Hallucinogens
Psilocybine
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
Lisuride
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine
Amphetamines
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists
Serotonin Receptor Agonists
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
Mysticism
Methoxydimethyltryptamines
Inhalant Abuse
Receptors, Opioid, kappa
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin Antagonists
Fluorobenzenes
Receptors, Serotonin
Ritanserin
Street Drugs
Psychoses, Substance-Induced
Phenethylamines
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
Bicyclo Compounds
Head Movements
Ketanserin
Discrimination Learning
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Ketamine
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man--a PET study with [11C]raclopride. (1/530)
The modulating effects of serotonin on dopamine neurotransmission are not well understood, particularly in acute psychotic states. Positron emission tomography was used to examine the effect of psilocybin on the in vivo binding of [11C]raclopride to D2-dopamine receptors in the striatum in healthy volunteers after placebo and a psychotomimetic dose of psilocybin (n = 7). Psilocybin is a potent indoleamine hallucinogen and a mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Psilocybin administration (0.25 mg/kg p.o.) produced changes in mood, disturbances in thinking, illusions, elementary and complex visual hallucinations and impaired ego-functioning. Psilocybin significantly decreased [11C]raclopride receptor binding potential (BP) bilaterally in the caudate nucleus (19%) and putamen (20%) consistent with an increase in endogenous dopamine. Changes in [11C]raclopride BP in the ventral striatum correlated with depersonalization associated with euphoria. Together with previous reports of 5-HT receptor involvement in striatal dopamine release, it is concluded that stimulation of both 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors may be important for the modulation of striatal dopamine release in acute psychoses. The present results indirectly support the hypothesis of a serotonin-dopamine dysbalance in schizophrenia and suggest that psilocybin is a valuable tool in the analysis of serotonin-dopamine interactions in acute psychotic states. (+info)Increased exploratory activity and altered response to LSD in mice lacking the 5-HT(5A) receptor. (2/530)
In order to determine the distribution and function of the 5-HT5A serotonin receptor subtype, we generated knockout mice lacking the 5-HT5A gene. Comparative autoradiography studies of brains of wild-type (wt) and 5-HT5A knockout (5A-KO) mice revealed the existence of binding sites with high affinity for [125I]LSD that correspond to 5-HT5A receptors and that are concentrated in the olfactory bulb, neocortex, and medial habenula. When exposed to novel environments, the 5A-KO mice displayed increased exploratory activity but no change in anxiety-related behaviors. In addition, the stimulatory effect of LSD on exploratory activity was attenuated in 5A-KO mice. These results suggest that 5-HT5A receptors modulate the activity of neural circuits involved specifically in exploratory behavior and suggest that some of the psychotropic effects of LSD may be mediated by 5-HT5A receptors. (+info)Neurometabolic effects of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled PET study with [18F]FDG. (3/530)
The neurometabolic effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin (PSI; 0.2 mg/kg), the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE; 2 mg/kg) and the stimulant d-methamphetamine (METH; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg) and the drugs' interactions with a prefrontal activation task were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled human [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucoseFDG-positron emission tomographicPET study (each group: n = 8). Subjects underwent two scans (control: word repetition; activation word association) within 2-4 weeks. Psilocybin increased rMRGlu in distinct right hemispheric frontotemporal cortical regions, particularly in the anterior cingulate and decreased rMRGlu in the thalamus. Both MDE and METH induced cortical hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism. In the MDE group, cortical hypometabolism was more pronounced in frontal regions, with the exception of the right anterior cingulate, which tended to be hyperactive. Cognitive activation-related increases in left frontocortical regions were attenuated under all three psychoactive substances, but less so under MDE. Taking into account performance data and subjective reports on task difficulty, these effects may result from different mechanisms across the three groups. Our PSI data are in line with studies on acute schizophrenic patients suggesting frontal overactivity at rest, but diminished capacity to activate prefrontal regions upon cognitive demand. The MDE data support the hypothesis that entactogens constitute a distinct psychoactive substance class, which takes an intermediate position between stimulants and hallucinogens. (+info)Analysis of illicit ecstasy tablets: implications for clinical management in the accident and emergency department. (4/530)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the composition of illicitly manufactured "ecstasy" tablets sold on the UK drugs market. METHODS: Analysis by gas chromatography of 25 illicit ecstasy tablets handed in under amnesty to Leeds Addiction Unit. RESULTS: Illicitly manufactured ecstasy tablets contain a range of ingredients, of widely differing concentrations, and even tablets with the same brand name have variable concentrations of active ingredients. Concentrations of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) more popularly known as ecstasy, varied 70-fold between tablets. Nine tablets contained neither MDMA nor related analogues. CONCLUSIONS: These results have implications for emergency workers attending to those who have become casualties of the drug ecstasy. Those claiming to have ingested ecstasy may actually have taken other agents that require different clinical management. (+info)Effects of sustained phencyclidine exposure on sensorimotor gating of startle in rats. (5/530)
Phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist with actions at multiple other central nervous system receptors, can cause both acute and lasting psychoses in humans, and has also been used in cross-species models of psychosis. Acute exposure to PCP in rats produces behavioral changes, including a loss of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, which parallels the loss of PPI observed in schizophrenia patients. Sustained exposure to PCP in rats produces neuropathological changes in several limbic regions and prolonged behavioral abnormalities that may parallel neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. It is unclear whether sustained PCP exposure will also produce a loss of prepulse inhibition which parallels the decrease observed in schizophrenia patients. In the present study, we examined changes in PPI during and after sustained PCP administration, using 5-day PCP exposure via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps, or 14-day PCP exposure via repeated intraperitoneal injections. In both forms of drug delivery, PPI was disrupted during, but not after, sustained drug exposure. PPI does not appear to be sensitive to neuropathological effects of sustained PCP exposure. (+info)Noribogaine generalization to the ibogaine stimulus: correlation with noribogaine concentration in rat brain. (6/530)
