A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.
A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.
Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.
Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.
Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.
Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.
Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.
A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.
Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.
A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.
Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.
A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*04 alleles.
Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.
A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.
A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-D region in humans and in the I region in mice.
Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).
Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).
Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.
Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens.
The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.
Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.
The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.
Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*08 allele family.
Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*07 allele family.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*27 allele family.
Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

Class II HLA alleles and hepatitis B virus persistence in African Americans. (1/1046)

Persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is likely due to the interplay of the virus and host immune response. Given its critical role in antigen presentation, allelic differences in the HLA complex may affect HBV persistence. In a prospectively followed African American cohort, molecular class I and class II HLA typing was done on 31 subjects with persistent HBV infection and 60 controls who cleared the infection. HBV persistence was significantly associated with two class II alleles, DQA1 *0501 (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; P=.05) and DQB1 *0301 (OR, 3.9; P=.01), the two-locus haplotype consisting of these same two alleles (OR, 3; P=. 005) and the three-locus haplotype, DQA1 *0501, DQB1 *0301, and DRB1 *1102 (OR, 10.7; P=.01). In addition, HBV persistence was associated with class II allelic homozygosity. Several class I associations with persistence were also noted but were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. These results underscore the importance of the class II-mediated immune response in recovery from HBV infection.  (+info)

MHC class II gene associations with autoantibodies to U1A and SmD1 proteins. (2/1046)

Autoantibodies against U small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) are frequently present in the serum of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases, and have been reported to be associated with HLA-DR and -DQ genes. To better define the role of HLA genes in the production of such antibodies, we studied immunogenetic associations with autoantibodies reacting with U1 RNP, U1A and SmD1 proteins, and synthetic peptides containing immunodominant linear epitopes of these proteins. Only two out of the 15 overlapping peptides of U1A (i.e. peptides 35-58 and 257-282) and three of 11 peptides of SmD1 (i.e. peptides 1-20, 44-67 and 97-119) were significantly recognized by patients' sera selected on the basis of their antibody positivity with RNP in immunodiffusion. The distribution of DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles among the anti-RNP antibody-positive patients (n = 28) and healthy control subjects was similar. Antibodies against U1A (tested in Western immunoblotting with HeLa cell extracts) were positively associated to DRB1*06 allele; antibodies reacting with SmD1 peptide 44-67 were negatively associated to DRB1*02 and DQB1*0602 alleles. No association was found between DPB1 alleles and antibodies reacting with U1A and SmD1 antigens. This first study reporting an association between autoantibodies reacting with U1A and SmD1 proteins (and peptides of these proteins), and immunogenetic markers suggest that the production of antibody subsets directed against different components (or regions of these proteins) bound to the same snRNP particle is associated with distinct MHC class II alleles.  (+info)

Immune responses against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 virus-like particles in a cohort study of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. I. Differential T-helper and IgG responses in relation to HPV infection and disease outcome. (3/1046)

T-helper (Th) cell-dependent IL-2 production and plasma IgG responses to virus-like particles consisting of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) major capsid protein L1 (L1-VLP) were determined in patients with cytological evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) participating in a non-intervention prospective cohort study. IgG responses were associated with HPV-16 persistence and high-grade CIN lesions, while high frequencies of Th responses were observed in patients with both virus clearance and virus persistence, irrespective of CIN grade. The IgG response was found in conjunction with an IL-2 response to L1-VLP in 87% of the patients. Recognition of the HPV-16 L1 Th epitope (amino acids 311-335) was found to be more closely associated than recognition of L1-VLP as a whole to HPV exposure and CIN development. Among the HPV-16+ patients included in this study, those showing a Th response to amino acids 311-335 were more likely to carry the HLA DRB1*11/DQB1*0301 haplotype, while those showing an IgG response to L1-VLP were more likely to carry DRB1*0101/DQB1*0501. However, neither cell-mediated nor humoral immune responses against HPV-16 L1 appear to be sufficient for the natural control of HPV infection and CIN development.  (+info)

Major DQ8-restricted T-cell epitopes for human GAD65 mapped using human CD4, DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302 transgenic IA(null) NOD mice. (4/1046)

The 65KD isoform of GAD is considered to be a major target autoantigen in many humans with autoimmune prediabetes or diabetes. The major histocompatibility complex class II allele DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302, which encodes HLA-DQ8, confers susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and occurs in up to 80% of affected individuals. To map T-cell epitopes for GAD65 restricted to the diabetes-associated DQ8 heterodimer, we generated transgenic NOD mice expressing HLA-DQ8 and human CD4 while having the mouse class II gene (IA(beta)) deleted. These mice were immunized with full-length purified recombinant GAD65, and the fine specificity of T-cell responses was mapped by examining recall responses of bulk splenocytes to an overlapping set of 20-mer peptides encompassing the entire GAD65 protein. Four different peptides (P121-140, P201-220, P231-250, and P471-490) gave significant T-cell recall responses. P201-220 and P231-250 have been shown previously to bind DQ8, whereas the other two peptides had been classified as nonbinders. Interestingly, the peptide giving the greatest response (P201-220) encompasses residues 206-220 of GAD65, a region that has been shown to be a dominant T-cell epitope in wild-type IA(g7) NOD mice. Overlap in this T-cell epitope likely reflects structural similarities between DQ8 and IA(g7). The fine specificity of antibody responses in the GAD65-immunized mice was also examined by testing the antisera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the same overlapping set of peptides. The two dominant B-cell epitopes were P361-380 and P381-400; P121-140 and P471-490 appeared to correspond to both B- and T-cell epitopes. Although the NOD human CD4, DQ8, IA(null) transgenic mice generated in these studies do not develop autoimmune diabetes either spontaneously or after cyclophosphamide treatment, they can be used to map DQ8-restricted T-cell epitopes for a variety of human islet autoantigens. They can also be used to test T-cell-specific reagents, such as fluorescently labeled DQ8 tetramers containing GAD65 peptides or other beta-cell peptides, which we believe will be useful in analyzing human immune responses in diabetic and prediabetic patients.  (+info)

Inhibition of allorecognition by a human class II MHC-derived peptide through the induction of apoptosis. (5/1046)

The interaction of the T-cell receptor with the major histocomatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex is central to T-cell activation. Variation in the nature of the peptide bound within the groove of the MHC molecule may result in an altered T-cell response. Because some naturally processed peptides bound within the groove of the class II MHC molecule are derived from the MHC molecules themselves, we studied the inhibitory effects of synthetic class II MHC peptides on alloimmune responses in vitro. Three peptides derived from a highly conserved region of the class II MHC alpha chains inhibited the rat mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) in a dose-dependent manner, with the human HLA-DQA1 peptide also inhibiting the human and mouse MLR. No effect was seen on mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. HLA-DQA1 inhibited cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation in a dose-response fashion, with no reduction in preformed CTL killing, suggesting that the inhibitory effect is targeted at CD4(+) T-cell function. Cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that restimulation of primed T cells in the presence of HLA-DQA1 resulted in increased apoptosis, whereas unstimulated cells were not affected. These data demonstrate that synthetic peptides derived from highly conserved regions of the class II MHC alpha chain can alter CD4(+) T-lymphocyte alloimmune responses in vitro, and this effect is mediated by the induction of apoptosis in activated T cells.  (+info)

Influence of ethnic background on clinical and serologic features in patients with systemic sclerosis and anti-DNA topoisomerase I antibody. (6/1046)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ethnicity on clinical and serologic expression in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and anti-DNA topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody. METHODS: Clinical and serologic features, as well as HLA class II allele frequencies, were compared among 47 North American white, 15 North American black, 43 Japanese, and 12 Choctaw Native American SSc patients with anti-topo I antibody. RESULTS: The frequency of progressive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis was lower, and cumulative survival rates were better in white compared with black and Japanese patients. Sera of white and black patients frequently recognized the portion adjacent to the carboxyl terminus of topo I, sera of Japanese patients preferentially recognized the portion adjacent to the amino terminus of topo I, and sera of Choctaw patients recognized both portions of topo I. Anti-RNA polymerase II and anti-SSA/Ro antibodies were present together with anti-topo I antibody more frequently in sera of Japanese patients than in sera of white patients. The HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with anti-topo I antibody differed; i.e., DRB1*1101-*1104 in whites and blacks, DRB1*1502 in Japanese, and DRB1*1602 in Choctaws. Multivariate analysis showed that ethnic background was an independent determinant affecting development of severe lung disease as well as survival. CONCLUSION: Clinical and serologic features in SSc patients were strongly influenced by ethnic background. The variability of disease expression in the 4 ethnic groups suggests that multiple factors linked to ethnicity, including genetic and environmental factors, modulate clinical manifestations, disease course, and autoantibody status in SSc.  (+info)

Analysis of MHC class II DP, DQ and DR alleles in Crohn's disease. (7/1046)

BACKGROUND: Although inflammation in Crohn's disease is believed to be mediated by activated T cells, genotyping of all MHC class II alleles in white people with this disease has not been reported. AIMS: To perform a detailed molecular analysis of HLA DPB, DQB, and DRB genes in white patients with Crohn's disease and controls in order to determine if the inheritance of any class II genes confers susceptibility or resistance to this disease. METHODS: Complete molecular typing of HLA class II DPB, DQB, and DRB alleles was performed in 58 white patients with Crohn's disease and 93 healthy controls using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide based approach. RESULTS: No significant association with any DPB or DQB alleles was noted in patients with Crohn's disease. Since our previous studies had shown a strong association of an HLA DRB3*0301/DRB1*1302 haplotype with Crohn's disease, we re-examined this association using more stringent genotyping criteria. This haplotype was present in 20.7% of patients and 5.4% of controls (p = 0.0066; relative risk = 4.59). CONCLUSIONS: The DRB3*0301/DRB1*1302 haplotype is the only significant MHC class II association noted in white people with Crohn's disease and represents the strongest association of any MHC or non-MHC locus with this disease.  (+info)

Generation of humanized mice susceptible to peptide-induced inflammatory heart disease. (8/1046)

BACKGROUND: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of sudden cardiac death. In certain mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) backgrounds, myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy can be triggered by immunization with heart muscle-specific proteins. Similarly, chronic heart disease in humans has been linked to certain HLA alleles, such as HLA-DQ6. However, there is no experimental evidence showing that human MHC class II molecules and peptides derived from human proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of myocarditis and DCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: We generated double CD4- and CD8-deficient mice transgenic for human CD4 (hCD4) and human HLA-DQ6 to specifically reconstitute the human CD4/DQ6 arm of the immune system in mice. Transgenic hCD4 and HLA-DQ6 expression rendered genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice susceptible to the induction of autoimmune myocarditis induced by immunization with cardiac myosin. Moreover, we identified heart-specific peptides derived from both mouse and human alpha-myosin heavy chains capable of inducing inflammatory heart disease in hCD4 and HLA-DQ6 double transgenic mice but not in hCD4 single transgenic littermates. The autoimmune inflammatory heart disease induced by the human heart muscle-specific peptide in hCD4 and HLA-DQ6 double transgenic mice shared functional and phenotypic features with the disease occurring in disease-susceptible nontransgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide the first genetic and functional evidence that human MHC class II molecules and a human alpha-myosin heavy chain-derived peptide can cause inflammatory heart disease and suggest that human inflammatory cardiomyopathy can be caused by organ-specific autoimmunity. The humanized mice generated in this study will be an ideal animal model to further elucidate the pathogenesis of inflammatory heart disease and facilitate the development of rational treatment strategies.  (+info)

HLA-DQ antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that are found on the surface of cells in our body. They are a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, which play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of proteins from outside the cell to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells. This presentation process is essential for initiating an appropriate immune response against potentially harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

HLA-DQ antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6p21.3 in the HLA region. Each individual inherits a pair of HLA-DQ genes, one from each parent, which can result in various combinations of HLA-DQ alleles. These genetic variations contribute to the diversity of immune responses among different individuals.

HLA-DQ antigens consist of two noncovalently associated polypeptide chains: an alpha (DQA) chain and a beta (DQB) chain. There are several isotypes of HLA-DQ antigens, including DQ1, DQ2, DQ3, DQ4, DQ5, DQ6, DQ7, DQ8, and DQ9, which are determined by the specific combination of DQA and DQB alleles.

Certain HLA-DQ genotypes have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease (DQ2 and DQ8), type 1 diabetes (DQ2, DQ8), and rheumatoid arthritis (DQ4). Understanding the role of HLA-DQ antigens in these conditions can provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) antigens are a group of proteins found on the surface of cells in our body. They play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self." HLA antigens are encoded by a group of genes located on chromosome 6, known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

There are three types of HLA antigens: HLA class I, HLA class II, and HLA class III. HLA class I antigens are found on the surface of almost all cells in the body and help the immune system recognize and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells. They consist of three components: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.

