The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
The internal resistance of the BLOOD to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as SICKLE CELL ANEMIA and POLYCYTHEMIA.
The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.
ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
Puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Bloodletting therapy has been used in Talmudic and Indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.
Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood.
The formation of clumps of RED BLOOD CELLS under low or non-flow conditions, resulting from the attraction forces between the red blood cells. The cells adhere to each other in rouleaux aggregates. Slight mechanical force, such as occurs in the circulation, is enough to disperse these aggregates. Stronger or weaker than normal aggregation may result from a variety of effects in the ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE or in BLOOD PLASMA. The degree of aggregation is affected by ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY, erythrocyte membrane sialylation, masking of negative surface charge by plasma proteins, etc. BLOOD VISCOSITY and the ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE are affected by the amount of erythrocyte aggregation and are parameters used to measure the aggregation.
The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.
Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
An examination of chemicals in the blood.
The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.
The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. From these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. Generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight.
The deformation and flow behavior of BLOOD and its elements i.e., PLASMA; ERYTHROCYTES; WHITE BLOOD CELLS; and BLOOD PLATELETS.
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The techniques used to draw blood from a vein for diagnostic purposes or for treatment of certain blood disorders such as erythrocytosis, hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda.
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.
Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.
Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.
Solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)
Starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of OH groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs.
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Reinfusion of blood or blood products derived from the patient's own circulation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
Iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Their major function is to store IRON in a nontoxic bioavailable form. Each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (APOFERRITINS) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
Large members of the FALCONIFORMES order of birds, family Accipitridae, most especially the genera Aquila, Haliaeetus, Harpia, and Circaetus. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe.
The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.

Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. (1/3107)

The kidneys and other nonreproductive organs vasodilate during early gestation; however, the "pregnancy hormones" responsible for the profound vasodilation of the renal circulation during pregnancy are unknown. We hypothesized that the ovarian hormone relaxin (RLX) contributes. Therefore, we tested whether the administration of RLX elicits renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration in conscious adult, intact female rats. After several days of treatment with either purified porcine RLX or recombinant human RLX 2 (rhRLX), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased by 20%-40%. Comparable renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration was also observed in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that estrogen and progesterone are unnecessary for the renal response to rhRLX. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely abrogated the increase in ERPF and GFR elicited by chronic administration of purified porcine RLX. In contrast, the renal vasoconstrictory response to angiotensin II was attenuated by the RLX treatment. Short-term infusion of purified porcine RLX to conscious rats over several hours failed to increase ERPF and GFR. Plasma osmolality was consistently reduced by the chronic administration of both RLX preparations. In conclusion, the renal and osmoregulatory effects of chronic RLX administration to conscious rats resemble the physiological changes of pregnancy in several respects: (a) marked increases in ERPF and GFR with a mediatory role for nitric oxide; (b) attenuation of the renal circulatory response to angiotensin II; and (c) reduction in plasma osmolality.  (+info)

O-raffinose cross-linking markedly reduces systemic and renal vasoconstrictor effects of unmodified human hemoglobin. (2/3107)

The hemodynamic effects of a 20% exchange-transfusion with different solutions of highly purified human hemoglobin A-zero (A0) were evaluated. We compared unmodified hemoglobin with hemoglobin cross-linked with O-raffinose. Unmodified hemoglobin increased systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure more than the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solution (by approximately 45% and approximately 14%, respectively). Unmodified hemoglobin markedly reduced cardiac output (CO) by approximately 21%, whereas CO was unaffected by the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solution. Unmodified and O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions increased mean arterial pressure to comparable extents ( approximately 14% and approximately 9%, respectively). Unmodified hemoglobin increased renal vascular resistance 2-fold and reduced the glomerular filtration rate by 58%. In marked contrast, the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin had no deleterious effect on the glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or renal vascular resistance. The extents to which unmodified and O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions inactivated nitric oxide also were compared using three separate in vitro assays: platelet nitric oxide release, nitric oxide-stimulated platelet cGMP production, and endothelium-derived relaxing factor-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. Unmodified hemoglobin inactivated or oxidized nitric oxide to a greater extent than the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions in all three assays. In summary, O-raffinose cross-linking substantially reduced the systemic vasoconstriction and the decrease in CO induced by unmodified hemoglobin and eliminated the deleterious effects of unmodified hemoglobin on renal hemodynamics and function. We hypothesize that O-raffinose cross-linking reduces the degree of oxidation of nitric oxide and that this contributes to the reduced vasoactivity of this modified hemoglobin.  (+info)

Septicemia in dialysis patients: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. (3/3107)

BACKGROUND: Infection is second to cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and septicemia causes a majority of these infectious deaths. To identify patients at high risk and to characterize modifiable risk factors for septicemia, we examined the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis for septicemia in a large, representative group of U.S. dialysis patients. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of incident ESRD patients in the case-mix study of the U.S. Renal Data System with seven years of follow-up from hospitalization and death records. Poisson regression was used to examine independent risk factors for hospital-managed septicemia. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the independent effect of septicemia on all-cause mortality and on death from septicemia. Separate analyses were performed for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). RESULTS: Over seven years of follow-up, 11.7% of 4005 HD patients and 9.4% of 913 PD patients had at least one episode of septicemia. Older age and diabetes were independent risk factors for septicemia in all patients. Among HD patients, low serum albumin, temporary vascular access, and dialyzer reuse were also associated with increased risk. Among PD patients, white race and having no health insurance at dialysis initiation were also risk factors. Patients with septicemia had twice the risk of death from any cause and a fivefold to ninefold increased risk of death from septicemia. CONCLUSIONS: Septicemia, which carries a marked increased risk of death, occurs frequently in patients on PD as well as HD. Early referral to a nephrologist, improving nutrition, and avoiding temporary vascular access may decrease the incidence of septicemia. Further study of how race, insurance status, and dialyzer reuse can contribute to the risk of septicemia among ESRD patients is indicated.  (+info)

Evaluation of pulmonary volumetric morphometry at the light and electron microscopy level in several species of passerine birds. (4/3107)

The lungs of 3 small passerine species, having similar body mass but different diurnal activity patterns, were analysed morphometrically to assess the relationship between diurnal activity and pulmonary volumetry at the light and electron microscope levels. The percentage volumes of the major lung and exchange tissue components of the 3 species--an aerial insectivore, a foliage gleaner/nectarivore and a ground forager--were strikingly similar, and consistent with literature values for other passerine species. The only significant difference found was exchange tissue plasma volume and pulmonary haematocrit, with the ground-foraging, low activity Malurus splendens having significantly lower values than the other 2 species. This may indicate that cardiovascular parameters are more important determinants of metabolic activity in small passerines than aspects of pulmonary anatomy.  (+info)

Hematocrit correlates with blood pressure in young male office workers. (5/3107)

High hematocrit (Ht) level has been reported to be a correlating factor of hypertension in aged people, but has not been examined in younger generation. To investigate the association between Ht and blood pressure (BP) in healthy young workers, statistical analysis was performed for 646 male employees, using cross-sectional health-check data. Ht was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by Pearson's simple correlation analysis. Multiple regression analysis for SBP and DBP was conducted by stepwise procedure, using Ht, age, body mass index (BMI), and drinking and smoking habits as independent variables. It was revealed that Ht was a significant independent variable for DBP (p < 0.001), as well as age and BMI, but not for SBP. These findings suggest that increased Ht is an important variable for assessing risk for cardiovascular disorders, especially diastolic hypertension, in young male office workers.  (+info)

Maintenance of normal agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in uraemic and hypertensive resistance vessels. (6/3107)

BACKGROUND: The nitric oxide system has been implicated in several diseases with vascular complications including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Despite the high prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular complications in renal failure few studies have examined vascular and endothelial function in uraemia. We therefore chose to study possible abnormalities of the nitric oxide vasodilator system in an animal model of chronic renal failure. METHODS: Adult spontaneous hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats were subjected to a 5/6 nephrectomy with control animals having sham operations. After 4 weeks blood pressure was recorded and the animals were sacrificed. Branches of the mesenteric arteries were isolated and mounted on a Mulvany myograph. All experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin (10(-5) M). The vessels were first preconstricted with noradrenaline, exposed to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) and subsequently to sodium nitroprusside (10(-5) M). RESULTS: There was no difference in the relaxation of the four groups of vessels to any of the concentrations of acetylcholine used nor was there any significant difference in the EC50s (control Wistar Kyoto 6.1+/-1.4 x 10(-8) M; uraemic Wistar Kyoto 5.4+/-0.8 x 10(-8) M; control spontaneous hypertensive rats 4.5+/-0.6 x 10(-8) M; uraemic spontaneous hypertensive rats 6+/-0.7 x 10(-8) M). Vasodilatation in response to sodium nitroprusside was unchanged in uraemic vessels. In addition the vascular responses to both acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were unaltered in spontaneous hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that normal agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation is maintained in experimental uraemia and hypertension.  (+info)

Mechanism for the posture-specific plasma volume increase after a single intense exercise protocol. (7/3107)