The discriminative stimulus effects of ibogaine and noribogaine in rats have been examined in relation to their concentrations in blood plasma and brain regions and to receptor systems through which they have been proposed to act. Rats were trained to discriminate ibogaine (10 mg/kg i.p.), the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (0.08 mg/kg i.p.) or the kappa-opioid agonist U50,488 (5 mg/kg i.p.) from vehicle in a standard two-lever operant conditioning procedure with a tandem VI-FR schedule of food reinforcement. Only rats trained on ibogaine generalized to noribogaine, which was approximately twice as potent as the parent compound. Noribogaine was detected in plasma and brain after administration of ibogaine and noribogaine. At the ED50 doses for the discriminative effect, the estimated concentrations of noribogaine in plasma, cerebral cortex, and striatum were similar regardless of whether ibogaine or noribogaine was administered. The findings suggest that the metabolite noribogaine may be devoid of NMDA antagonist and kappa-opioid agonist discriminative effects and that it may play a major role in mediating the discriminative stimulus effect of ibogaine. (+info)Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. (7/530)
The cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") were assessed in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, and controlled (placebo and amphetamine) clinical trial. Eight men with experience in the recreational use of MDMA participated in four 10-h experimental sessions with a 1-week washout period. Single oral doses of 125 mg and 75 mg of MDMA, 40 mg of amphetamine, and placebo were given. Both MDMA doses significantly increased blood pressure (increases of 40 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure), heart rate (increases of 30 beats/min), and pupillary diameter (mydriasis) as compared with placebo. Oral temperature did not show significant changes in any drug-active condition. Plasma cortisol levels showed a statistically significant increase after MDMA administration. Prolactin levels only increased after high dose of MDMA. Cmax values for 125-mg and 75-mg MDMA doses were 236.4 and 130.9 ng/ml, and Tmax was observed at 2.4 and 1.8 h, respectively. Elimination half-life was 8.6 h and 7.7 h for high and low MDMA doses, respectively. Amphetamine half-life was 15 h. Between 8 and 9% of the doses of MDMA appeared in plasma in the form of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine. The important cardiovascular effects observed after MDMA administration in laboratory conditions at rest (increases of 40 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 30 beats/min in pulse rate) could be relevant in terms of toxicity in real-life conditions (e.g., crowded places and physical activity). (+info)Stereospecific analysis and enantiomeric disposition of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in humans. (8/530)
BACKGROUND: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In addition, the potential of utilizing the stereochemical composition of an analyte in biological media for forensic purposes requires investigation. METHODS: The enantiomers of MDMA and its demethylated metabolite, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), present in plasma and urine extracts were derivatized with (-)-(R)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The enantioselective disposition of MDMA and MDA was determined following oral administration of racemic MDMA (40 mg) to eight male volunteers. RESULTS: The plasma concentrations of (R)-MDMA exceeded those of the S-enantiomer [ratio R:S of the area under the curve (AUC), 2.4 +/- 0.3], and the plasma half-life of (R)-MDMA (5.8 +/- 2.2 h) was significantly longer than that of the S-enantiomer (3.6 +/- 0.9 h). The majority of the recovered material in urine was excreted within 24 h after dosing, with the recovery of (R)-MDMA (21.4% +/- 11.6%) being significantly greater than that of (S)-MDMA (9.3% +/- 4.9%), and with (S)- and (R)-MDA accounting for 1.4% +/- 0.5% and 1.0% +/- 0.3% of the dose, respectively. Mathematical modeling of plasma enantiomeric composition vs sampling time demonstrated the applicability of using stereochemical data for the prediction of time elapsed after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: Analytical methods for determining the enantiomeric composition of MDMA and MDA in plasma and urine were developed. The disposition of MDMA in humans is stereoselective, with the more active S-enantiomer having a reduced AUC and shorter half-life than (R)-MDMA. The determination of stereochemical composition may be applicable for forensic purposes. (+info)Hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and thought, often causing hallucinations, which are profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality. These substances work by disrupting the normal functioning of the brain, particularly the parts that regulate mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, and sexual behavior.
Hallucinogens can be found in various forms, including plants, mushrooms, and synthetic compounds. Some common examples of hallucinogens include LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin (found in certain species of mushrooms), DMT (dimethyltryptamine), and ayahuasca (a plant-based brew from South America).
The effects of hallucinogens can vary widely depending on the specific substance, the dose, the individual's personality, mood, and expectations, and the environment in which the drug is taken. These effects can range from pleasant sensory experiences and heightened emotional awareness to terrifying hallucinations and overwhelming feelings of anxiety or despair.
It's important to note that hallucinogens can be dangerous, particularly when taken in high doses or in combination with other substances. They can also cause long-term psychological distress and may trigger underlying mental health conditions. As such, they should only be used under the guidance of a trained medical professional for therapeutic purposes.
Psilocybin is defined as a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, also known as "magic mushrooms." It is classified as a tryptamine and is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. When ingested, psilocybin is converted into psilocin, which acts as a serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, leading to altered consciousness, perception, and thought. Its effects can vary widely depending on the individual, the dose, and the setting in which it is taken.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is defined in medical terms as a powerful synthetic hallucinogenic drug. It is derived from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on grains such as rye. LSD is typically distributed as a liquid, tablets, or thin squares of gelatin (commonly known as window panes). It is odorless, colorless, and has a slightly bitter taste.
LSD is considered one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. Its effects, often called a "trip," can be stimulating, pleasurable, and mind-altering or they can lead to an unpleasant, sometimes terrifying experience called a "bad trip." The effects of LSD are unpredictable depending on factors such as the user's personality, mood, expectations, and the environment in which the drug is used.
In the medical field, LSD has been studied for its potential benefits in treating certain mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression associated with life-threatening illnesses, but further research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy. It's important to note that the use of LSD outside of approved medical settings and supervision is not legal in most countries and can lead to serious legal consequences.
Clerodane diterpenes are a type of diterpene, which is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain 20 carbon atoms arranged in a particular structure. Diterpenes are synthesized by a variety of plants and some animals, and they have diverse biological activities.
Clerodane diterpenes are named after the plant genus Clerodendron, which contains many species that produce these compounds. These compounds have a characteristic carbon skeleton known as the clerodane skeleton, which is characterized by a bridged bicyclic structure.
Clerodane diterpenes have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Some clerodane diterpenes have been found to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells, while others have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses.