HLA class II antigens are primarily found on the surface of immune cells, such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. They assist in the presentation of foreign particles (like bacteria and viruses) to CD4+ T cells, which then activate other parts of the immune system. HLA class II antigens include HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR.

HLA class III antigens consist of various molecules involved in immune responses, such as cytokines and complement components. They are not directly related to antigen presentation.

The genetic diversity of HLA antigens is extensive, with thousands of variations or alleles. This diversity allows for a better ability to recognize and respond to a wide range of pathogens. However, this variation can also lead to compatibility issues in organ transplantation, as the recipient's immune system may recognize the donor's HLA antigens as foreign and attack the transplanted organ.

Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder in which the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to damage in the small intestine. In people with celiac disease, their immune system reacts to gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and destruction of the villi - finger-like projections that help absorb nutrients from food.

This damage can result in various symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, and malnutrition. Over time, if left untreated, celiac disease can lead to serious health complications, including osteoporosis, infertility, neurological disorders, and even certain types of cancer.

The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves avoiding all foods, beverages, and products that contain gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy lives and prevent further intestinal damage and related health complications.

HLA-DR antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes. HLA-DR molecules present peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells, thereby initiating an immune response.

HLA-DR antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variants of these molecules in the human population. This diversity allows for a wide range of potential peptide antigens to be presented and recognized by the immune system. HLA-DR antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.

In transplantation, HLA-DR compatibility between donor and recipient is an important factor in determining the success of the transplant. Incompatibility can lead to a heightened immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue, resulting in rejection. Additionally, certain HLA-DR types have been associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

An antigen is a substance (usually a protein) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of T-cells. Antigens can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and tumor cells. They can also come from non-living substances such as pollen, dust mites, or chemicals.

Antigens contain epitopes, which are specific regions on the antigen molecule that are recognized by the immune system. The immune system's response to an antigen depends on several factors, including the type of antigen, its size, and its location in the body.

In general, antigens can be classified into two main categories:

1. T-dependent antigens: These require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are typically larger, more complex molecules that contain multiple epitopes capable of binding to both MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors on CD4+ T-cells.
2. T-independent antigens: These do not require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are usually smaller, simpler molecules that contain repetitive epitopes capable of cross-linking B-cell receptors and activating them directly.

Understanding antigens and their properties is crucial for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and immunotherapies.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Neoplasm antigens, also known as tumor antigens, are substances that are produced by cancer cells (neoplasms) and can stimulate an immune response. These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that are either unique to the cancer cells or are overexpressed or mutated versions of normal cellular proteins.

Neoplasm antigens can be classified into two main categories: tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). TSAs are unique to cancer cells and are not expressed by normal cells, while TAAs are present at low levels in normal cells but are overexpressed or altered in cancer cells.

TSAs can be further divided into viral antigens and mutated antigens. Viral antigens are produced when cancer is caused by a virus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer. Mutated antigens are the result of genetic mutations that occur during cancer development and are unique to each patient's tumor.

Neoplasm antigens play an important role in the immune response against cancer. They can be recognized by the immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which can then attack and destroy cancer cells. However, cancer cells often develop mechanisms to evade the immune response, allowing them to continue growing and spreading.

Understanding neoplasm antigens is important for the development of cancer immunotherapies, which aim to enhance the body's natural immune response against cancer. These therapies include checkpoint inhibitors, which block proteins that inhibit T cell activation, and therapeutic vaccines, which stimulate an immune response against specific tumor antigens.

Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.

Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.

In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.

Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.

Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.

Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.

Polyomavirus transforming antigens refer to specific proteins expressed by polyomaviruses that can induce cellular transformation and lead to the development of cancer. These antigens are called large T antigen (T-Ag) and small t antigen (t-Ag). They manipulate key cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation.

The large T antigen is a multifunctional protein that plays a crucial role in viral replication and transformation. It has several domains with different functions:

1. Origin binding domain (OBD): Binds to the viral origin of replication, initiating DNA synthesis.
2. Helicase domain: Unwinds double-stranded DNA during replication.
3. DNA binding domain: Binds to specific DNA sequences and acts as a transcriptional regulator.
4. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding domain: Recruits PP1 to promote viral DNA replication and inhibit host cell defense mechanisms.
5. p53-binding domain: Binds and inactivates the tumor suppressor protein p53, promoting cell cycle progression and preventing apoptosis.
6. Rb-binding domain: Binds to and inactivates the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), leading to deregulation of the cell cycle and uncontrolled cell growth.

The small t antigen shares a common N-terminal region with large T antigen but lacks some functional domains, such as the OBD and helicase domain. Small t antigen can also bind to and inactivate PP1 and pRb, contributing to transformation. However, its primary role is to stabilize large T antigen by preventing its proteasomal degradation.

Polyomavirus transforming antigens are associated with various human cancers, such as Merkel cell carcinoma (caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus) and some forms of brain tumors, sarcomas, and lymphomas (associated with simian virus 40).

Histocompatibility antigens Class II are a group of cell surface proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's response to foreign substances. They are expressed on the surface of various cells, including immune cells such as B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated T lymphocytes.

Class II histocompatibility antigens are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, which are located on chromosome 6 in humans. These antigens are composed of two non-covalently associated polypeptide chains, an alpha (α) and a beta (β) chain, which form a heterodimer. There are three main types of Class II histocompatibility antigens, known as HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR.

Class II histocompatibility antigens present peptide antigens to CD4+ T helper cells, which then activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages, to mount an immune response against the presented antigen. Because of their role in initiating an immune response, Class II histocompatibility antigens are important in transplantation medicine, where mismatches between donor and recipient can lead to rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

HLA-D antigens, also known as HLA class II antigens, are a group of proteins found on the surface of cells that play an important role in the immune system. "HLA" stands for Human Leukocyte Antigen, which is a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans.

HLA-D antigens are primarily expressed by immune cells such as B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but they can also be found on other cell types under certain conditions. These antigens help the immune system distinguish between "self" and "non-self" by presenting pieces of proteins (peptides) from both inside and outside the cell to T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that is crucial for mounting an immune response.

HLA-D antigens are divided into three subtypes: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. Each subtype has a specific function in presenting peptides to T lymphocytes. The genes that encode HLA-D antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different variations of these genes in the population. This genetic diversity allows for a better match between an individual's immune system and the wide variety of pathogens they may encounter.

Abnormalities in HLA-D antigens have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, certain variations in HLA-D genes can influence the severity of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C.

HLA-B antigens are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins found on the surface of cells that play an important role in the body's immune system. They are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which present pieces of proteins from inside the cell to T-cells, a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses.

HLA-B antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variations or alleles of this gene in the human population. This genetic diversity allows for a wide range of potential HLA-B proteins to be expressed, which can help recognize and respond to a variety of foreign substances, such as viruses and cancer cells.

The HLA-B antigens are inherited from both parents, and an individual may express one or two different HLA-B antigens depending on their genetic makeup. The specific combination of HLA-B antigens that a person expresses can have implications for their susceptibility to certain diseases, as well as their compatibility with organ transplants.

H-2 antigens are a group of cell surface proteins found in mice that play a critical role in the immune system. They are similar to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex in humans and are involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to T cells, which is a crucial step in the adaptive immune response.

The H-2 antigens are encoded by a cluster of genes located on chromosome 17 in mice. They are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variations of these proteins circulating in the population. This genetic diversity allows for a wide range of potential peptide antigens to be presented to T cells, thereby enhancing the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of pathogens.

The H-2 antigens are divided into two classes based on their function and structure. Class I H-2 antigens are found on almost all nucleated cells and consist of a heavy chain, a light chain, and a peptide fragment. They present endogenous peptides, such as those derived from viruses that infect the cell, to CD8+ T cells.

Class II H-2 antigens, on the other hand, are found primarily on professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. They consist of an alpha chain and a beta chain and present exogenous peptides, such as those derived from bacteria that have been engulfed by the cell, to CD4+ T cells.

Overall, H-2 antigens are essential components of the mouse immune system, allowing for the recognition and elimination of pathogens and infected cells.

HLA-A antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found on the surface of cells in our body. They are proteins that play an important role in the immune system by helping the body recognize and distinguish its own cells from foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, and transplanted organs.

The HLA-A antigens are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which present peptide fragments from inside the cell to CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The CTLs then recognize and destroy any cells that display foreign or abnormal peptides on their HLA-A antigens.

Each person has a unique set of HLA-A antigens, which are inherited from their parents. These antigens can vary widely between individuals, making it important to match HLA types in organ transplantation to reduce the risk of rejection. Additionally, certain HLA-A antigens have been associated with increased susceptibility or resistance to various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases.

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Histocompatibility antigens, class I are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body. They play a critical role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self." These antigens are composed of three polypeptides - two heavy chains and one light chain - and are encoded by genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 in humans.

Class I MHC molecules present peptide fragments from inside the cell to CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells. This presentation allows the immune system to detect and destroy cells that have been infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens, or that have become cancerous.

There are three main types of class I MHC molecules in humans: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. The term "HLA" stands for human leukocyte antigen, which reflects the original identification of these proteins on white blood cells (leukocytes). The genes encoding these molecules are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different variants in the population, and matching HLA types is essential for successful organ transplantation to minimize the risk of rejection.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein that is normally produced in small amounts during fetal development. In adults, low levels of CEA can be found in the blood, but elevated levels are typically associated with various types of cancer, particularly colon, rectal, and breast cancer.

Measurement of CEA levels in the blood is sometimes used as a tumor marker to monitor response to treatment, detect recurrence, or screen for secondary cancers in patients with a history of certain types of cancer. However, it's important to note that CEA is not a specific or sensitive indicator of cancer and can be elevated in various benign conditions such as inflammation, smoking, and some gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, the test should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and diagnostic findings.

An epitope is a specific region on the surface of an antigen (a molecule that can trigger an immune response) that is recognized by an antibody, B-cell receptor, or T-cell receptor. It is also commonly referred to as an antigenic determinant. Epitopes are typically composed of linear amino acid sequences or conformational structures made up of discontinuous amino acids in the antigen. They play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between self and non-self molecules, leading to the targeted destruction of foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. Understanding epitopes is essential for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and immunotherapies.

Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules found on the surface of cells or viruses.

Viral antigens are antigens that are present on the surface of viruses. When a virus infects a cell, it may display viral antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This can alert the immune system to the presence of the virus and trigger an immune response.

Tumor antigens are antigens that are present on the surface of cancer cells. These antigens may be unique to the cancer cells, or they may be similar to antigens found on normal cells. Tumor antigens can be recognized by the immune system as foreign, leading to an immune response against the cancer cells.

It is important to note that not all viral infections lead to cancer, and not all tumors are caused by viruses. However, some viruses have been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with an increased risk of cervical, anal, and oral cancers. In these cases, the virus may introduce viral antigens into the cells it infects, leading to an altered presentation of tumor antigens on the surface of the infected cells. This can potentially trigger an immune response against both the viral antigens and the tumor antigens, which may help to prevent or slow the growth of the cancer.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

HLA-DR3 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances. The HLA-DR3 antigen is encoded by the DRB1*03:01 gene and is commonly found in individuals with certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and celiac disease.

The HLA-DR3 antigen plays a role in presenting pieces of proteins (peptides) to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the immune response. The presentation of specific peptides by the HLA-DR3 antigen can lead to an abnormal immune response in some individuals, resulting in the development of autoimmune diseases.

It's important to note that having the HLA-DR3 antigen does not guarantee that a person will develop an autoimmune disease, as other genetic and environmental factors also play a role.

Histocompatibility antigens, also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body. They play a critical role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" cells. Histocompatibility antigens are encoded by a group of genes called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

There are two main types of histocompatibility antigens: class I and class II. Class I antigens are found on almost all nucleated cells, while class II antigens are primarily expressed on immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These antigens present pieces of proteins (peptides) from both inside and outside the cell to T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response.

When foreign peptides are presented to T-cells by histocompatibility antigens, it triggers an immune response aimed at eliminating the threat. This is why histocompatibility antigens are so important in organ transplantation - if the donor's and recipient's antigens do not match closely enough, the recipient's immune system may recognize the transplanted organ as foreign and attack it.

Understanding the role of histocompatibility antigens has been crucial in developing techniques for matching donors and recipients in organ transplantation, as well as in diagnosing and treating various autoimmune diseases and cancers.

1. Receptors: In the context of physiology and medicine, receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells or inside cells that detect and respond to specific molecules, known as ligands. These interactions can trigger a range of responses within the cell, such as starting a signaling pathway or changing the cell's behavior. There are various types of receptors, including ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.

2. Antigen: An antigen is any substance (usually a protein) that can be recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies or T-cells, as foreign and potentially harmful. Antigens can be derived from various sources, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or even non-living substances like pollen, chemicals, or toxins. An antigen typically contains epitopes, which are the specific regions that antibodies or T-cell receptors recognize and bind to.