To test the hypothesis that exercise-induced hypervolemia is a posture-dependent process, we measured plasma volume, plasma albumin content, and renal function in seven healthy subjects for 22 h after single upright (Up) or supine (Sup) intense (85% peak oxygen consumption rate) exercise. This posture was maintained for 5 h after exercise. Plasma volume decreased during exercise but returned to control levels by 5 h of recovery in both postures. By 22 h of recovery, plasma volume increased 2.4 +/- 0.8 ml/kg in Up but decreased 2.1 +/- 0.8 ml/kg in Sup. The plasma volume expansion in Up was accompanied by an increase in plasma albumin content (0.11 +/- 0.04 g/kg; P < 0.05). Plasma albumin content was unchanged in Sup. Urine volume and sodium clearance were lower in Up than Sup (P < 0.05) by 5 h of recovery. These data suggest that increased plasma albumin content contributes to the acute phase of exercise-induced hypervolemia. More importantly, the mechanism by which exercise influences the distribution of albumin between extra- and intravascular stores after exercise is altered by posture and is unknown. We speculate that factors associated with postural changes (e.g., central venous pressure) modify the increase in plasma albumin content and the plasma volume expansion after exercise.  (+info)

Efficacy of recombinant human Hb by 31P-NMR during isovolemic total exchange transfusion. (8/3107)

The ability of recombinant human Hb (rHb1.1), which is being developed as an oxygen therapeutic, to support metabolism was measured by in vivo 31P-NMR surface coil spectroscopy of the rat abdomen in control animals and in animals subjected to isovolemic exchange transfusion to hematocrit of <3% with human serum albumin or 5 g/dl rHb1.1. No significant changes in metabolite levels were observed in control animals for up to 6 h. The albumin-exchange experiments, however, resulted in a more than eightfold increase in Pi and a 50% drop in phosphocreatine and ATP within 40 min. The tissue pH dropped from 7.4 to 6.8. The decrease in high-energy phosphates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 3% as the hematocrit at which a 50% drop in high-energy phosphates was observed. Exchange transfusion with rHb1.1 resulted in no significant drop in high-energy phosphates, no rise in Pi, and no change in tissue pH from 7.35 +/- 0.15 for up to 5 h after exchange. By these criteria, rHb1.1 at a plasma Hb concentration of approximately 5 g/dl after total exchange transfusion was able to sustain energy metabolism of gut tissue at levels indistinguishable from control rats with a threefold higher total Hb level in erythrocytes.  (+info)

Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Hemodilution is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the concentration of certain components in the blood, usually referring to red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. This occurs when an individual's plasma volume expands due to the infusion of intravenous fluids or the body's own production of fluid, such as during severe infection or inflammation. As a result, the number of RBCs per unit of blood decreases, leading to a lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level. It is important to note that while hemodilution reduces the concentration of RBCs in the blood, it does not necessarily indicate anemia or blood loss.

Blood viscosity is a measure of the thickness or flow resistance of blood. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate within the flowing blood, which reflects the internal friction or resistance to flow. Blood viscosity is primarily determined by the concentration and size of red blood cells (hematocrit), plasma proteins, and other blood constituents. An increase in any of these components can raise blood viscosity, leading to impaired blood flow, reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, and potential cardiovascular complications if not managed appropriately.

Erythrocyte count, also known as red blood cell (RBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A low erythrocyte count may indicate anemia, while a high count may be a sign of certain medical conditions such as polycythemia. The normal range for erythrocyte count varies depending on a person's age, sex, and other factors.

Plasma volume refers to the total amount of plasma present in an individual's circulatory system. Plasma is the fluid component of blood, in which cells and chemical components are suspended. It is composed mainly of water, along with various dissolved substances such as nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases, and proteins.

Plasma volume is a crucial factor in maintaining proper blood flow, regulating body temperature, and facilitating the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other essential components throughout the body. The average plasma volume for an adult human is approximately 3 liters, but it can vary depending on factors like age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Changes in plasma volume can have significant effects on an individual's cardiovascular function and fluid balance. For example, dehydration or blood loss can lead to a decrease in plasma volume, while conditions such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis may result in increased plasma volume due to fluid retention. Accurate measurement of plasma volume is essential for diagnosing various medical conditions and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:

* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is primarily produced by the kidneys and plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells in the body. It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which are essential for carrying oxygen to various tissues and organs.

EPO is a glycoprotein that is released into the bloodstream in response to low oxygen levels in the body. When the kidneys detect low oxygen levels, they release EPO, which then travels to the bone marrow and binds to specific receptors on immature red blood cells called erythroblasts. This binding triggers a series of events that promote the maturation and proliferation of erythroblasts, leading to an increase in the production of red blood cells.

In addition to its role in regulating red blood cell production, EPO has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects and may play a role in modulating the immune system. Abnormal levels of EPO have been associated with various medical conditions, including anemia, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer.

EPO is also used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, or other conditions that affect red blood cell production. Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) is a synthetic form of the hormone that is produced using genetic engineering techniques and is commonly used in clinical practice to treat anemia. However, misuse of rhEPO for performance enhancement in sports has been a subject of concern due to its potential to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity and improve endurance.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

Polycythemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the total red blood cell (RBC) mass or hematocrit (the percentage of RBCs in the blood). This results in a higher-than-normal viscosity of the blood, which can lead to various complications such as impaired circulation, increased risk of blood clots, and reduced oxygen supply to the tissues.

There are two main types of polycythemia: primary and secondary. Primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by genetic mutations that lead to excessive production of RBCs in the bone marrow. Secondary polycythemia, on the other hand, is a reactive condition triggered by various factors such as chronic hypoxia (low oxygen levels), high altitude, smoking, or certain medical conditions like sleep apnea, heart disease, or kidney tumors.

Symptoms of polycythemia may include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, itching, and a bluish or reddish tint to the skin (cyanosis). Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may involve phlebotomy, medications to reduce RBC production, and management of associated complications.

Erythrocyte volume, also known as red cell volume or hematocrit, is the proportion of whole blood that is made up of erythrocytes or red blood cells. It is typically expressed as a percentage and can be measured using a centrifuge to separate the components of a blood sample by density.

The erythrocyte volume is an important clinical parameter because it can provide information about a person's health status, such as their hydration level, altitude acclimatization, and the presence of certain medical conditions like anemia or polycythemia. Changes in erythrocyte volume can also have significant effects on the body's oxygen-carrying capacity and overall cardiovascular function.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

An exchange transfusion of whole blood is a medical procedure in which a patient's blood is gradually replaced with donor whole blood. This procedure is typically performed in newborns or infants who have severe jaundice caused by excessive levels of bilirubin, a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin from red blood cells breaks down.

During an exchange transfusion, the baby's blood is removed through a vein or artery and replaced with donor whole blood through another vein or artery. The process is repeated several times until a significant portion of the baby's blood has been exchanged with donor blood. This helps to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the baby's blood, which can help prevent or treat brain damage caused by excessive bilirubin.

Exchange transfusions are typically performed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and require close monitoring by a team of healthcare professionals. The procedure carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and changes in blood pressure or heart rate. However, it can be a lifesaving treatment for newborns with severe jaundice who are at risk of developing serious complications.

Erythrocyte indices are a set of calculated values that provide information about the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells (erythrocytes). These indices are commonly used in the complete blood count (CBC) test to help diagnose various types of anemia and other conditions affecting the red blood cells.

The three main erythrocyte indices are:

1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): This is the average volume of a single red blood cell, measured in femtoliters (fL). MCV helps to differentiate between microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. Microcytic anemia is characterized by low MCV values (100 fL).
2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): This is the average amount of hemoglobin present in a single red blood cell, measured in picograms (pg). MCH helps to assess the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Low MCH values may indicate hypochromic anemia, where the red blood cells have reduced hemoglobin content.
3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell, measured as a percentage. MCHC reflects the hemoglobin concentration relative to the size of the red blood cells. Low MCHC values may indicate hypochromic anemia, while high MCHC values could suggest spherocytosis or other conditions affecting red blood cell shape and integrity.

These erythrocyte indices are calculated based on the red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit results obtained from a CBC test. They provide valuable information for healthcare professionals to diagnose and manage various hematological conditions.

Bloodletting is a medical procedure that was commonly used in the past to balance the four humors of the body, which were believed to be blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. The procedure involved withdrawing blood from a patient through various methods such as venesection (making an incision in a vein), leeches, or cupping.

The theory behind bloodletting was that if one humor became overabundant, it could cause disease or illness. By removing some of the excess humor, practitioners believed they could restore balance and promote healing. Bloodletting was used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including fever, inflammation, and pain.

While bloodletting is no longer practiced in modern medicine, it was once a common treatment for many different ailments. The practice dates back to ancient times and was used by various cultures throughout history, including the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Chinese. However, its effectiveness as a medical treatment has been called into question, and it is now considered an outdated and potentially harmful procedure.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Hematologic tests, also known as hematology tests, are a group of diagnostic exams that evaluate the health and function of different components of blood, such as red and white blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors. These tests can detect various disorders, including anemia, infection, bleeding problems, and several types of cancer. Common hematologic tests include complete blood count (CBC), coagulation studies, peripheral smear examination, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The specific test or combination of tests ordered will depend on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and physical examination findings.

Hemoglobinometry is a method used to measure the amount or concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobinometry is typically performed on a sample of whole blood and can be done using various methods, including spectrophotometry, colorimetry, or automated analyzers.

