Glucosinolates
Thioglucosides
Brassica
Brassicaceae
Arabidopsis
Oximes
Mustard Plant
Arabidopsis Proteins
Sinapis
Plant Leaves
Azorhizobium caulinodans
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Glycoside Hydrolases
Lepidium
Imidoesters
Oxylipins
Phytochemicals
Manihot
Anticarcinogenic Agents
Phloem
Aphids
Oviposition
Plants, Genetically Modified
Brassica rapa
Butterflies
Cooking
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Disease Resistance
Alternaria
Conversion of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates in humans after ingestion of cooked watercress. (1/243)
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), major constituents of cruciferous vegetables, can inhibit tumorigenesis in rodents by modulating the metabolism of carcinogens. ITCs that occur as glucosinolates are released by myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis when raw vegetables are chopped or chewed. However, because cruciferous vegetables are commonly consumed by humans after being cooked, it is important to examine whether dietary glucosinolates are converted to ITCs after cooked cruciferous vegetables in which myrosinase is deactivated have been consumed. This information is useful for evaluating the potential role of ITCs in cruciferous vegetables in the protection against human cancers. A urinary marker, based on a cyclocondensation product formed by the reaction of ITCs and their conjugates with 1,2-benzenedithiol, was used to quantify the uptake of dietary ITCs in humans. At breakfast and lunch, nine volunteers consumed a total of 350 g of cooked watercress in which the myrosinase activity was completely deactivated. On the basis of the analysis of ITCs in the cooked watercress upon adding exogenous myrosinase, the amount of glucosinolates ingested by each subject was estimated to be 475 micromol. The 24-h urine samples showed that the total urinary excretion of ITC conjugates in the subjects ranged from 5.6 to 34.8 micromol, corresponding to 1.2-7.3% of the total amount ingested. On the basis of our previous results that approximately 50% of dietary ITCs were excreted in the urine as conjugates, these values represent the minimal in vivo conversion of glucosinolates to ITCs. For purposes of comparison, we carried out a second experiment in which 150 g of uncooked watercress were consumed. The percentage of urinary ITC conjugates excreted in this study ranged from 17.2 to 77.7% of the total ingested ITCs. These results indicate that glucosinolates are converted to ITCs in humans after ingestion of cooked watercress, in which the myrosinase has been completely inactivated. The extent of conversion, however, is considerably less than that after ingesting uncooked vegetables. Furthermore, upon incubation of the cooked watercress juice with fresh human feces under anaerobic conditions, approximately 18% of glucosinolates was hydrolyzed to ITCs in 2 h. These results suggest that the microflora in the intestinal tract are a likely source for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates to ITCs in humans. (+info)An expressional system of human cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 gene transcription. (2/243)
AIM: To explore an expressional system of human cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 (CYP1A1) gene transcription. METHODS: The plasmid pMC 6.3 K containing human CYP1A1 promoter was transiently transfected into Hep G2 cells. The expression of chloramphenical acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Both the CAT expression and CYP1A1 activity increased with the concentrations of beta-naphthoflavone from 2.5 to 10 mumol.L-1. At 10 mumol.L-1 of beta-naphthoflavone, the levels of CAT and CYP1A1 were 94-fold and 2.8-fold those of the corresponding control, respectively. Using this method, the study of 8 glucosinolates with various side chains on the induction of CYP1A1 gene transcription showed that none of the parent glucosinolates increased CAT expression, whereas the breakdown products of indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate (glucobrassicin), rather than indole-3-carbinol, increased the CAT expression. CONCLUSION: The CYP1A1 gene transcriptional system was more reliable and sensitive. (+info)Glucosinolate genetics and the attraction of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to Brassica. (3/243)
The control of insect pests using parasitoids and carnivores has been successfully applied in protected cropping systems, orchards and forestry. Their success in annual field crops has been more limited due largely to the difficulties of attracting and maintaining a sufficient density of parasitoids in the crop before the levls of the insect herbivores become economically damaging. Parasitoids are known to be attracted to host-plant volatiles; thus, manipulating the host-plant chemistry may provide a means of enhancing the attraction of parasitoids to their prey. In this study we describe the differential attraction of the braconid wasp Diaeretiella rapae to two near-isogenic lines of Brassica oleracea which differ in a gene which alters the chemical structure of the isothiocyanates which are emitted following tissue damage. We demonstrate that, by enhancing the production of but-3-enyl isothiocyanate in B. oleracea and Brassica napus (oilseed rape), we can increase the attraction of D. rapae to these plants under standard field conditions. (+info)Purification and characterisation of epithiospecifier protein from Brassica napus: enzymic intramolecular sulphur addition within alkenyl thiohydroximates derived from alkenyl glucosinolate hydrolysis. (4/243)
Epithiospecifier protein (ESP), a ferrous ion dependent protein, has a potential role in regulating the release of elemental sulphur, nitriles, isothiocyanates and cyanoepithioalkanes from glucosinolates. Two classes of ESP polypeptides were purified with molecular masses of 39 and 35 kDa, and we show that the previously reported instability was conditionally dependent. The 39 kDa polypeptide was made up of two distinct isozymes (5.00, 5.14) whilst several were present for the 35 kDa form of ESP (5.40-5.66). An anti-ESP antibody reacted with both the 39 and 35 kDa ESP forms in Brassica napus and strongly with a polypeptide corresponding to the 35 kDa ESP form in Crambe abyssinica, but did not detect any ESP in Sinapis alba or Raphanus sativus. A cytochrome P-450 mediated iron dependent epoxidation type mechanism is suggested for ESP. (+info)Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus. (5/243)