3. T-Cell: Also known as T lymphocytes, T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity, a part of the adaptive immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). T-cells recognize antigens presented to them by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via their surface receptors called the T-cell receptor (TCR). Once activated, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into various effector cells that help eliminate infected or damaged cells.

HLA-A2 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule, which is found on the surface of cells in our body. HLA molecules are responsible for presenting pieces of proteins (peptides) from inside the cell to the immune system's T-cells, helping them distinguish between "self" and "non-self" proteins.

HLA-A2 is one of the most common HLA class I antigens in the Caucasian population, with an estimated frequency of around 50%. It presents a variety of peptides to T-cells, including those derived from viruses and tumor cells. The presentation of these peptides can trigger an immune response, leading to the destruction of infected or malignant cells.

It is important to note that HLA typing is crucial in organ transplantation, as a mismatch between donor and recipient HLA antigens can lead to rejection of the transplanted organ. Additionally, HLA-A2 has been associated with certain autoimmune diseases and cancer types, making it an area of interest for researchers studying these conditions.

Histocompatibility testing, also known as tissue typing, is a medical procedure that determines the compatibility of tissues between two individuals, usually a potential donor and a recipient for organ or bone marrow transplantation. The test identifies specific antigens, called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), found on the surface of most cells in the body. These antigens help the immune system distinguish between "self" and "non-self" cells.

The goal of histocompatibility testing is to find a donor whose HLA markers closely match those of the recipient, reducing the risk of rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue. The test involves taking blood samples from both the donor and the recipient and analyzing them for the presence of specific HLA antigens using various laboratory techniques such as molecular typing or serological testing.

A high degree of histocompatibility between the donor and recipient is crucial to ensure the success of the transplantation procedure, minimize complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

HLA-DQ beta-chains are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule found on the surface of cells in the human body. The HLAs are a group of proteins that play an important role in the immune system by helping the body recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-DQ beta-chains are part of the HLA-DQ complex, which is a heterodimer made up of two polypeptide chains: an alpha chain (HLA-DQ alpha) and a beta chain (HLA-DQ beta). These chains are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.

The HLA-DQ complex is involved in presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. The peptides presented by the HLA-DQ complex are derived from proteins that have been processed within the cell, and they are used to help the CD4+ T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells.

Variations in the genes that encode the HLA-DQ beta-chains can affect an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a protein that plays an essential role in the process of DNA replication and repair in eukaryotic cells. It functions as a cofactor for DNA polymerase delta, enhancing its activity during DNA synthesis. PCNA forms a sliding clamp around DNA, allowing it to move along the template and coordinate the actions of various enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.

PCNA is often used as a marker for cell proliferation because its levels increase in cells that are actively dividing or have been stimulated to enter the cell cycle. Immunostaining techniques can be used to detect PCNA and determine the proliferative status of tissues or cultures. In this context, 'proliferating' refers to the rapid multiplication of cells through cell division.

1. Receptors: In the context of physiology and medicine, receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells or inside cells that detect and respond to specific molecules, known as ligands. These interactions can trigger a variety of responses within the cell, such as starting a signaling cascade or changing the cell's metabolism. Receptors play crucial roles in various biological processes, including communication between cells, regulation of immune responses, and perception of senses.

2. Antigen: An antigen is any substance (usually a protein) that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system, specifically by B-cells and T-cells. Antigens can be derived from various sources, such as microorganisms (like bacteria, viruses, or fungi), pollen, dust mites, or even components of our own cells (for instance, in autoimmune diseases). An antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response is determined by its molecular structure and whether it can be recognized by the receptors on immune cells.

3. B-Cell: B-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system, particularly in humoral immunity. They originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens. Each B-cell has receptors on its surface called B-cell receptors (BCRs) that can recognize a unique antigen. When a B-cell encounters its specific antigen, it becomes activated, undergoes proliferation, and differentiates into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies to neutralize or eliminate the antigen.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein enzyme produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. It is primarily involved in liquefying semen after ejaculation, allowing sperm mobility.

In clinical medicine, PSA is used as a tumor marker, mainly for monitoring the treatment and recurrence of prostate cancer. Elevated levels of PSA can indicate inflammation, infection, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostate cancer. However, it's important to note that an elevated PSA level does not necessarily confirm cancer; further diagnostic tests like digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy are often required for definitive diagnosis.

Doctors may also use PSA isoforms or derivatives, such as free PSA, total PSA, and PSA density, to help improve the specificity of cancer detection and differentiate between malignant and benign conditions.

"O antigens" are a type of antigen found on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The "O" in O antigens stands for "outer" membrane. These antigens are composed of complex carbohydrates and can vary between different strains of the same species of bacteria, which is why they are also referred to as the bacterial "O" somatic antigens.

The O antigens play a crucial role in the virulence and pathogenesis of many Gram-negative bacteria, as they help the bacteria evade the host's immune system by changing the structure of the O antigen, making it difficult for the host to mount an effective immune response against the bacterial infection.

The identification and classification of O antigens are important in epidemiology, clinical microbiology, and vaccine development, as they can be used to differentiate between different strains of bacteria and to develop vaccines that provide protection against specific bacterial infections.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

HLA-DR4 is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II histocompatibility antigen, which is found on the surface of white blood cells. It is encoded by the HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1 genes, located on chromosome 6. The HLA-DR4 antigen includes several subtypes, such as DRB1*04:01, DRB1*04:02, DRB1*04:03, DRB1*04:04, DRB1*04:05, DRB1*04:06, DRB1*04:07, DRB1*04:08, DRB1*04:09, DRB1*04:10, DRB1*04:11, and DRB1*04:12.

The HLA-DR4 antigen plays a crucial role in the immune system by presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which then stimulate an immune response. This antigen is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. However, it's important to note that having the HLA-DR4 antigen does not necessarily mean that a person will develop one of these conditions, as other genetic and environmental factors also contribute to their development.

CD8 antigens are a type of protein found on the surface of certain immune cells called cytotoxic T lymphocytes or cytotoxic T cells. These cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response, which is the specific and targeted response of the immune system to foreign substances (antigens) that invade the body.

CD8 antigens help cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells, such as those that have been infected by a virus or have become cancerous. When a cytotoxic T cell encounters a cell displaying a specific antigen bound to a CD8 molecule, it becomes activated and releases toxic substances that can kill the target cell.

CD8 antigens are also known as cluster of differentiation 8 antigens or CD8 receptors. They belong to a larger family of proteins called major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) molecules, which present antigens to T cells and play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self.

CD15 is a type of antigen that is found on the surface of certain types of white blood cells called neutrophils and monocytes. It is also expressed on some types of cancer cells, including myeloid leukemia cells and some lymphomas. CD15 antigens are part of a group of molecules known as carbohydrate antigens because they contain sugar-like substances called carbohydrates.

CD15 antigens play a role in the immune system's response to infection and disease. They can be recognized by certain types of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, which can then target and destroy cells that express CD15 antigens. In cancer, the presence of CD15 antigens on the surface of cancer cells can make them more visible to the immune system, potentially triggering an immune response against the cancer.

CD15 antigens are also used as a marker in laboratory tests to help identify and classify different types of white blood cells and cancer cells. For example, CD15 staining is often used in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to distinguish it from other types of leukemia.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are a type of tumor antigen that are expressed on the surface of cancer cells. These antigens are abnormal forms of carbohydrates, also known as glycans, which are attached to proteins and lipids on the cell surface.

TACAs are often overexpressed or expressed in a different form on cancer cells compared to normal cells. This makes them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy because they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign and elicit an immune response. Some examples of TACAs include gangliosides, fucosylated glycans, and sialylated glycans.

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens have been studied as potential targets for cancer vaccines, antibody therapies, and other immunotherapeutic approaches. However, their use as targets for cancer therapy is still in the early stages of research and development.

HLA-DRB1 chains are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the human body. The MHC class II molecules play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of foreign proteins to CD4+ T cells, which then stimulate an immune response.

HLA-DRB1 chains are one of the two polypeptide chains that make up the HLA-DR heterodimer, the other chain being the HLA-DRA chain. The HLA-DRB1 chain contains specific regions called antigen-binding sites, which bind to and present foreign peptides to CD4+ T cells.

The HLA-DRB1 gene is highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variations or alleles of this gene in the human population. These variations can affect an individual's susceptibility or resistance to certain diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Therefore, the identification and characterization of HLA-DRB1 alleles have important implications for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Cross reactions, in the context of medical diagnostics and immunology, refer to a situation where an antibody or a immune response directed against one antigen also reacts with a different antigen due to similarities in their molecular structure. This can occur in allergy testing, where a person who is allergic to a particular substance may have a positive test result for a different but related substance because of cross-reactivity between them. For example, some individuals who are allergic to birch pollen may also have symptoms when eating certain fruits, such as apples, due to cross-reactive proteins present in both.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

HLA-DP antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. The HLAs are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-DP antigens are composed of two polypeptide chains, alpha and beta, which are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the human genome. These antigens are expressed on the surface of various cells, including B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages.

HLA-DP antigens present peptides to CD4+ T cells, which then become activated and help coordinate the immune response. The HLA-DP antigens have a wide range of peptide specificity, meaning they can bind and present a diverse array of peptides to the immune system.

Variation in HLA genes is common, and differences in these genes can affect an individual's susceptibility or resistance to various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the role of HLA-DP antigens in the immune response is important for developing new therapies and treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II genes are a group of genes that encode cell surface proteins responsible for presenting peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells, which are crucial in the adaptive immune response. These proteins are expressed mainly on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. MHC Class II molecules present extracellular antigens derived from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, facilitating the activation of appropriate immune responses to eliminate the threat. The genes responsible for these proteins are found within the MHC locus on chromosome 6 in humans (chromosome 17 in mice).

CD3 antigens are a group of proteins found on the surface of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. The CD3 antigens are composed of several different subunits (ε, δ, γ, and α) that associate to form the CD3 complex, which is involved in T-cell activation and signal transduction.

The CD3 complex is associated with the T-cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes and binds to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells. When the TCR binds to an antigen, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to T-cell activation and the initiation of an immune response.

CD3 antigens are important targets for immunotherapy in some diseases, such as certain types of cancer. For example, monoclonal antibodies that target CD3 have been developed to activate T-cells and enhance their ability to recognize and destroy tumor cells. However, CD3-targeted therapies can also cause side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome, which can be serious or life-threatening in some cases.

HLA-C antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found on the surface of cells in the human body. They are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which play a critical role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" cells.

HLA-C antigens are responsible for presenting peptide fragments from inside the cell to CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This presentation allows the CTLs to recognize and destroy infected or damaged cells, helping to prevent the spread of viruses and other pathogens.

Like other HLA antigens, HLA-C antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variations of these molecules in the human population. This diversity allows for a better match between an individual's immune system and the pathogens they encounter, increasing the chances of mounting an effective immune response. However, this same diversity can also make it more challenging to find compatible organ donors for transplantation.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens (HBsAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. They are present in the blood of individuals infected with the Hepatitis B virus and are used as a marker for the presence of a current Hepatitis B infection. The detection of HBsAg in the blood indicates that an individual is infectious and can transmit the virus to others. It is typically used in diagnostic tests to detect and diagnose Hepatitis B infections, monitor treatment response, and assess the risk of transmission.

Blood group antigens are molecular markers found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and sometimes other types of cells in the body. These antigens are proteins, carbohydrates, or glycoproteins that can stimulate an immune response when foreign antigens are introduced into the body.

There are several different blood group systems, but the most well-known is the ABO system, which includes A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The antigens in this system are called ABO antigens. Individuals with type A blood have A antigens on their RBCs, those with type B blood have B antigens, those with type AB blood have both A and B antigens, and those with type O blood have neither A nor B antigens.

Another important blood group system is the Rh system, which includes the D antigen. Individuals who have this antigen are considered Rh-positive, while those who do not have it are considered Rh-negative.

Blood group antigens can cause complications during blood transfusions and pregnancy if there is a mismatch between the donor's or fetus's antigens and the recipient's antibodies. For example, if a person with type A blood receives type B blood, their anti-B antibodies will attack the foreign B antigens on the donated RBCs, causing a potentially life-threatening transfusion reaction. Similarly, if an Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, her immune system may produce anti-D antibodies that can cross the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

It is important for medical professionals to determine a patient's blood group before performing a transfusion or pregnancy-related procedures to avoid these complications.

HLA-DQ alpha-chains are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule found on the surface of various cells in the body, including immune cells such as B lymphocytes and dendritic cells. HLAs play a critical role in the immune system by presenting pieces of proteins from inside the cell to T-cells, which are responsible for mounting an immune response against potentially harmful pathogens or abnormal cells.

