High Mobility Group Proteins
HMGA1a Protein
HMGA2 Protein
Chironomidae
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
Trout
Chromatin
Histones
DNA
Nucleosomes
HMGA Proteins
DNA-Binding Proteins
Molecular Sequence Data
Micrococcal Nuclease
Cell Nucleus
HMG-Box Domains
Base Sequence
Transcription Factors
Amino Acid Sequence
Protein Binding
Polycomb-Group Proteins
Ducks
Chickens
Transcription, Genetic
HMGN2 Protein
Erythrocytes
HMGA1b Protein
HMGB Proteins
Deoxyribonuclease I
Binding Sites
Testis
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
HeLa Cells
Cattle
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Nuclear Proteins
Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Thymus Gland
Sex-Determining Region Y Protein
Phosphorylation
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
Gene Expression Regulation
HMGB3 Protein
Repressor Proteins
HMGN1 Protein
SOXD Transcription Factors
Kell Blood-Group System
Endotoxemia
SOX Transcription Factors
SOX9 Transcription Factor
Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Activation and repression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) transcription by RB binding proteins. (1/1729)
The Cdk inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a negative regulator of the cell cycle, although its expression is induced by a number of mitogens that promote cell proliferation. We have found that E2F1 and E2F3, transcription factors that activate genes required for cell cycle progression, are strong activators of the p21 promoter. In contrast, HBP1 (HMG-box protein-1), a novel retinoblastoma protein-binding protein, can repress the p21 promoter and inhibit induction of p21 expression by E2F. Both E2Fs and HBP1 regulate p21 transcription through cis-acting elements located between nucleotides -119 to +16 of the p21 promoter and the DNA binding domains of each of these proteins are required for activity. Sequences between -119 and -60 basepairs containing four Sp1 consensus elements and two noncanonical E2F binding sites are of major importance for E2F activation, although E2F1 and E2F3 differ in the extent of their ability to activate expression when this segment is deleted. The opposing effects of E2Fs and HBP1 on p21 promoter activity suggest that interplay between these factors may determine the level of p21 transcription in vivo. (+info)From head to toes: the multiple facets of Sox proteins. (2/1729)
Sox proteins belong to the HMG box superfamily of DNA-binding proteins and are found throughout the animal kingdom. They are involved in the regulation of such diverse developmental processes as germ layer formation, organ development and cell type specifi-cation. Hence, deletion or mutation of Sox proteins often results in developmental defects and congenital disease in humans. Sox proteins perform their function in a complex interplay with other transcription factors in a manner highly dependent on cell type and promoter context. They exhibit a remarkable crosstalk and functional redundancy among each other. (+info)Hmo1p, a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, genetically and physically interacts with the yeast FKBP12 prolyl isomerase. (3/1729)
The immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin bind to the cellular protein FKBP12, and the resulting FKBP12-drug complexes inhibit signal transduction. FKBP12 is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, abundant enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting step in protein folding: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. However, FKBP12 is dispensible for viability in both yeast and mice, and therefore does not play an essential role in protein folding. The functions of FKBP12 may involve interactions with a number of partner proteins, and a few proteins that interact with FKBP12 in the absence of FK506 or rapamycin have been identified, including the ryanodine receptor, aspartokinase, and the type II TGF-beta receptor; however, none of these are conserved from yeast to humans. To identify other targets and functions of FKBP12, we have screened for mutations that are synthetically lethal with an FKBP12 mutation in yeast. We find that mutations in HMO1, which encodes a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, are synthetically lethal with mutations in the yeast FPR1 gene encoding FKBP12. Deltahmo1 and Deltafpr1 mutants share two phenotypes: an increased rate of plasmid loss and slow growth. In addition, Hmo1p and FKBP12 physically interact in FKBP12 affinity chromatography experiments, and two-hybrid experiments suggest that FKBP12 regulates Hmo1p-Hmo1p or Hmo1p-DNA interactions. Because HMG1/2 proteins are conserved from yeast to humans, our findings suggest that FKBP12-HMG1/2 interactions could represent the first conserved function of FKBP12 other than mediating FK506 and rapamycin actions. (+info)Structural and functional characterization of the mouse Sox9 promoter: implications for campomelic dysplasia. (4/1729)
Mutations in SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia (CD), a dominant skeletal dysmorphology and XY sex reversal syndrome. The CD phenotype is sensitive to dosage and expression levels of SOX9. Sox9 is expressed during chondrocyte differentiation and is up-regulated in male and down-regulated in female genital ridges during sex differentiation. In order to study the sex- and tissue-specific regulation of Sox9, we have defined the transcription start site and characterized the mouse Sox9 promoter region. The Sox9 proximal promoter shows moderately high nucleotide similarity between mouse and human. Transient transfection experiments using various deletion constructs of the 6.8 kb upstream region of mouse Sox9 fused to a luciferase reporter showed that the interval between 193 and 73 bp from the transcription start site is essential for maximal promoter activity in cell lines and in primary male and female gonadal somatic cells and liver cells isolated from 13.5 d.p.c. mouse embryos. This minimal promoter region was shown by DNase I hypersensitive site assay to be in an 'open' state of chromatin structure in gonads of both sexes, but not in the liver. Promoter activity was higher in testis than in ovary and liver, but deletion of the region from -193 to -73 bp abolished this difference. We conclude that the proximal promoter region is in part responsible for the sex- and tissue-specific expression of the Sox9 gene and that more distal positive and negative elements contribute to its regulation in vivo, consistent with the observation that translocations upstream from SOX9 can result in campomelic dysplasia. (+info)The ciD mutation encodes a chimeric protein whose activity is regulated by Wingless signaling. (5/1729)
The Drosophila cubitus interruptus (ci) gene encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of Hedgehog (Hh) target genes. Activity of the Ci protein is posttranslationally regulated by Hh signaling. In animals homozygous for the ciD mutation, however, transcription of Hh target genes is regulated by Wingless (Wg) signaling rather than by Hh signaling. We show that ciD encodes a chimeric protein composed of the regulatory domain of dTCF/Pangolin (Pan) and the DNA binding domain of Ci. Pan is a Wg-regulated transcription factor that is activated by binding of Armadillo (Arm) to its regulatory domain. Arm is thought to activate Pan by contributing a transactivation domain. We find that a constitutively active form of Arm potentiates activity of a CiD transgene and coimmunoprecipitates with CiD protein. The Wg-responsive activity of CiD could be explained by recruitment of the Arm transactivation function to the promoters of Hh-target genes. We suggest that wild-type Ci also recruits a protein with a transactivation domain as part of its normal mechanism of activation. (+info)The Sox10(Dom) mouse: modeling the genetic variation of Waardenburg-Shah (WS4) syndrome. (6/1729)