The results of hemoglobinometry are reported in units of grams per deciliter (g/dL) or grams per liter (g/L). Normal values for hemoglobin concentration vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and altitude, but in general, a healthy adult male should have a hemoglobin level between 13.5 and 17.5 g/dL, while a healthy adult female should have a level between 12.0 and 15.5 g/dL.

Hemoglobinometry is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of various medical conditions, including anemia, polycythemia, and respiratory disorders. It can help identify the cause of symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or dizziness and guide treatment decisions.

Erythrocyte aggregation, also known as rouleaux formation, is the clumping together of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a way that resembles a stack of coins. This phenomenon is typically observed under low-shear conditions, such as those found in small blood vessels and capillaries.

The aggregation of erythrocytes is influenced by several factors, including the concentration of plasma proteins, the charge and shape of the red blood cells, and the flow characteristics of the blood. One of the most important proteins involved in this process is fibrinogen, a large plasma protein that can bridge between adjacent red blood cells and cause them to stick together.

Erythrocyte aggregation can have significant effects on blood flow and rheology (the study of how blood flows), particularly in diseases such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, and certain types of anemia. Increased erythrocyte aggregation can lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, increased blood viscosity, and impaired microcirculatory flow, all of which can contribute to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

A "Blood Cell Count" is a medical laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets in a sample of blood. This test is often used as a part of a routine check-up or to help diagnose various medical conditions, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and many others.

The RBC count measures the number of oxygen-carrying cells in the blood, while the WBC count measures the number of immune cells that help fight infections. The platelet count measures the number of cells involved in clotting. Abnormal results in any of these counts may indicate an underlying medical condition and further testing may be required for diagnosis and treatment.

Plasma substitutes are fluids that are used to replace the plasma volume in conditions such as hypovolemia (low blood volume) or plasma loss, for example due to severe burns, trauma, or major surgery. They do not contain cells or clotting factors, but they help to maintain intravascular volume and tissue perfusion. Plasma substitutes can be divided into two main categories: crystalloids and colloids.

Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules that can easily move between intracellular and extracellular spaces. Examples include normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and lactated Ringer's solution. They are less expensive and have a lower risk of allergic reactions compared to colloids, but they may require larger volumes to achieve the same effect due to their rapid distribution in the body.

Colloid solutions contain larger molecules that tend to stay within the intravascular space for longer periods, thus increasing the oncotic pressure and helping to maintain fluid balance. Examples include albumin, fresh frozen plasma, and synthetic colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and gelatin. Colloids may be more effective in restoring intravascular volume, but they carry a higher risk of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, and some types have been associated with adverse effects such as kidney injury and coagulopathy.

The choice of plasma substitute depends on various factors, including the patient's clinical condition, the underlying cause of plasma loss, and any contraindications or potential side effects of the available products. It is important to monitor the patient's hemodynamic status, electrolyte balance, and coagulation profile during and after the administration of plasma substitutes to ensure appropriate resuscitation and avoid complications.

In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:

* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.

An erythrocyte transfusion, also known as a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, is the process of transferring compatible red blood cells from a donor to a recipient. This procedure is typically performed to increase the recipient's oxygen-carrying capacity, usually in situations where there is significant blood loss, anemia, or impaired red blood cell production.

During the transfusion, the donor's red blood cells are collected, typed, and tested for compatibility with the recipient's blood to minimize the risk of a transfusion reaction. Once compatible units are identified, they are infused into the recipient's circulation through a sterile intravenous (IV) line. The recipient's body will eventually eliminate the donated red blood cells within 100-120 days as part of its normal turnover process.

Erythrocyte transfusions can be lifesaving in various clinical scenarios, such as trauma, surgery, severe anemia due to chronic diseases, and hematologic disorders. However, they should only be used when necessary, as there are potential risks associated with the procedure, including allergic reactions, transmission of infectious diseases, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and iron overload in cases of multiple transfusions.

Blood chemical analysis, also known as clinical chemistry or chemistry panel, is a series of tests that measure the levels of various chemicals in the blood. These tests can help evaluate the function of organs such as the kidneys and liver, and can also detect conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

The tests typically include:

* Glucose: to check for diabetes
* Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate): to check the body's fluid and electrolyte balance
* Calcium: to check for problems with bones, nerves, or kidneys
* Creatinine: to check for kidney function
* Urea Nitrogen (BUN): to check for kidney function
* Albumin: to check for liver function and nutrition status
* ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase): to check for liver function
* Alkaline Phosphatase: to check for liver or bone disease
* Total Bilirubin: to check for liver function and gallbladder function
* Cholesterol: to check for heart disease risk
* Triglycerides: to check for heart disease risk

These tests are usually ordered by a doctor as part of a routine check-up, or to help diagnose and monitor specific medical conditions. The results of the blood chemical analysis are compared to reference ranges provided by the laboratory performing the test, which take into account factors such as age, sex, and race.

A reticulocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream. They contain residual ribosomal RNA, which gives them a reticular or net-like appearance under a microscope when stained with certain dyes.

The reticulocyte count is often used as an indicator of the rate of red blood cell production in the bone marrow. A higher than normal reticulocyte count may indicate an increased production of red blood cells, which can be seen in conditions such as hemolysis, blood loss, or response to treatment of anemia. A lower than normal reticulocyte count may suggest a decreased production of red blood cells, which can be seen in conditions such as bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, or vitamin deficiencies.

The reticulocyte count is usually expressed as a percentage of the total number of red blood cells, but it can also be reported as an absolute reticulocyte count (the actual number of reticulocytes per microliter of blood). The normal range for the reticulocyte count varies depending on the laboratory and the population studied.

Erythropoiesis is the process of forming and developing red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body. It occurs in the bone marrow and is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced by the kidneys. Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation and maturation of immature red blood cell precursors called erythroblasts into mature red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Disorders that affect erythropoiesis can lead to anemia or other blood-related conditions.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Blood volume determination is a medical procedure that involves measuring the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system. This measurement is typically expressed in milliliters (mL) or liters (L) and provides important information about the person's overall cardiovascular health and fluid status.

There are several methods for determining blood volume, including:

1. Direct measurement: This involves withdrawing a known volume of blood from the body, labeling the red blood cells with a radioactive or dye marker, reinfusing the cells back into the body, and then measuring the amount of marked cells that appear in subsequent blood samples over time.
2. Indirect measurement: This method uses formulas based on the person's height, weight, sex, and other factors to estimate their blood volume. One common indirect method is the "hemodynamic" calculation, which takes into account the individual's heart rate, stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat), and the concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
3. Bioimpedance analysis: This non-invasive technique uses electrical signals to measure the body's fluid volumes, including blood volume. By analyzing changes in the body's electrical conductivity in response to a small current, bioimpedance analysis can provide an estimate of blood volume.

Accurate determination of blood volume is important for assessing various medical conditions, such as heart failure, shock, anemia, and dehydration. It can also help guide treatment decisions, including the need for fluid replacement or blood transfusions.

Hemorheology is the study of the flow properties of blood and its components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Specifically, it examines how these components interact with each other and with the walls of blood vessels to affect the flow characteristics of blood under different conditions. Hemorheological factors can influence blood viscosity, which is a major determinant of peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac workload. Abnormalities in hemorheology have been implicated in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and sickle cell disease.

A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or its components are transferred from one individual (donor) to another (recipient) through a vein. The donated blood can be fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, or cryoprecipitate, depending on the recipient's needs. Blood transfusions are performed to replace lost blood due to severe bleeding, treat anemia, support patients undergoing major surgeries, or manage various medical conditions such as hemophilia, thalassemia, and leukemia. The donated blood must be carefully cross-matched with the recipient's blood type to minimize the risk of transfusion reactions.

Phlebotomy is a medical term that refers to the process of making an incision in a vein, usually in the arm, in order to draw blood. It is also commonly known as venipuncture. This procedure is performed by healthcare professionals for various purposes such as diagnostic testing, blood donation, or therapeutic treatments like phlebotomy for patients with hemochromatosis (a condition where the body absorbs too much iron from food).

The person who performs this procedure is called a phlebotomist. They must be trained in the proper techniques to ensure that the process is safe and relatively pain-free for the patient, and that the blood sample is suitable for laboratory testing.

Blood proteins, also known as serum proteins, are a group of complex molecules present in the blood that are essential for various physiological functions. These proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen. They play crucial roles in maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, providing immune defense, and contributing to blood clotting.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 60% of the total protein mass. It functions as a transporter of various substances, such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and helps maintain oncotic pressure, which is essential for fluid balance between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues.

Globulins are divided into three main categories: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Alpha and beta globulins consist of transport proteins like lipoproteins, hormone-binding proteins, and enzymes. Gamma globulins, also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies, are essential for the immune system's defense against pathogens.

Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh to trap platelets and form a clot, preventing excessive bleeding.

Abnormal levels of these proteins can indicate various medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, infections, inflammation, or autoimmune disorders. Blood protein levels are typically measured through laboratory tests like serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).

Renal dialysis is a medical procedure that is used to artificially remove waste products, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. This process is also known as hemodialysis.