"Salvia" is a genus of plants that includes over 900 species, with some commonly known as sage. However, in a medical context, the term "Salvia" often refers to Salvia divinorum, a specific species of this plant. Salvia divinorum, also known as sage of the diviners, is a psychoactive herb that can produce hallucinations and other altered mental states when ingested, usually by smoking or chewing the leaves. It contains a chemical called salvinorin A, which is believed to be responsible for its psychoactive effects.
It's important to note that while Salvia divinorum has been used in traditional healing practices in some cultures, it can also have dangerous side effects and its use is regulated in many parts of the world. It should only be used under medical supervision and with a clear understanding of its potential risks.
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a powerful psychedelic compound that occurs naturally in some plants and animals. It is a derivative of tryptamine, a type of organic compound that is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is known for its ability to produce intense, short-lasting psychedelic experiences when ingested or smoked.
DMT is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and is illegal to possess or distribute. It is also known by various street names, including "DMT," "N,N-DMT," "dimitri," and "businessman's trip."
In medical contexts, DMT is not typically used as a therapeutic agent due to its strong psychoactive effects and lack of proven therapeutic benefits. However, it has been the subject of some research into its potential uses in treating mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. It is important to note that the use of DMT for any purpose carries significant risks and should only be undertaken under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.
Lisuride is a type of medication called a dopamine agonist, which works by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain. It is primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease and related disorders, as it can help to alleviate symptoms such as stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control.
Lisuride may also be used off-label for other conditions, such as certain types of headaches or cluster headaches. It is available in the form of tablets and is typically taken several times a day, with dosages adjusted based on individual patient needs and responses to treatment.
As with any medication, lisuride can have side effects, including nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, hallucinations, and orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing). It is important for patients taking this medication to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully and report any unusual symptoms or concerns.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine (also known as DOM) is a psychoactive drug that belongs to the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is a synthetic compound that is not found naturally in any plant or animal sources.
DOM is a potent hallucinogen, with effects similar to those of LSD. It can cause profound changes in perception, thought, and mood, and may also cause physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. The effects of DOM can last up to 24 hours or more, and the drug is considered to have a high potential for abuse and psychological dependence.
It's important to note that the possession, sale, and use of DOM are illegal in many countries, including the United States, due to its potential for abuse and lack of accepted medical use. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of trained medical professionals in a controlled research setting.
Amphetamines are a type of central nervous system stimulant drug that increases alertness, wakefulness, and energy levels. They work by increasing the activity of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. Amphetamines can be prescribed for medical conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, but they are also commonly abused for their ability to produce euphoria, increase confidence, and improve performance in tasks that require sustained attention.
Some common examples of amphetamines include:
* Adderall: a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
* Dexedrine: a brand name for dextroamphetamine, used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
* Vyvanse: a long-acting formulation of lisdexamfetamine, a prodrug that is converted to dextroamphetamine in the body, used to treat ADHD
Amphetamines can be taken orally, snorted, smoked, or injected. Long-term use or abuse of amphetamines can lead to a number of negative health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, malnutrition, mental health disorders, and memory loss.
A serotonin receptor, specifically the 5-HT2A subtype (5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor), is a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the cell membrane. It is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin and plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, including mood, cognition, sleep, and sensory perception.
The 5-HT2A receptor is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraine. It is also the primary target of several psychoactive drugs, including hallucinogens like LSD and psilocybin, as well as atypical antipsychotics used to treat conditions like schizophrenia.
The 5-HT2A receptor signals through a G protein called Gq, which activates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the activation of phospholipase C and the production of second messengers such as inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). These second messengers then go on to modulate various cellular processes, including the release of neurotransmitters and the regulation of gene expression.
Psychopharmacology is a branch of psychopharmacology that deals with the study of the effects of drugs on mood, thinking, and behavior. It involves researching how various substances interact with the brain and nervous system to produce changes in perception, cognition, consciousness, and emotion. This field also includes the development and testing of medications used to treat mental disorders, as well as the study of the potential misuse and abuse of drugs. Psychopharmacologists may work in academia, research institutions, or the pharmaceutical industry, and they often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists and neurologists, to develop and implement treatment plans for patients.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists are a class of compounds that bind to and activate the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, which are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors play important roles in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, vasoconstriction, and smooth muscle contraction.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists can produce a range of effects depending on the specific subtype of receptor they activate. For example, activation of 5-HT2A receptors has been associated with hallucinogenic effects, while activation of 5-HT2B receptors has been linked to cardiac valvulopathy.
These drugs are used in a variety of clinical settings, including the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, migraine headaches, and cluster headaches. Examples of serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists include LSD, psilocybin, ergotamine, and sumatriptan.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "magnetometry" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Magnetometry is a method used in physics and engineering to measure magnetic fields or the magnetic properties of materials. It involves the use of magnetometers, which are instruments that can detect and measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields.
In a medical context, magnetometry might refer to the use of magnetometers in specific medical applications, such as measuring the magnetic properties of tissues for diagnostic purposes. However, it is not a widely used term in medicine, and its meaning can vary depending on the particular medical application. If you have more context or information about how this term is being used, I'd be happy to try to provide a more specific answer.
Serotonin receptor agonists are a class of medications that bind to and activate serotonin receptors in the body, mimicking the effects of the neurotransmitter serotonin. These drugs can have various effects depending on which specific serotonin receptors they act upon. Some serotonin receptor agonists are used to treat conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches, and Parkinson's disease, while others may be used to stimulate appetite or reduce anxiety. It is important to note that some serotonin receptor agonists can have serious side effects, particularly when taken in combination with other medications that affect serotonin levels, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). This can lead to a condition called serotonin syndrome, which is characterized by symptoms such as agitation, confusion, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and muscle stiffness.
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (also known as MDA) is a synthetic psychoactive drug that belongs to the class of amphetamines. It acts as a central nervous system stimulant and hallucinogen. Chemically, it is a derivative of amphetamine with an additional methylenedioxy ring attached to the 3,4 positions on the aromatic ring. MDA is known for its empathogenic effects, meaning that it can produce feelings of empathy, emotional openness, and euphoria in users. It has been used recreationally as a party drug and at raves, but it also has potential therapeutic uses. However, MDA can have serious side effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, hyperthermia, dehydration, and in some cases, serotonin syndrome. As with other psychoactive drugs, MDA should only be used under medical supervision and with a clear understanding of its potential risks and benefits.
Tryptamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a tryptamine skeleton, which is a combination of an indole ring and a ethylamine side chain. They are commonly found in nature and can be synthesized in the lab. Some tryptamines have psychedelic properties and are used as recreational drugs, such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Others have important roles in the human body, such as serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Tryptamines can also be found in some plants and animals, including certain species of mushrooms, toads, and catnip.
Mysticism is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. It is a concept that is more commonly found in theology, philosophy, and religious studies. Mysticism generally refers to direct, personal experience of the divine or transcendent reality, often through intuitive or emotional means rather than rational or logical ones.
However, in some contexts, mystical experiences may be discussed in the field of psychology and psychiatry. For example, a person might have a mystical experience as part of a spiritual practice or during a period of intense personal growth, which could be described as a "mystical state of consciousness." In such cases, these experiences might be studied from a medical or psychological perspective to better understand their underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic uses.
Overall, while mysticism is not a medical term per se, it can intersect with the fields of psychology and psychiatry in certain contexts.
Methoxydimethyltryptamines are a group of synthetic psychedelic tryptamine compounds that contain methoxy groups. These substances are not well-researched and their pharmacological properties, including their safety and potential therapeutic uses, are not well understood. They are considered to be controlled substances in many countries and their use is not authorized for medical or recreational purposes. It's important to note that the use of these substances can carry significant risks, including psychological distress, dangerous behavior, and legal consequences.
Inhalant abuse refers to the deliberate inhaling of volatile substances, often found in common household or industrial products, to achieve a psychoactive effect or "high." These substances, known as inhalants, evaporate at room temperature and can be inhaled through the nose or mouth, usually from a cloth soaked in the substance, a balloon filled with the gas, or directly from the container.
Inhalant abuse is dangerous and potentially fatal, as it can lead to various short-term and long-term health consequences, including:
1. Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome (SSDS): A fatal condition that can occur after the first use or any use of inhalants, caused by heart failure or irregularities.
2. Asphyxiation: Inhaling high concentrations of fumes can displace oxygen in the lungs, leading to suffocation.
3. Brain damage: Chronic inhalant abuse can cause irreversible brain damage due to the lack of oxygen and direct toxic effects on neurons.
4. Hearing loss: Long-term exposure to certain inhalants, like toluene or solvents, can lead to permanent hearing loss.
5. Bone marrow damage: Prolonged use of some inhalants, such as benzene and n-hexane, can cause bone marrow suppression and anemia.
6. Liver and kidney damage: Long-term abuse of inhalants can lead to organ failure and death.
7. Limb spasms or weakness: Chronic inhalant abuse may result in peripheral neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations in the limbs.
8. Memory impairment: Inhalant abuse can lead to cognitive deficits, including memory loss and difficulties with learning and problem-solving.
9. Mental health issues: Chronic inhalant abusers may develop mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, or psychosis.
Commonly abused inhalants include solvents (e.g., paint thinners, gasoline, and glue), aerosols (e.g., spray paints, deodorants, and hair sprays), gases (e.g., propane, butane, and nitrous oxide), and anesthetics (e.g., ether and chloroform). These substances are often found in household products or industrial settings and can be inhaled through various methods, such as "huffing" or "sniffing."
Opioid receptors, also known as opiate receptors, are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the nervous system and other tissues. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides, as well as exogenous opiates and opioids. There are several subtypes of opioid receptors, including mu, delta, and kappa.
Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are a subtype of opioid receptor that are widely distributed throughout the body, including in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as dynorphins, as well as by synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids such as salvinorin A and U-69593.
KORs play a role in the modulation of pain, mood, and addictive behaviors. Activation of KORs has been shown to produce analgesic effects, but can also cause dysphoria, sedation, and hallucinations. KOR agonists have potential therapeutic uses for the treatment of pain, addiction, and other disorders, but their use is limited by their side effects.
It's important to note that opioid receptors and their ligands (drugs or endogenous substances that bind to them) are complex systems with many different actions and effects in the body. The specific effects of KOR activation depend on a variety of factors, including the location and density of the receptors, the presence of other receptors and signaling pathways, and the dose and duration of exposure to the ligand.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, at 5-HT2 receptors. These receptors are found in the central and peripheral nervous systems and are involved in various physiological functions such as mood regulation, cognition, appetite control, and vasoconstriction.
By blocking the action of serotonin at these receptors, serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists can produce a range of effects depending on the specific receptor subtype that they target. For example, some serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists are used to treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, while others are used to treat migraines or prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.
Some common examples of serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists include risperidone, olanzapine, and paliperidone (used for the treatment of schizophrenia), mirtazapine (used for the treatment of depression), sumatriptan (used for the treatment of migraines), and ondansetron (used to prevent nausea and vomiting).
Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises from excessive serotonergic activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. It is typically caused by the interaction of medications, illicit substances, or dietary supplements that increase serotonin levels or enhance serotonin receptor sensitivity.
The diagnostic criteria for serotonin syndrome include:
1. Presence of a serotonergic medication or drug known to cause the syndrome
2. Development of neuromuscular abnormalities, such as hyperreflexia, myoclonus, tremor, rigidity, or akathisia
3. Autonomic dysfunction, including diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, and hyperthermia
4. Mental status changes, such as agitation, confusion, hallucinations, or coma
5. Symptoms that develop rapidly, usually within hours of a change in serotonergic medication or dosage
Serotonin syndrome can range from mild to severe, with the most severe cases potentially leading to respiratory failure, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and death. Treatment typically involves discontinuation of the offending agent(s), supportive care, and pharmacologic interventions such as cyproheptadine or cooling measures for hyperthermia.
Serotonin antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, at specific receptor sites in the brain and elsewhere in the body. They work by binding to the serotonin receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the natural serotonin from binding and transmitting signals.
Serotonin antagonists are used in the treatment of various conditions such as psychiatric disorders, migraines, and nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. They can have varying degrees of affinity for different types of serotonin receptors (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, etc.), which contributes to their specific therapeutic effects and side effect profiles.