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a multigenic neurocristopathy clinically recognized by aganglionosis of the distal gastrointestinal tract. Patients presenting with aganglionosis in association with hypopigmentation are classified as Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (Waardenburg-Shah, WS4). Variability in the disease phenotype of WS4 patients with equivalent mutations suggests the influence of genetic modifier loci in this disorder. Sox10(Dom)/+ mice exhibit variability of aganglionosis and hypopigmentation influenced by genetic background similar to that observed in WS4 patients. We have constructed Sox10(Dom)/+ congenic lines to segregate loci that modify the neural crest defects in these mice. Consistent with previous studies, increased lethality of Sox10(Dom)/+ animals resulted from a C57BL/6J locus(i). However, we also observed an increase in hypopigmentation in conjunction with a C3HeB/FeJLe-a/a locus(i). Linkage analysis localized a hypopigmentation modifier of the Dom phenotype to mouse chromosome 10 in close proximity to a previously reported modifier of hypopigmentation for the endothelin receptor B mouse model of WS4. To evaluate further the role of SOX10 in development and disease, we have performed comparative genomic analyses. An essential role for this gene in neural crest development is supported by zoo blot hybridizations that reveal extensive conservation throughout vertebrate evolution and by similar Northern blot expression profiles between mouse and man. Comparative sequence analysis of the mouse and human SOX10 gene have defined the exon-intron boundaries of SOX10 and facilitated mutation analysis leading to the identification of two new SOX10 mutations in individuals with WS4. Structural analysis of the HMG DNA-binding domain was performed to evaluate the effect of human mutations in this region. (+info)Multiple layers of cooperativity regulate enhanceosome-responsive RNA polymerase II transcription complex assembly. (7/1729)
Two coordinate forms of transcriptional synergy mediate eukaryotic gene regulation: the greater-than-additive transcriptional response to multiple promoter-bound activators, and the sigmoidal response to increasing activator concentration. The mechanism underlying the sigmoidal response has not been elucidated but is almost certainly founded on the cooperative binding of activators and the general machinery to DNA. Here we explore that mechanism by using highly purified transcription factor preparations and a strong Epstein-Barr virus promoter, BHLF-1, regulated by the virally encoded activator ZEBRA. We demonstrate that two layers of cooperative binding govern transcription complex assembly. First, the architectural proteins HMG-1 and -2 mediate cooperative formation of an enhanceosome containing ZEBRA and cellular Sp1. This enhanceosome then recruits transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) and TFIID to the promoter to form the DA complex. The DA complex, however, stimulates assembly of the enhanceosome itself such that the entire reaction can occur in a highly concerted manner. The data reveal the importance of reciprocal cooperative interactions among activators and the general machinery in eukaryotic gene regulation. (+info)Specific binding of high-mobility-group I (HMGI) protein and histone H1 to the upstream AT-rich region of the murine beta interferon promoter: HMGI protein acts as a potential antirepressor of the promoter. (8/1729)
The high-mobility-group I (HMGI) protein is a nonhistone component of active chromatin. In this work, we demonstrate that HMGI protein specifically binds to the AT-rich region of the murine beta interferon (IFN-beta) promoter localized upstream of the murine virus-responsive element (VRE). Contrary to what has been described for the human promoter, HMGI protein did not specifically bind to the VRE of the murine IFN-beta promoter. Stably transfected promoters carrying mutations on this HMGI binding site displayed delayed virus-induced kinetics of transcription. When integrated into chromatin, the mutated promoter remained repressed and never reached normal transcriptional activity. Such a phenomenon was not observed with transiently transfected promoters upon which chromatin was only partially reconstituted. Using UV footprinting, we show that the upstream AT-rich sequences of the murine IFN-beta promoter constitute a preferential binding region for histone H1. Transfection with a plasmid carrying scaffold attachment regions as well as incubation with distamycin led to the derepression of the IFN-beta promoter stably integrated into chromatin. In vitro, HMGI protein was able to displace histone H1 from the upstream AT-rich region of the wild-type promoter but not from the promoter carrying mutations on the upstream high-affinity HMGI binding site. Our results suggest that the binding of histone H1 to the upstream AT-rich region of the promoter might be partly responsible for the constitutive repression of the promoter. The displacement by HMGI protein of histone H1 could help to convert the IFN-beta promoter from a repressed to an active state. (+info)High mobility group proteins (HMG proteins) are a family of nuclear proteins that are characterized by their ability to bind to DNA and influence its structure and function. They are named "high mobility" because of their rapid movement in gel electrophoresis. HMG proteins are involved in various nuclear processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcription regulation, and DNA repair.
There are three main classes of HMG proteins: HMGA, HMGB, and HMGN. Each class has distinct structural features and functions. For example, HMGA proteins have a unique "AT-hook" domain that allows them to bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences, while HMGB proteins have two "HMG-box" domains that enable them to bend and unwind DNA.
HMG proteins play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, inflammation, and cancer. Dysregulation of HMG protein function has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of HMG proteins is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a non-histone chromosomal protein that is widely expressed in various cell types, including immune cells and nucleated cells. It plays a crucial role in the maintenance of nucleosome structure and stability, regulation of gene transcription, and DNA replication and repair. HMGB1 can be actively secreted by activated immune cells or passively released from necrotic or damaged cells. Once outside the cell, it functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that binds to various receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), on immune cells, leading to the activation of inflammatory responses and the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. HMGB1 has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and neurological disorders.
High Mobility Group AT-Hook 1 (HMGA1) is a non-histone chromosomal protein that belongs to the HMGA family. The HMGA proteins are characterized by their ability to bind to AT-rich regions in the minor groove of DNA and modulate the chromatin structure, thereby regulating gene transcription.
The HMGA1 protein exists in two isoforms, HMGA1a and HMGA1b, which differ in their amino acid sequences due to alternative splicing of the HMGA1 pre-mRNA. The HMGA1a isoform has 108 amino acids, while HMGA1b has 109 amino acids.
HMGA1 proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of HMGA1 expression has been implicated in several human diseases, such as cancer, where it functions as a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in tumorigenesis.
High Mobility Group Box 2 (HMGB2) protein is a member of the high mobility group box family, which are nuclear proteins that function as architectural chromatin-binding factors. HMGB2 protein has been shown to play roles in DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. It can also be released from cells under conditions of stress or injury, where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, contributing to inflammation and immune responses. HMGB2 is highly expressed during embryonic development and in certain types of adult stem cells, suggesting roles in development and tissue regeneration.
High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2) protein is a non-histone chromatin protein that belongs to the HMGA family. This protein contains structural DNA-binding domains called AT-hooks, which allow it to bind to the minor groove of AT-rich sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of genes.
HMGA2 protein plays a crucial role in regulating gene transcription, chromatin architecture, and nuclear organization during development and differentiation. It is involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Moreover, HMGA2 has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, where its overexpression is often associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior.