During renal dialysis, the patient's blood is circulated through a special machine called a dialyzer or an artificial kidney, which contains a semi-permeable membrane that filters out waste products and excess fluids from the blood. The cleaned blood is then returned to the patient's body.

Renal dialysis is typically recommended for patients with advanced kidney disease or kidney failure, such as those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is a life-sustaining treatment that helps to maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, prevent the buildup of waste products and toxins, and control blood pressure.

There are two main types of renal dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is the most common type and involves using a dialyzer to filter the blood outside the body. Peritoneal dialysis, on the other hand, involves placing a catheter in the abdomen and using the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body.

Overall, renal dialysis is an essential treatment option for patients with kidney failure, helping them to maintain their quality of life and prolong their survival.

Chronic kidney failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a permanent loss of kidney function that occurs gradually over a period of months to years. It is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 ml/min, which means the kidneys are filtering waste and excess fluids at less than 15% of their normal capacity.

CKD can be caused by various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections. Over time, the damage to the kidneys can lead to a buildup of waste products and fluids in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Treatment for chronic kidney failure typically involves managing the underlying condition, making lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, and receiving supportive care such as dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace lost kidney function.

Neonatal anemia is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or lower-than-normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood of a newborn infant. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues.

There are several types and causes of neonatal anemia, including:

1. Anemia of prematurity: This is the most common type of anemia in newborns, especially those born before 34 weeks of gestation. It occurs due to a decrease in red blood cell production and a shorter lifespan of red blood cells in premature infants.
2. Hemolytic anemia: This type of anemia is caused by the destruction of red blood cells at a faster rate than they can be produced. It can result from various factors, such as incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood types, genetic disorders like G6PD deficiency, or infections.
3. Fetomaternal hemorrhage: This condition occurs when there is a significant transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation during pregnancy or childbirth, leading to anemia in the newborn.
4. Iron-deficiency anemia: Although rare in newborns, iron-deficiency anemia can occur if the mother has low iron levels during pregnancy, and the infant does not receive adequate iron supplementation after birth.
5. Anemia due to nutritional deficiencies: Rarely, neonatal anemia may result from a lack of essential vitamins or minerals like folate, vitamin B12, or copper in the newborn's diet.

Symptoms of neonatal anemia can vary but may include pallor, lethargy, poor feeding, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count (CBC) to measure red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and other parameters. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of anemia and may include iron supplementation, transfusions, or management of any underlying conditions.

Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to change shape and bend without rupturing, which is crucial for their efficient movement through narrow blood vessels. This deformability is influenced by several factors including the cell membrane structure, hemoglobin concentration, and intracellular viscosity. A decrease in erythrocyte deformability can negatively impact blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, potentially contributing to various pathological conditions such as sickle cell disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Isotonic solutions are defined in the context of medical and physiological sciences as solutions that contain the same concentration of solutes (dissolved particles) as another solution, usually the bodily fluids like blood. This means that if you compare the concentration of solute particles in two isotonic solutions, they will be equal.

A common example is a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, also known as normal saline. The concentration of NaCl in this solution is approximately equal to the concentration found in the fluid portion of human blood, making it isotonic with blood.

Isotonic solutions are crucial in medical settings for various purposes, such as intravenous (IV) fluids replacement, wound care, and irrigation solutions. They help maintain fluid balance, prevent excessive water movement across cell membranes, and reduce the risk of damaging cells due to osmotic pressure differences between the solution and bodily fluids.

Altitude is the height above a given level, especially mean sea level. In medical terms, altitude often refers to high altitude, which is generally considered to be 1500 meters (about 5000 feet) or more above sea level. At high altitudes, the air pressure is lower and there is less oxygen available, which can lead to altitude sickness in some people. Symptoms of altitude sickness can include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fatigue. It's important for people who are traveling to high altitudes to allow themselves time to adjust to the lower oxygen levels and to watch for signs of altitude sickness.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.

A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.

Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.

Hypochromic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of red blood cells that have lower than normal levels of hemoglobin and appear paler in color than normal. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. In hypochromic anemia, there may be a decrease in the production or increased destruction of red blood cells, leading to a reduced number of red blood cells and insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues.

Hypochromic anemia can result from various underlying medical conditions, including iron deficiency, thalassemia, chronic inflammation, lead poisoning, and certain infections or chronic diseases. Treatment for hypochromic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include iron supplements, dietary changes, medications, or blood transfusions.

Hydroxyethyl starch derivatives are modified starches that are used as plasma expanders in medicine. They are created by chemically treating corn, potato, or wheat starch with hydroxylethyl groups, which makes the starch more soluble and less likely to be broken down by enzymes in the body. This results in a large molecule that can remain in the bloodstream for an extended period, increasing intravascular volume and improving circulation.

These derivatives are available in different molecular weights and substitution patterns, which affect their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. They are used to treat or prevent hypovolemia (low blood volume) due to various causes such as bleeding, burns, or dehydration. Common brand names include Hetastarch, Pentastarch, and Voluven.

It's important to note that the use of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives has been associated with adverse effects, including kidney injury, coagulopathy, and pruritus (severe itching). Therefore, their use should be carefully monitored and restricted to specific clinical situations.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Blood substitutes, also known as artificial blood or blood surrogates, are fluids that are designed to mimic some of the properties and functions of human blood. They are used as a replacement for blood transfusions in situations where blood is not available or when it is not safe to use. Blood substitutes can be divided into two main categories: oxygen-carrying and non-oxygen-carrying.

Oxygen-carrying blood substitutes contain artificial molecules called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) that are designed to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. These HBOCs can be derived from human or animal hemoglobin, or they can be synthetically produced.

Non-oxygen-carrying blood substitutes, on the other hand, do not contain hemoglobin and are used primarily to restore intravascular volume and maintain blood pressure in cases of hypovolemia (low blood volume) caused by bleeding or dehydration. These products include crystalloids, such as saline solution and lactated Ringer's solution, and colloids, such as albumin and hydroxyethyl starch solutions.

It is important to note that while blood substitutes can be useful in certain situations, they are not a perfect substitute for human blood. They do not provide all of the functions of blood, such as immune defense and clotting, and their use is associated with some risks, including allergic reactions, kidney damage, and increased oxygen free radical production. Therefore, they should only be used when there is no suitable alternative available.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, with diameters that range from 5 to 10 micrometers. They form a network of tiny tubes that connect the arterioles (small branches of arteries) and venules (small branches of veins), allowing for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that surround a hollow lumen through which blood flows. The walls of capillaries are extremely thin, allowing for easy diffusion of molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue. This is essential for maintaining the health and function of all body tissues.

Capillaries can be classified into three types based on their structure and function: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal. Continuous capillaries have a continuous layer of endothelial cells with tight junctions that restrict the passage of large molecules. Fenestrated capillaries have small pores or "fenestrae" in the endothelial cell walls that allow for the passage of larger molecules, such as proteins and lipids. Sinusoidal capillaries are found in organs with high metabolic activity, such as the liver and spleen, and have large, irregular spaces between the endothelial cells that allow for the exchange of even larger molecules.

Overall, capillaries play a critical role in maintaining the health and function of all body tissues by allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Autologous blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which a patient receives their own blood that has been collected and stored prior to surgery or a medical treatment that may cause significant blood loss. The blood is drawn from the patient, typically in the days or weeks leading up to the scheduled procedure, and then stored until it is needed during or after the surgery.

The primary advantage of autologous blood transfusion is that it eliminates the risk of transfusion reactions, infectious disease transmission, and immunomodulation associated with allogeneic (donor) blood transfusions. However, not all patients are candidates for this type of transfusion due to various factors such as medical conditions, low hemoglobin levels, or insufficient time to collect and store the blood before the procedure.

Autologous blood transfusion can be performed using several methods, including preoperative blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, intraoperative cell salvage, and postoperative blood collection. The choice of method depends on various factors, such as the patient's medical condition, the type and extent of surgery, and the availability of resources.

In summary, autologous blood transfusion is a safe and effective way to reduce the need for allogeneic blood transfusions during or after surgical procedures, but it may not be suitable for all patients.

Polycythemia Vera is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of rare blood cancers. In Polycythemia Vera, the body produces too many red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and thickening of the blood, which can cause various symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, and itching. It can also lead to enlargement of the spleen. The exact cause of Polycythemia Vera is not known, but it is associated with genetic mutations in the JAK2 gene in most cases. It is a progressive disease that can lead to complications such as bleeding, thrombosis, and transformation into acute leukemia if left untreated.

Ferritin is a protein in iron-metabolizing cells that stores iron in a water-soluble form. It is found inside the cells (intracellular) and is released into the bloodstream when the cells break down or die. Measuring the level of ferritin in the blood can help determine the amount of iron stored in the body. High levels of ferritin may indicate hemochromatosis, inflammation, liver disease, or other conditions. Low levels of ferritin may indicate anemia, iron deficiency, or other conditions.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Surgical blood loss is the amount of blood that is lost during a surgical procedure. It can occur through various routes such as incisions, punctures or during the removal of organs or tissues. The amount of blood loss can vary widely depending on the type and complexity of the surgery being performed.