Examples of serotonin antagonists include ondansetron (used to treat nausea and vomiting), risperidone and olanzapine (used to treat psychiatric disorders), and methysergide (used to prevent migraines). It's important to note that these medications should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have potential risks and interactions with other drugs.
Fluorobenzenes are a group of organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring (a cyclic structure with six carbon atoms in a hexagonal arrangement) substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. The general chemical formula for a fluorobenzene is C6H5F, but this can vary depending on the number of fluorine atoms present in the molecule.
Fluorobenzenes are relatively stable and non-reactive compounds due to the strong carbon-fluorine bond. They are used as starting materials in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals. Some fluorobenzenes also have potential applications as refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and solvents.
It is worth noting that while fluorobenzenes themselves are not considered to be particularly hazardous, some of their derivatives can be toxic or environmentally harmful, so they must be handled with care during production and use.
Serotonin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). They are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they play important roles in regulating various physiological processes such as mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, and cognition.
There are seven different classes of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7), each with multiple subtypes, that exhibit distinct pharmacological properties and signaling mechanisms. These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or ligand-gated ion channels, which activate intracellular signaling pathways upon serotonin binding.
Serotonin receptors have been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraine. Therefore, selective serotonin receptor agonists or antagonists are used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of these conditions.
Ritanserin is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as serotonin antagonists. It works by blocking the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to reduce anxiety and improve mood. Ritanserin was initially developed for the treatment of depression and schizophrenia, but its development was discontinued due to its side effects.
The medical definition of Ritanserin is:
A piperazine derivative and a serotonin antagonist that has been used in the treatment of depression and schizophrenia. Its therapeutic effect is thought to be related to its ability to block the action of serotonin at 5HT2 receptors. However, development of ritanserin was discontinued due to its side effects, including orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and sedation. It has also been studied for its potential in treating cocaine addiction and alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.
"Street drugs" is a colloquial term rather than medical jargon, but it generally refers to illegal substances or medications that are used without a prescription. These can include a wide variety of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, ecstasy, LSD, and many others. They are called "street drugs" because they are often bought and sold on the street or in clandestine settings, rather than through legitimate pharmacies or medical professionals. It's important to note that these substances can be highly dangerous and addictive, with serious short-term and long-term health consequences.
Substance-induced psychosis is a type of psychosis that is caused by the use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder as follows:
A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:
1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a combination of substances.
C. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal, or after exposure to a medication.
D. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).
It's important to note that the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis requires a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation to determine if the symptoms are caused by substance use or another underlying mental health condition.
Phenethylamines are a class of organic compounds that share a common structural feature, which is a phenethyl group (a phenyl ring bonded to an ethylamine chain). In the context of pharmacology and neuroscience, "phenethylamines" often refers to a specific group of psychoactive drugs, including stimulants like amphetamine and mescaline, a classic psychedelic. These compounds exert their effects by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It is important to note that many phenethylamines have potential for abuse and are controlled substances.
A serotonin receptor, specifically the 5-HT2C (5-hydroxytryptamine 2C) receptor, is a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) and play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including mood regulation, appetite control, sleep, and memory.
The 5-HT2C receptor is primarily located on postsynaptic neurons and can also be found on presynaptic terminals. When serotonin binds to the 5-HT2C receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately influences the electrical activity of the neuron. This receptor has been associated with several neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and eating disorders.
Pharmacological agents targeting the 5-HT2C receptor have been developed for the treatment of various diseases. For example, some antipsychotic drugs work as antagonists at this receptor to alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Additionally, agonists at the 5-HT2C receptor have shown potential in treating obesity due to their anorexigenic effects. However, further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic and side effects of these compounds.
Bicyclic compounds are organic molecules that contain two rings in their structure, with at least two common atoms shared between the rings. These compounds can be found in various natural and synthetic substances, including some medications and bioactive molecules. The unique structure of bicyclic compounds can influence their chemical and physical properties, which may impact their biological activity or reactivity.
Head movements refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the head in various directions. These movements can occur in different planes, including flexion (moving the head forward), extension (moving the head backward), rotation (turning the head to the side), and lateral bending (leaning the head to one side).
Head movements can be a result of normal physiological processes, such as when nodding in agreement or shaking the head to indicate disagreement. They can also be caused by neurological conditions, such as abnormal head movements in patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar disorders. Additionally, head movements may occur in response to sensory stimuli, such as turning the head toward a sound.
In a medical context, an examination of head movements can provide important clues about a person's neurological function and help diagnose various conditions affecting the brain and nervous system.
Ketanserin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called serotonin antagonists. It works by blocking the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, on certain types of receptors. Ketanserin is primarily used for its blood pressure-lowering effects and is also sometimes used off-label to treat anxiety disorders and alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
It's important to note that ketanserin is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States, but it may be available in other countries as a prescription medication. As with any medication, ketanserin should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider and should be taken exactly as prescribed.
Discrimination learning is a type of learning in which an individual learns to distinguish between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each. It involves the ability to recognize the differences between similar stimuli and to respond appropriately based on the specific characteristics of each stimulus. This type of learning is important for many aspects of cognition, including perception, language, and problem-solving.
In discrimination learning, an individual may be presented with two or more stimuli and reinforced for responding differently to each. For example, a person might be trained to press a button in response to the color red and to do nothing in response to the color green. Through this process of differential reinforcement, the individual learns to discriminate between the two colors and to respond appropriately to each.
Discrimination learning is often studied in animals as well as humans, and it is thought to involve a range of cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and perception. It is an important aspect of many forms of learning and plays a role in a wide variety of behaviors.
'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
**Ketamine** is a dissociative anesthetic medication primarily used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It can lead to a state of altered perception, hallucinations, sedation, and memory loss. Ketamine is also used as a pain reliever in patients with chronic pain conditions and during certain medical procedures due to its strong analgesic properties.
It is available as a generic drug and is also sold under various brand names, such as Ketalar, Ketanest, and Ketamine HCl. It can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, or as a nasal spray.
In addition to its medical uses, ketamine has been increasingly used off-label for the treatment of mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), owing to its rapid antidepressant effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term benefits and risks in these applications.