The uptake of radiolabeled p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate (p-OHBG) by protoplasts isolated from leaves of Brassica napus was detected using silicone oil filtration technique. The uptake was pH-dependent with higher uptake rates at acidic pH. Imposition of a pH gradient (internal alkaline) across the plasma membrane resulted in a rapid uptake of p-OHBG, which was inhibited in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, indicating that the uptake is dependent on a proton motive force. Dissipation of the internal positive membrane potential generated a small influx as compared with that seen for pH gradient (DeltapH). Kinetic studies demonstrated the presence of two uptake systems, a saturable and a linear component. The saturable kinetics indicated carrier-mediated translocation with a K(m) of 1.0 mm and a V(max) of 28.7 nmol/microl/h. The linear component had very low substrate affinity. The carrier-mediated transport had a temperature coefficient (Q(10)) of 1.8 +/- 0.2 in the temperature range from 4-30 degrees C. The uptake was against a concentration gradient and was sensitive to protonophores, uncouplers, H(+)-ATPase inhibitors, and the sulfhydryl group modifier p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid. The carrier-mediated uptake system had high specificity for glucosinolates because glucosinolate degradation products, amino acids, sugars, or glutathione conjugates did not compete for p-OHBG uptake. Glucosinolates with different side chains were equally good competitors of p-OHBG uptake, which indicates that the uptake system has low specificity for the glucosinolate side chains. Our data provide the first evidence of an active transport of glucosinolates by a proton-coupled symporter in the plasma membrane of rape leaves. (+info)A glucosinolate mutant of Arabidopsis is thermosensitive and defective in cytosolic Hsp90 expression after heat stress. (6/243)
The TU8 mutant of Arabidopsis previously described to be deficient in glucosinolate metabolism and pathogen-induced auxin accumulation was found to be remarkably less tolerant upon exposure to elevated temperatures than wild-type plants. Although moderately increased temperature only affected shoot growth, exposure to severe heat stress led to a dramatic decay of mutant plants. By contrast, wild-type seedlings showed little or no damage under the same conditions. Analysis of different heat stress proteins (Hsps) in TU8 seedlings revealed that only expression of cytoplasmic Hsp90 was affected in these plants. Although Hsp90 was present under control conditions, its level declined in mutant plants at elevated temperatures. Northern-blot analysis indicated that the decrease in Hsp90 protein was accompanied with a reduction of hsp90 transcript levels. Transient expression of Hsp90 in mutant protoplasts increased their survival rate at higher temperatures to near equivalent that of wild-type protoplasts. These data suggest that the reduced level of Hsp90 in TU8 mutants may be the primary cause for the observed reduction in thermostability. (+info)Cytochrome P450 CYP79B2 from Arabidopsis catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime, a precursor of indole glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid. (7/243)
Glucosinolates are natural plant products known as flavor compounds, cancer-preventing agents, and biopesticides. We report cloning and characterization of the cytochrome P450 CYP79B2 from Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression of CYP79B2 in Escherichia coli shows that CYP79B2 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime. Recombinant CYP79B2 has a K(m) of 21 microm and a V(max) of 7.78 nmol/h/ml culture. Inhibitor studies show that CYP79B2 is different from a previously described enzyme activity that converts tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime (Ludwig-Muller, J. , and Hilgenberg, W. (1990) Phytochemistry, 29, 1397-1400). CYP79B2 is wound-inducible and expressed in leaves, stem, flowers, and roots, with the highest expression in roots. Arabidopsis overexpressing CYP79B2 has increased levels of indole glucosinolates, which strongly indicates that CYP79B2 is involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Our data show that oxime production by CYP79s is not restricted to those amino acids that are precursors for cyanogenic glucosides. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that indole glucosinolates have evolved from cyanogenesis. Indole-3-acetaldoxime is a precursor of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, which suggests that CYP79B2 might function in biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid. Identification of CYP79B2 provides an important tool for modification of the indole glucosinolate content to improve nutritional value and pest resistance. (+info)High resolution X-ray crystallography shows that ascorbate is a cofactor for myrosinase and substitutes for the function of the catalytic base. (8/243)
Myrosinase, an S-glycosidase, hydrolyzes plant anionic 1-thio-beta-d-glucosides (glucosinolates) considered part of the plant defense system. Although O-glycosidases are ubiquitous, myrosinase is the only known S-glycosidase. Its active site is very similar to that of retaining O-glycosidases, but one of the catalytic residues in O-glycosidases, a carboxylate residue functioning as the general base, is replaced by a glutamine residue. Myrosinase is strongly activated by ascorbic acid. Several binary and ternary complexes of myrosinase with different transition state analogues and ascorbic acid have been analyzed at high resolution by x-ray crystallography along with a 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-glucosyl enzyme intermediate. One of the inhibitors, d-gluconhydroximo-1,5-lactam, binds simultaneously with a sulfate ion to form a mimic of the enzyme-substrate complex. Ascorbate binds to a site distinct from the glucose binding site but overlapping with the aglycon binding site, suggesting that activation occurs at the second step of catalysis, i.e. hydrolysis of the glycosyl enzyme. A water molecule is placed perfectly for activation by ascorbate and for nucleophilic attack on the covalently trapped 2-fluoro-glucosyl-moiety. Activation of the hydrolysis of the glucosyl enzyme intermediate is further evidenced by the observation that ascorbate enhances the rate of reactivation of the 2-fluoro-glycosyl enzyme, leading to the conclusion that ascorbic acid substitutes for the catalytic base in myrosinase. (+info)Glucosinolates are naturally occurring compounds found in various plants, particularly in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and mustard greens. They are sulfur-containing glucosides that can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase when the plant tissue is damaged, leading to the formation of biologically active compounds like isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles. These breakdown products have been shown to exhibit various health benefits, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. However, excessive intake or exposure may also cause adverse effects in some individuals.
Thioglucosides are organic compounds that contain a sulfur atom bonded to a glucose molecule and another group, usually a methane or phenyl group. They are found in certain plants, particularly in the Brassicaceae family (which includes vegetables like broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cabbage) and in the Liliaceae family (which includes onions and garlic). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic flavors and odors of these plants. They have been studied for their potential health benefits, including anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties. However, they can also be toxic in high concentrations.