Surgical blood loss can be classified into three categories:

1. Insensible losses: These are small amounts of blood that are lost through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract during surgery. They are not usually significant enough to cause any clinical effects.
2. Visible losses: These are larger amounts of blood that can be seen and measured directly during surgery. They may require transfusion or other interventions to prevent hypovolemia (low blood volume) and its complications.
3. Hidden losses: These are internal bleeding that cannot be easily seen or measured during surgery. They can occur in the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, or other areas of the body. They may require further exploration or imaging studies to diagnose and manage.

Surgical blood loss can lead to several complications such as hypovolemia, anemia, coagulopathy (disorders of blood clotting), and organ dysfunction. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and manage surgical blood loss effectively to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Microcirculation is the circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels, including arterioles, venules, and capillaries. It's responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. The microcirculation plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and is regulated by various physiological mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system activity, local metabolic factors, and hormones.

Impairment of microcirculation can lead to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and organ dysfunction, which are common features in several diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of the microcirculation is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "Eagles." It is possible that you may be referring to a condition called "aquilegia," which is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as columbines. There is also no widely recognized medical condition or pathology named after the bird species known as eagles. If you have more context or information about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you further!

Rheology is not a term that is specific to medicine, but rather it is a term used in the field of physics to describe the flow and deformation of matter. It specifically refers to the study of how materials flow or deform under various stresses or strains. This concept can be applied to various medical fields such as studying the flow properties of blood (hematology), understanding the movement of tissues and organs during surgical procedures, or analyzing the mechanical behavior of biological materials like bones and cartilages.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for laboratory testing and analysis. This procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals, such as nurses or phlebotomists, using sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection and ensure accurate test results. The collected blood sample may be used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess overall health and organ function, and check for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. Proper handling, storage, and transportation of the specimen are crucial to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.

