly higher than that of its parent compound hydrocodone, which gives it ...
The semi-synthetic opiates, of which hydromorphone and its codeine analogue hydrocodone are among the best-known and oldest, ... the same goes for codeine being turned into hydrocodone. The process gave rise to various concentrations of hydromorphone, ...
... hydrocodone, paroxetine, carisoprodol, and hydromorphone. After his death, police found several drugs in his home, which ...
Knoll also produced somewhat similar hydrocodone tablets named Dicodid; this drug which compares to codeine as hydromorphone ...
Narcotics, such as heroin, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, etc. Antidepressants can have anorexia as a side effect, ...
Examples include morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, tramadol, hydrocodone, and methadone. Injections of local anesthetic, sometimes ...
Examples of opioids include heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Opioids produce analgesia and often feelings of ...
Hydrocodone is mainly excreted in the urine. The average half-life of hydrocodone is 4.5 hours. Acetaminophen metabolites are ... Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug of hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a full agonist of the opioid receptors with a higher affinity for ... Hydrocodone causes respiratory depression and miosis. Hydrocodone decreases gastrointestinal (GI) motility by increasing smooth ... Accidental ingestion can cause a fatal overdose of hydrocodone. Hydrocodone can cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome when ...
... is the major metabolite of the opioid analgesic hydrocodone. It is formed from hydrocodone in the liver via N- ... However, norhydrocodone is actually an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor with similar potency to hydrocodone, but has been found ... Unlike hydromorphone, a minor metabolite of hydrocodone, norhydrocodone is described as inactive. ... an active metabolite of hydrocodone". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 347 (2): 497-505. doi:10.1124/ ...
The most commonly prescribed opioids have been oxycodone and hydrocodone. The epidemic has been described as a "uniquely ... hydrocodone (Vicodin, Norco), and fentanyl, which is a very strong painkiller that is synthesized to resemble other opiates ...
"Zohydro ER (hydrocodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived ... Morphine, the archetypal opioid, and other opioids (e.g., codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydromorphine, pethidine) all ... up to about the hydrocodone level) has been said to show beneficial synergistic effects by combating pain at multiple sites of ...
Oral hydrocodone has a mean equivalent daily dosage (MEDD) factor of 0.4, meaning that 1 mg of hydrocodone is equivalent to 0.4 ... Hydrocodone 10 mg is equivalent to about 10 mg of morphine by mouth. Hydrocodone was patented in 1923, while the long-acting ... Hydrocodone is available in a variety of formulations for oral administration: The original oral form of hydrocodone alone, ... The volume of distribution of hydrocodone is 3.3 to 4.7 L/kg. The plasma protein binding of hydrocodone is 20 to 50%. In the ...
Hydrocodone: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Hydrocodone is used to relieve severe pain. Hydrocodone is only used to treat people who are expected to need medication to ... Before taking hydrocodone,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to hydrocodone, any other medications, or any ... Hydrocodone can be habit forming, especially with prolonged use. Take hydrocodone exactly as directed. Do not take more of it, ...
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Hydrocodone has lower euphoric qualities; however it remains one of the most popular primary drugs. Users also say they are ... Hydrocodone and oxycodone, which are the most commonly prescribed opioids in the US, both have a long history of non- ... Hydrocodone is viewed as less attractive than oxycodone by active abusers despite its high abuse rates among prescription ... One of the essential questions for this study is why hydrocodone remains one of the most popular primary drugs even though it ...
... hydrocodone and clonazepam. View detailed information regarding this drug interaction. ... If you are taking certain long-acting formulations of hydrocodone, consumption of alcohol may also cause rapid release of the ... Do not use more than the recommended dose of HYDROcodone, and avoid activities requiring mental alertness such as driving or ... Do not use alcohol or medications that contain alcohol while you are receiving treatment with HYDROcodone. This may increase ...
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, hydrocodone drugs are the most common opioids. Hydrocodone is often ... Some of the more common types of opioids are hydrocodone (marketed as Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), morphine ( ... Hydrocodone and morphine are often prescribed for high pain occurrences. ...