'Brassica' is a term used in botanical nomenclature, specifically within the family Brassicaceae. It refers to a genus of plants that includes various vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and mustard greens. These plants are known for their nutritional value and health benefits. They contain glucosinolates, which have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties. However, it is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic category used in the biological sciences.
Brassicaceae is a scientific family name in the field of botany, which includes a group of plants commonly known as the mustard family or crucifers. This family includes many economically important crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, turnips, radishes, and mustards. The name Brassicaceae comes from the genus Brassica, which includes many of these familiar vegetables.
Plants in this family are characterized by their flowers, which have four petals arranged in a cross-like pattern, hence the common name "crucifers." They also typically have four sepals, six stamens, and two fused carpels that form a fruit called a silique or silicle.
Brassicaceae plants are known for their production of glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing compounds that give these plants their characteristic pungent or bitter flavors. When the plant tissues are damaged, such as during chewing, the glucosinolates are broken down into isothiocyanates, which have been shown to have potential health benefits, including anti-cancer properties.
Isothiocyanates are organic compounds that contain a functional group made up of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, and a sulfur atom, with the formula RN=C=S (where R can be an alkyl or aryl group). They are commonly found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and wasabi. Isothiocyanates have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, they can also be toxic in high concentrations.
'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.
Oximes are a class of chemical compounds that contain the functional group =N-O-, where two organic groups are attached to the nitrogen atom. In a clinical context, oximes are used as antidotes for nerve agent and pesticide poisoning. The most commonly used oxime in medicine is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents and certain pesticides. These compounds work by forming a bond with the phosphoryl group of the inhibited enzyme, allowing for its reactivation and restoration of normal neuromuscular function.
Herbivory is not a medical term, but rather a term used in biology and ecology. It refers to the practice of consuming plants or plant matter for food. Herbivores are animals that eat only plants, and their diet can include leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants.
While herbivory is not a medical term, it is still relevant to the field of medicine in certain contexts. For example, understanding the diets and behaviors of herbivores can help inform public health initiatives related to food safety and disease transmission. Additionally, research on herbivory has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of plant-animal interactions and the development of ecosystems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mustard Plant" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Mustard plants are actually a type of crop plant from the Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. The seeds from these plants are often ground to make mustard condiments and spices. If you're looking for information related to potential medicinal uses or health effects of mustard plants or their derivatives, I would be happy to help with that.
Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.
Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.
Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.
"Sinapis" is not a term commonly used in modern medical terminology. However, in botanical terms, "Sinapis alba" is the scientific name for white mustard, which is a plant from the Brassicaceae family. The seeds of this plant are often used as a spice or condiment, and they contain compounds that can have medicinal properties. For example, they have been used traditionally to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. However, it's important to note that the use of mustard seeds in medical treatments is not well-studied and should be approached with caution.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
'Azorhizobium caulinodans' is a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can form root nodules on the stem and roots of certain plants, most notably the tropical legume *Sesbania rostrata*. This bacterium has the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which the plant can then use for growth. The symbiotic relationship between 'Azorhizobium caulinodans' and its host plants helps to improve soil fertility and promote sustainable agriculture.
The medical relevance of 'Azorhizobium caulinodans' is limited, but it is an important organism in the field of environmental microbiology and agricultural science. Understanding the mechanisms of nitrogen fixation and symbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants can provide insights into new approaches for improving crop yields, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
Thiocyanates are chemical compounds that contain the thiocyanate ion (SCN-), which consists of a sulfur atom, a carbon atom, and a nitrogen atom. The thiocyanate ion is formed by the removal of a hydrogen ion from thiocyanic acid (HSCN). Thiocyanates are used in various applications, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and industrial chemicals. In medicine, thiocyanates have been studied for their potential effects on the thyroid gland and their use as a treatment for cyanide poisoning. However, excessive exposure to thiocyanates can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, as well as potential impacts on thyroid function.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
Glycoside hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds found in various substrates such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins. These enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars by cleaving the glycosidic linkages that connect monosaccharide units.
Glycoside hydrolases are classified based on their mechanism of action and the type of glycosidic bond they hydrolyze. The classification system is maintained by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Each enzyme in this class is assigned a unique Enzyme Commission (EC) number, which reflects its specificity towards the substrate and the type of reaction it catalyzes.
These enzymes have various applications in different industries, including food processing, biofuel production, pulp and paper manufacturing, and biomedical research. In medicine, glycoside hydrolases are used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions, such as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, a rare inherited disorder affecting the structure of glycoproteins.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidium" is not a medical term. It is the genus name of a group of plants that includes garden cress, peppergrass, and other similar herbs. These plants belong to the Brassicaceae family, also known as the mustard family. They have some nutritional and potential medicinal uses, but they are not commonly used in modern medical contexts. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help with those instead!
Imidoesters are organic compounds that contain the functional group -N=C(O)R, where R is an organic group. They are derivatives of imidic acids and can be considered as esters of imidic acids. These compounds are reactive and can undergo various chemical reactions, including hydrolysis and condensation with other reagents. Imidoesters have been used in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and other organic compounds. They may also have potential applications in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. However, they are not a commonly used class of compounds in medical or clinical settings.
Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.
Phytochemicals are compounds that are produced by plants (hence the "phyto-") for their own defense against predators and diseases. They are found in various plant parts such as fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and teas. Phytochemicals can have beneficial effects on human health as they exhibit protective or disease preventive properties.
These compounds belong to a diverse group with varying structures and chemical properties. Some common classes of phytochemicals include carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organosulfides, and alkaloids. They have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immune system-enhancing properties, among others.
It is important to note that while phytochemicals can contribute to overall health and wellness, they should not be considered a cure or treatment for medical conditions. A balanced diet rich in various fruits, vegetables, and whole foods is recommended for optimal health benefits.
