HIV Wasting Syndrome
Wasting Syndrome
Circovirus
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
Swine
Circoviridae
HIV Infections
Weaning
Teschovirus
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Lymph Nodes
Polymerase Chain Reaction
HIV Seropositivity
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome X
In Situ Hybridization
Sustained anabolic effects of long-term androgen administration in men with AIDS wasting. (1/58)
Fifty-one human immunodeficiency virus-positive men with hypogonadism and wasting were randomized to receive testosterone enanthate, 300 mg i.m. every 3 weeks, or placebo for 6 months, followed by open-label testosterone administration for 6 months. Subjects initially randomized to placebo gained lean body mass (LBM) only after crossover to testosterone administration (mean change +/- standard error of the mean, -0.6 +/- 0.7 kg [months 0-6] vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7 kg [months 6-12]; P = .03). In contrast, subjects initially randomized to testosterone continued to gain LBM during open-label administration (2.0 +/- 0.7 kg [months 0-6] vs. 1.6 +/- 0.6 kg [months 6-12]; P = .62) and had gained more LBM at 1 year than did subjects receiving testosterone for only the final 6 months of the study (3.7 +/- 0.8 kg vs. 1.0 +/- 1.0 kg; P = .05). Testosterone administration results in sustained increases in LBM during 1 year of therapy in hypogonadal men with AIDS wasting. (+info)Evaluation and treatment of weight loss in adults with HIV disease. (2/58)
Weight loss late in the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is common and often multifactorial. Increased energy expenditure in response to opportunistic disease, as well as to HIV infection itself, can lead to protein-calorie malnutrition similar to that observed in starvation. Weight loss of as little as 5 percent in patients with HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of disease progression. Loss of body cell mass carries a particularly poor prognosis, and aggressive measures should be taken to stop such depletion. Patients exhibiting unexpected weight loss should be carefully examined to exclude decreased food intake, malabsorption, occult infection or neoplasm as the etiology of the weight loss. Early aggressive treatment of HIV disease and underlying opportunistic pathology, along with adequate pharmacologic, hormonal, nutritional and physical therapy, can often restore normal weight and body composition. (+info)Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin in HIV-infected patients with or without wasting syndrome. (3/58)
AIMS: The purpose of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifabutin obtained in a group of patients without wasting syndrome (NWS) with those obtained in a group with wasting syndrome (WS). METHODS: A single dose of 300 mg rifabutin was administered in the fasting state to the patients in both study groups and blood samples were scheduled to be collected at the following times: 0 (predose), 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following administration. Data were analysed using noncompartmental methods. The pharmacokinetic parameters of rifabutin in patients with and without wasting syndrome were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Cmax was 0.34+/-0. 14 mg l-1 in NWS patients and 0.55+/-0.16 mg l-1 (P=0.01) in patients with WS. tmax was 4.2+/-1.5 and 3.3+/-2.3 h (P=0.17) in NWS and WS patients, respectively. The AUCs were similar in the two study groups. V/F was 2905+/-1646 l in NWS patients and 1701+/-492 l (P=0.07) for the WS group. These differences are less pronounced following normalization of V/F to patients body weight (43.7+/-20.1 vs 35.4+/-10.3 l kg-1 ). t1/2,lambdaz tended to be shorter in patients with WS (31.4+/-12.9 vs 46.0+/-23.5 h, P=0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin in patients with wasting syndrome are not altered to a degree that is clinically important. (+info)Comparison of total body potassium with other techniques for measuring lean body mass in men and women with AIDS wasting. (4/58)
BACKGROUND: Lean body mass is an important predictor of survival and functional status in patients with AIDS wasting. The bias between different techniques for assessing body composition in AIDS wasting is not known. DESIGN: We compared total body potassium (TBK) with fat-free mass (FFM) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and skinfold-thickness measurement (SKF) in 132 patients (63 men, 69 women) with AIDS wasting (weight < 90% of ideal body weight, or weight loss > 10% of original, or both). None of the subjects exhibited clinical lipodystrophy. Comparisons were made by using different BIA equations. RESULTS: Lean body mass determined by DXA was highly correlated with TBK in men (r = 0.79, P: < 0.0001) and women (r = 0.84, P: < 0.0001). FFM(BIA) and FFM(DXA) were significantly different (P: < 0.01 in men and P: < 0.0001 in women). The difference between FFM(DXA) and FFM(BIA) was significantly greater with greater weight and body fat, particularly in HIV-infected women (r = -0.39, P: = 0.001 for weight; r = -0.60, P: < 0.0001 for fat). The comparability of FFM and fat mass determined by DXA and BIA was dependent on the specific BIA equation used. Among men, no single BIA equation was more highly predictive of fat mass and FFM in comparison with DXA. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between DXA, BIA, and SKF in the determination of fat mass and FFM are significant in patients with AIDS wasting. BIA overestimates FFM compared with DXA in those with greater body fat. Standard BIA equations may not accurately estimate FFM and fat mass in men and women with AIDS wasting. (+info)Weight loss and wasting remain common complications in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. (5/58)
It has been postulated that the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) would reduce the occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated weight loss and wasting. To test this assumption, we evaluated, by means of longitudinal analysis, a prospective cohort of 469 HIV-infected individuals enrolled in a study of the impact of HIV on nutrition. Overall, 156 individuals in the cohort (33.5%) met at least 1 of these definitions of wasting. Furthermore, 58% of the cohort (289 patients) lost >1.5 kg of weight in a 6-month period between any 2 study visits. More than 50% of the cohort was receiving HAART at the time that they met 1 of the definitions of wasting; with regard to the occurrence of wasting; no differences were related to therapy. (+info)Determinants of antimicrobial prophylaxis use and treatment for wasting among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease in the United States, 1995-1998. (6/58)