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  • Typically it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid and in combination with homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough. (wikipedia.org)
  • Users also say they are concerned about acetaminophen poisoning since, until recently, all hydrocodone products contained non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (redorbit.com)
  • This is because, unlike many oxycodone products that are 100 percent oxycodone, hydrocodone is frequently combined with acetaminophen, which can deter users from increasing the dose to get high. (redorbit.com)
  • One of the essential questions for this study is why hydrocodone remains one of the most popular primary drugs even though it produces a lower quality of high and raises the potential for acetaminophen poisoning. (redorbit.com)
  • I have a prescription for hydrocodone 10/200 (it's a capsule specially made with 10mg's of hydrocodone and 200 of Acetaminophen) that I can take up to 3 times a day for up to 3 months because of a torn ligament injury - but I tend to just take the medication here or there if I have pain. (medhelp.org)
  • Hydrocodone with acetaminophen is a tablet or liquid that contains two different types of medicine. (stjude.org)
  • Hydrocodone with acetaminophen is available as a tablet or liquid form in multiple strengths and multiple brand names. (stjude.org)
  • If you have any of the side effects listed above, most should get better after you have taken hydrocodone with acetaminophen for a few days. (stjude.org)
  • If you have taken hydrocodone with acetaminophen for a long time, at some point your doctor will slowly decrease your dose to wean you off the medicine. (stjude.org)
  • Do not take acetaminophen (Tylenol ® ) while taking hydrocodone with acetaminophen. (stjude.org)
  • Other medicines can increase the drowsy feeling caused by hydrocodone with acetaminophen. (stjude.org)
  • Always tell your doctor if you are taking any of these medicines, or if you start taking any new medicine while you are taking hydrocodone with acetaminophen. (stjude.org)
  • Hydrocodone, the most commonly prescribed opioid painkiller in the U.S., is a semi-synthetic narcotic that is used as an analgesic (pain medication), typically combined with acetaminophen. (promises.com)
  • Furthermore, human medication may also have other ingredients along with the hydrocodone, such as Acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can also be toxic at high dose. (vetinfo.com)
  • Acetaminophen is a less potent pain reliever that increases the effects of hydrocodone. (thecompounder.com)
  • The combination of acetaminophen and hydrocodone is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. (thecompounder.com)
  • Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen may make you drowsy, less alert, or unable to function well physically. (thecompounder.com)
  • Do not drive a car, operate machinery, or perform any other potentially dangerous activities until you know how Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen affects you. (thecompounder.com)
  • Use caution in taking Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen if you have a head injury. (thecompounder.com)
  • Use Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen with caution if you have a severe liver or kidney disorder, an underactive thyroid gland, Addison's disease (a disease of the adrenal glands), an enlarged prostate or urethral stricture (narrowing of the tube carrying urine from the bladder). (thecompounder.com)
  • Older adults and those in a weakened condition should be careful using Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen, since it contains a narcotic. (thecompounder.com)
  • Narcotics such as Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen may interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of people with abdominal conditions. (thecompounder.com)
  • therefore, be careful using Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen after an operation or if you have a lung disease. (thecompounder.com)
  • if you are sensitive to Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen, you are more likely to experience this effect. (thecompounder.com)
  • All forms of Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen are taken every 4 to 6 hours as needed for pain. (thecompounder.com)
  • The usual dose of Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen is 1 or 2 tablets, up to a maximum of 8 tablets per day. (thecompounder.com)
  • Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen is supplied in tablet form for oral administration. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablets, USP for oral administration are available in a variety of strength as described in the following table. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablets are indicated for the relief of moderate to moderately severe pain. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • This product should not be administered to patients who have previously exhibited hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or acetaminophen. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • Prolonged administration of hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablets may produce constipation. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • Following an acute overdosage, toxicity may result from hydrocodone or acetaminophen. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • UPDATE 12/21/2012: Mylan announced a voluntary nationwide recall to the retail level of three lots of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, USP 10 mg/500 mg (Lots 3037841, 3040859 and 3042573). (asahq.org)
  • Qualitest, a subsidiary of Endo Health Solutions, issued a voluntary nationwide recall for 101 lots of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, USP 10 mg/500 mg. (asahq.org)
  • Ms. Contin 100mg (Morphine Sulfate ) , Percocet 10/325mg ( Oxycodone-Acetaminophen ) , Vicodin Es 7.5/750mg (Hydrocodone-APAP ) , Opana ER 30mg( Oxymorphone ) , We do have others meds though not mention in the above list. (voy.com)
  • Hydrocodone by itself has not been related to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically evident liver injury, nevertheless the combination with acetaminophen has been linked to several cases of acute liver failure due to accidental overdose with acetaminophen. (video-bookmark.com)