"Manihot" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants in the Euphorbiaceae family, also known as the spurge family. The most well-known species in this genus is Manihot esculenta, which is commonly called cassava or yuca. Cassava is a staple food crop in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, providing carbohydrates and calories for millions of people.
The roots of the cassava plant are rich in starch and can be eaten after being cooked or processed to remove toxic compounds. Cassava is an important source of dietary energy in many parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. In addition to its use as a food crop, some species of Manihot have also been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, although more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness and safety.
Anticarcinogenic agents are substances that prevent, inhibit or reduce the development of cancer. They can be natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the process of carcinogenesis at various stages, such as initiation, promotion, and progression. Anticarcinogenic agents may work by preventing DNA damage, promoting DNA repair, reducing inflammation, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death), or modulating immune responses.
Examples of anticarcinogenic agents include chemopreventive agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and retinoids; phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods; and medications used to treat cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.
It is important to note that while some anticarcinogenic agents have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, they may also have potential side effects and risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any anticarcinogenic agent for cancer prevention or treatment purposes.
Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.
Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.
Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.
Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.
Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.
Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.
Oviposition is a medical/biological term that refers to the process of laying or depositing eggs by female organisms, including birds, reptiles, insects, and fish. In humans and other mammals, the term is not applicable since they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
'Brassica rapa' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes various types of vegetables such as turnips, Chinese cabbages, and bok choy. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, also known as the mustard or cabbage family. The plants in this species are characterized by their broad leaves and branching stem, and they are native to Europe and Central Asia.
Turnips, which are one of the most common vegetables in this species, are cool-season root crops that are grown for their enlarged taproot. They have a white or yellowish flesh that is crisp and tender with a sweet, slightly bitter flavor. Turnips can be eaten raw or cooked and are often used in soups, stews, and casseroles.
Chinese cabbages, also known as Napa cabbages, are another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. They have elongated, pale green leaves that form a compact head, and they are often used in Asian cuisine. Chinese cabbages have a mild flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked.
Bok choy, also known as pak choi, is another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. It has dark green leaves and white stems, and it is often used in stir-fries and soups. Bok choy has a mild flavor and a crisp texture.
Overall, 'Brassica rapa' is an important species of plant that includes many nutritious and delicious vegetables that are popular around the world.
Selenium compounds refer to chemical substances that contain the metalloid element selenium (Se) in its various oxidation states, combined with other elements. These compounds can be organic or inorganic and can exist in different forms, such as selenides, selenites, and selenates. Selenium is an essential trace element for human health, playing a crucial role in several biological processes, including antioxidant defense, immune function, and thyroid hormone metabolism. However, excessive exposure to certain selenium compounds can be toxic and cause serious health effects.
Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.
Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.
Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.
"Butterflies" is not a medical term, but rather a colloquial or informal term that is often used to describe a feeling of nervousness or excitement in the stomach. It is thought to be due to the release of adrenaline and the increased heart rate and breathing that can occur when someone is anxious or excited. The sensation may be caused by the contraction of the muscles in the stomach, which can feel like fluttering or flips. This feeling is not a medical condition and does not typically require treatment, but if it is severe or persistent, it may be helpful to speak with a healthcare provider to address any underlying anxiety or stress.
"Cooking" is not a medical term, but it generally refers to the process of preparing and cooking food. In a medical or nutritional context, "cooking" may refer to the application of heat to food in order to make it safe and more palatable to eat, as well as to improve its nutritional value and digestibility.
Cooking can also have an impact on the nutrient content of food. For example, cooking certain vegetables can increase their bioavailability, or the amount of a nutrient that is available for absorption by the body. On the other hand, cooking some foods at high temperatures or for long periods of time can lead to the loss of certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and B.
It's important to note that the way food is cooked can also affect its safety. For example, undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood can harbor harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause foodborne illness. It's essential to cook these foods thoroughly to reduce the risk of infection.
In summary, while "cooking" is not a medical term, it has important implications for food safety, nutrition, and digestion.
The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.
The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.
The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.
There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:
1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.
Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.
Disease resistance, in a medical context, refers to the inherent or acquired ability of an organism to withstand or limit infection by a pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This resistance can be due to various factors including the presence of physical barriers (e.g., intact skin), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid), and immune responses that recognize and eliminate the pathogen.
Inherited disease resistance is often determined by genetics, where certain genetic variations can make an individual more or less susceptible to a particular infection. For example, some people are naturally resistant to certain diseases due to genetic factors that prevent the pathogen from infecting their cells or replicating within them.
Acquired disease resistance can occur through exposure to a pathogen, which triggers an immune response that confers immunity or resistance to future infections by the same pathogen. This is the basis of vaccination, where a weakened or dead form of a pathogen is introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.
Overall, disease resistance is an important factor in maintaining health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
'Alternaria' is a genus of widely distributed saprophytic fungi that are often found in soil, plant debris, and water. They produce darkly pigmented, septate hyphae and conidia (asexual spores) that are characterized by their distinctive beak-like projections.
Alternaria species can cause various types of plant diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and rots, which can result in significant crop losses. They also produce a variety of mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on human and animal health.
In humans, Alternaria species can cause allergic reactions, such as hay fever and asthma, as well as skin and respiratory tract infections. Exposure to Alternaria spores is also a known risk factor for the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs.
It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context, so it may be helpful to consult a reliable medical or scientific source for more specific information about Alternaria and its potential health effects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidoptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order that includes moths and butterflies, which are insects known for their distinctive wing scales. This term is used in the field of biology, not medicine.