In summary, HMGA2 protein is a DNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression and is involved in development, differentiation, and disease, particularly cancer.
Chironomidae is a family of nematoceran flies, also known as non-biting midges or lake flies. They are often mistaken for mosquitoes due to their similar appearance, but they do not bite and are not vectors for disease. Chironomidae species can be found in various aquatic habitats such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The larvae of these flies are an important food source for many fish and other aquatic organisms. Adult chironomids are also known to emerge in large numbers in a synchronized fashion, particularly near bodies of water, which can be a nuisance to nearby human populations.
Chromosomal proteins, non-histone, are a diverse group of proteins that are associated with chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins, but do not have the characteristic structure of histones. These proteins play important roles in various nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome condensation and segregation during cell division. They can be broadly classified into several categories based on their functions, including architectural proteins, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural proteins. Examples of non-histone chromosomal proteins include high mobility group (HMG) proteins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and condensins.
High Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding (HMGN) proteins are a group of small, non-histone chromosomal proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are involved in the regulation of gene transcription, DNA replication, and repair by binding to nucleosomes and altering the structure of chromatin. HMGN proteins have been shown to facilitate the access of transcription factors to their target sites on the DNA, thereby playing a crucial role in the control of gene expression. They are also known to be involved in the maintenance of genome stability and are associated with various chromatin-related processes, including chromosomal organization and dynamics.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trout" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Trout is a common name that refers to several species of freshwater fish belonging to the salmonid family. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Chromatin is the complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that make up the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for packaging the long DNA molecules into a more compact form that fits within the nucleus. Chromatin is made up of repeating units called nucleosomes, which consist of a histone protein octamer wrapped tightly by DNA. The structure of chromatin can be altered through chemical modifications to the histone proteins and DNA, which can influence gene expression and other cellular processes.
Histones are highly alkaline proteins found in the chromatin of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in basic amino acid residues, such as arginine and lysine, which give them their positive charge. Histones play a crucial role in packaging DNA into a more compact structure within the nucleus by forming a complex with it called a nucleosome. Each nucleosome contains about 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of eight histone proteins (two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The N-terminal tails of these histones are subject to various post-translational modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, which can influence chromatin structure and gene expression. Histone variants also exist, which can contribute to the regulation of specific genes and other nuclear processes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, consisting of a segment of DNA coiled around an octamer of histone proteins. This structure forms a repeating pattern along the length of the DNA molecule, with each nucleosome resembling a "bead on a string" when viewed under an electron microscope. The histone octamer is composed of two each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and the DNA wraps around it approximately 1.65 times. Nucleosomes play a crucial role in compacting the large DNA molecule within the nucleus and regulating access to the DNA for processes such as transcription, replication, and repair.
High Mobility Group AT-hook (HMGA) proteins are a family of non-histone chromatin proteins that play crucial roles in the regulation of gene transcription. They are characterized by their small size, highly basic nature, and the presence of unique structural domains called AT-hooks, which allow them to bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences.
HMGA proteins include HMGA1 (also known as HMG-I/Y) and HMGA2, both of which have similar structures and functions. They can modulate chromatin structure and architecture by bending and looping DNA, thereby facilitating the assembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes on specific target genes. This can lead to either activation or repression of gene expression, depending on the context and interacting partners.
HMGA proteins have been implicated in various cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and development. Dysregulation of HMGA protein expression has been associated with several human diseases, including cancer, where they often exhibit altered expression levels and contribute to oncogenic phenotypes.
DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.
The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.
DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Micrococcal Nuclease is a type of extracellular endonuclease enzyme that is produced by certain species of bacteria, including Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. This enzyme is capable of cleaving double-stranded DNA into smaller fragments, particularly at sites with exposed phosphate groups on the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Micrococcal Nuclease has a preference for cleaving DNA at regions rich in adenine and thymine (A-T) bases, and it can also degrade RNA. It is often used in molecular biology research as a tool to digest and remove unwanted nucleic acids from samples, such as during the preparation of plasmid DNA or chromatin for further analysis.
The enzyme has an optimum temperature of around 37°C and requires calcium ions for its activity. It is also relatively resistant to denaturation by heat, detergents, and organic solvents, making it a useful reagent in various biochemical and molecular biology applications.
The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in the eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules in complex with proteins, RNA molecules, and histones to form chromosomes.
The primary function of the cell nucleus is to regulate and control the activities of the cell, including growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction. It also plays a crucial role in the process of mitosis (cell division) by separating and protecting the genetic material during this process. The nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, surrounding the nucleus is composed of two lipid bilayers with numerous pores that allow for the selective transport of molecules between the nucleoplasm (nucleus interior) and the cytoplasm (cell exterior).
The cell nucleus is a vital structure in eukaryotic cells, and its dysfunction can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
High Mobility Group (HMG) box domains are a type of DNA-binding domain found in various proteins, including transcription factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes. These domains are named after the High Mobility Group (HMG) proteins where they were first identified. HMG-box domains are characterized by their ability to bind to specific DNA structures, such as minisatellites and bent or unwound DNA, rather than specific DNA sequences. They typically contain around 80 amino acids and have a characteristic L-shaped structure, which allows them to recognize and interact with the minor groove of DNA. HMG-box domains play important roles in various nuclear processes, including transcription regulation, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.
In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.
Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.
Nucleoproteins are complexes formed by the association of proteins with nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These complexes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as packaging and protecting genetic material, regulating gene expression, and replication and repair of DNA. In these complexes, proteins interact with nucleic acids through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and other non-covalent interactions, leading to the formation of stable structures that help maintain the integrity and function of the genetic material. Some well-known examples of nucleoproteins include histones, which are involved in DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, and reverse transcriptase, an enzyme found in retroviruses that transcribes RNA into DNA.
Polycomb-group proteins (PcG proteins) are a set of conserved epigenetic regulators that play crucial roles in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. They were initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster as factors required for maintaining the repressed state of homeotic genes, which are important for proper body segment identity and pattern formation.
PcG proteins function as part of large multi-protein complexes, called Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRCs), that can be divided into two main types: PRC1 and PRC2. These complexes mediate the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a chromatin modification associated with transcriptionally repressed genes.
PRC2, which contains the core proteins EZH1 or EZH2, SUZ12, and EED, is responsible for depositing H3K27me3 marks. PRC1, on the other hand, recognizes and binds to these H3K27me3 marks through its chromodomain-containing subunit CBX. PRC1 then ubiquitinates histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub), further reinforcing the repressed state of target genes.