Despite US Public Health Service (USPHS) recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, the proportion of patients who receive prophylaxis is not known. We measured the prevalence of antimicrobial prophylaxis use, and treatment for HIV wasting at baseline among 531 patients with advanced HIV disease enrolled in a multicenter randomized trial of red blood cell transfusion. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment for wasting in the 30 days before enrollment was ascertained in patients eligible for primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, or both, according to USPHS guidelines. There was high utilization of primary and secondary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis, variability in primary Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis by center, and low use of primary cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. Treatment of wasting was more common in white than nonwhite patients and in patients with HIV disease who lived in the region west of the Mississippi River of the United States versus those whose lived in the eastern region. (+info)Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting, functional performance, and quality of life. (7/58)
Unintentional loss of weight and lean body mass (wasting) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS wasting (AW) often experience reductions in lean body mass, muscle strength, and the ability to perform functions of daily living. Dependence on assistance with activities of daily living may be associated with a lower quality of life (QOL) and higher risk of mortality. These factors suggest that slowing or reversing the loss of lean body mass in AW can improve well-being. Nutritional support or appetite stimulants in the absence of exercise therapy or growth hormone supplementation can increase fat without improving body composition, whereas appropriate exercise programs, androgen therapy, and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy may increase lean body mass in patients with AW. Resistance exercise programs can increase muscle strength and lean body mass. In addition, both resistance and endurance (aerobic) exercise augment endogenous growth hormone levels, decrease depression, enhance self-esteem, and may improve immune response. Randomized, double-blind trials have shown that rhGH therapy increases total body weight, lean body mass, exercise capacity, and QOL. In summary, interventions that improve exercise capacity and functional performance may enhance QOL in patients with AW and may reduce mortality in this group. (+info)Effects of testosterone and exercise on muscle leanness in eugonadal men with AIDS wasting. (8/58)
Loss of lean body and muscle mass characterizes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) wasting syndrome (AWS). Testosterone and exercise increase muscle mass in men with AWS, with unclear effects on muscle composition. We examined muscle composition in 54 eugonadal men with AWS who were randomized to 1) testosterone (200 mg im weekly) or placebo and simultaneously to 2) resistance training or no training in a 2 x 2 factorial design. At baseline and after 12 wk, we performed assessments of whole body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and single-slice computed tomography for midthigh cross-sectional area and muscle composition. Leaner muscle has greater attenuation. Baseline muscle attenuation correlated inversely with whole body fat mass (r = -0.52, P = 0.0001). This relationship persisted in a model including age, body mass index, testosterone level, viral load, lean body mass, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (P = 0.02). Testosterone (P = 0.03) and training (P = 0.03) increased muscle attenuation. These data demonstrate that thigh muscle attenuation by computed tomography varies inversely with whole body fat and increases with testosterone and training. Anabolic therapy in these patients increases muscle leanness. (+info)HIV Wasting Syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness, which are associated with progressive HIV infection or AIDS. It is defined as the unintentional loss of more than 10% of body weight along with diarrhea or fever that lasts for more than 30 days, despite appropriate interventions. This condition can be caused by various factors including opportunistic infections, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and hormonal imbalances. It is an indicator of poor prognosis and increased mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS.
Wasting syndrome is a condition characterized by significant weight loss and muscle wasting, often accompanied by weakness and decreased appetite. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, and other chronic infections or diseases that cause chronic inflammation. In some cases, wasting syndrome can also result from severe malnutrition or gastrointestinal disorders that affect nutrient absorption.
The diagnostic criteria for wasting syndrome vary depending on the underlying cause, but generally, it is defined as a significant loss of body weight (typically more than 10% of body weight) and muscle mass over a period of several months. In addition to weight loss and muscle wasting, individuals with wasting syndrome may also experience fatigue, weakness, decreased immune function, and impaired physical functioning.
Wasting syndrome can have serious consequences on an individual's health and quality of life, and it is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the wasting syndrome, as well as providing nutritional support to help individuals regain weight and muscle mass.
Circoviruses are a type of small, non-enveloped viruses that belong to the family Circoviridae. They have a single-stranded, circular DNA genome and can infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some mammals. Circoviruses are associated with various diseases in animals, such as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in pigs and beak and feather disease in birds. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that circoviruses infect or cause disease in humans.
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PPWS) is not a widely recognized or officially established medical term in human healthcare. However, it is a significant disease in swine (pig) farming. Here's the definition of PPWS from a veterinary medicine perspective:
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PPWS) is a complex and poorly understood disease affecting piglets after weaning. The syndrome is characterized by wasting, diarrhea, and various secondary symptoms impacting multiple body systems. The primary cause of PPWS remains elusive, but it is believed to be associated with a combination of infectious agents (such as viruses and bacteria) and non-infectious factors (like management practices, environmental conditions, and genetics). The disease has a significant economic impact on the swine industry due to reduced growth rates, increased mortality, and decreased feed conversion efficiency in affected piglets.
Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including animals and birds. The infection caused by circoviruses in animals and birds can result in a variety of symptoms depending on the species infected and the particular circovirus involved.