Glucosinolate
Jonathan Gershenzon
Silvia Hildegard Haneklaus
Rapeseed
Rutabaga
Black radish
Myrosinase
Antifeedant
Mustard oil bomb
Diamondback moth
Cabbage
Red cabbage
Rapini
Secondary metabolite
Glucoraphanin
Brassicaceae
Cruciferous vegetables
Glucobrassicin
Ewald Schnug
Harlequin cabbage bug
Kale
Rhamphospermum arvense
Glucotropaeolin
Sulfur assimilation
Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods
Cauliflower
Gluconasturtiin
Sinigrin
Barbarea vulgaris
Cyprus
Glucosinolate - Wikipedia
Identification and evolution of glucosinolate sulfatases in a specialist flea beetle | Scientific Reports
Frontiers | Identification of key amino acid residues in AtUMAMIT29 for transport of glucosinolates
glucosinolate hydrolysis - Naturopathic Doctor News and Review
PRIME PubMed | Rapid screening method for intact glucosinolates in Chinese medicinal herbs by using liquid chromatography...
Biosensing of rapeseed glucosinolates using amperometric enzyme electrodes based on membrane-bound glucose oxidase or...
Collision Activation of Glucosinolate Anions<...
THE PROPAGATION OF VARIATION IN GLUCOSINOLATE LEVELS AS EFFECTED BY CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND TEMPERATURE IN A BROCCOLI BATCH |...
Evolution of specifier proteins in glucosinolate-containing plants | BMC Ecology and Evolution | Full Text
Tree of the month: HARMLESS TO OZONE LAYER 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense pathway |...
Foods | Free Full-Text | Functionality of Food Components and Emerging Technologies
Glucosinolates Reference Substances | phyproof® Phytolab
Glucosinolates & Sulforaphanes are Back! - BioImmersion Inc.
The dilemma of "good" and "bad" glucosinolates and the potential to regulate their content<...
Glucosinolate Reference Material | ChromaDex Standards
BroccoRaffâ„¢ 60c Myrosinase Activated Sulforaphane Glucosinolate | NutraGenerx
BroccoRaffâ„¢ 60c Myrosinase Activated Sulforaphane Glucosinolate | NutraGenerx
Frontiers | Moringa Genus: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
Newco BroccoGen 10 Sulforphane Glucosinolate 240 Capsules - Inside U
Influence of temperature and ontogeny on the levels of glucosinolates - International Specialty Supply
Differential Effects of Indole and Aliphatic Glucosinolates on Lepidopteran Herbivores - Boyce Thompson Institute
Kumara | The glucosinolates, macamides and macaenes of maca: how do they affect your health?
Progoitrin potassium salt</span>
Herbicidal Activity of Brassicaceae Seed Meal on Wild Oat (Avena fatua), Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Redroot Pigweed...
Is Kale Good For Liver Health? Unveiling The Nutritional Benefits
Consumer acceptability and sensory profile of cooked broccoli with mustard seeds added to improve chemoprotective properties
Safety, tolerance, and metabolism of broccoli sprout glucosinolates and isothiocyanates: a clinical phase I study - Praxis...
Metabolic Engineering of Indole Glucosinolates in Chinese Cabbage Plants by Expression of Arabidopsis CYP79B2, CYP79B3, and...
Comparative analysis of quantitative trait loci controlling glucosinolates, myrosinase and insect resistance in Arabidopsis...
Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro: Blanching impact on pigments, glucosinolates, and phenolics of dehydrated...
Myrosinase22
- The essence of glucosinolate chemistry is their ability to convert into an isothiocyanate (a "mustard oil") upon hydrolysis of the thioglucoside bond by the enzyme myrosinase. (wikipedia.org)
- The plants contain the enzyme myrosinase, which, in the presence of water, cleaves off the glucose group from a glucosinolate. (wikipedia.org)
- A previous study revealed that P. chrysocephala selectively sequesters glucosinolates, and additionally detoxifies glucosinolates by conversion to desulfo-glucosinolates, which are not a substrate of myrosinase 15 . (nature.com)
- The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is an activated chemical defense system found in plants of the Brassicales order. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specifier proteins occur in some, but not all glucosinolate-containing plants and promote the formation of biologically active non-isothiocyanate products upon myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate breakdown. (biomedcentral.com)
- The glucosinolate-myrosinase system represents one of the best studied plant chemical defenses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mustards and other related plants (Including many crops and the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana ) contain volatile sulfurs that are synthesized through a metabolic pathway known as glucosinolate-myrosinase pathway. (phylomedb.org)
- In particular, HOL1 catalyzes the methylation of derivatives of the glucosinolate-myrosinase pathway, producing methyl isothiocyanate and other related chemicals in response to injury. (phylomedb.org)
- The hydrolytic enzyme (myrosinase) and the glucosinolate precursors are normally separated in the plant, and they only mix when the tissue is damaged, thus iniciating the defense response. (phylomedb.org)
- We are studying the role of the glucosinolate-myrosinase chemical defense system in protecting Arabidopsis thaliana from specialist and generalist insect herbivory. (nau.edu)
- We used two Arabidopsis recombinant inbred populations in which we had previously mapped QTL controlling variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. (nau.edu)
- Comparison of QTL for herbivory, glucosinolates, and myrosinase showed that T. ni herbivory is strongly deterred by higher glucosinolate levels, faster breakdown rates, and specific chemical structures. (nau.edu)
- In contrast, P. xylostella herbivory is uncorrelated with variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. (nau.edu)
- A biosensor for determination of glucosinolates has been fabricated by employing a bienzyme system composed of myrosinase and glucose oxidase immobilized onto an eggshell membrane and a dissolved oxygen electrode as the transducer. (edu.hk)
- In this study, it was shown that the amount of available water was found to influence the high pressure processing (HPP) effect on both myrosinase activity and total glucosinolate concentration in Brussels sprouts seedlings. (ku.dk)
- Myrosinase was inactivated in seedlings with high water availability (w c = 45-89%) after HPP, this inactivation is interpreted to be both pressure-induced and result from glucosinolate product catalyzed inactivation facilitated by enhanced cell permeability. (ku.dk)
- Upon HPP of cruciferous plants it is important to have a special focus on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, since sub-optimal pre-treatment and/or processing parameters can affect the food quality negatively. (ku.dk)
- The present study provides valuable results regarding the significance of water content and activity on the sensitivity of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system in Brussels sprouts seedlings towards HPP. (ku.dk)