The HLA-DQ alpha-chain is one component of the HLA-DQ heterodimer, which also includes a beta-chain. Together, these two chains form a functional HLA-DQ molecule that can bind and present peptides to CD4+ T-cells (also known as helper T-cells). The HLA-DQ complex is involved in the immune response to various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Polymorphisms (variations) in the genes encoding HLA-DQ alpha-chains can contribute to differences in individual susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, specific HLA-DQ genotypes have been associated with increased or decreased risk for these conditions.

Antibody specificity refers to the ability of an antibody to bind to a specific epitope or antigenic determinant on an antigen. Each antibody has a unique structure that allows it to recognize and bind to a specific region of an antigen, typically a small portion of the antigen's surface made up of amino acids or sugar residues. This highly specific binding is mediated by the variable regions of the antibody's heavy and light chains, which form a pocket that recognizes and binds to the epitope.

The specificity of an antibody is determined by its unique complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), which are loops of amino acids located in the variable domains of both the heavy and light chains. The CDRs form a binding site that recognizes and interacts with the epitope on the antigen. The precise fit between the antibody's binding site and the epitope is critical for specificity, as even small changes in the structure of either can prevent binding.

Antibody specificity is important in immune responses because it allows the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. This helps to prevent autoimmune reactions where the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Antibody specificity also plays a crucial role in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA assays, where antibodies are used to detect the presence of specific antigens in biological samples.

An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.

Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.

For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.

Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

CD4 antigens, also known as CD4 proteins or CD4 molecules, are a type of cell surface receptor found on certain immune cells, including T-helper cells and monocytes. They play a critical role in the immune response by binding to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and helping to activate T-cells. CD4 antigens are also the primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, leading to the destruction of CD4-positive T-cells and a weakened immune system.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

CD45 is a protein that is found on the surface of many types of white blood cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also known as leukocyte common antigen because it is present on almost all leukocytes. CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase that plays a role in regulating the activity of various proteins involved in cell signaling pathways.

As an antigen, CD45 is used as a marker to identify and distinguish different types of white blood cells. It has several isoforms that are generated by alternative splicing of its mRNA, resulting in different molecular weights. The size of the CD45 isoform can be used to distinguish between different subsets of T-cells and B-cells.

CD45 is an important molecule in the immune system, and abnormalities in its expression or function have been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of cell surface proteins in vertebrates that play a central role in the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for presenting peptide antigens to T-cells, which helps the immune system distinguish between self and non-self. The MHC is divided into two classes:

1. MHC Class I: These proteins present endogenous (intracellular) peptides to CD8+ T-cells (cytotoxic T-cells). The MHC class I molecule consists of a heavy chain and a light chain, together with an antigenic peptide.

2. MHC Class II: These proteins present exogenous (extracellular) peptides to CD4+ T-cells (helper T-cells). The MHC class II molecule is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, together with an antigenic peptide.

MHC genes are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different alleles within a population. This diversity allows for better recognition and presentation of various pathogens, leading to a more robust immune response. The term "histocompatibility" refers to the compatibility between donor and recipient MHC molecules in tissue transplantation. Incompatible MHC molecules can lead to rejection of the transplanted tissue due to an activated immune response against the foreign MHC antigens.

Antigen receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of immune cells, particularly B cells and T cells. These receptors are responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens, which are foreign substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids that stimulate an immune response.

B cell receptors (BCRs) are membrane-bound antibodies that recognize and bind to native antigens. When a BCR binds to its specific antigen, it triggers a series of intracellular signals that lead to the activation and differentiation of the B cell into an antibody-secreting plasma cell.

T cell receptors (TCRs) are membrane-bound proteins found on T cells that recognize and bind to antigens presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. TCRs can distinguish between self and non-self antigens, allowing T cells to mount an immune response against infected or cancerous cells while sparing healthy cells.

Overall, antigen receptors play a critical role in the adaptive immune system's ability to recognize and respond to a wide variety of foreign substances.

Hepatitis B antigens are proteins or particles present on the surface (HBsAg) or inside (HBcAg, HBeAg) the hepatitis B virus.

1. HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): This is a protein found on the outer surface of the hepatitis B virus. Its presence in the blood indicates an active infection with hepatitis B virus. It's also used as a marker to diagnose hepatitis B infection and monitor treatment response.

2. HBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core. It's not usually detected in the blood, but its antibodies (anti-HBc) are used to diagnose past or present hepatitis B infection.

3. HBeAg (Hepatitis B e antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core and is associated with viral replication. Its presence in the blood indicates high levels of viral replication, increased infectivity, and higher risk of liver damage. It's used to monitor disease progression and treatment response.

These antigens play a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B infection.

An antigen-antibody reaction is a specific immune response that occurs when an antigen (a foreign substance, such as a protein or polysaccharide on the surface of a bacterium or virus) comes into contact with a corresponding antibody (a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the antigen). The antigen and antibody bind together, forming an antigen-antibody complex. This interaction can neutralize the harmful effects of the antigen, mark it for destruction by other immune cells, or activate complement proteins to help eliminate the antigen from the body. Antigen-antibody reactions are a crucial part of the adaptive immune response and play a key role in the body's defense against infection and disease.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, also known as CD8+ T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the cell-mediated immune system. They are responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells and cancer cells. When a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognizes a specific antigen presented on the surface of an infected or malignant cell, it becomes activated and releases toxic substances such as perforins and granzymes, which can create pores in the target cell's membrane and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death). This process helps to eliminate the infected or malignant cells and prevent the spread of infection or cancer.

Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.

Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.

Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.

Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.

CD1 antigens are a group of molecules found on the surface of certain immune cells, including dendritic cells and B cells. They play a role in the immune system by presenting lipid antigens to T cells, which helps initiate an immune response against foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. CD1 molecules are distinct from other antigen-presenting molecules like HLA because they present lipids rather than peptides. There are five different types of CD1 molecules (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e) that differ in their tissue distribution and the types of lipid antigens they present.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria that can be recognized by the immune system and provoke an immune response. In the context of differentiation, antigens refer to specific markers that identify the developmental stage or lineage of a cell.

Differentiation antigens are proteins or carbohydrates expressed on the surface of cells during various stages of differentiation, which can be used to distinguish between cells at different maturation stages or of different cell types. These antigens play an essential role in the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to abnormal or infected cells while sparing healthy cells.

Examples of differentiation antigens include:

1. CD (cluster of differentiation) molecules: A group of membrane proteins used to identify and define various cell types, such as T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and granulocytes.
2. Lineage-specific antigens: Antigens that are specific to certain cell lineages, such as CD3 for T cells or CD19 for B cells.
3. Maturation markers: Antigens that indicate the maturation stage of a cell, like CD34 and CD38 on hematopoietic stem cells.

Understanding differentiation antigens is crucial in immunology, cancer research, transplantation medicine, and vaccine development.

HLA-B8 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins that play an important role in the body's immune system by helping to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-B8 antigen is a specific variant of the HLA-B gene, which is located on chromosome 6. It is commonly found in approximately 10% of the Caucasian population and is associated with an increased risk of certain autoimmune diseases such as coeliac disease, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease.

It's important to note that while having the HLA-B8 antigen may increase the risk of developing these conditions, it does not necessarily mean that the person will definitely develop the disease. Other genetic and environmental factors also play a role in the development of these conditions.

'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

HLA-B7 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found on the surface of cells in our body. The HLAs are proteins that help our immune system recognize and fight off foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. Specifically, HLA-B7 is a class I HLA antigen, which presents peptides from inside the cell to CD8+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response.

HLA-B7 has been identified as one of the many different HLA types that can be inherited from our parents. It is located on chromosome 6 and has several subtypes. The HLA-B7 antigen is associated with certain diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis, a type of arthritis that affects the spine. However, having this HLA type does not necessarily mean that a person will develop the disease, as other genetic and environmental factors are also involved.

It's important to note that HLA typing is used in organ transplantation to match donors and recipients and reduce the risk of rejection. Knowing a patient's HLA type can help identify compatible donors and improve the chances of a successful transplant.

HLA-B27 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found on the surface of white blood cells. HLAs are proteins that help the body's immune system distinguish its own cells from foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria.

HLA-B27 is a specific type of HLA-B antigen, which is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The presence of HLA-B27 antigen can be inherited from parents to their offspring.

While most people with the HLA-B27 antigen do not develop any health problems, this antigen is associated with an increased risk of developing certain inflammatory diseases, particularly spondyloarthritis, a group of disorders that affect the joints and spine. Examples of these conditions include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. However, not everyone with HLA-B27 will develop these diseases, and many people without the antigen can still develop spondyloarthritis.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes are a group of genes that encode proteins found on the surface of most nucleated cells in the body. These proteins play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of protein from inside the cell to T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell. This process allows the immune system to detect and respond to cells that have been infected by viruses or become cancerous.

MHC class I genes are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different variations of these genes in the population. This diversity is important for the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens. The MHC class I proteins are composed of three main regions: the heavy chain, which is encoded by the MHC class I gene; a short peptide, which is derived from inside the cell; and a light chain called beta-2 microglobulin, which is not encoded by an MHC gene.

There are three major types of MHC class I genes in humans, known as HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. These genes are located on chromosome 6 and are among the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. The products of these genes are critical for the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, and play a key role in organ transplant rejection.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

HIV antigens refer to the proteins present on the surface or within the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can stimulate an immune response in the infected individual. These antigens are recognized by the host's immune system, specifically by CD4+ T cells and antibodies, leading to their activation and production. Two significant HIV antigens are the HIV-1 p24 antigen and the gp120/gp41 envelope proteins. The p24 antigen is a capsid protein found within the viral particle, while the gp120/gp41 complex forms the viral envelope and facilitates viral entry into host cells. Detection of HIV antigens in clinical settings, such as in the ELISA or Western blot tests, helps diagnose HIV infection and monitor disease progression.