It's important to note that ketamine can be abused recreationally due to its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects, which may lead to addiction and severe psychological distress. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a medical professional.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.
The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.
It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.
'Behavior' is a term used in the medical and scientific community to describe the actions or reactions of an individual in response to internal or external stimuli. It can be observed and measured, and it involves all the responses of a person, including motor responses, emotional responses, and cognitive responses. Behaviors can be voluntary or involuntary, adaptive or maladaptive, and normal or abnormal. They can also be influenced by genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors. In a medical context, the study of behavior is often relevant to understanding and treating various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders.
Piperidines are not a medical term per se, but they are a class of organic compounds that have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Medically relevant piperidines include various drugs such as some antihistamines, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants.
A piperidine is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The structure can be described as a cyclic secondary amine. Piperidines are found in some natural alkaloids, such as those derived from the pepper plant (Piper nigrum), which gives piperidines their name.
In a medical context, it is more common to encounter specific drugs that belong to the class of piperidines rather than the term itself.
Hallucinogen
List of films featuring hallucinogens
Hallucinogen (musician)
Hallucinogen (EP)
List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens
Twisted (Hallucinogen album)
In Dub (Hallucinogen album)
Organised crime in Australia
Mescaline
LSD
Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
Psilocybin
Psychedelic drug
Phencyclidine
College health
Drug policy of Missouri
5-HT2A receptor
Psilocybe
Psilocybin mushroom
Thaddeus E. Weckowicz
Blue star tattoo legend
Substance intoxication
Amanita muscaria
Adrenochrome
Valentina Pavlovna Wasson
Berserker
2C-Se
Witches' Sabbath
Parahexyl
Hallucinogen - Wikipedia
Hallucinogens for Depression: Ketamine Research Probes Dissociative Agent
Tryptamine Hallucinogens and Consciousness
Hallucinogen Use: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Hallucinogens
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 2934 : Psychotherapy with hallucinogens : Fontana AE
Hallucinogen LSD Live Performance - Synthtopia
Is alcohol a depressant stimulant narcotic or hallucinogen? - Answers
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 7722 : Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens : Schultes RE
English
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1867 : Mode of action of ergot hallucinogens. : Hoffer A
Hallucinogens - Drug Fact Sheet
Hallucinogens | Archived articles | Hub
Hallucinogen - Gamma Goblins (It's Turtles All The Way Down Mix) music | Discogs
Marijuana and hallucinogen use, binge drinking hit historic highs | KTLA
Researchers discover evidence of HALLUCINOGEN use among ancient Europeans - NaturalNews.com
Psilocybin Compared With Other Hallucinogens - Koos
Salvia: Legal Herb Hallucinogen Draws Teens, Critics
Hallucinogen T-Shirts | Unique Designs | Spreadshirt
Marijuana and hallucinogen use, binge drinking hit historic highs | CBS 42
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 3216 : Effects of d-amphetamine, monomethoxy-amphetamines and hallucinogens on schedule-controlled...
National Drug Prevention Alliance & PPP » Hallucinogens causing seizures?
The Takeaway: A Fishy Way To Boost Brain Health; Using Hallucinogens In Health Care
Hallucinogen appears safe, may improve mood among patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety
Tips for Teens - About Hallucinogens - Saltworks Theatre Company
INVISIBLE LANDSCAPE, THE: mind, hallucinogens, and the I ching - C.G. Jung Society, Seattle
Marijuana, hallucinogen use, binge drinking hit historic highs
Hanscarl Leuner: Pioneer of Hallucinogen Research and Psycholytic Therapy - Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic...
Donlon Books | Hallucinogens and Shamanism Edited by Michael J. Harner
The discriminative effects of the κ-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: dissociation from classic...
Psychedelics12
- Most hallucinogens can be categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants. (wikipedia.org)
- Most hallucinogens can be categorized based on their pharmacological mechanisms as psychedelics (which are serotonergic), dissociatives (which are generally antiglutamatergic), or deliriants (which are generally anticholinergic). (wikipedia.org)
- Nonetheless, while the term hallucinogen is often used to refer to the broad class of drugs covered in this article, sometimes it is used to mean only classical hallucinogens (that is, psychedelics). (wikipedia.org)
- Classical hallucinogens or psychedelics have been described by many names. (wikipedia.org)
- Robin Carhart-Harris and Guy Goodwin write that the term psychedelic is preferable to hallucinogen for describing classical psychedelics because of the term hallucinogen's "arguably misleading emphasis on these compounds' hallucinogenic properties. (wikipedia.org)
- Narcotics that induce hallucinations are variously called hallucinogens (hallucination generators), psychotomimetics (psychosis mimickers), psychotaraxics (mind disturbers), and psychedelics (mind manifesters). (psypolitics.org)
- Psychedelics are also known as hallucinogens because taking them can result in hallucinations . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) , there are two main types of psychedelics: classic hallucinogens and dissociative drugs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hallucinogens are classified as psychedelics, deliriants, and dissociatives. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Hallucinogens are also commonly known as psychedelics. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Hallucinogens, psychedelics, deliriants, and dissociatives have been used around the world for a long time. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Hallucinogens or psychedelics (like N-bomb drugs) act like LSD , magic mushrooms , ketamine and methoxetamine . (talktofrank.com)
Psilocybin5
- I refer to the tryptophan-derived hallucinogens dimethyltryptamine (DMT) , psilocybin, and a hybrid drug that is in aboriginal use in the rain forests of South America, ayahuasca . (deoxy.org)
- Deaths exclusively from acute overdose of LSD, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, mescaline and other hallucinogens are less common. (dea.gov)
- A pilot study suggests the hallucinogen psilocybin may be feasible and safe to administer to patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety, with promising effects on mood, according to a report published online today that will appear in the January 2011 print issue of Archives of General Psychiatry , one of the JAMA/Archives journals. (medicaldaily.com)
- Over the next five years, he conducted more than 1,300 individual sessions with different hallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, atropin derivatives, etc.) with neurotic patients and normal volunteers. (maps.org)
- By contrast, μ- and δ-opioid agonists (fentanyl and SNC80, respectively) were not generalized, nor were the serotonergic 5HT2 hallucinogen psilocybin or the dissociative N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonist, ketamine. (ku.edu)