- Thus, providing a tool for designing different types of HPP products with respect to levels of active myrosinase and intact glucosinolates by adjustment of water content, water activity and HPP level. (ku.dk)
- Dietary supplement with Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) and Myrosinase from broccoli seed extract to support liver health and healthy cellular replication. (ferraramarket.com)
- Jarrow Formulas BroccoMax Sulforaphane Generator 35 mg Capsules offer a standardized extract of Sulforaphane Glucosinolate and the enzyme Myrosinase from broccoli seeds to Fortify liver health and healthy cell replication. (ferraramarket.com)
- The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes glucosinolates to form isothiocyanates, which are chemical protectors. (bvsalud.org)
Isothiocyanates9
- Glucosinolates, a characteristic group of specialized metabolites found in Brassicales plants, are converted to toxic isothiocyanates upon herbivory. (nature.com)
- Upon tissue damage, e.g. by herbivory, glucosinolates and myrosinases get mixed and glucosinolates are broken down to an array of biologically active compounds of which isothiocyanates are toxic to a wide range of organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- Broccoli inflorescences have been recognized as components of healthy diets on the basis of their high content of fiber, vitamin C, carotenoids, and glucosinolates/isothiocyanates. (sproutnet.com)
- Hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, have been associated with health benefits and contribute to the flavor of Brassica. (nih.gov)
- A placebo- controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical study of sprout extracts containing either glucosinolates (principally glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane) or isothiocyanates (principally sulforaphane) was conducted on healthy volunteers who were in-patients on our clinical research unit. (praxis-rekker.de)
- Glucosinolates (GSL), isothiocyanates (ITC), amino acids (AA), free sugars, and bacterial loads were analysed throughout the supply chain to determine the effects on phytochemical compositions. (reading.ac.uk)
- Cabbages are good sources for glucosinolates and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO), precursors to bioactive volatile hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates, sulfides and thiosulfinates. (bvsalud.org)
- Here, we investigated the effect of storage for up to eight months on glucosinolates, SMCSO and the formation of isothiocyanates and derived amines, (epithio)nitriles and volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSCs) in white and red cabbages. (bvsalud.org)
- While in white cabbage glucosinolate hydrolysis was not much affected, in red cabbage storage increased formation of isothiocyanates and methylthioalkylamines, which was linked with reduced epithiospecifier protein 1 abundance. (bvsalud.org)
Aliphatic glucosinolates2
- They are biosynthesized from amino acids: so-called aliphatic glucosinolates derived from mainly methionine, but also alanine, leucine, isoleucine, or valine. (wikipedia.org)
- Examples of structures of aliphatic glucosinolates ( 1 , 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate), aromatic (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrolysis3
- Glucosinolates and glucosinolate hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Besides being responsible for the pungent and bitter taste of these plants, the glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products also protect plants against herbivores and have been shown to have antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties. (phytolab.com)
- MSM contains glucosinolates that undergo hydrolysis to compounds with pesticidal properties. (usda.gov)
Compounds9
- Glucosinolates constitute a natural class of organic compounds that contain sulfur and nitrogen and are derived from glucose and an amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- different glucosinolates have different side groups, and it is variation in the side group that is responsible for the variation in the biological activities of these plant compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucosinolates are key defense compounds of plants in Brassicales order, and their accumulation in seeds is essential for the protection of the next generation. (frontiersin.org)
- Identification of the intact glucosinolates was based on the detection of compounds with a constant neutral loss of 242 Da corresponding to the combined loss of anhydroglucose (162 Da) and sulfur trioxide (80 Da) in collision-induced dissociation. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The different tastes of all these highly related plants is partially due to differences in the composition and quantity of these glucosinolate derived compounds. (phylomedb.org)
- Most of our glucosinolates and related compounds are certified as primary reference standards. (phytolab.com)
- When compared to freeze-drying, a technique known to preserve compounds, a pre-blanching step increased the extractability of both pigments and phenolics, while air-drying only retained 49% of the pigments and 70% of phenolics, both without affecting glucosinolates. (ua.pt)
- Therefore, to valorise broccoli by-products as ingredients, different drying technologies may be used when targeting different composition richness: freeze-drying is suitable for pigments and glucosinolates, air-drying is suitable for glucosinolates, while MHG promotes the extractability of phenolic compounds. (ua.pt)
- In particular, the variation in the amount and profile of the glucosinolates (GLSs) compounds was analyzed on the root and the leaf tissues. (unict.it)
Indolic glucosinolates2
- Aromatic glucosinolates include indolic glucosinolates, such as glucobrassicin, derived from tryptophan and others from phenylalanine, its chain-elongated homologue homophenylalanine, and sinalbin derived from tyrosine. (wikipedia.org)
- Phe-derived) glucosinolates ( 2 , benzylglucosinolate), and indolic glucosinolates ( 3 , indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate). (biomedcentral.com)
Defense1
- Indole glucosinolates (IG) play important roles in plant defense, plant-insect interactions, and stress responses in plants. (molcells.org)
Higher glucosinolate levels2
- Both higher (33.1 degrees C) and lower (11.3 degrees C) constant temperatures induced higher glucosinolate levels in sprouts grown to a uniform size. (sproutnet.com)
- Temperature stress or its associated developmental anomalies induce higher glucosinolate levels, specific elevations in glucoraphanin content, and parallel induction of phase 2 chemoprotective enzymes. (sproutnet.com)
Glucoraphanin6
- Most glucosinolates are actually derived from chain-elongated homologues of these amino acids, e.g. glucoraphanin is derived from dihomomethionine, which is methionine chain-elongated twice. (wikipedia.org)
- A potent mix of organic Broccoli Sprouts bursting with 15,000 ppm of Glucosinolates, 10,000ppm of Glucoraphanin, and 4,000 ppm of Sulforaphanes Potential. (bioimmersion.com)