In pigs, circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most well-known member of this family and is associated with a number of clinical conditions, collectively known as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). These conditions include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure.
In birds, circoviruses can cause various symptoms such as runting and stunting, feather abnormalities, and immunosuppression, leading to secondary infections. The most well-known avian circovirus is the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), which infects psittacine birds, including parrots, causing beak deformities, feather loss, and immune suppression.
However, it's important to note that circoviruses are also found in humans, but currently, there is no evidence that human circovirus infections cause disease.
In general, circoviridae infections can be diagnosed through various laboratory tests such as PCR, sequencing, and serology. Treatment typically involves supportive care and management of secondary infections, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for circovirus infections. Prevention strategies include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoidance of contact with infected animals or their feces.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
Parvovirus, Porcine (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is a small, non-enveloped virus that primarily infects the rapidly dividing cells of piglets, particularly those in the intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.
PPV infection can cause a variety of clinical signs, including diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite, which can lead to severe dehydration and death in young piglets. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through fecal-oral transmission or by ingesting infected material.
PPV infection is also associated with reproductive failure in sows, including stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak newborn piglets. This condition is known as Porcine Parvovirus Syndrome (PPVS). The virus can cross the placenta and infect developing fetuses, causing damage to their cardiovascular and nervous systems.
There are currently no specific treatments for PPV infection, but vaccination programs have been developed to prevent the spread of the virus in pig herds. Good biosecurity practices, such as isolating infected animals and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting facilities, can also help reduce the risk of transmission.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some primates. The virions of Circoviridae are icosahedral in shape and have a diameter of approximately 20 nanometers. The genome of these viruses is circular, single-stranded DNA that is around 2 kilobases in length.
The family Circoviridae includes two genera: Circovirus and Gyrovirus. Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs, while gyroviruses primarily infect birds. The most well-known circovirus is the porcine circovirus (PCV), which can cause a variety of clinical signs in pigs, including respiratory disease, enteritis, and reproductive failure. Gyroviruses, on the other hand, have been associated with various diseases in birds, such as inclusion body hepatitis and lymphoproliferative disease.
It's worth noting that circoviruses have also been detected in humans, although their clinical significance is not yet fully understood. Some studies have suggested a possible link between human circovirus infection and certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.
HIV infection has three stages:
1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.
It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant or young child to a new source of nutrition, such as solid foods, while simultaneously decreasing their dependence on breast milk or formula. This process can begin when the child is developmentally ready, typically around 6 months of age, and involves offering them small amounts of pureed or mashed foods to start, then gradually introducing more textured and varied foods as they become comfortable with the new diet. The weaning process should be done slowly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the child's nutritional needs are being met and to avoid any potential digestive issues.
Teschovirus, also known as Porcine Teschen virus or PTV, is a type of enteric virus that primarily affects pigs. It belongs to the family Picornaviridae and genus Teschovirus. The virus is named after the village of Teschen in Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) where it was first identified in 1929.
Teschovirus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and causes a disease called Teschen disease or Talfan disease, which is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and neurological symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and paralysis. The virus can also cause reproductive failure in pregnant sows, resulting in stillbirths and mummified fetuses.
Teschovirus infection can lead to high mortality rates in young piglets, while older pigs may develop immunity after infection. There is no specific treatment for Teschen disease, and prevention measures include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoiding the mixing of pigs from different sources.
Asymptomatic infections are those in which an individual carries and may transmit a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, but does not develop any symptoms associated with the infection. These individuals are often referred to as being "asymptomatically infected" or "asymptomatic carriers."
Asymptomatic infections can occur with various infectious diseases, including COVID-19, HIV, hepatitis B, and some sexually transmitted infections. In many cases, asymptomatic individuals may not realize they are infected and unknowingly transmit the pathogen to others. This makes identifying and controlling asymptomatic infections crucial for preventing outbreaks and limiting the spread of infectious diseases.
It's important to note that while asymptomatic individuals do not experience symptoms, they can still develop immunity to the infection, similar to those who experienced symptoms. Additionally, some asymptomatic infections may progress to symptomatic illness over time or upon subsequent exposures to the pathogen.
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood, specifically levels less than 135 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells and plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. Hyponatremia can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical conditions, medications, or excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium in the body. Symptoms may range from mild, such as nausea, confusion, and headache, to severe, like seizures, coma, or even death in extreme cases. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect hyponatremia, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for a favorable outcome.
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.
ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.
However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.
Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, heart failure, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or starvation in that it involves a significant loss of muscle mass and an imbalance in energy metabolism, even when adequate calories are consumed.
The hallmark features of cachexia include:
1. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of more than 5% of body weight over 12 months or less, or more than 2% in individuals already underweight.
2. Muscle wasting: Reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
3. Fatigue and anorexia: Decreased appetite and reduced food intake due to various factors such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress.
4. Inflammation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that contribute to metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting.
5. Insulin resistance: Impaired glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to increased blood glucose levels and altered energy metabolism.
6. Altered protein metabolism: Increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, contributing to muscle wasting.
7. Altered lipid metabolism: Increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and impaired lipogenesis (formation of fat), leading to loss of adipose tissue and altered energy storage.
Cachexia significantly impacts patients' quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall survival. Currently, there is no single effective treatment for cachexia, and management typically involves addressing the underlying disease, nutritional support, exercise interventions, and pharmacological therapies to target specific aspects of the metabolic dysregulation associated with this condition.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that affects pigs, causing reproductive failure in breeding herds and respiratory illness in young pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus, which belongs to the family Arteriviridae.