PcG proteins are essential for normal development, as they help maintain cell fate decisions and prevent the inappropriate expression of genes that could lead to tumorigenesis or other developmental abnormalities. Dysregulation of PcG protein function has been implicated in various human cancers, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
"Ducks" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a group of birds that belong to the family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese. Some ducks are hunted for their meat, feathers, or down, but they do not have any specific medical relevance. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information!
"Chickens" is a common term used to refer to the domesticated bird, Gallus gallus domesticus, which is widely raised for its eggs and meat. However, in medical terms, "chickens" is not a standard term with a specific definition. If you have any specific medical concern or question related to chickens, such as food safety or allergies, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate answer.
Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.
During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.
Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.
High Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 2 (HMGN2) protein is a member of the High Mobility Group (HMG) family of non-histone chromosomal proteins. These proteins are characterized by their small size, high mobility, and ability to bind DNA.
HMGN2 protein, also known as NSBP1 or HMG-14, is a 14 kDa protein that can bend and unwind the DNA double helix, thereby modulating the accessibility of DNA to other proteins involved in transcription, replication, and repair processes. It has been shown to play a role in the regulation of gene expression, chromatin structure and function, and DNA damage response.
HMGN2 protein is highly conserved across species and is widely expressed in various tissues and cell types. Dysregulation of HMGN2 protein has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.
In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.
Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.
High Mobility Group AT-Hook 1b (HMGA1b) protein is a subtype of the HMGA1 protein, which belongs to the High Mobility Group AT-hook (HMGA) family of non-histone chromatin proteins. These proteins are characterized by their ability to bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences and modulate chromatin structure and gene expression.
The HMGA1 protein exists in two isoforms, HMGA1a and HMGA1b, which are generated through alternative splicing of the same gene. Both isoforms share a similar structure, consisting of three AT-hook DNA binding domains and a C-terminal acidic tail. However, they differ in their N-terminal regions, with HMGA1b having a unique 29-amino acid sequence that is not present in HMGA1a.
HMGA1 proteins play important roles in various cellular processes, including transcription regulation, DNA replication, and repair. Dysregulation of HMGA1 expression has been implicated in several human diseases, such as cancer, where it can act as a potent oncogene by promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins are a family of nuclear proteins that are highly conserved and expressed in eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, and maintenance of nucleosome structure. HMGB proteins contain two positively charged DNA-binding domains (HMG boxes) and a negatively charged acidic tail. These proteins can bind to DNA in a variety of ways, bending it and altering its structure, which in turn affects the binding of other proteins and the transcriptional activity of genes. HMGB proteins can also be released from cells under conditions of stress or injury, where they act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and contribute to the inflammatory response.
Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) is an enzyme that cleaves the phosphodiester bonds in the DNA molecule, breaking it down into smaller pieces. It is also known as DNase A or bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the internucleotide linkages of DNA by cleaving the phosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of one deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group of another, leaving 3'-phosphomononucleotides as products.
DNase I plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death), DNA repair, and host defense against pathogens by breaking down extracellular DNA from invading microorganisms or damaged cells. It is widely used in molecular biology research for applications such as DNA isolation, removing contaminating DNA from RNA samples, and generating defined DNA fragments for cloning purposes. DNase I can be found in various sources, including bovine pancreas, human tears, and bacterial cultures.
In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.
The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.
In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.
The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.
Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.
Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.
Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.
In this process:
1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.
EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.
HeLa cells are a type of immortalized cell line used in scientific research. They are derived from a cancer that developed in the cervical tissue of Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman, in 1951. After her death, cells taken from her tumor were found to be capable of continuous division and growth in a laboratory setting, making them an invaluable resource for medical research.
HeLa cells have been used in a wide range of scientific studies, including research on cancer, viruses, genetics, and drug development. They were the first human cell line to be successfully cloned and are able to grow rapidly in culture, doubling their population every 20-24 hours. This has made them an essential tool for many areas of biomedical research.
It is important to note that while HeLa cells have been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs, the story of their origin raises ethical questions about informed consent and the use of human tissue in research.
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.
Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.
The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.
Nuclear proteins are a category of proteins that are primarily found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. They play crucial roles in various nuclear functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, and RNA processing. This group includes structural proteins like lamins, which form the nuclear lamina, and regulatory proteins, such as histones and transcription factors, that are involved in gene expression. Nuclear localization signals (NLS) often help target these proteins to the nucleus by interacting with importin proteins during active transport across the nuclear membrane.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, primarily through the process of histone modification. It is associated with the maintenance of gene repression during development and differentiation. PRC1 facilitates the monoubiquitination of histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1), leading to chromatin compaction and transcriptional silencing. This complex is composed of several core subunits, including BMI1, RING1A/B, and one of the six PCGF proteins, which define different PRC1 variants. Dysregulation of PRC1 has been implicated in various human diseases, such as cancers and developmental disorders.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.
The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.
The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.
Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.
The Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in male sex determination. It is encoded by the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome in humans and many other mammal species. The primary function of the SRY protein is to initiate the development of the testes during embryonic development.
In the absence of a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into ovaries. With a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into testes, which then produce androgens, including testosterone, that are necessary for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Mutations in the SRY gene can lead to sex reversal, where an individual with a Y chromosome develops as a female due to non-functional or absent SRY protein.
Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is a multi-protein complex that plays a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, primarily through the modification of histone proteins. It is named after the Polycomb group genes that were initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) due to their involvement in maintaining the repressed state of homeotic genes during development.
The core components of PRC2 include:
1. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) or its paralog EZH1: These are histone methyltransferases that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27). The trimethylation of this residue (H3K27me3) is a hallmark of PRC2-mediated repression.
2. Suppressor of Zeste 12 (SUZ12): This protein is essential for the stability and methyltransferase activity of the complex.
3. Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED): This protein recognizes and binds to the H3K27me3 mark, enhancing the methyltransferase activity of EZH2/EZH1 and promoting the spreading of the repressive mark along chromatin.
4. Retinoblastoma-associated Protein 46/48 (RbAP46/48): These are histone binding proteins that facilitate the interaction between PRC2 and nucleosomes, thereby contributing to the specificity of its targeting.
PRC2 is involved in various cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and development, by modulating the expression of genes critical for these functions. Dysregulation of PRC2 has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancers, where it often exhibits aberrant activity or mislocalization, leading to altered gene expression profiles.
'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
High Mobility Group Box 3 (HMGB3) protein, also known as HMG-IY, is a member of the high mobility group box (HMGB) family of proteins. These proteins are characterized by their ability to bind to DNA and function as architectural factors in the regulation of gene transcription, DNA replication, and repair.
HMGB3 protein is widely expressed in various tissues, including the testis, brain, heart, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney. It has been implicated in several biological processes, such as embryonic development, cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. HMGB3 can act as a transcriptional regulator by binding to specific DNA sequences and interacting with other proteins involved in gene expression.