- Broccoli sprouts grow into their peak when they are three days old, and can contain from 10-100 times more glucoraphanin, the glucosinolates of sulforaphane , than a mature broccoli plant. (bioimmersion.com)
- Broccoli sprouts have been recently shown to have high levels of glucoraphanin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate), the precursor of the chemoprotective isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. (sproutnet.com)
- A formal phase I study of safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics appeared justified because these sprouts are being used as vehicles for the delivery of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin and its cognate isothiocyanate sulforaphane [1- isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane] in clinical trials. (praxis-rekker.de)
- On the other hand, MHG dehydration increased the phenolics extractability by 26%, particularly that of kaempferol derivatives while also retaining the amount of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, when compared to freeze-drying. (ua.pt)
Isothiocyanate1
- Doses were 25 micromol of glucosinolate (cohort A), 100 micromol of glucosinolate (cohort B), or 25 micromol of isothiocyanate (cohort C). The mean cumulative excretion of dithiocarbamates as a fraction of dose was very similar in cohorts A and B (17.8 +/- 8.6% and 19.6 +/- 11.7% of dose, respectively) and very much higher and more consistent in cohort C (70.6 +/- 2.0% of dose). (praxis-rekker.de)
Indole Glucosinolates1
- Nevertheless, only 23% of indole glucosinolates were recovered and pigments were severely reduced, with lutein accounting only for 32% and only chlorophyll b was observed in trace amounts after MHG dehydration. (ua.pt)
Intact glucosinolates3
- An optimized method using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ITMS) in negative ion mode has been developed for screening different structural classes of intact glucosinolates in six Chinese medicinal herbs. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Differentiation of intact glucosinolates was achieved through their respective retention times and molecular masses as well as the characteristic product ions. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Significant variation in the compositions of intact glucosinolates was identified in the cruciferous herbs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sulforaphane Glucosinolate2
- BroccoRaff â„¢ contains high amounts of the heavily studied and multi-patented ingredient Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) found in broccoli and broccoli sprouts. (nutragenerx.com)
- BroccoMax delivers 35 mg of Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) per serving, which is the precursor to Sulforaphane and supports phase 1 detoxification. (ferraramarket.com)
Cruciferous1
- Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a group of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing glycosides found in abundance in Cruciferous plants, including many important vegetable species of the Brassica genus such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. (psu.edu)
Herbivores2
- Several insect herbivores, including the cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala ), prevent glucosinolate activation by forming desulfo-glucosinolates. (nature.com)
- Because of the structural differences, these glucosinolates may have different effects on herbivores. (knaw.nl)
Arabidopsis2
- Full details of the sequence of reactions that converts individual amino acids into the corresponding glucosinolate have been studied in the cress Arabidopsis thaliana. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we set out to identify amino acid residues responsible for glucosinolate transport activity of the main seed glucosinolate exporter UMAMIT29 in Arabidopsis thaliana . (frontiersin.org)
High-performance li1
- Glucosinolates (GSL) present in cultivated and feral accessions of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum à & Pavón) were identified and quantfied by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. (cipotato.org)
Brassicales4
- Glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of almost all plants of the order Brassicales. (wikipedia.org)
- Outside of the Brassicales, the genera Drypetes and Putranjiva in the family Putranjivaceae, are the only other known occurrence of glucosinolates. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucosinolates are amino-acid-derived, specialized metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. (frontiersin.org)
- Glucosinolates are amino acid-derived thioglucosides with a sulfated aldoxime moiety and variable side chains (Figure 1 A) that are present in the Brassicales [ 11 - 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Extracts1
- Enzyme activity assays with crude beetle protein extracts revealed that glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity is associated with the gut membrane and has narrow substrate specificity towards the benzenic glucosinolate sinalbin. (nature.com)
GSLs1
- The favourable effect on health exert glucosinolates (GSLs), a group of secondary plant metabolites found in vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kohlrabi. (bvsalud.org)
Water-soluble1
- Total levels of glucosinolates, water soluble sugars, and amino acids of B. vulgaris could not explain the poor preference and performance of M. brassicae on BAR-type plants. (knaw.nl)
Plant2
- The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucosinolates are stored separately from their hydrolytic enzymes, the myrosinases, in plant tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Pungent1
- Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. (wikipedia.org)
Glucosides1
- Most of their biological activity is caused by their high content of flavonoids, glucosides, and glucosinolates. (frontiersin.org)
Help regulate2
- Glucosinolates may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve cardiovascular health. (kumarafood.com)
- Glucosinolates in kale help regulate phase 1 liver detoxification which transforms toxins into intermediate metabolites. (hepatitisfoundation.org)
Chemical defenses1
- In contrast to many other chemical defenses, the glucosinolates themselves are non-toxic. (biomedcentral.com)
Seeds6
- The glucosinolates are also found in seeds of these plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, members of the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and Out Transporter (UMAMIT) family were shown to be essential for facilitating transport of seed-bound glucosinolates from site of synthesis within the reproductive organ to seeds. (frontiersin.org)
- This suggests that these residues are key for UMAMIT29-mediated glucosinolate transport activity and thus potential targets for blocking the transport of glucosinolates to the seeds. (frontiersin.org)
- Glucosinolates accumulate to high levels in seeds with no de novo synthesis, thus relying on translocation from source tissue ( Nour-Eldin and Halkier, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Nongerminated seeds have the highest glucosinolate levels and concordantly greater induction of mammalian phase 2 detoxication enzymes. (sproutnet.com)