... and less closely linked to HLA-DP, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. Different isoforms of DQ can bind to and present different antigens ... HLA-DQ (DQ) is encoded on the HLA region of chromosome 6p21.3, in what was classically known as the "D" antigen region. This ... HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells. It is an αβ heterodimer of type MHC class II ... HLA DQ functions as a cell surface receptor for foreign or self antigens. The immune system surveys antigens for foreign ...
Tissue Antigens. 40 (1): 31-37. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1992.tb01954.x. PMID 1440559. (HLA-DQ haplotypes, MHC class II). ... HLA-DQ4 (DQ4) is a serotype subgroup within HLA-DQ(DQ) serotypes. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of β4 ... subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ4 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*04 allele group. This ... Tanaka T, Ohmori M, Yasunaga S, Ohshima K, Kikuchi M, Sasazuki T (1999). "DNA typing of HLA class II genes (HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP ...
DQ beta 2". Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, et al. (1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DX beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQB2 gene. ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... Comparisons of the DQ and DX alpha and beta genes". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (18): 8767-77. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47482-0. PMID ...
... (DQ6) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. The serotype is determined by the ... Achord AP, Lewis RE, Brackin MN, Henderson H, Cruse JM (1996). "HIV-1 disease association with HLA-DQ antigens in African ... The β-chain of DQ isoforms are encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ6 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*06 allele group. This group ... 2000). "HLA-DR and -DQ associations with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a population of Turkey". Hum. Immunol. 61 (3): ...
HLA-DQ2, a human leukocyte antigen of the HLA DQ type. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title ...
... (DQ9) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. DQ9 is a split antigen of the DQ3 ... derived from IMGT/HLA Zhai L, Sun Y, Tang L, Liu H (2007). "Polymorphism between loci for human leukocyte antigens DR and DQ in ... Törn C, Gupta M, Sanjeevi CB, Aberg A, Frid A, Landin-Olsson M (2004). "Different HLA-DR-DQ and MHC class I chain-related gene ... 1994). "Analysis of MHC class II antigens in Japanese IDDM by a novel HLA-typing method, hybridization protection assay". ...
... (DQ8) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. DQ8 is a split antigen of the DQ3 ... "Frequencies of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ phenotypes in the United Arab Emirates population". Tissue Antigens. 66 (2): ... Pimtanothai N, Hurley C, Leke R, Klitz W, Johnson A (2001). "HLA-DR and -DQ polymorphism in Cameroon". Tissue Antigens. 58 (1 ... October 2003). "New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ ...
"HLA DR and DQ polymorphism in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews: comparison with other Mediterraneans". Tissue Antigens. 47 (1 ... HLA DR3-DQ2 encodes DQ2.5cis isoform of HLA-DQ, this isoform is described frequently as 'the DQ2 isoform', but in actuality ... HLA DR3-DQ2 is double serotype that specifically recognizes cells from individuals who carry a multigene HLA DR, DQ haplotype. ... Jönsen A, Bengtsson A, Sturfelt G, Truedsson L (2004). "Analysis of HLA DR, HLA DQ, C4A, FcgammaRIIa, FcgammaRIIIa, MBL, and IL ...
... of the HLA-DQ protein. HLA-DQ is part of the MHC class II antigen-presenting receptor (also called the human leukocyte antigen ... The two subunits of the HLA-DQ protein are encoded by the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, located on the short arm of chromosome 6 ... but as a negative HLA-DQ type excludes the diagnosis of coeliac disease, testing also for HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 maximises sensitivity ... Only the HLA-DQ loci show a consistent involvement over the global population. Many of the loci detected have been found in ...
... (DQ5) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype subgroup within HLA-DQ(DQ) serotypes. The serotype is determined by the ... Wang JF, Zhang D, Zhao JZ, Jia BX, Bi RM (2006). "A study on the relationship between HLA-DR, DQ antigen, and intracranial ... The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ5 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*05 allele group. This group currently ... HLA-DQ5 and HLA-DQB1*05 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ5 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA ...
"HLA-DR antigens in pemphigus among Japanese". Tissue Antigens. 17 (2): 238-9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1981.tb00689.x. PMID ... Hermann R, Turpeinen H, Laine A, Veijola R, Knip M, Simell O, Sipilä I, Akerblom H, Ilonen J (2003). "HLA DR-DQ-encoded genetic ... HLA-DR4 (DR4) is an HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number of ... derived from IMGT/HLA Roudier J (2006). "HLA-DRB1 genes and extraarticular rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Research & Therapy ...
HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP) in Japanese patients with histiocytic necrotizing lymphadentis (Kikuchi's disease) 8". Tissue Antigens. 54 ... Certain Human leukocyte antigen class II genes appear more frequently in patients with Kikuchi disease, suggesting that there ... Tanaka, T.; Ohmori, M.; Yasunaga, S.; Ohshima, K.; Kikuchi, M.; Sasazuki, T. (1999). "DNA typing of HLA class II genes ( ...
DR16 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR15 antigens. DR16 is associated with ... Park M, Park Y, Song E, Park H, Kim T, Park D, Park K, Cho B (2005). "Association of HLA-DR and -DQ genes with Graves disease ... systemic sclerosis HLA-DR16 is genetically linked to HLA-DR51 and HLA-DQ5 serotypes. derived from IMGT/HLA Cruz-Robles D, Reyes ... Dharakul T, Vejbaesya S, Chaowagul W, Luangtrakool P, Stephens H, Songsivilai S (1998). "HLA-DR and -DQ associations with ...
... is a serotype that covers a broad range of HLA-DQ haplotypes. Historically it was identified as a DR-like alpha chain ... 1992). "Association of HLA-B51 and lack of association of class II alleles with Behçet's disease". Tissue Antigens. 40 (1): 22- ... Olerup O, Olsson R, Hultcrantz R, Broome U (1995). "HLA-DR and HLA-DQ are not markers for rapid disease progression in primary ... 1994). "HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 and -DRB1 genotyping in Japanese pemphigus vulgaris patients by the PCR-RFLP method". Tissue Antigens. ...
... amplification and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ alpha oligonucleotide typing on biological evidence samples: casework ... The DQ alpha 1 locus (or location) was also polymorphic and had multiple different alleles that could be used to limit the pool ... The DQ alpha locus was combined with other loci in a commercially available kit called Polymarker in 1993. Polymarker was a ... Developed in 1991, DQ alpha testing was the first forensic DNA technique that utilized the polymerase chain reaction. This ...
... high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans". Tissue Antigens. 62 (4): ... HLA-DQ7 (DQ7) is an HLA-DQ serotype that recognizes the common HLA DQB1*0301 and the less common HLA DQB1*0304 gene products. ... a large number of DQ αβ isoforms. These DQ alpha chains are also known to form transhaplotype isomers with other HLA-DQ. DQ7 is ... Guo X, Ni P, Li L (2001). "[Association between asthma and the polymorphism of HLA-DQ genes]". Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi ...
... high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans". Tissue Antigens. 62 (4): ... HLA-DR7 may also be associated with these antibodies and the common haplotype association is the HLA-DR53 serotype.[citation ... The haplotype HLA-DR4-DQ3 appears to play a role in the pathogenic AAHA production. The alleles primarily recognized are HLA- ... 2000). "HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European ...
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(6) alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQA2 gene. Also ... 1987). "Structure and expression of HLA-DQ alpha and -DX alpha genes: interallelic alternate splicing of the HLA-DQ alpha gene ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DQA2 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 2". Rudy GB, Lew AM (March 1997). "The ...
"Redundancy in antigen-presenting function of the HLA-DR and -DQ molecules in the multiple sclerosis-associated HLA-DR2 ... leprosy HLA-DRB5 (DR51)is linked to the following HLA-DR serotypes and DRB1 allele groups. HLA-DR2 HLA-DR15 - DRB1*15 HLA-DR16 ... HLA-DR51 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the antigens encoded by the minor DR locus HLA-DRB5. DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 are ... Gongora R, Figueroa F, Klein J (1996). "The HLA-DRB9 gene and the origin of HLA-DR haplotypes". Hum. Immunol. 51 (1): 23-31. ...
HLA-DQ2 primarily presents gliadins with the HLA-DQ isoform DQ2.5 (DQ α5-β2) isoform. DQA1*0202:DQB1*0201 homozygotes (DQ α2-β2 ... The HLA-A antigens can mediate apoptosis in autoimmune disease and HLA A*0201 in with the HLA-DQ8 haplotypes has been ... and therefore HLA-DQ can recognize many motifs on each gliadin (see Understanding DQ haplotypes and DQ isoforms on the right) ... Understanding DQ haplotypes and DQ isoforms). HLA-DQ8 is generally not as involved in the most severe complications, and it ...
DQw3 was one of three early determined antigens recognized as HLA-DQ along with HLA-DQ1 and HLA-DQ2. While the DQ3 molecules ... Within molecular and cell biology, HLA-DQ3 (DQ3) is a broad serotype category with split antigens HLA-DQ7, DQ8, and DQ9. ... DQB1*0301 the DQ7 gene, is detailed on HLA-DQ7 DQB1*0302 the DQ8 gene, is detailed on HLA-DQ8 DQB1*0303 the DQ9 gene, is ... derived from IMGT/HLA (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles ...
The HLA-DQ proteins that predispose individuals to coeliac disease bind and respond specifically to gluten-related antigens ... HLA-DQ proteins are composed of α and β polypeptide chains encoded by the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, respectively. Since ... Ninety to one hundred percent of patients with coeliac disease have inherited genes at the HLA-DQ locus that encode HLA-DQ2 and ... HLA-DQ proteins are on the surface of APC and function to present foreign or self antigens to the T cell receptors (TCR) ...
... high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans". Tissue Antigens. 62 (4): ... Antigens most responsible for graft loss are HLA-DR (first six months), HLA-B (first two years), and HLA-A (long-term survival ... The HLA-DRB4 locus encodes the HLA-DR53 specificity, has some variation, and is associated with certain HLA-DRB1 types. The HLA ... and at the HLA-DRB1 locus to a greater degree relative to HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DPB1. Most of the HLA alleles currently present in ...
Major histocompatibility complex Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ "Entrez Gene: HLA-DQB1 major histocompatibility complex, class ... Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 3, also known as HLA-DQB3, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic ... II, DQ beta 1". Ando A, Kawai J, Maeda M, Tsuji K, Trowsdale J, Inoko H (1989). "Mapping and nucleotide sequence of a new HLA ... While the overall sequence of the protein encoded by this gene is similar to other HLA class II beta chains, the translated ...
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DPB1 gene. HLA-DPB ... 1992). "Family study on HLA-DPB1 polymorphism: linkage analysis with HLA-DR/DQ and two "new" alleles". Hum. Immunol. 34 (3): ... 1991). "Modulation of the HLA class II antigen at a molecular level by maternal serum among cord blood cells and unrelated ... Eiermann TH, Uhl S, Fakler J, Goldmann SF (1992). "A novel HLA-DPB1 sequence, DPB1*2301". Tissue Antigens. 40 (2): 108-10. doi: ...
"The association between HLA DR, DQ antigens, and vulval lichen sclerosus in the UK: HLA DRB112 and its associated DRB112/ ... DR12 serotype is a split antigen of the older HLA-DR5 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR11 antigens. The ... colorectal cancer HLA-DR12 is genetically linked to DR52 and HLA-DQ7 serotypes. derived from IMGT/HLA DR8 - 2% Gao X, Barnardo ... HLA-DR12(DR12) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1201 to *1203, *1206. ...
"Strong associations between specific HLA-DQ and HLA-DR alleles and the tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome". ... "HLA-DR antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. A Swiss collaborative study; final report. Swiss Federal Commission for the Rheumatic ... HLA-DR1 is not genetically linked to DR51, DR52 or DR53, but is linked to HLA-DQ1 and DQ5 serotypes. Fernández MM, Guan R, ... HLA-DR1 (DR1) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*01 gene products. It has been observed to be common among ...
... a human leukocyte antigen of the HLA-DQ type. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as ... DQ3 may be: Deltora Quest 3, a children's book Dragon Quest III, a console role-playing game (RPG) HLA-DQ3, ...
... a Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ serotype that recognizes the DQB1*04 gene products This disambiguation page lists articles ... DQ4 could refer to: Dragon Quest IV: Chapters of the Chosen, a video game published by Enix (now Square Enix) HLA-DQ4, ...
... football coach HLA DQ, a human leukocyte antigen type protein Data quality, various measures in information science Design ... Look up DQ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. DQ may stand for: Dragon Quest, a series of console role-playing games created ... DQ code, used in telephone directory assistance in the UK Jarvis Island (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code DQ) This disambiguation ... IATA code DQ) DQ (artist), Danish singer, participant in Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Dan Quayle, American politician Dulquer ...
... and less closely linked to HLA-DP, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. Different isoforms of DQ can bind to and present different antigens ... HLA-DQ (DQ) is encoded on the HLA region of chromosome 6p21.3, in what was classically known as the "D" antigen region. This ... HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells. It is an αβ heterodimer of type MHC class II ... HLA DQ functions as a cell surface receptor for foreign or self antigens. The immune system surveys antigens for foreign ...
... the association between HLA and cervical neoplasia among HPV16-seropositive and -negative subjects was determined in a ... To analyze whether HLA may be a determinant of the risk of developing cervical cancer precursor lesions, ... HLA-DQ Antigens * HLA-DR Antigens Grants and funding * R01 DK026190/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ... HLA genotyping of DR and DQ was done by PCR in 74 patients and 164 healthy controls matched for age, sex and area of residence ...
HLA-DQ Antigens / blood * Histocompatibility Testing * Humans * Immunoglobulin A / immunology * Infant * Intestinal Mucosa / ... EMA, anti-tTG Abs, and HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterodimers were present in all patients. Fourteen of 16 had symptomatic CD, and two were ... and HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterodimers by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. During upper intestinal endoscopy, at least ...
Chandra S, Ascui G, Riffelmacher T, Chawla A, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Castelan VC, Seumois G, Simon H, Murray MP, Seo GY, Premlal ALR, Schmiedel B, Verstichel G, Li Y, Lin CH, Greenbaum J, Lamberti J, Murthy R, Nigro J, Cheroutre H, Ottensmeier CH, Hedrick SM, Lu LF, Vijayanand P, Kronenberg M. ...
HLA class II antigens (DR, DQ loci) and peripheral arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis. (1 July, 1987) Free R Sanmartí, M G ...