In pregnant sows, PRRS can cause abortions, stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak or infertile offspring. In growing pigs, it can lead to pneumonia, reduced growth rates, and increased susceptibility to other infections. The virus is highly contagious and can spread rapidly within a herd through direct contact with infected pigs, aerosols, or contaminated fomites.
PRRS is a significant disease of global importance, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. Control measures include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to detect and eliminate the virus from affected herds. However, there is no specific treatment for PRRS, and eradication of the virus from the pig population is unlikely due to its widespread distribution and ability to persist in infected animals and the environment.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Parvoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family. These viruses are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects. The most well-known member of this family is the human parvovirus B19, which is responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations such as:
1. Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease): A common childhood exanthem characterized by a "slapped cheek" rash and a lace-like rash on the extremities.
2. Transient aplastic crisis: A sudden and temporary halt in red blood cell production, which can lead to severe anemia in individuals with underlying hematologic disorders.
3. Hydrops fetalis: Intrauterine death due to severe anemia caused by parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women, leading to heart failure and widespread fluid accumulation in the fetus.
Parvoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome. They primarily infect and replicate within actively dividing cells, making them particularly harmful to rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow and fetal tissues. In addition to parvovirus B19, other Parvoviridae family members can cause significant diseases in animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
HIV seropositivity is a term used to describe a positive result on an HIV antibody test. This means that the individual has developed antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), indicating that they have been infected with the virus. However, it's important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS, as there can be a long period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.
The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:
1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.
Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:
* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer
It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.
Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.
People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.
The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.
Metabolic syndrome, also known as Syndrome X, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It is not a single disease but a group of risk factors that often co-occur. According to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a person has metabolic syndrome if they have any three of the following five conditions:
1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or more in men, and 35 inches or more in women)
2. Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
3. HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
4. Systolic blood pressure of 130 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater
5. Fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater
Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats. Treatment typically involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and losing weight if necessary. In some cases, medication may also be needed to manage individual components of the syndrome, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.
During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.
In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents
Oxymetholone
Nandrolone decanoate
Wasting
AIDS-defining clinical condition
Conant v. Walters
List of MeSH codes (C18)
CDC classification system for HIV infection
Oxandrolone
List of MeSH codes (C20)
Weight loss
Intramuscular fat
Visna-maedi virus
List of MeSH codes (C02)
Cannabis in Rhode Island
Malcom Gregory Scott
Needle sharing
Sticky Fingers Brownies
Cannabis (drug)
Health crisis
Gerald T. Keusch
Brownie Mary
Megestrol acetate
Neuritis
Thiamine deficiency
Cannabis in Minnesota
Weakness
Health in South Africa
Proteinuria
PURA
Cannabis Role in Managing HIV/AIDS Wasting Syndrome
Neuromuscular and Myopathic Complications of HIV: Overview, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Appendix A
WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents - Wikipedia
HIV complications: Types, symptoms, and staying healthy
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Su
Chapter 3: What is AIDS? - HIV symptoms - AIDS symtoms - free AIDS book
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
What you should know about medical marijuana - Clinical Advisor
Somatropin: MedlinePlus Drug Information
About Marijuana - NORML
LIU WANTS MEDICAL MARIJUANA
Medical marijuana: don't throw the baby out with the bathwater
Cancer risk factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
AIDS & HIV?
Smokable Cannabis Is Not a Legitimate Therapeutic Treatment Modality | The Heritage Foundation
Ministry seeks to selectively permit marijuana-based drugs
Short stature
Marijuana Research Update: Summer 1993 - Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies - MAPS
HIV and AIDS (for Teens) - CareSource
Oxandrin (oxandrolone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Board of Pharmacy Examiners - March 10, 1995
Neuromuscular and Myopathic Complications of HIV: Overview, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Dunks Doubles Double Doping Summary - 1259 Words | AntiEssays
Colloidal Silver Secrets: Doctor Uses Colloidal Silver to Beat Common Cold
HIV and AIDS (for Teens) - Children's Health System - Alabama (iFrame)
HIV & Other Medical Conditions | A Positive Life
Infection47
- HIV/AIDS represents a complex spectrum of conditions resulting from the infection by HIV, a type of retrovirus. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (cdc.gov)
- WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organization and updated in September 2005. (wikipedia.org)
- Following infection with HIV, the rate of clinical disease progression varies enormously between individuals. (wikipedia.org)
- HIV encephalopathy: clinical findings of disabling cognitive and/or motor dysfunction interfering with activities of daily living, progressing over weeks to months, in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection which could explain the findings. (wikipedia.org)