- The glucosinolates content in seeds of commonly consumed vegetables was determined, and the results were satisfactory. (edu.hk)
Content4
- This study evaluated the effects of temperature and developmental stage on the glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts. (sproutnet.com)
- Levels decline as sprouts germinate and develop, with consistently higher glucosinolate content in younger developmental stages, independent of the temperature regime. (sproutnet.com)
- Aliphatic glucosinolate content was not affected in any of the transgenic plants. (molcells.org)
- and (iv) the plant's total phenolic and glucosinolate content. (bvsalud.org)
Secondary2
- Among the group of secondary metabolites, macaenes, macamides and glucosinolates stand out the most for being associated with great properties and for their function as typical markers. (kumarafood.com)
- Regarding glucosinolates, they are the secondary metabolites that generate great interest among scientists due to their biological activities. (kumarafood.com)
Erucic1
- Wild radish did not directly reduce canola quality in either year, but if wild radish seed were not separated from canola seed, the amount of erucic acid and glucosinolates was increased above marketable levels in some cases. (bioone.org)
Phenolics1
- Therefore, in this study, the impact of pre-dehydration blanching step, freeze-drying, air-drying at 40 °C, and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) dehydration on the levels of pigments, glucosinolates, and phenolics, was evaluated by UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. (ua.pt)
Commonly consumed1
- Broccoli, a rich source of glucosinolates, is a commonly consumed vegetable of the Brassica family. (nih.gov)
Metabolism1
- According to a quantitative analysis of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate metabolism in P. chrysocephala , about 8% of the total ingested glucosinolates were detoxified by desulfation, indicating small but significant glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity towards 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolates in adult beetles 15 . (nature.com)
Vegetables2
- Vegetables of the Cruciferae family contain high levels of glucosinolates, metabolites of which are believed to enhance detoxification. (nih.gov)
- Possible concomitant exposure to environmental and dietary goitrogens other than lithium (eg, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], thiocyanate, naturally occurring thioglycosides and glucosinolates found in vegetables in the Brassica species, such as Brussels sprouts). (medscape.com)
Cabbage2
- Glucosinolates occur in various edible plants such as cabbage (white cabbage, Chinese cabbage, broccoli), Brussels sprouts, watercress, horseradish, capers, and radishes where the breakdown products often contribute a significant part of the distinctive taste. (wikipedia.org)
- Red cabbage phytochemicals include sulforaphane and other glucosinolates . (wikipedia.org)
Plants1
- About 132 different glucosinolates are known to occur naturally in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Myrosinases1
- They become activated upon tissue damage when endogenous thioglucosidases, the myrosinases, are released from their separate storage compartments and hydrolyze the glucosinolates. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentially2
- A comparison of the putative substrate binding site of homologs within the brassicaceous-specific, glucosinolate-transporting clade with the non-brassicaceous-specific, non-glucosinolate-transporting UMAMIT32 clade identified 11 differentially conserved sites. (frontiersin.org)
- By comparing differentially conserved residues within the predicted cavities between glucosinolate-transporting and non-glucosinolate-transporting UMAMITs, we identify 11 candidate residues. (frontiersin.org)
GLUCONASTURTIIN2
- The biosynthesis of glucosinolates with a phenyl or benzyl ring in the core structure starts from either phenylalanine or tyrosine (e.g. glucobarbarin , glucolimnanthin , glucomoringin , gluconasturtiin , glucotropaeolin and sinalbin ), while indolyl-containing side chains as in glucobrassicin originate from the amino acid tryptophane. (phytolab.com)
- The genetically determined glucosinolate pattern of Barbarea vulgaris can be dominated by either glucobarbarin (BAR-type) or by gluconasturtiin (NAS-type). (knaw.nl)
Differential Effects1
- Our results suggest that difference in glucosinolate chemical structure is responsible for the differential effects of the B. vulgaris chemotypes on the generalist herbivore. (knaw.nl)
Enzymes2
- Their sulfur-containing glucosinolates spur natural detoxification enzymes to clear carcinogens and toxins from the body. (hepatitisfoundation.org)
- Glucosinolate metabolites exert the cancer-preventive activity through different mechanisms, including induction of the Nrf2 transcription factor, inhibition of expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), induction of apoptosis through inhibiting phase I enzymes and inducting phase II enzymes, interruption of caspase pathways, STAT1/STAT2, inhibition of sulfotransferases. (bvsalud.org)
Central carbon atom2
- Every glucosinolate contains a central carbon atom, which is bound to the sulfur atom of the thioglucose group, and via a nitrogen atom to a sulfate group (making a sulfated aldoxime). (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, a substance-specific side chain (its structure depending on the amino acid involved in the initial phase of the glucosinolate biosynthesis) is bound to the central carbon atom. (phytolab.com)
Bound1
- All glucosinolates are composed of a central carbon that is bound via a sulfur atom to a glucose, and via a nitrogen atom to a sulfate group. (phytolab.com)
Activity assays1
- Transport activity assays of mutant variants with a single point amino acid substitution in each site UMAMIT29 suggest that five of these residues are critical for glucosinolate transport. (frontiersin.org)
Levels2
- Broccoli combines high levels of vitamins, fibres and glucosinolates (GLS) with a low calorie count. (ishs.org)
- Glucosinolate levels were highest in cotyledons and lowest in roots of sprouts dissected both early and late in the 11 day developmental span investigated. (sproutnet.com)
Molecular1
- Here we investigated the molecular basis of glucosinolate desulfation in P. chrysocephala , an important pest of oilseed rape. (nature.com)
Structures1
- The structures of the identified glucosinolates were confirmed with the use of group-specific product ions at m/z 195, 241, 259, 275 in their corresponding MS/MS product ion spectra. (unboundmedicine.com)
Allylglucosinolate1
- For example, allylglucosinolate and allyl glucosinolate refer to the same compound: both versions are found in the literature. (wikipedia.org)
Naturally1
- Glucosinolates are naturally occurring ß-d-thioglucosides that mainly exist in the Brassicaceae family. (bvsalud.org)