PDB Compounds: (B:) HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(1) beta chain. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1s9vb1:. Sequence, ... Species Human (Homo sapiens), HLA-DQ group [TaxId:9606] [88630] (3 PDB entries). probably orthologous to the mouse I-A group. ... d1s9vb1 b.1.1.2 (B:95-190) Class II MHC beta chain, C-terminal domain {Human (Homo sapiens), HLA-DQ group [TaxId: 9606]} ... d1s9vb1 b.1.1.2 (B:95-190) Class II MHC beta chain, C-terminal domain {Human (Homo sapiens), HLA-DQ group [TaxId: 9606]} ...
... antigen presentation, and cytokine signaling in the orbital tissue. Macrophage influx was positively linked to the extent of T ... Gene expression of antigen presentation cells markers CD74, HLA-DQ, HLA-DRB, and B2M; (D) Gene expression of Immune Cell ... Antigen receptor variable region repertoires expressed by T cells infiltrating thyroid, retroorbital, and pretibial tissue in ... Particularly, patients with high LBP serum levels presented an increased expression of genes involved in antigen presentation, ...
... has been shown to induce posttranslational modifications of human islet antigens and thereby increase the affinity to HLA-DQ [ ... Posttranslational modification of HLA-DQ binding islet autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014, 63, 237-247. [Google ... Approximately 50% of the genetic risk of the disease is explained by the HLA class II region [21], and the haplotypes HLA-DR3- ... although the frequency of the high-risk HLA-DQ genotypes is equal in the two populations [27], and similar gradients between ...
The HLA-DQB1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. Learn about this ... HLA-DQ locus of the human leukocyte antigen complex and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a HuGE review. Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22(2):218- ... The HLA-DQB1 gene is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. The HLA complex helps the ... 01 or HLA-DQB1*02:02 bound to the protein produced from HLA-DQA1 gene variants known as HLA-DQA1*05:01 or HLA-DQA1*05:05. The ...
The Association Between HLA DR, DQ Antigens, and Vulval Lichen Sclerosus in the UK: HLA DRB1*12 and its Associated DRB1&ast ... The patients were typed for HLA-C and HLA-B. A total of 654 (64.2%) were HLA-Cw*0602 positive but 365 (35.8%) carried other HLA ... HLA DR and DQ antigens were not associated with time of onset of disease, site of involvement, structural changes of genitals, ... In conclusion, HLA-DR and DQ antigens or their haplotypes appear to be involved in both susceptibility to and protection from ...
DQw3 was one of three early determined antigens recognized as HLA-DQ along with HLA-DQ1 and HLA-DQ2. While the DQ3 molecules ... Within molecular and cell biology, HLA-DQ3 (DQ3) is a broad serotype category with split antigens HLA-DQ7, DQ8, and DQ9. ... DQB1*0301 the DQ7 gene, is detailed on HLA-DQ7 DQB1*0302 the DQ8 gene, is detailed on HLA-DQ8 DQB1*0303 the DQ9 gene, is ... derived from IMGT/HLA (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles ...
11] Some studies have also shown an association between microscopic colitis and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ, as noted in ... High prevalence of celiac sprue-like HLA-DQ genes and enteropathy in patients with the microscopic colitis syndrome. Am J ... Predisposing HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes of coeliac disease and associated enteropathy in microscopic colitis. Eur J ...
HLA) DQB1*06:02. A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted ... 2001) Complex HLA-DR and -DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups. Am J Hum Genet 68: 686- ... It is strongly associated with a genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*06:02, indicating an autoimmune-mediated ... 2003) HLA DR-DQ-encoded genetic determinants of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Finland: an analysis of 622 nuclear families ...
Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between class II antigens (HLA-DP, DQ, and DR) in 14 haplotypes. Human Immunology. 18: ... Enhanced interaction of HLA-DM with HLA-DR in enlarged vacuoles of hereditary and infectious lysosomal diseases. Journal of ... Antigen processing and presentation. Tissue Antigens. 47: 464-71. PMID 8813734 0.701. ... Antigen processing and presentation: close encounters in the endocytic pathway Trends in Cell Biology. 2: 109-115. DOI: 10.1016 ...
View Mouse Monoclonal anti-HLA DRB1 Antibody (LN-3 + HLA-DRB/1067) (NBP2-45316). Validated Applications: WB, Flow, ICC/IF, IHC ... It does not cross react with HLA-DP and HLA-DQ. HLA-DR is a heterodimeric cell surface glycoprotein comprised of a 36kDa alpha ... HLA-DR antigens also occur on a variety of epithelial cells and their corresponding neoplastic counterparts. Loss of HLA-DR ... Home » HLA DRB1 » HLA DRB1 Antibodies » HLA DRB1 Antibody (LN-3 + HLA-DRB/1067) ...
HLA-DR is a heterodimeric cell surface glycoprotein comprised of a 36 kD α (heavy) chain and a 27 kD β (light) chain ... It does not cross react with HLA-DP and HLA-DQ. Clone L243 binds a conformational epitope on HLA-DRa which depends on the ... MHC Antigens Antigen References 1. Levacher M, et al. 1990. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 81:177.. 2. Terstappen L, et al. 1990. J. ... The L243 monoclonal antibody reacts with the HLA-DR antigen, a member of MHC class II molecules. ...
Differential expression of HLA class II antigens in fetal human spleen: relationship of HLA-DP, DQ, and DR to immunoglobulin ... Anti-HLA-DR is intended for in vitro diagnostic use in the identification of cells expressing the HLA-DR antigen, using a BD ... Engleman EG, Warnke R, Fox RI, Dilley J, Benike CJ, Levy R. Studies of a human T lymphocyte antigen recognized by a monoclonal ... Unravelling an HLA-DR association in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1999; 94:694-700. (Biology). ...
... who carry specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotypes conferring increased susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, were ... selective genotyping of markers in the HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB1 loci. Diabet Med. 1999;16:985-92. DOIPubMedGoogle ... By the end of 2002, a total of 68,953 newborn children (27,030 in Turku) had been tested for their HLA-conferred risk for type ... The 109 DIPP children in this study were randomly chosen (computer algorithm that gives equal relative amounts of all HLA types ...
HLA-DQ (α1*0501, β1*02) or the HLA-DQ (α1*03, β1*0302) heterodimers. Tissue Antigens. 1997;49:29-34. ... HLA-DQ (α1*0501, β1*02) or the HLA-DQ (α1*03, β1*0302) heterodimers. Tissue Antigens. 1997;49:29-34. ... Patients with DH and CD may have the same association with histocompatibility antigens (HLA), the presence of circulating IgA ... 2005;15:313-9. TTG is the main antigen for CD antibodies, as ETG is the antigen in DH. Anti-TTG antibodies may, by cross- ...
LP is a T-cell mediated immunologic disease but the responsible antigen remains unidentified. In this paper, we review the ... S.-C. Lin and A. Sun, "HLA-DR and DQ antigens in Chinese patients with oral Lichen Planus," Journal of Oral Pathology and ... R. Valsecchi, M. Bontempelli, A. Rossi et al., "HLA-DR and DQ antigens in Lichen Planus," Acta Dermato-Venereologica, vol. 68, ... A. G. White and A. I. Rostom, "HLA antigens in Arabs with Lichen Planus," Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 3 ...
HLA-DQ antigens exits as heterodimers comprised of polymorphic transmembrane HLA-DQ alpha and beta glycoproteins. HLA-DQ is ... HLA-DQ antigens exits as heterodimers comprised of polymorphic transmembrane HLA-DQ alpha and beta glycoproteins. HLA-DQ is ... HLA-DQ is involved in presenting peptidic antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes. This antibody does not cross-react with HLA-DR2 and ... HLA-DQ is involved in presenting peptidic antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes. This antibody does not cross-react with HLA-DR2 and ...
In 2008, he was appointed as lab director of the HLA laboratory of the University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands. In ... His current scientific interest focusses on the role of indirect recognition of mismatched HLA in transplantation and on post- ... His postdoctoral training was performed on minor H antigens in organ- and stem-cell transplantation in the laboratory of Prof. ... HLA-DQ Heterodimers in Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation Petersdorf Effie W, Bengtsson Mats, Horowitz Mary M, McKallor ...
Particularly, the .beta..sub.2 -microglobulin gene is inactivated for reducing or eliminating Class I MHC antigens. The ... of the Class II MHC antigens. The human Class II MHC antigens are HLA-DR, DP AND DQ, where DR is of primary interest. ... In this way cells which have the Class II MHC antigen or may have the capability to have the expression of such antigen induced ... antigens serve an important role. Each host has a personal set of Class I and II MHC antigens, which serve to distinguish that ...
I and HLA-DP, DQ, and DR which are encoded by MHC-II. Here, we found HLA-ABC antigens expressed with low signal intensities on ... Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) can be divided into HLA-A, B, and C which are encoded by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)- ... HLA-ABC (MHC-I), HLA-DRDPDQ (MHC-II)) associated antigens. MBFCM results obtained are given in Fig. 3. The commonly used EV ... 6), and a significant positive correlation between serum-derived EV HLA-ABC (MHC-I) (r = 0.80, p = 0.01, n = 8) and HLA-DRDPDQ ...
HLA-DQ haplotypes were DR4,DQ3 and DR5,DQ3 with a frequency higher than 10%. Ten of the 17 HLADR, HLA-DQ haplotypes had ... The study includes HLA-B typing and its association with the HLA-DR antigens determined in 50 families, which included 100 ... The most common HLA-B,HLA-DR haplotype (considering broad specificities) was B16,DR4, with a frequency of 8.0%. Five HLA-B,HLA- ... HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in Mexicans. ...
HLA DQ-alpha. A polymorphic gene in the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region of chromosome 6 that has been well studied and ... proteins produced by derivatives of B lymphocytes that interact with and help protect an organism from specific antigens.. ...
HLA-DQ barrier: Effects on cPRA calculations. Anat R. Tambur*, Joseph R. Leventhal, R. Carlin Walsh, Jennifer R. Zitzner, John ... Dive into the research topics of HLA-DQ barrier: Effects on cPRA calculations. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Nine residues in HLA-DQ molecules determine with susceptibility and resistance to type 1 diabetes among young children in ... Possible Relationship between the HLA-DRA1 Intron Haplotype of Three Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Intron 1 of the HLA- ... Alshiekh, S., Maziarz, M., Geraghty, D. E., Larsson, H. E. & Agardh, D., 2021 Jan, In: HLA: Immune Response Genetics. 97, 1, p ... High-resolution HLA class II sequencing of Swedish multiple sclerosis patients. Akel, O., Zhao, L. P., Geraghty, D. E. & Lind, ...
  • 5. Biological significance of HLA locus matching in unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • By stratifying for HLA-DQ, we identified a new genome-wide significant risk locus covering the DUSP10 gene. (lu.se)
  • Susceptibility locus for non-obstructive azoospermia is localized within the HLA-DR/DQ subregion: primary role of DQB1*0604. (cdc.gov)
  • The α-chain and β- of DP is encoded by the HLA-DPA1 locus and HLA-DPB1 loci, respectively. (wikidoc.org)
  • Antígenos humanos de clase II o asociados a la respuesta inmunitaria que se encuentran principal pero no exclusivamente en los linfocitos B y son producidos por genes del locus HLA-D. Son familias muy polimorfas de glicoproteínas, cada una de las cuales consta de dos cadenas, alfa y beta. (bvsalud.org)
  • Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dorman JS, Bunker CH. HLA-DQ locus with the human leukocyte antigen complicated and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a massive critique. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • Mapping multiple sclerosis susceptibility to the HLA-DR locus in African Americans. (nature.com)
  • The α and β chains are encoded by two loci, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, that are adjacent to each other on chromosome band 6p21.3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotyping is capable of identifying most aspects of DQ isoform structure and function, however sequence specific PCR is now the preferred method of determining HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles, as serotyping cannot resolve, often, the critical contribution of the DQ α-chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DQ α subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQA1 gene and the DQ β subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQB1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Tacrolimus does not abrogate the increased risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after unrelated-donor marrow transplantation with allelic mismatching at HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1. (nih.gov)
  • 11. HLA-C and HLA-DQB1 compatibility in unrelated cord blood transplants. (nih.gov)
  • 12. High-resolution HLA matching in unrelated donor transplantation in Switzerland: differential impact of class I and class II mismatches may reflect selection of nonimmunogenic or weakly immunogenic DRB1/DQB1 disparities. (nih.gov)
  • 14. HLA-DRB1,3,4,5 and -DQB1 allele frequencies and HLA-DR/DQ linkage disequilibrium of 231 German caucasoid patients and their corresponding 821 potential unrelated stem cell transplants. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Frequent HLA class I and DP sequence mismatches in serologically (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR) and molecularly (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1) HLA-identical unrelated bone marrow transplant pairs. (nih.gov)
  • The HLA-DQB1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The HLA-DQB1 gene is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The HLA-DQB1 gene belongs to a group of MHC genes called MHC class II. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The protein produced from the HLA-DQB1 gene attaches (binds) to the protein produced from another MHC class II gene, HLA-DQA1 . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers have identified hundreds of different versions (alleles) of the HLA-DQB1 gene, each of which is given a particular number (such as HLA-DQB1*06:02 ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • One of these haplotypes, known as DQ2, is composed of the protein produced from HLA-DQB1 gene variants known as HLA-DQB1*02:01 or HLA-DQB1*02:02 bound to the protein produced from HLA-DQA1 gene variants known as HLA-DQA1*05:01 or HLA-DQA1*05:05 . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The other haplotype, known as DQ8, is composed of the protein produced from the HLA-DQB1 gene variant known as HLA-DQB1*03:02 bound to the protein produced from HLA-DQA1 gene variants known as HLA-DQA1*03:01 or HLA-DQA1*03:02 . (medlineplus.gov)
  • A version of the HLA-DQB1 gene called HLA-DQB1*06:02 increases the risk of developing the sleep disorder narcolepsy, particularly in people who also have cataplexy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is unclear how HLA-DQB1*06:02 causes this elevated risk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people who have narcolepsy with cataplexy have the HLA-DQB1*06:02 variation, and many also have specific versions of other, closely related HLA genes (including HLA-DQA1 ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, the etiology the DQ chain (DQB1*non-Asp-57) are known to be of this disorder remains unclear. (nih.gov)
  • Performance of HLA allele prediction methods in African Americans for class II genes HLA-DRB1, -DQB1, and -DPB1. (ouhsc.edu)
  • HLA DQB1 antibodies are the most common de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) detected postrenal transplantation. (tts.org)