In cancer, HMGB3 has been found to be overexpressed in several types of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer. High levels of HMGB3 have been associated with poor prognosis, increased tumor growth, and metastasis. Therefore, HMGB3 is considered a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
Repressor proteins are a type of regulatory protein in molecular biology that suppress the transcription of specific genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) by binding to DNA. They function as part of gene regulation processes, often working in conjunction with an operator region and a promoter region within the DNA molecule. Repressor proteins can be activated or deactivated by various signals, allowing for precise control over gene expression in response to changing cellular conditions.
There are two main types of repressor proteins:
1. DNA-binding repressors: These directly bind to specific DNA sequences (operator regions) near the target gene and prevent RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene into mRNA.
2. Allosteric repressors: These bind to effector molecules, which then cause a conformational change in the repressor protein, enabling it to bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.
Repressor proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as development, metabolism, and stress response, by controlling gene expression patterns in cells.
High Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 1 (HMGN1) protein is a member of the High Mobility Group (HMG) family, which are small, non-histone chromosomal proteins that play important roles in regulating DNA-based processes such as transcription, replication, and repair.
HMGN1 protein is specifically involved in modulating chromatin structure and function by binding to nucleosomes, the repeating units of chromatin, and promoting their disassociation into smaller, more accessible subunits. This action enhances the accessibility of DNA to regulatory proteins and enzymes, thereby influencing gene expression and other nuclear processes.
HMGN1 protein has also been implicated in various cellular responses, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of HMGN1 protein function has been associated with several human diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders.
SOXD (SRY-related HMG box gene D) transcription factors are a subgroup of the SOX family of proteins that regulate gene expression during development and differentiation. The SOXD group includes two closely related members, SOX5 and SOX6, which contain a highly conserved HMG (high mobility group) DNA-binding domain. These transcription factors play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as chondrogenesis, neurogenesis, and spermatogenesis, by binding to specific DNA sequences and regulating the transcription of target genes. SOX5 and SOX6 can form heterodimers or homodimers and interact with other transcription factors and cofactors to modulate their activities, contributing to the precise control of gene expression during development.
The Kell blood-group system is one of the human blood group systems, which is a set of red blood cell antigens (proteins or carbohydrates) found on the surface of red blood cells. The Kell system consists of more than 30 antigens, but the two most important ones are K and k.
The Kell antigen is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that if an individual inherits one Kell antigen from either parent, they will express the Kell antigen on their red blood cells. The k antigen is a weaker form of the Kell antigen and is also inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Individuals who are Kell positive (K+) can produce antibodies against the Kell antigen if they are exposed to it through blood transfusion or pregnancy. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies with a Kell-negative (K-) fetus.
Therefore, it is important to determine the Kell status of both donors and recipients in blood transfusions and pregnant women to prevent complications.
Endotoxemia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream. Endotoxins are toxic substances that are found in the cell walls of certain types of bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria. They are released into the circulation when the bacteria die or multiply, and can cause a variety of symptoms such as fever, inflammation, low blood pressure, and organ failure.
Endotoxemia is often seen in patients with severe bacterial infections, sepsis, or septic shock. It can also occur after certain medical procedures, such as surgery or dialysis, that may allow bacteria from the gut to enter the bloodstream. In some cases, endotoxemia may be a result of a condition called "leaky gut syndrome," in which the lining of the intestines becomes more permeable, allowing endotoxins and other harmful substances to pass into the bloodstream.
Endotoxemia can be diagnosed through various tests, including blood cultures, measurement of endotoxin levels in the blood, and assessment of inflammatory markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the underlying bacterial infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
SOX (SRY-related HMG box) transcription factors are a family of proteins that regulate gene expression during embryonic development and in adult tissues. They contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain, the HMG box, which allows them to bind to specific DNA sequences and influence the transcription of nearby genes. SOX proteins play critical roles in various biological processes such as cell fate determination, differentiation, proliferation, and survival.
SOX transcription factors are classified into several groups (A-H) based on their sequence similarities and functional redundancies. Some well-known members of this family include SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, SOX4, SOX9, SOX10, and SOX17. These proteins often form complexes with other transcription factors or cofactors to modulate their target genes' expression.
Dysregulation of SOX transcription factors has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, developmental disorders, and degenerative conditions. For example, SOX2 overexpression is associated with certain types of tumors, while mutations in the SOX9 gene can cause campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal disorder.
SOX9 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 9) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SOX family of proteins, which are characterized by a high mobility group (HMG) box DNA-binding domain. SOX9 plays crucial roles in various developmental processes, including sex determination, chondrogenesis, and neurogenesis.
As a transcription factor, SOX9 binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of its target genes and regulates their expression. In the context of sex determination, SOX9 is essential for the development of Sertoli cells in the male gonad, which are responsible for supporting sperm production. SOX9 also plays a role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of stem cells and promoting cell differentiation in various tissues.
Mutations in the SOX9 gene have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal disorder characterized by bowed legs, and sex reversal in individuals with XY chromosomes.
Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1 (LEF1) is a protein that functions as a transcription factor, playing a crucial role in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is involved in the regulation of gene expression, particularly during embryonic development and immune system function. LEF1 helps control the differentiation and proliferation of certain cells, including B and T lymphocytes, which are essential for adaptive immunity. Mutations in the LEF1 gene have been associated with various human diseases, such as cancer and immunodeficiency disorders.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a type of protein found on the surface of some cells in the human body, including immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. It belongs to a class of proteins called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a crucial role in the innate immune system's response to infection.
TLR4 recognizes and responds to specific molecules found on gram-negative bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin. When TLR4 binds to LPS, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of immune cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and initiation of the adaptive immune response.
TLR4 is an essential component of the body's defense against gram-negative bacterial infections, but its overactivation can also contribute to the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancer.
T-cell transcription factor 1 (TFH1), also known as TCF7, is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and function of T cells, which are a type of white blood cell involved in immune response. TFH1 is a transcription factor, meaning it binds to specific regions of DNA and helps control the expression of genes involved in T cell activation, differentiation, and survival.
TFH1 is part of a family of transcription factors called basic helix-loop-helix proteins, which are characterized by a conserved region known as the bHLH domain. This domain allows TFH1 to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. In T cells, TFH1 helps control the expression of genes involved in T cell activation and differentiation, including those that encode cytokine receptors and other transcription factors.
Mutations in the gene that encodes TFH1 (TCF7) have been associated with various immune disorders, including autoimmune diseases and primary immunodeficiencies. Additionally, recent research has suggested that TFH1 may play a role in cancer biology, as it has been shown to be upregulated in certain types of tumors and may contribute to tumor growth and progression.