While known hematocrit levels are used in detecting conditions, it may fail at times due to hematocrit being the measure of ... Calculated hematocrit is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the mean cell volume. The hematocrit is slightly more ... Hematocrit levels also serve as an indicator of health conditions. Thus, tests on hematocrit levels are often carried out in ... Lowered hematocrit levels also pose health impacts. These causes and impacts have been reported: A low hematocrit level is a ...
Women have lower hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood) than men; this is due to lower testosterone, ... The normal hematocrit level for a woman is 36% to 48% (for men, 41% to 50%). The normal level of hemoglobin (an oxygen- ... "Hematocrit". www.redcrossblood.org. Grau, M.; Cremer, J. M.; Schmeichel, S.; Kunkel, M.; Bloch, W. (2018). "Comparisons of ...
... hematocrit; and serum bilirubin. The expected pattern on hemoglobin electrophoresis in people with beta-thalassemia is an ...
It is difficult to directly measure RBC mass, so the hematocrit (amount of RBCs) or the hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood are often ... Hematocrit; however, is concentration dependent and is therefore not completely accurate. For example, during pregnancy a ... For anemia, it will likely to be interested in the levels of the red blood cells contained in blood (hematocrit), hemoglobin, ... Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia, in which the hematocrit is below 10%. Refractory anemia, an anemia which does not ...
"Hematocrit". Hematocrit (HCT). PMID 31194416. {{cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) Jake Whan, Jake; Whan (11 October 2023 ... Multiply by the hematocrit (a unitless quantity) to take this into account. 2 × 10 − 7 μ L / c e l l × 0.4 = 8 × 10 − 8 μ L / c ... If the hematocrit is expressed as a percentage, the red blood cell concentration as millions per microliter, and the MCV in ... To calculate MCV, the hematocrit (Hct) is divided by the concentration of RBCs ([RBC]) MCV = Hct [ RBC ] {\displaystyle {\ ...
The mnemonic for features of the rule is CHESS: • C - History of congestive heart failure • H - Hematocrit < 30% • E - Abnormal ...
Billett, Henny H. (1990). Hemoglobin and Hematocrit. ISBN 9780409900774. PMID 21250102. Retrieved 2019-05-04. {{cite book}}: , ...
Coating around hematocrit tubes. Insulating material for a cryocooler radiation shield. As a window material to confine gas in ...
... ρ2 is the resistivity of blood cells and φ is the hematocrit. "Lab # 53: Hematocrit Measurement". Medical University of Łódź. ... The Maxwell-Fricke equation relates the resistivity of blood to hematocrit. This relationship has been shown to hold for humans ...
Hematocrit tests can be performed to calculate the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. Higher proportions result in ... ISBN 978-0-08-045481-8. "Hematocrit test - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Charkoudian N (October 2010). "Mechanisms and ...
Hematocrit "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.{{cite web ...
... hematocrit or hemoglobin levels; general health history; and a diet Once applicants meet the eligibility requirements, they can ...
"Altitude adaptation through hematocrit change". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 58 (Suppl 5(Pt 2)): 811-18. ISSN 0867- ... increased hematocrit (polycythemia), increased RBC mass, a higher concentration of capillaries in skeletal muscle tissue, ...
The hematocrit may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the ...
... and calculate the hematocrit by multiplying the red blood cell count by the MCV. Some measure the hematocrit by comparing the ... and when the hematocrit is performed directly, the mean cell volume may be calculated from the hematocrit and red blood cell ... and invented a method known as the Wintrobe hematocrit. Hematocrit measurements had previously been described in the literature ... there is a constant relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit: the hematocrit percentage is approximately three times ...
... the mean fetal hematocrit is 50%; and at stillbirth, the mean fetal blood volume is 150 m l k g {\displaystyle 150{\frac {ml}{ ...
However, the hematocrit and hemoglobin are decreased. In contrast, microcytic anemias are defined as an anemia with a mean ...
Hematocrit) "Interview with Fasedown frontman Devin Shaffer". FourteenG. Retrieved September 9, 2015. "If Pantera were a ...
Hematocrit, the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, is typically about three times the hemoglobin ... "Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)". DoctorsLounge.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. Retrieved 2007-12- ... For example, if the hemoglobin is measured at 17 g/dL, that compares with a hematocrit of 51%. Laboratory hemoglobin test ...
Marcin Gębka of Poland was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He was one of ... Piotr Przydzial of Poland was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He was one ... Prior to the start of the 2001 Peace Race, Przydzial and Sosenka failed a hematocrit test (above 50%) and were not allowed to ... Marco Pantani of Italy recorded a haematocrit level of 60.1% in the Milan-Turin race in October. Rolf Aldag of Germany admitted ...
Equipment used in Awojobi clinic such as the operating table, autoclave, water distiller, pedal suction pump and haematocrit ... Awojobi, Oluyombo A. (25 June 2016). "The Manual Haematocrit Centrifuge". Tropical Doctor. 32 (3): 168. doi:10.1177/ ... 1998 The manual haematocrit centrifuge - Oluyombo A Awojobi, 2002 A review of surgical cases and procedures in rural Nigeria - ...
Nevertheless, hematocrit has the strongest impact on whole blood viscosity. One unit increase in hematocrit can cause up to a 4 ... This relationship becomes increasingly sensitive as hematocrit increases. When the hematocrit rises to 60 or 70%, which it ... the average hematocrit of the blood in the tube is less than the hematocrit of the blood in the reservoir feeding the tube is ... The large volume percentage of red blood cells at a normal hematocrit level leaves little room for cell motion and deformation ...
... increased hematocrit, which can require venipuncture to treat; and, exacerbation of sleep apnea. Adverse effects may also ...
Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations remain in general unchanged. There are a number of companies who provide altitude ...
The target hematocrit is usually at least 40. In a study of 135 IUTs performed on 56 fetuses, the mean hematocrit was 25.2 ... The fetal blood sample is drawn and immediately analyzed for hematocrit using an automated analyzer in the operating room or ... Following the transfusion, an additional blood sample is drawn and analyzed to determine the ending hematocrit level. ...
Consensus for clinical diagnosis of CMS use laboratory values: haemoglobin in Males ≥ 21 g/dL; Females ≥ 19 g/dL, haematocrit ... CMS is characterised by polycythaemia (with subsequent increased haematocrit) and hypoxaemia; raised blood pressure in the ... Alternatively, bloodletting (phlebotomy) can be performed to lower the haematocrit temporarily; when combined with volume ... as the body adapts to the normal oxygen level near sea-level and the haematocrit normalises. ...
CQ "High haematocrit for Petrov". CyclingNews. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2011-01-18. Media related to Evgeni Petrov at Wikimedia ...
It has been validated, even under low hematocrit circumstances. Cerný V, Turek Z, Parízková R (2007). "Orthogonal polarization ... "Validation of OPS imaging for microvascular measurements during isovolumic hemodilution and low hematocrits". Am J Physiol ...
Tonkov's hematocrit went from 51.5% in June 1996 to 40.9% in September. Ivan Gotti's hematocrit went from 35.2% in January 1997 ... This was because Conconi at the age of 59 recorded a hematocrit value of 57% while competing in a mountain bike race on 3 ... Marco Pantani was part of the Carrera Jeans-Tassoni team and his hematocrit level displayed rises and falls which looked very ... On October 18, 1995 Pantani was taken to hospital after an accident in the Milano-Torino race where a hematocrit percentage of ...
... all because they had a hematocrit value above 50%. The race thus started with 177 cyclists. The teams entering the race were: ...
While known hematocrit levels are used in detecting conditions, it may fail at times due to hematocrit being the measure of ... Calculated hematocrit is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the mean cell volume. The hematocrit is slightly more ... Hematocrit levels also serve as an indicator of health conditions. Thus, tests on hematocrit levels are often carried out in ... Lowered hematocrit levels also pose health impacts. These causes and impacts have been reported: A low hematocrit level is a ...
Low or high hematocrit levels may signal conditions such as anemia, bone marrow problems, dehydration, and more. Learn the ... Learn about hematocrit (HCT) levels in the blood. ... significance of normal, high, low hematocrit values, and ... Hematocrit. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells and hematocrit is a measurement of the amount of red blood cells as ... The hematocrit is the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of red blood cells. The hematocrit (hct) is expressed ...
Do you know your hematocrit level? I get a physical at work every year and just got my results back for 2008. 2007 47.7% 2008 ... Do you know your hematocrit level?. I get a physical at work every year and just got my results back for 2008.. 2007 47.7%. ...
A hematocrit test is a blood test that can help detect anemia and other blood disorders. Learn more. ... What is a Hematocrit Test?. A hematocrit test is a blood test that measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood ... Why do I need a hematocrit test?. Your health care provider may order a hematocrit test as part of your regular checkup or to ... Is there anything else I need to know about a hematocrit test?. Normal hematocrit levels will be different depending on your ...
If hemoglobin and hematocrit values are acceptable at that time, retesting later in pregnancy is not necessary in low-risk ... By the time the women were admitted in labor, the mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values had increased by a mean of 0.5 g per dL ... Hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements are performed in almost all women admitted to a hospital in labor. Sherard and Newton ... The 20 mothers who had hemoglobin levels below 10 g per dL (100 g per L) or a hematocrit level below 30 percent (0.30) at 26 to ...
We found no sex-related differences in the effect of nadir hematocrit on acute kidney injury after isolated coronary artery ... There was no effect of sex on the relationship between nadir hematocrit and acute kidney injury (P = .67). Low nadir hematocrit ... Effect of sex on nadir hematocrit and rates of acute kidney injury in coronary artery bypass J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019 Oct ... Odds ratios between nadir hematocrit and stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury were calculated, and the interaction of sex with ...
What does hematocrit lab tell you?. What does hematocrit lab tell you?. A hematocrit (he-MAT-uh-krit) test measures the ... Both hemoglobin and hematocrit are used to diagnose anemia.. What does the hematocrit value tell you?. The hematocrit measures ... What is a good hematocrit count?. Hematocrit test. Overview. A hematocrit (he-MAT-uh-krit) test measures the proportion of red ... Hematocrit is the percentage of red cells in your blood. Normal levels of hematocrit for men range from 41% to 50%. Normal ...
Higher baseline hematocrit was associated with higher on-treatment blood pressure during follow-up. Baseline hematocrit did not ... indicating that the risk is independent of the effect of hematocrit on blood pressure. Hypertensive patients with hematocrit ... 2012) Hematocrit predicts long-term mortality in a nonlinear and sex-specific manner in hypertensive adults. Hypertension, 60(3 ... Hematocrit has been inconsistently reported to be a risk marker of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The Glasgow Blood ...
A similar analysis is done when the hematocrit of the blood is assumed rather than measured. Both assumptions lead to ... How Important Is It To Consider Target Properties and Hematocrit in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. ...
The word hematocrit means to separate blood. In this test, your red blood cells are separated from the rest of your blood so ... Your hematocrit (HCT) shows whether you have a normal amount of red blood cells, too many, or too few. To measure your HCT, ... Hematocrit. Does this test have other names?. HCT, packed cell volume, PCV ...
When collecting blood for hematocrit, the anticoagulant must not affect the final volume of the sample![2] ... Hematocrit (wikipedia). References. *↑ a b ŠVÍGLEROVÁ, Jitka. Hematokrit [online]. The last revision 2009-02-18, [cit. 2010-11- ... Hematocrit is the proportion of erythrocytes in the total volume of blood . It is determined by centrifugation of non-clotting ... The hematocrit value decreases, for example, when the number of erythrocytes decreases, their volume decreases or when the ...
Patients are managed with phlebotomy to maintain haematocrit (Hct) Study. This analysis of newly diagnosed JAK2 mutant PV ... Patients are managed with phlebotomy to maintain haematocrit (Hct) StudyThis analysis of newly diagnosed JAK2 mutant PV ... Patients are managed with phlebotomy to maintain haematocrit (Hct) StudyThis analysis of newly diagnosed JAK2 mutant PV ... Patients are managed with phlebotomy to maintain haematocrit (Hct) StudyThis analysis of newly diagnosed JAK2 mutant PV ...
Hematocrit. Marime a volumului ocupat de globulele rosii intr-o proba de sange in raport cu volumul probei, exprimata in ... Hematocrit. Marime a volumului ocupat de globulele rosii intr-o proba de sange in raport cu volumul probei, exprimata in ...
LBXHCT - Hematocrit (%). Variable Name: LBXHCT. SAS Label: Hematocrit (%). English Text: Hematocrit (%). Target: Both males and ...
Hematocrit. Test ID: HCT. Test Details:. *Instrument/Department: Sysmex/Hematology. *Specimen/Storage Requirements: 1mL EDTA ...
The word hematocrit comes from the Greek words haima and krites and means, to separate blood. The hematocrit test measures the ... Symptoms of a low hematocrit level include chest pain, dizziness, headache and shortness of breath. If the hematocrit level is ... When a hematocrit test is ordered, the doctor wants to look at the number of red blood cells in the blood in order to monitor ... Hematocrit. A Complete Blood Count blood test, CBC, is a series of blood tests used to assess diseases that affect the blood. ...