- Interim proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV infection and Disease" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Without treatment, however, HIV infection eventually progresses to advanced HIV, also known as AIDS. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When a person first contracts HIV, they often experience an initial period of flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks of infection, known as acute HIV . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If the CD4 count of a person living with HIV falls below 200 cells per cubic milliliter (cells/mm3) , or if they develop an opportunistic infection, the person is said to have AIDS. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- For people with HIV, a Salmonella infection may progress to a severe form called Salmonella septicemia that spreads to the bloodstream. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CDC has revised the classification system for HIV infection to emphasize the clinical importance of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in the categorization of HIV-related clinical conditions. (cdc.gov)
- The CD4+ T-lymphocyte is the primary target for HIV infection because of the affinity of the virus for the CD4 surface marker (3). (cdc.gov)
- Studies of the natural history of HIV infection have documented a wide spectrum of disease manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening conditions characterized by severe immunodeficiency, serious opportunistic infections, and cancers (4-13). (cdc.gov)
- The classification system for HIV infection among adolescents and adults has been revised to include the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count as a marker for HIV-related immunosuppression. (cdc.gov)
- The objectives of these changes are to simplify the classification of HIV infection, to reflect current standards of medical care for HIV-infected persons, and to categorize more accurately HIV-related morbidity. (cdc.gov)
- The revised CDC classification system for HIV-infected adolescents and adults * categorizes persons on the basis of clinical conditions associated with HIV infection and CD4+ T- lymphocyte counts. (cdc.gov)
- The first thing that happens after infection with HIV is that many people develop a flu-like illness. (globalchange.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control has defined AIDS as beginning when a person with HIV infection has a CD4 cell (a type of immune cell) count below 200. (i-sis.org.uk)
- It is also defined by numerous opportunistic infections and cancers that occur in the presence of HIV infection. (i-sis.org.uk)
- In the first few years after infection, someone with HIV may have mild symptoms, like swollen glands. (kidshealth.org)
- One group suffered from HIV and a terrible Candida infection. (blogspot.com)
- Opportunistic infections (OIs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV-1 infection throughout the world, particularly among patients who have not had access to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and other HIV care services. (cdc.gov)
- In our body, HIV Wasting Syndrome (HIV Wasting Dis-ease) , a specific form of wasting syndrome , is an involuntary weight loss associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue in the absence of a defined cause other than the HIV infection . (wellnessadvantage.com)
- Approximately one-quarter to one-third of all untreated pregnant women infected with HIV will pass the infection to their babies. (diagnose-me.com)
- More persistent or severe symptoms may not surface for years after infection in adults, or for two years in children born with HIV infection. (diagnose-me.com)
- The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. (diagnose-me.com)
- During the course of HIV infection, most people experience a gradual decline in the number of T4 cells , although some may have abrupt and dramatic drops in their T4 cell counts. (diagnose-me.com)
- Acute HIV infection is the first stage, which usually develops within two to four weeks after exposure. (nation.com)
- Below, you can find information for everything you may need about Denver HIV risk scores (or DHRS, abbreviated, which we will use in future), such as definition, symptoms, and how to protect yourself from potential infection, by knowing the high-risk behaviour, and HIV transmission risk for various activities. (calconcalculator.com)
- Even though today we have drugs that can slow the infection of HIV so that the patients may lead a normal life, when a person contracts the infection, they have it forever . (calconcalculator.com)
- AIDS is the latest stage of HIV infection, and we can recognize it with the presence of opportunistic diseases, AIDS-related cancers, or sometimes called sentinel diseases, because they indicate HIV infection. (calconcalculator.com)
- There is growing evidence that people with disablities are at higher risk of HIV infection than people who are not disabled. (disabilitytalk.net)
- Probable severe CMV infection and the interstitial pneumonia raised the possibility of HIV infection. (hawaii.edu)
- 5] List 6 causes of respiratory infection in HIV? (canadiem.org)
- Acute and early HIV infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. (beuckman.com)
- Human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection: Risk factors. (beuckman.com)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
- HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
- Using likelihood based goodness-of-fit criteria the Weibull model was found to be the best-fitted model for predicting survival following a diagnosis of HIV infection without and with a diagnosis of AIDS. (who.int)
- Predicted deaths were in agreement with the observed deaths following HIV infection and AIDS. (who.int)
- Besides providing a foothold for opportunistic infection and cancer, the virus also triggers a potentially lethal wasting syndrome, painful nerve damage, and dementia. (nationalacademies.org)
- Conclusions: Smoked and oral cannabinoids [marijuana] did not seem to be unsafe in people with HIV infection with respect to HIV RNA levels, CD4 and CD8 cell counts, or protease inhibitor levels over a 21-day treatment. (420magazine.com)
- AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) wasting syndrome was a very frequent complication of HIV infection prior to the advent of protease-inhibitor drugs, and has been associated with major weight loss and cachexia, serving to further debilitate its victims, already weakened by immune system failure and opportunistic infections. (420magazine.com)
- In this study, 120 patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection were prospectively evaluated to determine the effect of HAART on body mass index (BMI). (who.int)
- The most common NRTI/NN- tients with HIV infection [1-3]. (who.int)
- We also miss patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia in the context of HIV infection, and that's probably quite a big problem in Africa. (cdc.gov)
Chronic6
- These therapies are a testament to the advancements in medical science that have transformed HIV from a lethal disease into a manageable chronic condition. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- After this, they may experience no symptoms for many years, known as chronic HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Wasting syndrome is a serious condition that accompanies chronic illnesses like HIV/AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. (findinghaven.com)