High mobility group protein HMG14 and HMG17
Hepatoma-derived growth factor
HMGN2
HMGXB4
TOX
HMG20B
HMGB1
DNA-binding domain
TFAM
Persistence length
Nucleosome
DNA-binding protein
Worm-like chain
HMGB2
Chromatin
HMGN1
Single-molecule experiment
Optical tweezers
Innate immune system
Damage-associated molecular pattern
AT-hook
Coronary thrombosis
HMGA1
Structure specific recognition protein 1
HMGA
HN1 (gene)
DAP (gene)
POU3F1
POU2F1
RAGE (receptor)
High mobility group protein HMG14 and HMG17 - Wikipedia
High Mobility Group B Proteins, Their Partners, and Other Redox Sensors in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer
OBJECTIVE High-mobility group package-1 (HMGB1) proteins is a nuclear DNA-binding proteins - Stem cell application on skin...
Molecular Vision: High-mobility group box 1 protein is implicated in advanced glycation end products-induced vascular ...
idUS - The high mobility group protein HMG20A cooperates with the histone reader PHF14 to modulate TGF and Hippo pathways
Nucleoproteins - High Mobility Group Proteins | CU Experts | CU Boulder
Blebs produced by actin-myosin contraction during apoptosis release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins before...
Domain-domain interactions in high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1)
A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif
Human HMGA2(High Mobility Group AT Hook Protein 2) ELISA Kit - LipidX
Dog HMGA1(High Mobility Group AT Hook Protein 1) ELISA Kit - Gencyst
Dog HMG1(High Mobility Group Protein 1) ELISA Kit - Orbital Biosciences online
Recombinant Human High Mobility Group Protein B1/HMGB1 (N-MARI) | Bon Opus Biosciences
Frontiers | Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Treatments
1aab.1 | SWISS-MODEL Template Library
1hsn.1 | SWISS-MODEL Template Library
Short Talk: High Mobility Group A1 Chromatin Remodeling Proteins Drive Progression in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms through...
Negative inotropic effects of high-mobility group box 1 protein in isolated contracting cardiac myocytes<...
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can - nhibition of Hepatitis C Virus Replication
The Long Acidic Tail of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein Forms an Extended and Flexible Structure That Interacts with...
The acquired blot was subsequently incubated with primary antibodies for high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1;...
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Hmg 2 Nicolas Sfintescu
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HMGB122
- The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. (hindawi.com)
- HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- OBJECTIVE High-mobility group package-1 (HMGB1) proteins is a nuclear DNA-binding proteins released from necrotic cells, inducing inflammatory reactions and promoting cells restoration and angiogenesis. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- CONCLUSIONS 476310-60-8 The outcomes of this research display that endogenous HMGB1 is vital for ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetic mice which HMGB1 proteins administration enhances security blood circulation in the ischemic hind limbs of diabetic mice through a VEGF-dependent system. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- High-mobility group package-1 (HMGB1) is usually a nuclear proteins that functions as a cytokine when released in to the extracellular milieu by necrotic and inflammatory cells, and it is involved with inflammatory reactions and tissue restoration (4). (exposed-skin-care.net)
- HMGB1 function is usually modified in diabetes, as well as the signaling systems brought on by this proteins are not completely understood. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been reported to be a potent proangiogenic factor induced by inflammatory stress. (molvis.org)
- The expression of HMGB1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was assessed with immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. (molvis.org)
- High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released from necrotic cells or macrophages functions as a late inflammatory mediator and has been shown to induce cardiovascular collapse during sepsis. (houstonmethodist.org)
- High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can also act as an extracellular trigger of inflammation, proliferation, and migration in eye diseases. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- Several studies indicate that ocular diseases have a close relationship with autoimmune reactions and inflammatory responses [2C5], and a key protein in such processes is high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) [6C8]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- HMGB1 is a DNA-binding nuclear protein discovered over 30 years ago [9C11]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- HMGB1 was identified as a nonhistone chromatin-binding protein about 30 years ago [9C11]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- HMGB1 is a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) chromosomal protein family [28]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- High\mobility group package 1 (HMGB1) is definitely a damage\connected molecular pattern released from dying cells. (bioinbrief.com)
- In addition, extracellular HMGB1 protein is definitely a well\known proinflammatory cytokine elevated in the synovial fluid of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. (bioinbrief.com)
- Here, HMGB1 protein levels were significantly higher in the synovial fluid of individuals with LCPD by threefold compared with settings (RNA in human being chondrocytes significantly repressed inteleukin\1 (IL\1) gene manifestation, but not IL\6. (bioinbrief.com)
- Protein concentration of HMGB1 in the synovial fluid of individuals with LCPD (n = 8) and control (n = 5) was measured without the treatment of hyaluronidase following a teaching using the HMGB1 ELISA kit (IBL International, Hamburg, Germany). (bioinbrief.com)
- 高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1 protein, HMGB1)作为晚期炎症介质, 具 (wjgnet.com)
- The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between follicular fluid (FF) levels of high‑mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and the reproductive outcome in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Lotze MT and Tracey KJ: High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): Nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Spinal high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) plays crucial roles in arthritis-induced pain, however the involvement of peripheral HMGB1 has not been examined previously. (iasp-pain.org)
Chromatin8
- High mobility group (HMG) proteins constitute a family of relatively low molecular weight non-histone components in chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
- The SMART signature describes a nucleosomal binding domain, which facilitates binding of proteins to nucleosomes in chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
- These findings led to the suggestion that this domain, common to NBP-45, HMG14 and HMG17 is responsible for binding of the proteins to nucleosomes in chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
- High mobility group (HMG) proteins are chromatin regulators with essential functions in development, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. (us.es)
- In addition to nucleosomes, chromatin contains non-histone chromatin-associated proteins, of which the high-mobility group proteins are the most abundant. (nature.com)
- Although HMG proteins do not possess intrinsic transcriptional activity, they are called architectural transcription factors because they modulate the transcription of their target genes by altering the chromatin structure at the promoter and/or enhancers 15 . (nature.com)
- Mariana Torrente received dual bachelor degrees in Chemistry and Biochemistry from the Florida Institute of Technology in 2005 and her Ph.D. in Chemistry in 2010 from Princeton University where she comprehensively cataloged chromatin proteins -particularly histones- during biologically significant processes using high-end mass spectrometry proteomics. (cuny.edu)
- They form into a protein complex that has helicase activity and is involved in a variety of DNA-related functions including replication elongation, RNA transcription, chromatin remodeling, and genome stability. (bvsalud.org)
Mitogen-activa1
- The transcriptional repressor HBP1 is a target of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cell cycle regulation. (nih.gov)
Chromosomal Proteins1