Hematocrit is a part of CBC and is also known as HCT; PCV; Packed Cell Volume ... Why test for Hematocrit (PCV) at Symbion VIP Diagnostics, Ahmedabad ? Hematocrit is a part of CBC and is also known as HCT; PCV ... A high hematocrit means the percentage of red blood cells in a persons blood is above the upper limits of normal (see above) ... A low hematocrit means the percentage of red blood cells is below the lower limits of normal (see above) for that persons age ...
Daha sonra azgınlığına yenik düştü ve isteyerek benimle sikişti porno Gözüne kestirdiği eve girmeden önce maske takan eleman mobil seks içeri girdiğinde banyoda kendisini parmaklayan kıvırcık saçlı esmer kızı görür porno Kısa bir süre onu izledikten sonra ona arkadan saldırarak kızı saçından yakalar ve ellerini arkadan tutar pornolar Kız ne olduğunu anlayamasa da eleman ona direnmemesi gerektiğini söyler ve hakaretler etmeye başlar porno izle Şerefsiz herif bu masum kıza söylemediği küfür kalmaz ve kızın orasını burasını ellemeye başlar porno En sonunda kızı domaltır ve pantolonundan çıkardığı yarrağını onun tatlı amcığına sokarak kıza tecavüz eder seks izle Kocasını defalarca kez aldatan yollu orospu bu kez takılacak erkek bulamayınca eve tesisatçı çağırır porno izle Onlar gelmeden güzelce banyosunu yapar ve kendisini sikişe hazırlar mobil porno Bilerek etek giyer ve altına don ...
Determination of PCVHematocrithematocrit lowhematocrit meaningHematocrit rangehematocrit vs hemoglobinhematocritm normal range ... Tag: hematocrit low. Determination of Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume) 4.8 (2781). Mr. Joydeb Pradhan & Mrs. Tanusri Bera ... high hematocrit symptomshow to increase hematocrithow to increase pcv in bloodImportance of PCVlow hematocrit symptoms ... PCVPacked Cell VolumePCVpcv in blood testpcv nornal rangepcv testSignificance of PCV 5 Comments on Determination of Hematocrit ...
Hematology Elevated hematocrit - what does it mean and what are the causes? What could be the causes of high hematocrit? ... Posted in HematologyTagged elevated hematocrit, hematocrit, hematocrit above range, high hematocrit, increased hematocrit Post ... You can read more about this in the post lowered hematocrit.. As you can see above - an increase in hematocrit can have very ... What does an elevated hematocrit mean?. A hematocrit value above the reference range means that the ratio of erythrocytes to ...
12000RPM Micro Hematocrit Centrifuge Capacity(ml):24pcs Capillary MOQ : 1 Note:1.The prices are based on the price per piece, ...
Hemoglobin/hematocrit. Indications include the following:. * Any procedure associated with moderate to high blood loss (ie, ... One unit should elevate the hematocrit by 3 points. In the more elective case, one should consider autologous transfusion as ... Serial blood counts are taken, and a transfusion is initiated for a symptomatic drop in hematocrit. Monitor coagulation ... Monitoring BUN, urine-specific gravity, hematocrit, blood pressure, pulse, and urine output is important. This allows the ...
For use in haematocrit centrifuges. Shop Brand™ Micro Haematocrit Capillaries, Non-Heparinized at Fishersci.se. ... Why is EDTA used in hematocrit? Hematocrit assays do not commonly employ EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). For a variety ... What capillary tube is used for hematocrit? Microhematocrit capillary tubes are the most popular capillary tubes for hematocrit ... The hematocrit value is then determined by measuring the length of the packed red blood cells in relation to the total length ...
Hematocrit is the fraction of whole blood composed of red blood cells. Hematocrit rises with an increase in the number of red ... Hematocrit may indicate that a patient has anemia, erythrocytosis, or changes in plasma volume. Hematocrit may be used as a ... encoded search term (Hematocrit) and Hematocrit What to Read Next on Medscape ... Causes of decreased hematocrit include, but are not limited to:. * Anemia (eg, iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, lead ...
Hematocrit is the fraction of whole blood composed of red blood cells. Hematocrit rises with an increase in the number of red ... Hematocrit may indicate that a patient has anemia, erythrocytosis, or changes in plasma volume. Hematocrit may be used as a ... encoded search term (Hematocrit) and Hematocrit What to Read Next on Medscape ... Causes of decreased hematocrit include, but are not limited to:. * Anemia (eg, iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, lead ...
Located in sunny South Florida, Scion Lab Services, LLC is a high complexity CLIA licensed and COLA accredited clinical lab testing facility. We use cutting edge equipment and technology to generate the most accurate lab testing results available with a team of qualified professionals to bring you unparalleled service to exceed your expectations. We utilize the latest generation in immunoassay urine testing and liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (
... « on: September 19, 2023, 04:47:47 pm » ... Re: How to lower Hematocrit While on TRT « Reply #1 on: September 20, 2023, 08:23:13 pm » ... Re: How to lower Hematocrit While on TRT « Reply #2 on: September 20, 2023, 08:51:16 pm » ... Re: How to lower Hematocrit While on TRT « Reply #3 on: September 21, 2023, 04:00:50 pm » ...
Lu XiangyiTG12XMicro Hematocrit Centrifuge 24 capillary, 12 capillary maximum speed: 12000r/min rotor capacity: 24 capillary ...
Low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels signify a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. This HealthHearty article gives ... Causes of Low Hematocrit and Hemoglobin. Low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels signify a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) in ... Low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels signify a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. This HealthHearty article gives ... Both hemoglobin and hematocrit are linked with red blood cells (RBCs). Hemoglobin (Hb) is the protein found in RBCs that ...
... Technical specifications for FE1400 Haematospin 1400 haematocrit centrifuge* ... Technical specifications for FE1400 Haematospin 1400 haematocrit centrifuge ...
  • The hematocrit can also be determined by a manual method using a centrifuge. (medicinenet.com)
  • The capillaries are filled with blood using a micro hematocrit centrifuge, where the blood is spun at high speed to separate the red blood cells from the plasma. (recombigen.com)
  • Haematocrit centrifuge LHC-A10 is a microprocessor controlled light weight table top type system with an advanced design that enables easy operation. (labtrononline.com)
  • Even women who are of childbearing age, tend to have low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during menstruation. (xshotpix.com)
  • The means of discerning the hematocrit levels in the body are Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) , and these help doctors determine if a person is having low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the body. (healthhearty.com)
  • Microhematocrit capillary tubes are the most popular capillary tubes for hematocrit measurements. (recombigen.com)
  • Precision measurements of blood volume and hematocrit values are possible because to the calibrated markings along the length of microhematocrit capillary tubes. (recombigen.com)
  • Our glass capillary tubes are designed for both safe blood collection as well as accurate micro-hematocrit determinations. (labsuppliesusa.com)
  • Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can indicate a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dehydration produces a falsely high hematocrit that disappears when the proper fluid balance is restored. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can be a sign of a blood disorder , dehydration , or other medical conditions that affect your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • High hematocrit levels could indicate underlying medical conditions like: Dehydration. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Dehydration could also alter the hemoglobin and hematocrit values, as loss of fluids reduces the blood volume. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • An abnormally low hematocrit may suggest anemia, a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells, while an abnormally high hematocrit is called polycythemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the hematocrit level is too high, this may be an indication of polycythemia vera, lung disease or heart disease. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Hemoglobin and hematocrit should be checked periodically for polycythemia in patients who are receiving high doses of anabolic steroids. (montrosefire.net)
  • Previous Previous List of Common Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms Next Next Speech and Language Pediatric Milestones: NCLEX Chart Nursing Mnemonics Polycythemia (also known as polycythemia) is a laboratory finding in which the hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells by volume in the blood) and/or an increased concentration hemoglobin in the blood. (changingyourbusiness.com)
  • Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis, and there is considerable overlap in the two findings, but the terms are not the same: polycythemia describes any increase in hematocrit and/or hemoglobin, while erythrocytosis describes a specific increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood. (changingyourbusiness.com)
  • Causes of Elevated Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Polycythemia vera. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • The resulting hematocrit value is given in % or in ratio numbers. (wikilectures.eu)
  • They have calibrated markings along their length to accurately measure the volume of blood and the resulting hematocrit value. (recombigen.com)
  • For example, if your hematocrit test result is 42, it means that 42% of your blood is red blood cells and the rest is white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The hematocrit test measures the volume of red blood cells by separating them from white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • clarification needed] Typically, a higher hematocrit level signifies the blood sample's ability to transport oxygen, which has led to reports that an "optimal hematocrit level" may exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • The increased risk of death attributed to higher hematocrit was seen in men and women irrespective of their achievement of target blood pressure, indicating that the risk is independent of the effect of hematocrit on blood pressure. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The hematocrit (/hɪˈmætəkrɪt/) (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood, measured as part of a blood test. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the purpose of red blood cells is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, a blood sample's hematocrit-the red blood cell volume percentage-can become a point of reference of its capability of delivering oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • An estimated hematocrit as a percentage may be derived by tripling the hemoglobin concentration in g/dL and dropping the units. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hematocrit (hct) is expressed as a percentage. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hematocrit is the percentage of red cells in your blood. (xshotpix.com)
  • The hematocrit blood test determines the percentage of red blood cells (RBC's) in the blood. (viplab.in)
  • The hematocrit test indicates the percentage of blood by volume that is composed of red blood cells. (viplab.in)
  • A low hematocrit means the percentage of red blood cells is below the lower limits of normal (see above) for that person's age, sex, or specific condition (for example, pregnancy or high-altitude living). (viplab.in)
  • The hematocrit is reported as a percentage of the volume of red blood cells in 100 ml of blood. (healthhearty.com)
  • With modern lab equipment, the hematocrit can be calculated by an automated analyzer or directly measured, depending on the analyzer manufacturer. (wikipedia.org)
  • With modern lab equipment, the hematocrit is calculated by an automated analyzer and is not directly measured. (xshotpix.com)
  • However, the strong inverse relationship between anemia and acute kidney injury across sexes suggests the importance of reducing exposure to low nadir hematocrit. (nih.gov)
  • How are hemoglobin and hematocrit used to diagnose anemia? (xshotpix.com)
  • There are some instances where a low Complete Blood Count (CBC) A low red blood cell count, hemoglobin or hematocrit indicates anemia. (xshotpix.com)
  • If the hematocrit level is too low, this may be an indication of anemia or a vitamin or mineral deficiency. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Another term for low hematocrit is anemia. (viplab.in)
  • Hematocrit may indicate that a patient has anemia, erythrocytosis, or changes in plasma volume. (medscape.com)
  • StatStrip Hb/Hct is the only point-of-care (POC) meter to measure hemoglobin and hematocrit for accurate anemia screening and blood loss monitoring-a breakthrough made possible because of new, patented electrochemical technologies developed by Nova. (m-s-instruments.com)
  • Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells and hematocrit is a measurement of the amount of red blood cells as related to total blood cell count. (xshotpix.com)
  • On the other hand, hematocrit is the measurement of the amount of RBCs present in the total blood volume. (healthhearty.com)
  • Optimal hematocrit levels have been studied through combinations of assays on blood sample's hematocrit itself, viscosity, and hemoglobin level. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematocrit assays do not commonly employ EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). (recombigen.com)
  • Pregnancy can cause a low hematocrit. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They argued that the physiologic changes of pregnancy result in the lowest hemoglobin and hematocrit values at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation. (aafp.org)
  • If hemoglobin and hematocrit values are acceptable at that time, retesting later in pregnancy is not necessary in low-risk pregnant women. (aafp.org)
  • Hematocrit may be decreased in pregnancy secondary to increased plasma volumes. (medscape.com)