- In our body, Cachexia , a wasting syndrome , is a general ill health, weight loss, malnutrition , and other nutritional dis-orders associated usually with chronic disease or illness. (wellnessadvantage.com)
- HIV is a chronic virus that does not have a cure. (nation.com)
- Even the recent success of combination therapy-which, by keeping HIV in check, has transformed AIDS from a terminal illness to a chronic disorder-has a downside. (nationalacademies.org)
Cachexia1
- Serostim is recombinant (made in a lab) human growth hormone for treatment of hiv wasting (unintentional loss of weight) or cachexia (general ill health. (gigaroxx.com)
Asymptomatic3
- Asymptomatic elevations in CK, myaglias, and rhabdomyolysis are all possible complications of HIV. (medscape.com)
- This is important because it shows us that not all incidences of HIV will be asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms early on. (nation.com)
- Some patients infected with HIV may only show signs of slick weakness and cold, and while some show symptoms soon after, a certain percentage of infected can show signs of asymptomatic phase after six to ten years. (calconcalculator.com)
Patients31
- Their potential to combat challenging health conditions and their specific role in appetite stimulation are now extensively studied, particularly concerning conditions like wasting syndrome , often experienced by patients grappling with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- Once diagnosed, the management of HIV typically involves a combination of antiviral drugs and immunomodulators, which have proven significantly effective in improving the condition of patients and in prolonging their lives. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- This is especially detrimental to patients already suffering from wasting syndrome, a common condition among AIDS patients. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- Marinol, a synthetic form of THC (the psychoactive compound in cannabis), has received approval from the FDA for treating nausea and stimulating appetite in patients undergoing cancer therapy or those suffering from HIV/AIDS. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- Preliminary research also suggests that CBD may stimulate appetite, making it beneficial for patients with wasting syndrome. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- HIV-infected patients are susceptible to a wide spectrum of HIV-associated neuromuscular and myopathic conditions. (medscape.com)
- HIV wasting syndrome and opportunistic muscle infections are encountered in untreated patients with advanced disease. (medscape.com)
- Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant, specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia, among other disorders. (norml.org)
- Somatropin injection (Serostim) is used to increase body weight and physical endurance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have HIV-associated wasting syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
- When somatropin injection (Serostim) is given to increase body weight and physical endurance in patients with HIV-associated wasting syndrome, it is usually given once daily or once every other day. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, HIV tends to become resistant in patients who do not take their medications every day. (i-sis.org.uk)
- REF The FDA has approved the synthetic delta-9-THC analogues dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet) for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis, as well as appetite stimulation in cachexic patients suffering from cancer or HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome. (heritage.org)
- If the bill is passed into law, Korean patients will be permitted access to cannabis-based drugs, such as Sativex, a treatment for epilepsy approved in the UK, France, Germany and Australia, and Epidolex, a US-approved drug which treats epilepsy symptoms such as the Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. (koreaherald.com)
- In addition to Sativex and Epidolex, other cannabis-associated drug products currently approved overseas include Marinol (dronabinol), a US-approved drug used to treat wasting syndrome in HIV/AIDS patients, as well as ease nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy. (koreaherald.com)
- For HIV wasting syndrome, she points to the availability of dronabinol, noting the potential dangers of immunocompromised patients smoking a carcinogen- containing substance. (druglibrary.net)
- But it wasn't until a pilot study during the mid- 1990s that included human patients suffering from terminal AIDS that medical researchers established solid evidence showing just how quick and effective silver ions can be in the treatment of Candida as well as HIV. (blogspot.com)
- We performed a retrospective review of adult patients who enrolled into care in a comprehensive outpatient HIV clinic between March 2005 and July 2008, and analyzed the frequency of WHO stage 4 conditions. (cdc.gov)
- ART is available at no cost to patients who qualify based on WHO stage and/ or CD4 count, following the Kenya national guidelines.10 Patients attending LHC for HIV care are staged according to WHO criteria as part of their enrollment assessment and reassessed at every follow-up visit. (cdc.gov)
- For HIV/AIDS patients, it is clinically defined as an involuntary loss of 10% of one's body weight along with prolonged periods of fever and diarrhea. (findinghaven.com)
- This Denver HIV Risk Score Calculator is here to help you when you need to identify patients with high HIV or AIDS risk. (calconcalculator.com)
- Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone is used in cases of muscle wasting syndrome in HIV patients. (1bpshop.com)
- Because HIV has disproportionately infected members of a generation that grew up experimenting with marijuana, so the theory goes, AIDS patients tend to be comparatively willing to use it as a medicine. (nationalacademies.org)
- As it was mentioned, Anapolon or Anadrol which are containing Oxymetholone are having many medical purposes as the steroid can be used for anemia, for muscle wasting syndromes, people suffering from osteoporosis, HIV and AIDS as well as many other health conditions where the patients needs to maintain muscle mass, add weight and get a normal body growth. (balkanpharmaceuticals.to)
- Presently, Oxandrin is used medically to treat wasting syndrome in patients suffering from HIV and AIDS. (ecomprofitsystem.com)
- Abrams shares promising findings from various studies on cancer patients, patients with HIV and AIDS Wasting Syndrome, and more. (libsyn.com)
- Thalidomide (TLD) is used to treat erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), multiple myeloma, aphthous ulceration and wasting syndrome in HIV patients. (bvsalud.org)
- ABSTRACT Wasting remains an important condition in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (who.int)
- About 27% of the HIV patients presented with weight loss, which emphasizes that weight loss and wasting remain important AIDS-defining conditions, despite the advent of HAART. (who.int)
- Le nombre de patients en surpoids ou obèses s'est fortement accru. (who.int)
- patients with newly diagnosed HIV in- HAART fection who were eligible for HAART. (who.int)