  • In the opioid group, the first step was immediate-release morphine, oxycodone, or hydrocodone/acetaminophen. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic opioid, converted from codeine or less often from thebaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the more common types of opioids are hydrocodone (marketed as Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), morphine (Kadian, Avinza) and codeine. (livescience.com)
  • Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic narcotic antitussive and analgesic with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of codeine. (nih.gov)
  • Codeine vs Hydrocodone: Which is more fatal? (datos.org)
  • The most frequently prescribed opioids among women in and specific opioid medication, age group, U.S. geographic both groups were hydrocodone, codeine, and oxycodone. (cdc.gov)
  • codeine (170, 36 percent) and hydrocodone (163, 35 percent) were the most commonly reported opioids. (cdc.gov)
  • Taking certain medications or stopping treatment with certain other medications while you are taking hydrocodone may increase the risk that you will experience breathing problems, sedation, coma, or other serious, life-threatening side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not use alcohol or medications that contain alcohol while you are receiving treatment with HYDROcodone. (drugs.com)
  • The caregiver is likely also the one to coordinate complementary pain therapies and transport the loved one to the additional appointments, which is worth the extra effort if it ensures an older loved one doesn't become dependent or addicted to hydrocodone or other pain medications. (promises.com)
  • Top Quality Medications hydrocodone and naproxen . (linkswalkerextra.com)
  • Taking a higher dose of hydrocodone than intended could result in an increase in the severity or frequency of side effects, such as sedation or respiratory depression, particularly in patients who are elderly, have severe kidney or liver impairment, or are also taking interacting medications, for example other sedating medications or certain antidepressants. (asahq.org)
  • Taking certain medications with a hydrocodone combination product may increase the risk of serious or life-threatening breathing problems, sedation, or coma. (prescriptiongiant.com)
  • If you take a hydrocodone combination product with any of these medications and you develop any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately or seek emergency medical care: unusual dizziness, lightheadedness, extreme sleepiness, slowed or difficult breathing, or unresponsiveness. (prescriptiongiant.com)
  • Drinking alcohol, taking prescription or nonprescription medications that contain alcohol, or using street drugs during your treatment with a hydrocodone combination product increases the risk that you will experience these serious, life-threatening side effects. (prescriptiongiant.com)
  • Hydrocodone is an opioid substance used in many prescription medications to treat cough and pain. (drugabuse.com)
  • A narcotic analgesic or painkiller called Buy Hydrocodone Online was developed from a combination of medications. (speakingtree.in)
  • You should not use this medication if you are allergic to chlorpheniramine, hydrocodone, or phenylephrine, or to other antihistamines, decongestants, or narcotic medications. (health32.com)
  • Hydrocodone 10 mg is equivalent to about 10 mg of morphine by mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrocodone and morphine are often prescribed for high pain occurrences. (livescience.com)
  • Hydrocodone can produce drug dependence of the morphine type and, therefore, has the potential for being abused. (nih.gov)
  • The strength of Hydrocodone is similar to that of morphine. (astronomy.com)
  • Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg oral morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. (nih.gov)
  • Hydrocodone plus homatropine (Hycodan) in the form of small tablets for coughing and especially neuropathic moderate pain (the homatropine, an anticholinergic, is useful in both of those cases and is a deterrent to intentional overdose) was more widely used than Dicodid and was labelled as a cough medicine in the United States whilst Vicodin and similar drugs were the choices for analgesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another measure is the seizure by the DEA of tablets to be analyzed in the DEA laboratory system, at over 1.3 million Hydrocodone tablets in 1997. (drugstrategies.org)
  • Vantrela ER (hydrocodone bitartrate) extended-release tablets are an opioid agonist indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. (rxlist.com)
  • Our Vantrela ER (hydrocodone bitartrate) Extended-Release Tablets Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • Hydrocodone is viewed as less attractive than oxycodone by active abusers despite its high abuse rates among prescription opioid abusers. (redorbit.com)
  • Hydrocodone is a prescription opioid medication doctors prescribe to people suffering from moderate to severe pain. (drugabuse.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oxycodone and Hydrocodone are among the most common drugs involved in prescription opioid overdose deaths. (yubanet.com)
  • The administration of hydrocodone bitartrate and homatropine methylbromide or other narcotics may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Hydrocodone and oxycodone, which are the most commonly prescribed opioids in the US, both have a long history of non-therapeutic purposes and are by far the most popular drugs of choice among abusers. (redorbit.com)
  • According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, hydrocodone drugs are the most common opioids. (livescience.com)
  • The number of senior citizens with drug addiction is on the rise in the United States, and prescription painkillers, such as hydrocodone and other opioids, play a major role in drug problems among the elderly. (promises.com)
  • Prescription opioids were involved in a significant number of the 64,000 drug-overdose deaths in the U.S. in 2016, and senior citizens were among the roughly 3 million people in the U.S. with hydrocodone addiction or other opioid/opiate addiction. (promises.com)
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  • Following a 10 mg oral dose of hydrocodone administered to five adult male subjects, the mean peak concentration was 23.6 ± 5.2 ng/mL. (nih.gov)
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