Types of hallucinogens1
- There are many types of hallucinogens, including classic hallucinogens that have been popular at various times. (addictionresource.net)
Dissociative5
- RATIONALE: The widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A is a unique example of a plant-derived compound selective for κ-opioid receptors and may produce effects distinct from those of other compounds with classic hallucinogenic or dissociative properties which are also abused in humans. (ku.edu)
- Offers the latest research findings on hallucinogens and dissociative drugs, describing what they are, how they are abused, and basic facts about different drugs within this classification of drugs. (unt.edu)
- Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs are a class of drugs that create in the person who takes them hallucinations, altered sensory perception, and altered sensory experiences. (addictionresource.net)
- Although dissociative drugs are supposed to disrupt the glutamate production in the brain, hallucinogens are predicted to affect the serotonin neurotransmitter as well. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
- Dissociative hallucinogens produce catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia. (help4addiction.co.uk)
Hallucinations4
- Despite their name, most hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations, which are defined as false sensations that have no basis in reality. (medscape.com)
- Hallucinations are an example of just one of the many symptoms that come along with hallucinogen abuse. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
- Hallucinogens are mind altering, perception opening drugs that give people psychoactive sensory hallucinations including visions and intensified smell and hearing. (usdrugrehab.org)
- Hallucinogens comprise a unique collection of substances that are used to induce hallucinations or alterations of consciousness. (medscape.com)
Lysergic acid diethyl2
- The first synthetic hallucinogen, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) 25, was serendipitously discovered in 1938 by Sandoz laboratories while searching for a new ergot-derived analeptic agent. (medscape.com)
- Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that includes certain mushrooms, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP). (medscape.com)
Mescaline1
- The Mexican Indians have a long history of using peyote, a mescaline-containing hallucinogen, in religious ceremonies. (medscape.com)
Drugs17
- Hallucinogens are a large and diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. (wikipedia.org)
- Hallucinogen is now, however, the most common designation in the scientific literature, although it is an inaccurate descriptor of the actual effects of these drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- Certain hallucinogens are designer drugs, such as those in the 2C and 25-NB (NBOMe) families. (wikipedia.org)
- Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause an alteration in perception, thought, or mood. (medscape.com)
- Hallucinogens are among the oldest known group of drugs used for their ability to alter human perception and mood. (dea.gov)
- DEA's revised and updated drug fact sheet about the class of drugs known as hallucinogens - what are they, what their origin is, what are the common street names for these drugs, what do they look like, how they are abused, what their effect is on the mind and bodies of users including signs of overdose, and their legal status. (dea.gov)
- From classic hallucinogens to modern party drugs, psychedelic drugs have popularly been used and abused from the Summer of Love forward. (addictionresource.net)
- Hallucinogens can lead to drug addiction because of the euphoric state that these drugs induce. (addictionresource.net)
- Like many other forms of drug abuse, hallucinogen drug addiction can lead to withdrawal symptoms when you stop using the drugs. (addictionresource.net)
- Drugs like LSD and other hallucinogens can over-stimulate a person's brain and cause them to have weakened inhibitions and possibly develop psychosis. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
- For many years, people have been using hallucinogens or psychoactive drugs to change reality. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Unlike other drugs, hallucinogens are not a drug where the users become chemically or physically dependent on the drug. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- Hallucinogens teens use as well as adults work by powerfully affecting the brain because the drugs distort the way a person's five primary sense work. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- Because of the dangerous, but often underrated effects, of using hallucinogens, it is important to teach teens about the risks of using these types of drugs. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- Considering that they are some of the oldest drugs and were not originally used for recreation, are hallucinogens addictive? (usdrugrehab.org)
- Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that cause profound distortions in people's perceptions. (msdmanuals.com)
- Hallucinogens are drugs that cause alteration of visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions but are also referred to classes of drugs that cause alteration of thought and emotion. (medscape.com)
Effect of hallucinogens1
- The effect of hallucinogens can last for 12 hours - do you really want to lose control of your body and mind for that long? (saltworks.org)
Substances4
- Such hype involves substances furthermore that by their very nature cannot be blinded or masked in rigorous clinical studies - think of masking or blinding a study participant for an hallucinogen - and about which the political hype is very high instead. (psypolitics.org)
- Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that can alter mood, thoughts, and perceptions without affecting consciousness. (cdc.gov)
- Active substances include the hallucinogen N-N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine and harmaline. (cdc.gov)
- The phenylethylamine derivatives are the broadest group of hallucinogen and incorporate many substances. (medscape.com)
Common hallucinogens1
- Serotonin is affected by common hallucinogens such as LSD. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
Mushrooms3
- The most commonly abused hallucinogens such as psiliocybin-containing mushrooms, LSD, and MDMA (ecstasy) are typically taken orally or smoked. (dea.gov)
- Hallucinogens like acid (LSD), mushrooms and PCP cause people to experience imagined experiences that may seem real. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- A number of naturally occurring hallucinogens can be found in plants and mushrooms and grow in many locations in the United States. (medscape.com)
Psychedelic2
- The most popular names-hallucinogen, psychotomimetic, and psychedelic ("mind manifesting")-have often been used interchangeably. (wikipedia.org)
- I made this cover of one of my favorite, and arguably one of the most innovative trance tracks ever made, by the psychedelic maestro Simon Posford a.k.a Hallucinogen/Shpongle. (synthtopia.com)
Visual disturbances1
- Many other agents can be classified as pseudohallucinogens because they produce psychotic and delirious effects without the classic visual disturbances of true hallucinogens. (medscape.com)
Synthetic3
- 251-NBOMe is a synthetic hallucinogen which, although much more active, has similarities to both LSD and MDMA. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