  • A decrease in the number or size of red cells also decreases the amount of space they occupy, resulting in a lower hematocrit. (xshotpix.com)
  • The hematocrit value decreases, for example, when the number of erythrocytes decreases, their volume decreases or when the plasma volume increases. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Conversely, hematocrit decreases when plasma volume increases or in states of decreased erythropoiesis or increased red cell destruction or loss. (medscape.com)
  • The red blood cells are the dominant contributor to the viscosity of blood, so greater hematocrit levels significantly thicken the blood, thereby slowing its rate of flow throughout the body. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Findings from a large multicenter experience showed that sex influenced the relationship between low nadir hematocrit and increased risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Odds ratios between nadir hematocrit and stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury were calculated, and the interaction of sex with nadir hematocrit was tested. (nih.gov)
  • 001). There was no effect of sex on the relationship between nadir hematocrit and acute kidney injury (P = .67). (nih.gov)
  • We found no sex-related differences in the effect of nadir hematocrit on acute kidney injury after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. (nih.gov)
  • nadir hematocrit. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of a low hematocrit level include chest pain, dizziness, headache and shortness of breath. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Symptoms of a high hematocrit level include dizziness, headache, blurred vision and heart attack. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Patients experiencing any neurological symptoms, which are not attributable to drug use should be observed for symptoms of anabolic steroid abuse, boldenone hematocrit. (montrosefire.net)
  • What are symptoms of elevated hematocrit? (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • The Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic Study cohort included 10951 hypertensive patients, who had hematocrit measured at their initial clinic visit and followed for ≤35 years. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Hypertensive patients with hematocrit levels outside of the sex-specific reference ranges identified in this study should be targeted for more aggressive blood pressure and cardiovascular risk reduction treatment. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Patients are managed with phlebotomy to maintain haematocrit (Hct) StudyThis analysis of newly diagnosed JAK2 mutant PV patients (n = 50) over 2 years aimed to determine how effectively patients attained and maintained target Hct according to recommended practice.ConclusionsWe found that patients spent the majority of time in target Hct range. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Anabolic steroid abuse by patients with a history of a prior episode of neurologic illness may also be associated with increases in hospitalization and the development of comorbidities, boldenone hematocrit. (montrosefire.net)
  • In emergency care settings and in hospitals, StatStrip Hb/Hct can aid in rapidly evaluating blood loss, initiating treatments more quickly, and monitoring critically ill patients who are at risk for low hemoglobin and hematocrit. (m-s-instruments.com)
  • Change in hematocrit during trauma assessment predicts bleeding even with ongoing fluid resuscitation. (medscape.com)
  • Hematocrit may be used as a cutoff to determine transfusion requirements. (medscape.com)
  • Most of these machines in fact do not directly measure the hematocrit, but instead, calculate it based on the determination of the amount of hemoglobin and the average volume of the red blood cells. (medicinenet.com)
  • How do you calculate hematocrit? (xshotpix.com)
  • The packed red blood cell length is compared to the length of the blood column in the capillary tube to calculate the hematocrit value. (recombigen.com)
  • Low hematocrit is also not a physiological condition and is associated with red cell disorders. (fremitus.pl)
  • That is, if packed red cells are being supplied, the sample will contain a large amount of those cells and the hematocrit will be artificially very high. (wikipedia.org)
  • What does a high hematocrit mean? (medicinenet.com)
  • High hematocrits can be seen in people living at high altitudes and in chronic smokers . (medicinenet.com)
  • Living at high altitudes where there's less oxygen in the air may cause a high hematocrit. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What does it mean when your hematocrit is high? (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • If you've taken a hematocrit test and hematocrit is high, this means that you have more red blood cells than what's considered to be healthy. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Is it bad if your hematocrit is high? (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • What is the risk of high hematocrit? (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • does lowering hematocrit also lower blood pressure Publication of the USAI review: Except therapy is to avoid an energy and effective treatment of high blood pressure and angiotensin II products, alcohol in the USA. (cpfsj.org)
  • Another way of measuring hematocrit levels is by optical methods such as spectrophotometry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through differential spectrophotometry, the differences in optical densities of a blood sample flowing through small-bore glass tubes at isosbestic wavelengths for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin and the product of the luminal diameter and hematocrit create a linear relationship that is used to measure hematocrit levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • While known hematocrit levels are used in detecting conditions, it may fail at times due to hematocrit being the measure of concentration of red blood cells through volume in a blood sample. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematocrit levels also serve as an indicator of health conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, tests on hematocrit levels are often carried out in the process of diagnosis of such conditions, and may be conducted prior to surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the health conditions associated with certain hematocrit levels are the same as ones associated with certain hemoglobin levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 20 mothers who had hemoglobin levels below 10 g per dL (100 g per L) or a hematocrit level below 30 percent (0.30) at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation were provided with 325 mg per day of ferrous sulfate. (aafp.org)
  • Hematocrit levels refer to the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. (xshotpix.com)
  • Why are my hematocrit levels so low? (xshotpix.com)
  • Low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels signify a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. (healthhearty.com)
  • How do I bring my hematocrit levels down? (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Low levels of hematocrit could be dangerous if it leads to the reduction of oxygen supply to various parts of the body. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • It does not account for the mass of the red blood cells, and thus the changes in mass can alter a hematocrit level or go undetected while affecting a subject's condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Do you know your hematocrit level? (cyclingforums.com)
  • What does it mean to have hematocrit level? (xshotpix.com)
  • A normal hematocrit level is between 38.8 and 50 for men and between 34.9 and 44.5 for women. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Below is a diagram that illustrates an elevated hematocrit level. (fremitus.pl)
  • Hematocrit may be measured directly by centrifugation or indirectly by automated methods. (medscape.com)
  • The hematocrit is typically measured from a blood sample by an automated machine that makes several other measurements of the blood at the same time. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hematocrit capillaries are thin, transparent tubes typically made of glass or plastic. (recombigen.com)
  • The hematocrit is the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of red blood cells . (medicinenet.com)
  • A hematocrit (he-MAT-uh-krit) test measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. (xshotpix.com)
  • What is a Hematocrit Test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • A hematocrit test is a blood test that measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A hematocrit test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Why do I need a hematocrit test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your health care provider may order a hematocrit test as part of your regular checkup or to monitor your health if you are being treated for cancer or have an ongoing health condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What happens during a hematocrit test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • You don't need any special preparations for a hematocrit test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is very little risk to having a hematocrit test or other type of blood test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your hematocrit test results are reported as a number. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The hematocrit test, also known as a packed-cell volume (PCV) test, is a simple blood test. (xshotpix.com)
  • What makes up the plasma in a hematocrit test? (xshotpix.com)
  • Are there any risks to having a hematocrit test? (xshotpix.com)
  • When a hematocrit test is ordered, the doctor wants to look at the number of red blood cells in the blood in order to monitor the response to treatment or make a diagnosis. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • The hematocrit is a basic test that can tell a physician a lot about a person's health. (viplab.in)
  • For example, a hematocrit of 25% means that there are 25 milliliters of red blood cells in 100 milliliters of blood. (medicinenet.com)
  • A hematocrit value above the reference range means that the ratio of erythrocytes to other blood components is higher than it should be. (fremitus.pl)
  • Low Red Blood Count Hemoglobin And Hematocrit - Simple tricks to remember common laboratory values! (changingyourbusiness.com)
  • StatStrip Hb/Hct provides measured hemoglobin and hematocrit results, which are more accurate than calculated results, with excellent correlation to laboratory reference methods. (m-s-instruments.com)
  • There are other names for the hematocrit, such as packed cell volume (PCV), volume of packed red cells (VPRC), or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Calculated hematocrit is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the mean cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • When collecting blood for hematocrit, the anticoagulant must not affect the final volume of the sample! (wikilectures.eu)
  • The hematocrit is measured by multiplying the red blood cell count, RBC, by the mean cell volume, also known as the mean corpuscular volume or MCV. (bloodtesteasy.com)
  • Hematocrit rises with an increase in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the plasma volume. (medscape.com)
  • Blood volume was calculated from plasma volume measured using radiolabelled albumin and hematocrit. (lu.se)
  • In their study, they evaluated the ability of hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation to predict values during labor. (aafp.org)
  • In addition to gathering data on the pregnant women, the authors interviewed 31 obstetric specialists from the unit to identify the hemoglobin and hematocrit values at which patient management decisions would be affected. (aafp.org)
  • By the time the women were admitted in labor, the mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values had increased by a mean of 0.5 g per dL (5 g per L) and 2.8 percent (0.03), respectively. (aafp.org)
  • What are normal lab values for hematocrit? (xshotpix.com)
  • For the sake of example, I have given reference values for hematocrit in an adult woman. (fremitus.pl)
  • Title : Hematocrit values of youths 12-17 years, United States Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) Published Date : December 1974 Series : Vital and health statistics. (cdc.gov)
  • Hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements are performed in almost all women admitted to a hospital in labor. (aafp.org)
  • In these women, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements were obtained on admission and at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation. (aafp.org)
  • The potential savings would be between $22 and $39 per patient, depending on whether hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements or a complete blood count is ordered. (aafp.org)
  • A low hematocrit count may be caused by some types of cancer, blood loss including internal bleeding, vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency, and cirrhosis of the liver. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Most commonly, a person who has an elevated hematocrit could experience heat intolerance, sweating, weight loss, and fatigue or weakness. (teacherscollegesj.org)
  • Hematocrit has been inconsistently reported to be a risk marker of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Following hematocrit as a marker over time may help determine response to treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Hemoglobin and hematocrit are unrelated to exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • What is a normal hematocrit ranges by ages? (medicinenet.com)
  • The normal ranges for hematocrit are depended on the age after adolescence and the sex of the individual. (medicinenet.com)
  • Your hematocrit (HCT) shows whether you have a normal amount of red blood cells, too many, or too few. (tidelandshealth.org)
  • works to lower blood pressure, which is detailed to help prevent the body, and therefore, especially in the skin damage to the body does lowering hematocrit also lower blood pressure. (cpfsj.org)
  • But when someone is a blood pressure reading is measured, it comes to the majority of the body does lowering hematocrit also lower blood pressure. (cpfsj.org)
  • The hematocrit is slightly more accurate, as the PCV includes small amounts of blood plasma trapped between the red cells. (wikipedia.org)