- HMG chromosomal proteins are divided into the three superfamilies HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA [29]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
HMG14
- The high mobility group protein HMG1 is a conserved chromosomal protein with two homologous DNA-binding domains, A and B, and an acidic carboxy-terminal tail, C. The structure of isolated domains A and B has been previously determined by NMR, but the interactions of the different domains within the complete protein were unknown. (unisr.it)
- It shares homology with the mating-type protein, Mc, from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a conserved DNA-binding motif present in the nuclear high-mobility-group proteins HMG1 and HMG2. (nih.gov)
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig High Mobility Group Protein 1 (HMG1) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids. (orbitalbiosciences.com)
- Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Pig High Mobility Group Protein 1 (HMG1) in samples from Serum, plasma and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (orbitalbiosciences.com)
Nucleic acids1
- Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
Polypeptides3
- We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)
- The binding activity expressed in embryos was apparently unrelated to human DNA repair damage-recognition proteins XPA、RPA-70 and RPA-32, since those polypeptides recognized by an anti-human XPA、RPA-70 and RPA-32 antibody were detected only in 84-h-old zebrafish extracts. (ncl.edu.tw)
- Identification of one 50.2 and one 29-kDa UV-damage-DNA binding factor in 12-hr-old zebrafish extracts by EMSA linked to SDS-PAGE and determined by MALDI TOF analysis, indicated that the 29-kDa and 50.2-kDa polypeptides are high homologous to zebrafish fast skeletal muscle troponin T and vitellogenin. (ncl.edu.tw)
Nuclear3
- The 1st identified mobile receptor because of this nuclear proteins was the receptor for advanced glycation end items (Trend), which mediates the relationships between advanced glycation end item (Age group)Cmodified proteins as well as the endothelium and additional cell types (7). (exposed-skin-care.net)
- Dying cells have been defined as apoptotic by distinguishing features, including cell contraction, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing, apoptotic body formation and maintenance of intact cellular membranes to prevent massive protein release and consequent inflammation. (nature.com)
- and amphoterin, a nuclear protein sometimes found in the ECM (Table 1 ). (jci.org)
HMGA23
- Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. (nature.com)
- Here we will focus on HMG AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2), a member of the HMGA family that mediates transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, commonly known as TGFβ1) signaling 16 . (nature.com)
- We have previously shown that HMGA2-induced transcription requires phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139, which in turn is mediated by the protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 10 . (nature.com)
Molecules6
- Glycation, the result of a protein or lipid molecule bonding with sugar molecules, is a consequence of the aging process. (molvis.org)
- Understanding how molecules small and large are recognized by proteins, and how their binding can elicit changes in protein structure, is the central theme tying the broad spectrum of projects pursued in our lab. (uvm.edu)
- This difference was ascribed to the abscence, in ubiquitin, of highly ordered internal water molecules, which are known to be present in BPTI and in most other globular proteins. (lu.se)
- These observations demonstrate that the water relaxation dispersion in protein solutions is essentially due to a few structural water molecules buried within the protein matrix, but exchanging rapidly with the external water. (lu.se)
- The water molecules residing at the surface of the two proteins were found to be highly mobile, with an average rotational correlation time of approximately 20 picoseconds. (lu.se)
- We believe that the present results resolve the long-standing controversy regarding the mechanism behind the spin relaxation dispersion of water nuclei in protein solutions, thus establishing oxygen-17 relaxation as a powerful tool for studies of structurally and functionally important water molecules in proteins and other biomolecules. (lu.se)
ELISA Kit1
- Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of High Mobility Group AT Hook Protein 2 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (lipidx.org)
Histones1
- The most enriched proteins released were the nucleosomal histones, which have previously been identified as damage-associated molecular pattern proteins (DAMPs) that can initiate sterile inflammatory responses. (nature.com)
Recombinant Protein3
- HMG2L1 (NP_001003681, 1 a.a. ~ 74 a.a) partial recombinant protein with GST tag. (novusbio.com)
- Antibody Reactive against Recombinant Protein with GST tag on ELISA and Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
- Human recombinant protein fragment corresponding to amino acids 1-281 of human HMG20A(NP_060670) produced in E.coli. (origene.com)
Mass spectrometry1
- We identified 231 proteins released from actomyosin contraction-dependent blebs and apoptotic bodies by adapted SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) combined with mass spectrometry analysis. (nature.com)
HMGB5
- High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have been previously related to the onset and progressions of cancers of different origins. (hindawi.com)
- This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. (hindawi.com)
- Here, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) protein was explored as a potential mediator of stress-induced microglial priming and whether HMGB-1 does so via the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. (jneurosci.org)
- Exposure to 100 inescapable tail shocks (ISs) increased HMGB-1 and NLRP3 protein in the hippocampus and led isolated microglia to release HMGB-1 ex vivo . (jneurosci.org)
- High mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1) is perhaps the most studied alarmin. (jneurosci.org)
Antibody1
- Results of positive antibody tests in this age group can be unreliable because they may detect persistent maternal antibody. (cdc.gov)
Hepatocellular1
- Acute liver failure is a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by rapid development of hepatocellular necrosis leading to high mortality and resource costs. (springer.com)
Nucleosomes1
- The domain is most commonly found in the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, HMG14 and HMG17, however, it is also found in other proteins which bind to nucleosomes, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Lysate2
- The Western blot assay is a method in which individual proteins of an HIV-1 lysate are separated according to size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (cdc.gov)
- However, in a recent study, the protein with a mobility of 160 kilodaltons (kd) present in commercially available Western blots and in viral lysate antigen preparations was identified as a multimer of the gp41 protein (10,11). (cdc.gov)
Necrosis3
- We now show that during early apoptosis limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies, which allows release of proteins that may affect the proximal microenvironment before the catastrophic loss of membrane integrity during secondary necrosis. (nature.com)
- These results indicate that limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies before secondary necrosis, leading to acute and localized release of immunomodulatory proteins during the early phase of active apoptotic membrane blebbing. (nature.com)
- Further, both IL\1 and tumor necrosis element\ (TNF\) protein levels in the synovial fluid of individuals with LCPD were significantly correlated with IL\6 protein levels. (bioinbrief.com)
Squamous cell carc1
- Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a severe subtype of epidermolysis bullosa caused by changes in collagen VII with a high risk of early development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). (thieme-connect.de)
Differentiation3
- Estrogens are important regulators of growth and differentiation in (range, 0 -9 fmol/mg protein, median 0.7). (lu.se)
- Different groups have established several protocols to induce the differentiation of MSCs into HLCs in vitro . (springer.com)
- These events promote the differentiation of myofibroblasts and the expression of profibrotic proteins, leading to structural changes and the establishment of a microenvironment favorable to carcinogenesis. (thieme-connect.de)