- Hallucinogens may be obtained from plants or be man-made chemicals (synthetic). (msdmanuals.com)
- While these practices still exist, the abuse of synthetic hallucinogens for recreational purposes is much more common today. (medscape.com)
Salvinorin2
- However, the pharmacological mechanisms of some hallucinogens, such as salvinorin A and ibogaine, do not fit into any of those categories. (wikipedia.org)
- Conclusions: These findings support the conclusion that the interoceptive/discriminative cue produced by salvinorin A is mediated by agonism at κ-receptors and is mechanistically distinct from that produced by a classic serotonergic hallucinogen. (ku.edu)
Marijuana2
- Marijuana may act as a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen and can be deadly if combined with alcohol. (answers.com)
- The Hill ) - Marijuana and hallucinogen use and binge drinking reached historic highs among adults ages 35-50, according to a new study released Thursday. (ktla.com)
Psychologically dependent2
- The trip that is received from taking a hallucinogen can last hours, which is why many people become psychologically dependent on the drug. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- People may become psychologically dependent on hallucinogens, but physical dependence is not typical. (msdmanuals.com)
Abuse6
- But hallucinogens are largely illegal in the U.S., barring a couple of exceptions, and can be addictive leading to drug abuse and mental repercussions. (addictionresource.net)
- Does Hallucinogen Abuse Lead To Addiction? (addictionresource.net)
- Will Hallucinogen Abuse Lead To Withdrawal Symptoms? (addictionresource.net)
- According to the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA), hallucinogens can also affect brain regions which deal with controlling excitement and physiological responses to stress and panic. (scottsdalerecovery.com)
- However, hallucinogens have therapeutic effects in substance abuse, mood, and anxiety disorders, but the dose depends on the individual's condition. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Though many hallucinogens are not addictive, dual diagnosis mental health treatment at a substance abuse treatment facility may provide assistance for those experiencing mental health problems from hallucinogen abuse. (usdrugrehab.org)
Erowid Reference1
- Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1867 : Mode of action of ergot hallucinogens. (erowid.org)
20221
- Hallucinogen use among adults ages 35-50 reached historically high levels, with 4 percent reporting past-year use in 2022, up from 2 percent in 2021 and no greater than 1 percent five or ten years prior. (ktla.com)
Psychosis1
- Long-term effects can include continuing psychosis and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). (addictionresource.net)
Risks5
- What Are the Physical Risks Associated With Using Hallucinogens? (saltworks.org)
- While shrooms are not known to be addictive, they can lead to a number of health risks, including hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). (addictionresource.net)
- Besides the potential health and safety risks associated with use of hallucinogens, their use also may be against the law in the country being visited. (cdc.gov)
- While it may seem like a harmless way to have fun, there are many risks involved with using hallucinogens. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- The most dangerous risks when hallucinogens teens use are used too much or too much is taken, the effects are very unpredictable. (teendrugaddiction.com)
Seizures2
- National Drug Prevention Alliance & PPP » Hallucinogens causing seizures? (drugprevent.org.uk)
- Hallucinogens causing seizures? (drugprevent.org.uk)
Distort2
- Hallucinogens distort and intensify sensations, but the actual effects are variable and unpredictable. (msdmanuals.com)
- Hallucinogens distort and intensify auditory and visual sensations. (msdmanuals.com)
Perception1
- LSD is a hallucinogen that leads to changes of perception of time and space. (addictionresource.net)
Therapeutic1
- Since the 1950-the 1960s, studies have been conducted on the potential therapeutic use of hallucinogens. (help4addiction.co.uk)
Commonly1
- When it comes to hallucinogens teen use, the most commonly used are shrooms, acid and PCP. (teendrugaddiction.com)
Indole1
- "Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens" Planta Med . (erowid.org)
Neurotransmitter1
- When the brain is exposed to hallucinogens, the neurons cause the neurotransmitter to cause overactive serotonin basically damaging the sensory cells. (teendrugaddiction.com)
Symptoms2
- Hallucinogens cause immediate and sometimes long-term symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Are you familiar with key clinical aspects of hallucinogen use, including associated symptoms and best practices for patients with toxicity? (medscape.com)
Teens4
- Teens may use hallucinogens because they want to have a mind-altering experience and the high they receive from the drug use. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- However, hallucinogens teens use also have many negative side-effects and dangers. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- This is why hallucinogens teens use become so wide spread among the teen community. (teendrugaddiction.com)
- However because hallucinogens aren't usually the illegal drug parents and educators are the most concerned about, little information about the drug is ever passed on to teens by their parents or teachers. (teendrugaddiction.com)
Clinical1
- Clinical research on group and individual psychotherapy with hallucinogens as an aid is presented. (erowid.org)
Effects5
- Because of the multi-faceted phenomenology brought on by hallucinogens, efforts to create standardized terminology for classifying them based on their subjective effects have not succeeded to date. (wikipedia.org)
- As mentioned earlier, these different classes of hallucinogens induce various effects. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Deliriant induces severe, dangerous, and unpleasant hallucinogen effects. (help4addiction.co.uk)
- Side effects of hallucinogens vary depending on the substance. (usdrugrehab.org)
- Physical effects of hallucinogen use often include nausea and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
Addiction1
- What Are The Signs Of Addiction To Hallucinogens? (addictionresource.net)
Mystical2
- Many cultures have used hallucinogens for religious or mystical experiences. (medscape.com)
- Hallucinogens are often used for spiritual purposes to achieve mystical visions or to become detached from reality. (help4addiction.co.uk)
Compounds1
- Many new compounds are being synthesized, and the list of hallucinogens is growing. (msdmanuals.com)
Plants2
- The strands collected from the Es CÃ rritx cave contained traces of hallucinogens acquired from plants. (naturalnews.com)
- His upcoming podcast series is titled Plants of the Gods: Hallucinogens: Culture, Conservation, History and Healing , and it will be coming out in late October. (learnhowtospeedread.org)
Suggests1
- As the name suggests, this sub-class of hallucinogens induces a state of acute confusion or delirium in the user. (help4addiction.co.uk)
Drug2
- What drug do you think you were given, the actual hallucinogen or the sugar pill? (psypolitics.org)
- Used as a recreational drug, people use hallucinogens to experience an enlightened state of mind. (help4addiction.co.uk)
Alcohol3
- Is alcohol a depressant stimulant narcotic or hallucinogen? (answers.com)
- Is alcohol a stimulantdepressant or hallucinogen? (answers.com)
- Is alcohol a despressant sitmulant or hallucinogen? (answers.com)