Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)
Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculectomy, and laser perforation.
A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.
Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a specialized optical instrument (gonioscope) or a contact prism lens.
Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.
Devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure.
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
A surgical procedure used in treatment of glaucoma in which an opening is created through which aqueous fluid may pass from the anterior chamber into a sac created beneath the conjunctiva, thus lowering the pressure within the eye. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Surgical formation of an external opening in the sclera, primarily in the treatment of glaucoma.
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.
Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of CARBONIC ANHYDRASES.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).
A form of GLAUCOMA in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.
Caveolin 2 is a binding partner of CAVEOLIN 1. It undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by C-SRC PROTEIN PP60 and plays a regulatory role in CAVEOLAE formation.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
Congenital open-angle glaucoma that results from dysgenesis of the angle structures accompanied by increased intraocular pressure and enlargement of the eye. Treatment is both medical and surgical.
Serum proteins with an electrophoretic mobility that falls between ALPHA-GLOBULINS and GAMMA-GLOBULINS.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Diseases affecting the eye.
The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
Devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
A technique of diagnostic imaging of RETINA or CORNEA of the human eye involving the measurement and interpretation of polarizing ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES such as radio or light waves. It is helpful in the diagnosis of GLAUCOMA; MACULAR DEGENERATION; and other retinal disorders.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
Scattering of a beam of electromagnetic or acoustic RADIATION, or particles, at small angles by particles or cavities whose dimensions are many times as large as the wavelength of the radiation or the de Broglie wavelength of the scattered particles. Also know as low angle scattering. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques, small angle neutron (SANS), X-ray (SAXS), and light (SALS, or just LS) scattering, are used to characterize objects on a nanoscale.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.
Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.
Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.
An island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. It was probably discovered by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The name was given by 16th-century Spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for "bearded", with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p116 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p49)
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Measurement of the thickness of the CORNEA.
Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.
Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Diseases of the cornea.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
Partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea.
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.
The position or attitude of the body.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as ECTOPIA LENTIS.
A condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed.
The selectively permeable barrier, in the EYE, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the EPITHELIUM of the CILIARY BODY, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the IRIS. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Inbreed BN (Brown Norway) rats are a strain of laboratory rats that are specifically bred for research purposes, characterized by their uniform genetic makeup and susceptibility to various diseases, which makes them ideal models for studying human physiology and pathophysiology.

Test-retest variability of frequency-doubling perimetry and conventional perimetry in glaucoma patients and normal subjects. (1/1514)

PURPOSE: To compare the test-retest variability characteristics of frequency-doubling perimetry, a new perimetric test, with those of conventional perimetry in glaucoma patients and normal control subjects. METHODS: The study sample contained 64 patients and 47 normal subjects aged 66.16+/-11.86 and 64.26+/-7.99 years (mean +/- SD), respectively. All subjects underwent frequency-doubling perimetry (using the threshold mode) and conventional perimetry (using program 30-2 of the Humphrey Field Analyzer; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, CA) in one randomly selected eye. Each test was repeated at 1-week intervals for five tests with each technique over 4 weeks. Empirical 5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution of threshold deviations at retest were determined for all combinations of single tests and mean of two tests, stratified by threshold deviation. The influence of visual field eccentricity and overall visual field loss on variability also were examined. RESULTS: Mean test time with frequency-doubling perimetry in patients and normal control subjects was 5.90 and 5.25 minutes, respectively, and with conventional perimetry was 17.20 and 14.01 minutes, respectively. In patients, there was a significant correlation between the results of the two techniques, in the full field and in quadrants, whereas in normal subjects there was no such correlation. In patients, the retest variability of conventional perimetry in locations with 20-dB loss was 120% (single tests) and 127% (mean tests) higher compared with that in locations with 0-dB loss. Comparative figures for frequency-doubling perimetry were 40% and 47%, respectively. Variability also increased more with threshold deviation in normal subjects tested with conventional perimetry. In both patients and normal subjects, variability increased with visual field eccentricity in conventional perimetry, but not in frequency-doubling perimetry. Both techniques showed an increase in variability with overall visual field damage. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency-doubling perimetry has different test-retest variability characteristics than conventional perimetry and may have potential for monitoring glaucomatous field damage.  (+info)