- There is now a trend in western study participants provided written Blood analysis countries for HIV-infected patients to informed consent. (who.int)
Nausea1
- The various ailments that medical marijuana can address include, but are not limited to, nausea, anorexia, neuropathic pain, and HIV wasting syndrome. (carolinajournal.com)
Infections12
- HIV is a virus that targets the body's immune system, reducing its ability to fight off infections and disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Having untreated HIV can put a person at risk of several complications, including the development of certain rare infections and cancers . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Opportunistic infections are illnesses that are typically mild in people without HIV, but arise more often and are more severe in people with HIV if they have a damaged immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Because people living with HIV in the U.S. widely use HIV drugs, fewer people now get opportunistic infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Someone with HIV, especially if their CD4 + T-cell count is less than 200, is more at risk of getting opportunistic infections (OIs). (apositivelife.com)
- If someone with HIV has one of these infections-no matter what their CD4 + T-cell count is-they are diagnosed with AIDS. (apositivelife.com)
- By killing or damaging cells of the body's immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. (diagnose-me.com)
- HIV-1 causes most HIV infections worldwide, but HIV-2 causes a substantial proportion of infections in parts of West Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
- In the United States, at the end of 2019, an estimated 1,189,700 people ≥ 13 years were living with HIV, including an estimated 158,500 (13%) people whose infections had not been diagnosed. (msdmanuals.com)
- New medicines have helped many people with HIV slow down the progress of their infections. (gaysouthafrica.org.za)
- 1.HIV infections - diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
- 2.HIV infections - therapy. (bvsalud.org)
Recurrent1
- For people with HIV, it can be especially problematic and lead to recurrent sores. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Medical marijuana1
- Studies show that the most common conditions for which medical marijuana is being prescribed include HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome, cancer chemotherapy, and pain. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Clinical6
- Particular types of myopathies reflect the clinical status of the patient and the stage of HIV disease . (medscape.com)
- Measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes are used to guide clinical and therapeutic management of HIV-infected persons (22). (cdc.gov)
- The World Health Organization (WHO) developed HIV clinical staging criteria based on OIs to standardize disease severity classification in the absence of virologic or immunologic measurements. (cdc.gov)
- The HIV clinic at LHC has an electronic medical record system (EMRS) that captures important patient-level demographic and clinical variables at each clinic visit. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, the definition includes over 20 clinical conditions that affect people with advanced HIV disease. (diagnose-me.com)
- Once a person with HIV moves past stage one, they will enter a second stage called clinical latency. (nation.com)
Symptoms14
- The presentation of these late-stage symptoms marks the onset of AIDS, which is often coupled with an unintended and drastic weight loss, known as the wasting syndrome. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- These HIV symptoms may be severe enough to look like glandular fever with swollen glands in the neck and armpits, tiredness, fever and night sweats. (globalchange.com)
- New HIV symptoms develop. (globalchange.com)
- What Are the Signs & Symptoms of HIV and AIDS? (kidshealth.org)
- Because the symptoms of HIV can be mild at first, some people might not know they're infected. (kidshealth.org)
- Many people do not have any symptoms when they first become infected with HIV . (diagnose-me.com)
- A person with a T4 cell count above 200 may experience some of the early symptoms of HIV disease, while others may have no symptoms even though their T4 cell count is below 200. (diagnose-me.com)
- Research shows HIV can cause some unexpected symptoms. (nation.com)
- There are three stages to HIV that each come with its own set of symptoms. (nation.com)
- What's concerning is that a person might not realize they've contracted HIV because stage one usually consists of flu-like symptoms. (nation.com)
- We have reviewed the most common symptoms that occur in HIV and its three stages. (nation.com)
- Very Well Health reports that some may endure more serious health problems than flu-like symptoms typically seen in early stages of HIV. (nation.com)
- In one study, some individuals presented AIDS-defining symptoms when HIV was initially contracted. (nation.com)
- Some researchers believe that a small number of people with HIV may not develop symptoms. (gaysouthafrica.org.za)
AIDS HIV1
- Chapter 2: What's so Special about an AIDS / HIV Virus? (globalchange.com)
Illness1
- This means their first signs of illness were ones typically seen in later stages of HIV. (nation.com)
Epidemiology1
- Although progress has been made, issues such as poverty, lack of functioning public health infrastructure, lack of funding to support basic research aimed at developing new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines, and the co-epidemic of HIV contribute to the ongoing epidemic of TB (See Epidemiology ). (medscape.com)
Retrovirus2
- REVISED HIV CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS The etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
Human Immun7
- AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. (i-sis.org.uk)
- But in 1984, the US government researchers proposed that a virus, now termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the cause of the epidemic in US and Europe, and also in Africa. (i-sis.org.uk)
- Although there is still controversy as to the causative agent, AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - is commonly thought to be caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ). (diagnose-me.com)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a serious health problem with no cure. (nation.com)
- HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, according to the terminology used in medicine. (calconcalculator.com)
- HIV disease is caused by HIV -- the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. (gaysouthafrica.org.za)
- This is more than all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined . (weebly.com)
Cancer1
- Cancer is a leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). (nature.com)
Acute1
- Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome) and isolated acute cranial nerve palsies are common at seroconversion. (medscape.com)
Antigen1
- An HIV ELISA study was positive and an HIV p24 antigen assay was also positive. (hawaii.edu)
Illnesses3
- A lot of these illnesses can be treated, but some of the medications used to treat them can have an effect on HIV medication. (apositivelife.com)