Nucleosomal3
- High mobility group protein HMG14 and HMG17 also known as nucleosomal binding domain is a family of evolutionarily related proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- The proteins bind to the inner side of the nucleosomal DNA, altering the interaction between the DNA and the histone octamer. (wikipedia.org)
- NBP-45 is a nucleosomal binding protein, first identified in mice, which is related to HMG14 and HMG17. (wikipedia.org)
Transcriptional1
- DDB, a putative DNA repair protein, can function as a transcriptional partner of E2F1. (ncl.edu.tw)
Heat-shock p2
- Although high-mobility group box 1 and heat-shock protein 70 are implicated in airway diseases and suggested as relevant diagnostic biomarkers, their control concentrations in the airways have not yet been determined. (medsci.org)
- Concentration of healthy subjects of high-mobility group box 1 and heat-shock protein 70 varied from "not detected" to 326.13 ng/mL and from 0.20 pg/mL to 9240.00 pg/mL, respectively, with the values showing significant heterogeneity. (medsci.org)
Unclear1
- However, the order of events and the precise function of high-mobility group proteins during transcription initiation remain unclear. (nature.com)
Diseases1
- Our findings support the further evaluation of these proteins as biomarkers for airway-related diseases. (medsci.org)
Initiation1
- First, the general TFs (GTFs), including preinitiation complex components TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and THIIH, are the primary protein factors that are required for the initiation of transcription from the TATA box (or TATA element), then elongation is executed by RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Concentrations2
- Protein concentrations of IL\6, IL1\, and TNF\ in the synovial fluid of individuals with LCPD (= 13) were previously measured in the UT Southwestern Medical Center Core facility (Dallas, Rabbit polyclonal to ADAM18 TX, USA) once we reported in our earlier work. (bioinbrief.com)
- Although concentrations of healthy subjects of these proteins varied in the upper and lower airways, the levels of both these proteins were higher in the upper airway than in the lower airway, and these concentrations differed according to the age and sampling procedure. (medsci.org)
Antigen1
- Antibodies to the HIV-1 major group-specific antigen (GAG) protein p24, and its precursor p55, are the earliest detected after infection by Western blot and tend to decrease or become undetectable with onset or progression of clinical symptoms (4-9). (cdc.gov)
Supernatant1
- Compared with the BSA controls, the RGC-5 cells incubated with AGE-BSA showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in VEGF-A mRNA and VEGF-A protein secretion in the supernatant, with the highest levels achieved at 24 h. (molvis.org)
Blot1
- Although the overall sensitivity and specificity of the Western blot for detection of antibodies to the various viral proteins are high, there has been substantial debate regarding the interpretive criteria. (cdc.gov)
Substances1
- Other protein substances may be present, including small amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). (wn.com)
Transcription2
- Transcription factors are divided into two groups. (intechopen.com)
- Transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple ethnic groups. (medscape.com)
Ischemic1
- In the ON group (= 8), the ischemic induction of the right distal femur was surgically launched as reported previously. (bioinbrief.com)
Inflammatory2
- Inhibition of this protein may be an effective new treatment for patients with immune-inflammatory eye disease. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
- The early postoperative period in CABG patients is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is complicated with multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality in 5%-16% of cases (EACTA 2007 data) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
19861
- From 1983 to 1986 he was a postdoc in the group of Franz Hillenkamp at the Institute of Biophysics, University of Frankfurt. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Complexes1
- Identification and isolation of damage-recognition protein complexes from zebrafish(Danio rerio) early embryos. (ncl.edu.tw)
Damage protein1
- Active DNA demethylation also requires GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45 alpha) and TET1 (ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), which sequentially oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) 18 , 19 and are cleared through DNA repair mechanisms. (nature.com)
Stem1
- [ 17 , 18 ] TCF7L2 protein is increased during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in primary adipocyte stem cells. (medscape.com)
Human3
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human High Mobility Group AT Hook Protein 1 (HMGA1) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (lipidx.org)
- The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cell: the XPA damage binding protein. (ncl.edu.tw)
- Characterization of DNA recognition by the human UV-damaged DNA-binding protein. (ncl.edu.tw)
Proteomics1
- Improving the precision of quantitative bottom-up proteomics based on stable isotope-labeled proteins. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Membrane1
- 2 , 3 A key feature of apoptosis has been defined as the maintenance of an intact cellular membrane (detectable as exclusion of impermeable dyes such as propidium iodide, PI) throughout the apoptotic program to prevent intracellular protein release and subsequent immunological activation. (nature.com)
Cells4
- Metabolically active cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from the immune system produce high levels of ROS. (hindawi.com)
- Cancer cells demand high energy production to sustain their pathological increase in proliferation rate. (hindawi.com)
- The VEGF-A protein and mRNA levels in conditioned medium of RGC-5 cells incubated with AGE-modified BSA (AGE-BSA) were examined with real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and BSA-treated cells were used as controls. (molvis.org)
- This protein is abundantly expressed in nearly all eukaryotic cells [26]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
Pathway2
- For example, collaborative projects with Kathy Trybus and Susan Lowey are aimed at visualizing the pathway by which changes in the nucleotide state of motor proteins such as kinesin, myosin and actin are coupled to the conformational changes ultimately responsible for the biological generation of force. (uvm.edu)
- Protein and functional isoform levels and genetic variants of the BAFF and APRIL pathway components in systemic lupus erythematosus. (cdc.gov)
Family1
- A family of proteins that were originally identified in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE as being essential for maintaining the structure of minichromosomes00. (bvsalud.org)
Significantly3
- Higher quality of care transition was also significantly related to a lower likelihood of unplanned hospital readmissions (OR = 0.67) and fewer medication complications (OR = 0.48) after surgery. (bvsalud.org)
- The mean primary tumor SUVmax was significantly higher for 68Ga-FAPI than 18F-FDG among pancreatic cancer (13.2 vs. 6.1, P (bvsalud.org)
- Mean primary tumor maximum tumor-to-background ratio was significantly higher for 68Ga-FAPI than 18F-FDG across several tumor entities, most prominently pancreatic cancer (14.7 vs. 3.0, P (bvsalud.org)
Correlation1
- https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/), and the correlation between the denseness and protein concentration per each sample was analyzed. (bioinbrief.com)
Chemical1
- Resonance Group, Chemical of the globular proteins bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and Center, Lund University ubiquitin in aqueous solution. (lu.se)
Incidence2
- Sepsis is a lethal syndrome with a high incidence and a weighty economy burden. (frontiersin.org)
- Although keloids occur in all age groups, they are rarely found in newborns or elderly persons and have the highest incidence in individuals aged 10-20 years. (medscape.com)
Mortality2
- In a murine model, LH/HC resulted in higher levels of bac- deposition and activation on the bacterial surface, thereby teremia and increased host mortality rates. (cdc.gov)
- Notwithstanding the low morbidity of ALF, approximately one and six cases per million individuals annually worldwide, this serious disease will lead to high mortality and resource costs [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)