Management of phacolytic glaucoma: experience of 135 cases. (2/1514)

We retrospectively analyzed 135 eyes with phacolytic glaucoma. A trabeculectomy was added to standard cataract surgery if symptoms endured for more than seven days, or if preoperative control of intraocular pressure (IOP) with maximal medical treatment was inadequate. In the early postoperative period, IOP was significantly lower in the combined surgery group (89 eyes) compared to the cataract surgery group (46 eyes) (p < 0.001). At 6 months there was no difference in IOP or visual acuity between the two groups. There were no serious complications related to trabeculectomy. It is reasonable to conclude that in eyes with a long duration of phacolytic glaucoma, addition of a trabeculectomy to cataract surgery is safe, prevents postoperative rise in intraocular pressure and decreases the need for systemic hypotensive medications. A randomized trial is on to further address this question.  (+info)

Asymmetry in optic disc parameters: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. (3/1514)

PURPOSE: To examine asymmetry in vertical optic disc parameters among subjects classified as normal, as having ocular hypertension (OH), and as having open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a population-based sample. METHODS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 people aged 49 to 97 years, including 2929 normal subjects, 118 with OH, and 79 with OAG in the groups of interest for the asymmetry study. Optic disc parameters were measured in a masked manner from stereo optic disc photographs. RESULTS: Vertical disc diameter asymmetry (the absolute value of left minus right disc diameters) was similar among normal, OH, and OAG groups (median, 0.07-0.08 mm). Vertical cup- disc ratio asymmetry was higher in patients with OAG (median, 0.11) than in normal subjects (median, 0.06; P < 0.0001) and in those with OH (median, 0.05; P < 0.0001) but was similar between normal subjects and patients with OH (P = 0.17). A cup- disc ratio asymmetry of 0.2 or more was found in 24% of patients with OAG, compared with 1% of patients with OH and 6% of normal subjects. Corresponding rates for cup- disc ratio asymmetry of 0.3 or more in these three groups were 10%, 0%, and 1%, respectively. Using multiple linear regression, cup-disc ratio asymmetry was associated with disc diameter asymmetry and intraocular pressure asymmetry. However, these two factors explained only 3% of the variability of cup- disc ratio asymmetry and 20% of cup diameter asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Despite differences between the OAG group and either the OH or normal groups, asymmetry alone was not useful in identifying patients with OAG. At all levels of asymmetry, subjects were more likely to be classified as normal than with OH or OAG.  (+info)

Deep sclerectomy with collagen implant: medium term results. (4/1514)

AIMS: To study prospectively the success rate and complications of deep sclerectomy with collagen implant (DSCI), a new non-penetrating filtration procedure. METHODS: Non-randomised prospective trial involving consecutive patients. 100 eyes of 100 patients with medically uncontrolled primary and secondary open angle glaucoma. A superficial scleral flap was raised and a deep sclerectomy was performed in the scleral bed. Schlemm's canal was opened and dissection of the cornea was performed up to Descemet's membrane, at which point aqueous percolated through the remaining trabeculo-Descemet's membrane. A collagen implant was sutured radially in the scleral bed. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, and slit lamp examinations were performed before surgery and after surgery at 1 and 7 days, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. RESULTS: The mean follow up period was 17.8 (SD 8.7) months. The mean preoperative IOP was 27.8 (8.6) mm Hg; the mean postoperative IOP was 5.7 (4.0) at day 1, 11.2 (4.6) at month 1, 14.0 (3.5) at month 12, and 13.0 (3.8) at month 36. Complete success rate, defined as an IOP lower than 21 mm Hg without medication, was 44.6% at 36 months. Qualified success rate, defined as an IOP lower than 21 mm Hg with medication, was 97.7% at 36 months. Early postoperative complications included hyphaema in seven patients, would leak in 10 patients, and subtle choroidal detachment in 11 patients. Goniopuncture was performed in 41 of the patients, and 5-fluorouracil injections were made in 23 patients; cataract progression occurred in seven patients. When comparing the different types of open angle glaucoma, no difference was found in terms of reduction in IOP, number of patients requiring antiglaucoma medications, or success rate. CONCLUSIONS: Deep sclerectomy with collagen implant appears to provide reasonable control of IOP at medium term follow up, with few immediate postoperative complications.  (+info)