- However, to avoid getting confused, HIV and AIDS-related illnesses are not the same. (calconcalculator.com)
- Several covariates--age, sex, combined HIV exposure category, CD4 cell counts, antiretroviral treatment and AIDS-defining illnesses--were included in the parametric model to predict factors associated with future mortality. (who.int)
Appetite1
- In December, 1992, the FDA approved the oral THC pill for prescription use in stimulating appetite and reducing weight loss associated with the HIV-related wasting syndrome. (maps.org)
Weight1
- In our body, the nutritional dis-order , Wasting Syndrome (Wasting Disease) is a thinness (leanness) condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10% of baseline body weight , characterized by atrophy of muscles and depletion of lean body mass, associated as a metabolic dis-order . (wellnessadvantage.com)
Malnutrition2
- The other group suffered from both HIV and an extreme form of malnutrition (known as Wasting Syndrome). (blogspot.com)
- In our body, Wasting Syndrome is a sign of malnutrition usually as a result of inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or hypermetabolism. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Person's blood1
- One of the routes for transferring HIV to another person can be when there is blood to blood contact due to the HIV staying in a person's blood after getting infected. (calconcalculator.com)
Diagnosis3
- We used National HIV Surveillance System data to monitor the numbers of perinatally acquired HIV cases among US-born persons and perinatal HIV diagnosis rates per 100000 live births to approximate incidence. (cdc.gov)
- Perinatal HIV transmission rates from 2010 to 2019 were calculated by using estimates of live births to women with an HIV diagnosis from the National Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. (cdc.gov)
- Racial and ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates persisted but declined substantially over the 10-year period. (cdc.gov)
20021
- Cryptosporidium recovered during the summer of 2002 in stools of an HIV- muris , a Rodent positive Peruvian woman with severe diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
Attacks the immune1
- Because HIV attacks the immune system, it wreaks havoc throughout the body. (nationalacademies.org)
Complications8
- However, since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-associated neurologic complications have decreased markedly. (medscape.com)
- What are the complications of HIV? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Without treatment, HIV can progress to AIDS and lead to other complications across the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- With treatment, many people with HIV can considerably reduce their risk of complications and have a life expectancy comparable to people without HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In this article, we list the most common HIV complications and explain how treatment can prevent their onset. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- HIV complications requiring at least three hospitalizations within a 12-month period. (disabilitytalk.net)
- L'analyse des données triennales met en évidence une baisse importante de la mortalité par hémorragie et par complications de l'anesthésie. (bvsalud.org)
- 4.HIV seropositivity - complications. (bvsalud.org)
People with HIV10
- Around 1.2 million people in the United States are living with HIV, and an estimated 1 in 7 people with HIV do not know they have it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It can be severe or life-threatening for people with HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Medicines can help people with HIV stay healthy. (kidshealth.org)
- Health care providers prescribe a combination of different medicines for people with HIV and AIDS. (kidshealth.org)
- Treatment has improved greatly for people with HIV. (kidshealth.org)
- People with HIV need a medical care team for the best treatment and support. (kidshealth.org)
- People with HIV have a higher risk for being infected with hepatitis (B and C), and their hepatitis can get worse, faster. (apositivelife.com)
- Other conditions-even common ones-can be more serious in people with HIV. (apositivelife.com)
- The very drugs that give people with HIV a future can make their day-to-day life miserable. (nationalacademies.org)
- Most people with HIV don't know they have the virus. (gaysouthafrica.org.za)
Immune system cells2
- HIV gradually targets specific immune system cells called CD4 cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- HIV affects immune system cells such as helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells when it enters the body. (calconcalculator.com)
Viral3
- The likelihood of a particular syndrome correlates with viral load and CD4 + lymphocyte counts. (medscape.com)
- A combination of several antiretroviral agents, termed Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), has been highly effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the blood stream (as measured by a blood test called the viral load). (i-sis.org.uk)
- A person can contract HIV if they come into direct contact with certain bodily fluids from a person with a detectable viral load. (nation.com)
Marijuana1
- MAPS intends to help resolve the controversy over the medical use of marijuana by working to facilitate a scientific pilot study comparing the safety and efficacy of smoked marijuana to the oral THC pill in treating the wasting syndrome. (maps.org)
Lymphocyte1
- Because of these recommendations, CD4+ T- lymphocyte determinations are an integral part of medical management of HIV-infected persons in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Congenital1
- 5 m/s) velocities observed in Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and congenital hypomyelination neuropathy (CHN). (medscape.com)
Body's2
- HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. (nation.com)
- HIV breaks down the immune system -- our body's shield against disease. (gaysouthafrica.org.za)
HAART1
- Also, certain strains of HIV mutate easily and may become resistant to HAART especially quickly. (i-sis.org.uk)
Complication1
- Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common neurologic complication of HIV. (medscape.com)
Commonly2
- Although this is commonly due to primary HIV, antiretroviral therapy can cause toxic neuropathy. (medscape.com)
- HIV is spread most commonly by having unprotected sex with an infected partner, contact with infected blood or being born to an HIV-infected mother. (diagnose-me.com)
20213
- In 2021, approximately 1.5 million people were newly infected with HIV, of whom approximately 860,000 (57%) were in sub-Saharan Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
- Among people living with HIV in 2021, approximately 85% knew their HIV status and 75% were accessing treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, through international efforts, as of 2021, an estimated 28.7 million people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (up from 7.8 million in 2010), dramatically reducing deaths and transmission in many countries (see UNAIDS: Global HIV & AIDS statistics - Fact sheet ). (msdmanuals.com)