  • The HLA-DQ molecule is composed of 2 chains: DQ alpha (encoded by HLA-DQA1 gene) and DQ beta (encoded by HLA-DQB1 gene). (testcatalog.org)
  • HLA-DQ2 and DQ8, as typed by serology, are usually based on the molecular typing of the DQB1 chain only. (testcatalog.org)
  • Researchers have discovered that mothers who are HLA-DQ alpha (DQA1) and/or DQ beta (DQB1) compatible with their fetuses tend to have a high rate of miscarriage before eight weeks of pregnancy. (assemblymade.com)
  • Because of the high polymorphism associated with DQ molecules, we have formulated a combinatorial matrix consisting of a selection of alpha (DQA1) and beta (DQB1) chains. (hlaprotein.com)
  • Kernel association demonstrated enrichment for risk and protective alleles in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A and HLA-DQB1 loci that have well understood roles in antiviral immunity. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Genetic heterogeneity of autoimmune diabetes: age of presentation in adults is influenced by HLA DRB1 and DQB1 genotypes (UKPDS 43). (ox.ac.uk)
  • AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes is associated with islet cell antibodies and with specific "high-risk" HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genotypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • METHODS: The antibodies to islet cells and those to glutamic acid decarboxylase were measured in 1712 white Caucasian diabetic subjects at diagnosis of diabetes and they were genotyped for HLA DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 and the high-risk DRB1*04-DQB1* 0302 haplotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were strongly associated with DRB1*03/DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 in early adulthood but showed little relation with specific HLA genotypes after the age of 55 years. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Valdes AM, Thomson G. Several loci during the HLA class III region are connected with T1D possibility immediately after adjusting for DRB1-DQB1. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • strongly associated with HLA-DQB1*0602. (eupedia.com)
  • SNPs in or near DNER (smallest P(JMA = )5.00×10(-11)), HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA2 (smallest P(JMA = )4.35×10(-9)), and KCNJ2 and SOX9 (smallest P(JMA = )1.28×10(-8)) were associated with FEV(1)/FVC or FEV(1) in meta-analysis models including SNP main effects, smoking main effects, and SNP-by-smoking (ever-smoking or pack-years) interaction. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Serological studies of DQ recognized that antibodies to DQ bind primarily to the β-chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies raised against DQ tend to recognize these functional regions, in most cases the β-subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, these antibodies can discriminate different classes of DQ based on the recognition similar DQβ proteins known as serotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A matrix approach to human class II histocompatibility antigens: reactions of four monoclonal antibodies with the products of nine haplotypes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • These children, who carry specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotypes conferring increased susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, were observed from birth for the appearance of diabetes-associated antibodies and viral infections. (cdc.gov)
  • A total of 104 consecutive patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis underwent coeliac serological tests (antigliadins, transglutaminase and endomysium antibodies) and HLA-DQ typing. (wjgnet.com)
  • Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a rare condition due to passively acquired maternal antibodies directed against paternal platelet antigens inherited by the infant. (karger.com)
  • In predicting the development of de novo donor specific antibodies (DSA), recent data suggests that matching at the epitope level is superior to matching at the antigen level. (tts.org)
  • Inhibition studies with several monoclonal antibodies showed that transgenic HLA class II molecules presented these peptides to mouse CD4 + T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Soluble HLA are extremely well suited as antigens in solid phase immunoassays for the detection and characterization of HLA-specific antibodies. (hlaprotein.com)
  • The DQ loci are in close genetic linkage to HLA-DR, and less closely linked to HLA-DP, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. Different isoforms of DQ can bind to and present different antigens to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The largest of these was from the GABRIEL consortium, which discovered that the IL18R1, IL33, SMAD3, ORMDL3, HLA-DQ and IL2RB loci were all significantly associated with asthma. (nih.gov)
  • 8. [Probability of high resolution full match for human leukocyte antigen loci in unrelated donors and recipients with low resolution match]. (nih.gov)
  • The heavy chain of the class I molecule is encoded by genes at HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Individual serologically defined antigens encoded by the class I and II gene loci in the HLA system are given standard designations (eg, HLA-A1, -B5, -C1, -DR1). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The strongest determinant is HLA-DR, followed by HLA-B and -A. These 3 loci are therefore the most important for matching donor and recipient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DPα and DPβ are encoded by two loci, HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 , that are found in the MHC Class II (or HLA-D) region in the Human Leukocyte Antigen complex on human chromosome 6 (see protein boxes on right for links). (wikidoc.org)
  • It is distal from HLA-DR and HLA-DQ encoding loci and therefore is much more equilibrated with respect to other HLA loci. (wikidoc.org)
  • This name assignment was decided because of the complex genetic characteristics of DPB1 alleles compared to alleles of other HLA loci. (wikidoc.org)
  • Characterization of two multiple-sclerosis-associated HLA-DR alleles at separate loci by a functional assay in humanized mice indicates that the linkage disequilibrium between the two alleles may be due to a functional epistatic interaction, whereby one allele modifies the T-cell response activated by the second allele through activation-induced cell death. (nature.com)
  • Alleles at four HLA class II loci determined by oligonucleotide hybridization and their associations in five ethnic groups. (nature.com)
  • The HLA region has been widely implicated for autoimmune and lung phenotypes, unlike the other novel loci, which have not been widely implicated. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This region encoded the subunits for DP,-Q and -R which are the major MHC class II antigens in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system (the major histocompatibility complex [MHC] in humans) is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes located on chromosome 6. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. (edu.au)
  • The variants are encoded by the HLA DQ genes and are the result of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, these variations are very common in the general population, and only a small percentage of people with particular variations in HLA genes develop narcolepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The genes that confer actions, are likely to provide important information susceptibility to IDDM are located in the HLA region regarding the causes of IDDM and lead to approaches of chromosome 6. (nih.gov)
  • Some class I MHC genes encode nonclassical MHC molecules, such as HLA-G (which may play a role in protecting the fetus from the maternal immune response) and HLA-E (which presents peptides to certain receptors on natural killer [NK] cells). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Both polypeptide chains are encoded by genes in the HLA-DP, -DQ, or -DR region of chromosome 6. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This genetic association is with certain HLA genes in the class II region (DQ alpha 1, DQ beta 1). (testcatalog.org)
  • Recently, the analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes has become prevalent due to the development of HLA imputation technology. (genominfo.org)
  • Genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encode proteins important in activating antigen-specific immune responses. (nature.com)
  • Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and islet cell antigen 512/IA-2 autoantibodies in relation to human leukocyte antigen class II DR and DQ alleles and haplotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
  • Gene map of the major histocompatibility complex: the human leukocyte antigen region on chromosome 6. (medscape.com)
  • 7. The clinical significance of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele compatibility in patients receiving a marrow transplant from serologically HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR matched unrelated donors. (nih.gov)
  • 11] Some studies have also shown an association between microscopic colitis and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ, as noted in celiac disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is because advancement of T1D is certainly tightly associated with polymorphism at 57 placement from the chain Uridine triphosphate from the HLA (individual leukocyte antigen)-DQ (DQ8 and DQ2) MHC II substances that replaces aspartic acidity (D) by alanine (57D? (eprf.ca)
  • Significance of HLA-DQ in kidney transplantation: time to reevaluate human leukocyte antigen-matching priorities to improve transplant outcomes? (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies in vitro have suggested that a species barrier exists in functional interaction between human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and mouse CD4 molecules. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate new immune-associated therapeutic targets by identifying ATC-derived, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-presenting peptides. (cornell.edu)
  • HLA-DRB and -DWB were typed by polymerase chain reaction-line probe assay, with 60 volunteer bone marrow donors serving as controls. (nih.gov)
  • DNA typing for HLA-DR, and -DP alleles in a Chinese population using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide probes. (nature.com)
  • The HLA-B 3906 allele imparts a high risk of diabetes only on specific HLA-DR/DQ haplotypes. (nih.gov)
  • 16. The impact of T-cell depletion on the effects of HLA DR beta 1 and DQ beta allele matching in HLA serologically identical unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • Alleles defined by DNA sequencing are named to identify the gene, followed by an asterisk, numbers representing the allele group (often corresponding to the serologic antigen encoded by that allele), a colon, and numbers representing the specific allele (eg, A*02:01, DRB1*01:03, DQA1*01:02). (msdmanuals.com)
  • HLA-DPB1*04:01 allele is associated with non-obstructive azoospermia in Japanese patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Before the April 2010 HLA nomenclature update, new HLA-DPB1 allele names were assigned within the existing nomenclature system. (wikidoc.org)
  • For example, the allele discovered after HLA-DPB1*9901 was assigned as DPB1*0102, the subsequent allele was named DPB1*0202, then *0302 and so on. (wikidoc.org)
  • Moraes, M. E., Fernandez-Vina, M. & Stastny, P. DNA typing for class II HLA antigens with allele-specific or group-specific amplification. (nature.com)
  • HLA-DQ (DQ) is encoded on the HLA region of chromosome 6p21.3, in what was classically known as the "D" antigen region. (wikipedia.org)
  • HLA molecules are encoded on chromosome 6 and are divided into class I, II, and III MHC molecules (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
  • Susceptibility gene for non-obstructive azoospermia in the HLA class II region: correlations with Y chromosome microdeletion and spermatogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • This cluster is located at the proximal (centromeric) end of the HLA superlocus in human chromosome 6p21.31. (wikidoc.org)
  • The HLA complex, which encodes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and is located on chromosome 6 (Chr. (genominfo.org)
  • HLA types are encoded in the HLA gene on chromosome 6. (eupedia.com)
  • These DQ alleles favor antigenic peptides with charged resides at negatively. (eprf.ca)
  • In an analysis of T cell responses to synthetic peptides in mice transgenic for HLA-DR51 and - DQ6, we found that DR51 and DQ6 transgenic mice acquired significant T cell response to influenza hemagglutinin-derived peptide 30%319 (HA 307) and Streptococcus pyogenes M12 protein-derived peptide 347-397 (M6C2), respectively. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Antigens are peptides or recombinant or native dependent on the production method. (gentaur.com)
  • We then identified peptide antigens eluted from the HLA-DQ complex in ATC patient-derived cells using mass spectrometry, detecting abundant CSPG4-derived peptides specific to the ATC sample. (cornell.edu)
  • By eluting the HLA-DQ complex of ATC tissue, we found that CSPG4 generated one of the most abundant and specific peptides. (cornell.edu)
  • The vast number of HLA-DQ eluted CSPG4 peptides was identified in ATC, demonstrating the potential of CSPG4 as a novel immunotherapeutic target for ATC. (cornell.edu)
  • [ 30 ] Variations in amino acids in the peptide-binding region of HLA molecules affect antigen binding specificity and may alter disease resistance or susceptibility. (medscape.com)
  • But DQ is also involved in recognizing common self-antigens and presenting those antigens to the immune system in order to develop tolerance from a very young age. (wikipedia.org)
  • HLA DQ functions as a cell surface receptor for foreign or self antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, macrophages and other megalocytes consume cells by apoptotic signaling and present self-antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Self antigens, in the right context, form a regulatory T-cell population that protects self tissues from immune attack or autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similar to other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease is the result of an immune response to self-antigens leading to tissue destruction and production of autoantibodies. (lu.se)
  • Recognition of self-antigens by T lymphocytes is a central event in autoimmunity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • As far as genetics, it has been shown to be associated with human leukocyte antigens HLA - DR2 and HLA - DQ. (bestherbalhealth.com)
  • Few people however have heard of HLA types (human leukocyte antigens), the antigens in our blood that fight off microbes. (eupedia.com)
  • This interaction is facilitated by antigen processing and presentation on HLA molecules by LCs and recognition by appropriate T-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Class I includes HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. In general, class I HLA molecules present endogenous antigens to CD8 + T cells. (medscape.com)
  • In general, class II HLA molecules present exogenous antigens to CD4 + T cells. (medscape.com)
  • As specific HLA-DP molecules can bind the activating NK-cell receptor NKp44, we investigated the role of HLA-DP/NKp44-interactions in PSC. (bmj.com)
  • NK cell activation on NKp44/HLA-DP interactions was assessed in vitro using plate-bound HLA-DP molecules and HLA-DPB wildtype versus knock-out human cholangiocyte organoids. (bmj.com)
  • Primary NKp44+NK cells exhibited significantly higher degranulation in response to plate-bound HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01 compared with control HLA-DP molecules, which were inhibited by anti-NKp44-blocking. (bmj.com)
  • In conjunction with the CD3/TCR complex and CD4 molecules, HLA-DR is critical for efficient peptide presentation to CD4 + T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • The L243 monoclonal antibody reacts with the HLA-DR antigen, a member of MHC class II molecules. (biolegend.com)
  • Because every nucleated cell expresses class I MHC molecules, all infected cells can act as antigen-presenting cells for CD8 T cells (CD8 binds to the nonpolymorphic part of the class I heavy chain). (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, whether mouse CD4 + T cells restricted by HLA class II molecules are generated in HLA class II transgenic mice and respond to peptide antigens across this barrier has remained unclear. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, T cell lines specific for HA 307 or M6C2 obtained from the transgenic mice could respond to the peptide in the context of relevant HLA class II molecules expressed on mouse L cell transfectants that lack the expression of mouse MHC class II. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These findings indicate that interaction between HLA class II and mouse CD4 molecules is sufficient for provoking peptide-specific HLA class II-restricted T cell responses in HLA class II transgenic mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The DQ matrix consists of 13 DQA molecules that pair with 17 DQB molecules resulting in a combinatorial matrix of 221 possible combinations. (hlaprotein.com)
  • We have shown that thyroid epithelial cells (TEC), the only cells that produce TPO, express HLA class II molecules in Graves' disease and can act as an antigen-presenting cells, presenting TPO after endogenous processing to autoantigen-reactive T cell clones. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A diabetes-susceptible HLA haplotype is best defined by a combination of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles. (nih.gov)
  • HLA-DP haplotype analysis revealed a highly elevated PSC risk for HLA-DPA1*02:01~B1*01:01 (OR 1.99, p=6.7×10 −50 ). (bmj.com)
  • Most (90%-95%) patients with celiac disease have 1 or 2 copies of HLA-DQ2 haplotype (see below), while the remainder have HLA-DQ8 haplotype. (testcatalog.org)
  • Previous studies reporting an HLA association of drug-induced hepatitis included only small numbers of patients and used serological HLA typing. (nih.gov)
  • HLA-DQ typing can be performed by serological or molecular methods. (testcatalog.org)
  • 6. Effect of HLA class II gene disparity on clinical outcome in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: the US National Marrow Donor Program Experience. (nih.gov)
  • The HLA complex is the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a gene family that occurs in many species. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At least two specific combinations of HLA gene variants (HLA haplotypes) have been found to increase the risk of developing celiac disease, a disorder in which inflammation damages the intestinal tract and other organs and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Each receptor includes a hypervariable area formulated with V (adjustable), D (variety in case there is IGH and TCR), and J (signing up for) gene sections randomly chosen from large private pools of unarranged sections and recombined to create a complementarity-determining area (CDR3) that denotes the specificity of every clonotype and comprises its antigen binding site. (eprf.ca)
  • The immune system surveys antigens for foreign pathogens when presented by MHC receptors (like HLA DQ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Both antigen receptors possess similar buildings and highly different repertoires (Wardemann et al. (eprf.ca)
  • There is a suspected link with HLA-Cw4, DR7, DR11 and DQA1, among others. (eupedia.com)
  • weakly associated with HLA DR3, DR4, DR15 and DQA1. (eupedia.com)
  • In one study of celiac disease, only 0.7% of patients with celiac disease lacked the HLA alleles mentioned above. (testcatalog.org)
  • If the test results are positive for HLA DQ2 or DQ8, your child is at risk of developing celiac disease. (assemblymade.com)
  • Celiac disease (gluten allergy) : 95% of all celiacs have HLA-DQ2. (eupedia.com)
  • Relationship of type 1 diabetes to ancestral proportions and HLA DR/DQ alleles in a sample of the admixed Cuban population. (nih.gov)
  • Two autoimmune diseases in which HLA-DQ is involved are coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In type 1 diabetes (T1D), DEs are predominated by one clonotype that encodes a powerful Compact disc4 T cell autoantigen in its antigen binding site. (eprf.ca)
  • The HLA types DR2, DR6 and DR11 are protective against Type 1 diabetes. (eupedia.com)
  • As a variable cell surface receptor on immune cells, these D antigens, originally HL-A4 antigens, are involved in graft-versus-host disease when lymphoid tissues are transplanted between people. (wikipedia.org)
  • HLA-DP is a protein/peptide-antigen receptor and graft-versus-host disease antigen that is composed of 2 subunits, DPα and DPβ. (wikidoc.org)
  • Some HLA types are known to attack the body's own cells, causing what is known as autoimmune diseases , in other words diseases caused by one's immune system attacking one's own body. (eupedia.com)
  • DQ functions in recognizing and presenting foreign antigens (proteins derived from potential pathogens). (wikipedia.org)
  • When tolerance to self proteins is lost, DQ may become involved in autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Others result in changes in regions that are removed when the proteins is processed to the cell surface, still others result in change in the non-functional regions of the protein, and some changes result in a change of function of the DQ isoform that is produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • The HLA complex helps the immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins made by foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Download our list of HLA-DQ alleles to view all available sHLA proteins as well as products in development. (hlaprotein.com)
  • The HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-1 alpha chain (HLA-A) is a α- or alpha protein sometimes glycoprotein present in blood. (gentaur.com)
  • class I antigens (HLA-A, -B, and -C) and class II antigens (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP) which form key determinants of histocompatibility. (genominfo.org)
  • Tissue antigens 2002 Jul 60 (1): 53-63. (cdc.gov)
  • DQ mediates autoimmunity by skewing the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire during thymic selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Semen quality is affected by HLA class I alleles together with sexually transmitted diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Clone L243 binds a conformational epitope on HLA-DRa which depends on the correct folding of the aß heterodimer. (biolegend.com)
  • DQ is made up of two different subunits to form an αβ-heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together, they form a functional protein complex called an antigen-binding DQαβ heterodimer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HLA-DP is an αβ- heterodimer cell-surface receptor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Such epistatic interaction might prove to be an important general mechanism for modifying exuberant immune responses that are deleterious to the host and could also help to explain the strong linkage disequilibrium in this and perhaps other HLA haplotypes. (nature.com)
  • Engleman EG, Warnke R, Fox RI, Dilley J, Benike CJ, Levy R. Studies of a human T lymphocyte antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Your Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) system is part of what determines your unique immune system and what your immune system recognizes as foreign. (assemblymade.com)
  • These data illustrate that multiparameter flow cytometry can be used to define a continuous progression of stages of B lymphocyte development based on cell surface antigen expression even though these cells represent a minor fraction of normal marrow cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Soluble HLA Class II glycosylated protein complexes are 61 kDa in size consisting of a 27 kDa beta chain and a 26 kDa alpha chain with a small size peptide (15 to 24mer) in the groove. (hlaprotein.com)
  • The prevalence of ICA or GADA or both in patients with different HLA genotypes was assessed in those diagnosed in four age groups, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-65 years. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Noble JA, Valdes AM. Genetics of your HLA area inside the prediction of variety one diabetes. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • Modulation of insulitis and style one diabetes by transgenic HLA-DR3 and DQ8 in NOD mice lacking endogenous MHC class II. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • 1. Definition of HLA-DQ as a transplantation antigen. (nih.gov)
  • 4. HLA-C antigen mismatch is associated with worse outcome in unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Matching for HLA DPA1 and DPB1 alleles in unrelated bone marrow transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • The MHC Class II antigens are found on antigen presenting cells (APC) (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Normally, these APC 'present' class II receptor/antigens to a great many T-cells, each with unique T-cell receptor (TCR) variants. (wikipedia.org)
  • A few TCR variants that recognize these DQ/antigen complexes are on CD4 positive (CD4+) T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These T-cells, called T-helper cells, can promote the amplification of B-cells which, in turn recognize a different portion of the same antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent research has indicated that nickel acts as an atypical hapten, activating T cells through a variety of mechanisms, including processes that may be HLA independent. (medscape.com)
  • Nickel interaction with HLA antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells is one mechanism of T-cell activation. (medscape.com)
  • 3. A phase I-II clinical trial to evaluate removal of CD4 cells and partial depletion of CD8 cells from donor marrow for HLA-mismatched unrelated recipients. (nih.gov)
  • Results NKp44+NK cells were enriched in livers, and intrahepatic bile ducts of individuals with PSC showed higher expression of HLA-DP. (bmj.com)
  • Importantly, HLA-DPA1*02:01-DPB1*01:01-expressing organoids increased degranulation of NKp44+NK cells compared with HLA-DPB1-KO organoids. (bmj.com)
  • Anti-HLA-DR is intended for in vitro diagnostic use in the identification of cells expressing the HLA-DR antigen, using a BD FACS™ brand flow cytometer. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Further analysis revealed that the same IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(gamma) population displayed potent effector function against the parasite while, paradoxically, also inducing profound suppression of IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells. (indexindex.com)
  • Quantitative three-color immunofluorescence was then used to correlate other cell surface antigens on these cells identified as B lymphoid in normal marrow. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In the assessment of class II antigens, HLA-DR was expressed on all B lineage cells whereas HLA-DP preceded HLA-DQ in appearance during the developmental process. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Among the later antigens expressed on B lineage cells, cell surface IgM, CD20, and HLA-DQ were expressed at essentially the same time. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • HLA-specific B cells. (hlaprotein.com)
  • Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. (edu.au)
  • We found that ATC tissue had a high level of HLA-DQ expression and that the patient's CD4 T cells showed activation when exposed to ATC. (cornell.edu)
  • Dermatologic diseases that have been associated with HLA polymorphisms include pemphigus vulgaris and psoriasis. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of HLA-DR2-associated polymorphisms by oligonucleotide hybridization in an Asian Indian population. (nature.com)
  • HLA-DRB1*1501 plays a role in the disease. (eupedia.com)
  • HLA-DR11 is the short spelling for HLA-DRB1*11, just like HLA-C6 is short for HLA-Cw*06. (eupedia.com)
  • In the 2010 HLA nomenclature update, [1] all DPB1 alleles, except DPB1*0202 and *0402, discovered after DPB1*9901 were reassigned with new numbers. (wikidoc.org)
  • HLA-A and -B were typed using alloantisera and compared with those of 300 controls (volunteer bone marrow donors). (nih.gov)
  • The data support the view that an immunologic idiosyncrasy, mediated through HLA class II antigens, plays a role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced immunoallergic hepatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Although the pathogenesis of PSC remains incompletely understood, strong associations with HLA-class II haplotypes have been described. (bmj.com)
  • Differential expression of HLA class II antigens in fetal human spleen: relationship of HLA-DP, DQ, and DR to immunoglobulin expression. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Synergism of glucocorticoids with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin-4 (IL-4) on induction of HLA class II expression on human monocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Peripheral blood monocytes from up to 13 normal donors were stimulated with the cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (Dex), and the effects on HLA class II (HLA-DR, DP and DQ) expression studied. (ox.ac.uk)
  • GM-CSF was less potent than IFN-gamma and IL-4, enhancing HLA class II expression in only seven of 13 donors tested, whereas in the presence of Dex all donors responded to GM-CSF. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The differential effects of glucocorticoids in vitro suggest that these cytokines induce HLA class II expression by different mechanisms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There are 3 major types of class I HLA (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) and 3 major types of class II HLA (HLA-DP, HLA-DQ and HLA-DR). Each type comprises hundreds of subtype (e.g. (eupedia.com)
  • A predominant role for the HLA class II region in the association of the MHC region with multiple sclerosis. (nature.com)
  • DQ is one of several antigens involved in rejection of organ transplants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leukocyte Immunization Therapy (LIT) The subcutaneous injection of the male partner's lymphocytes to the mother is thought to enhance the ability for the mother's decidua (uterus) to recognize the DQ alpha matching embryo as "self" or "friend" and thereby avert its rejection. (assemblymade.com)
  • We provide a matrix of highly representative HLA-DQ alleles that help to drive novel research to prevent transplant rejection and to contribute to more insight into CD4+ T cell responses. (hlaprotein.com)
  • In the human population DQ is highly variable, the β subunit more so than the alpha chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the WTCCC project reported that there were only few differences in the genome-wide SNP frequencies between the two control groups, the difference in HLA region has not been examined before. (genominfo.org)
  • HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 imputation and association analyses were performed in 3408 individuals with PSC and 34 213 controls. (bmj.com)
  • We imputed HLA information in the WTCCC control dataset and showed that the HLA content was not significantly different between the two control datasets, suggesting that the combined controls can be used as controls for HLA fine-mapping analysis based on HLA imputation. (genominfo.org)
  • Large-scale HLA association analyses were previously difficult due to the high cost of HLA typing, but have recently become more commonly feasible through the help of HLA imputation, which can predict HLA information from SNP data without HLA typing [ 6 , 8 ]. (genominfo.org)