Immediate intraocular pressure response to selective laser trabeculoplasty. (5/1514)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Selective laser trabeculoplasty targets the pigmented trabecular meshwork cells without damage to the trabecular meshwork architecture in vitro. A study was conducted in vivo of eight eyes with uncontrolled open angle glaucoma to ascertain the immediate intraocular response to selective laser trabeculoplasty. METHODS: The trabecular meshwork of each eye was treated 360 degrees with a frequency doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Intraocular pressure was measured 1, 2, 24 hours and 1, 4, 6 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: The average preoperative intraocular pressure was 26.6 (SD 7) mm Hg (range 18-37). Two hours and 6 weeks respectively after selective trabeculoplasty intraocular pressure was reduced in all the eyes treated with an average fall of 10.6 (5.2) mm Hg or 39.9%. A pressure spike of 10 mm Hg verified in one eye 1 hour after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Selective laser trabeculoplasty decreased intraocular pressure by an amount similar to that achieved with standard trabeculoplasty. Additional study is needed to determine whether the beneficial effect is sustained over a longer period of follow up.  (+info)

Effect of aging on optic nerve appearance: a longitudinal study. (6/1514)

AIM: To determine whether aging causes detectable changes in the appearance of the optic disc. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal study was performed with quantitative and qualitative evaluations of digitised stereoscopic optic disc photographs of 224 eyes of 224 subjects. There were three groups: 100 normal subjects from the Framingham Eye Study, 68 glaucomatous patients followed longitudinally, and 56 normal subjects and glaucoma patients who had separate sets of disc photos taken on the same day. A disc was considered qualitatively worse if two of three experienced observers agreed that it was worse. Quantitative progression was defined as a >10% decrease in rim/disc area ratio measured with computer assisted planimetry. RESULTS: With quantitative evaluation, normal eyes (mean follow up 13 years) and same day eyes displayed no statistically significant difference in change of rim/disc area ratios (p=0.095), nor in the number of discs that progressed-five of 100 (5%) v two of 56 (4%) respectively. Glaucomatous eyes (mean follow up 9 years) showed a quantitative loss of disc rim in 24 of 68 (35%), and differed significantly from the normal eyes both in the change of rim/disc area ratio (p<0.0005) and number of discs that progressed (p<0.0005). With qualitative evaluation, the number of progressive discs in the glaucomatous eyes (31%) differed significantly (p<0. 0005) from the normal eyes (3%) and the same day eyes (0%). CONCLUSIONS: Over a period of follow up appropriate for long term outcome studies in glaucoma, there was no quantitatively or qualitatively detectable neuroretinal rim loss in normal aging optic nerves with stereoscopic optic disc photographs.  (+info)

Cataract, glaucoma and season of birth amongst patients born on the Indian subcontinent. (7/1514)

The relation between the prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and of different types of cataract on the one hand and the patient's season of birth on the other was studied with special reference to natives of the Indian Subcontinent. Partial comparisons were made with results obtained on British-born patients. Both primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and the mixed nuclear/posterior-subcapsular type (NP) showed a statistically significant variation with the month of birth for the Asian patients, but only NP showed significant variation for the European patients in a month-by-month analysis. The Asian data are examined from the point of view of seasonal variations in maternal nutrition and of low birth-weight babies.  (+info)

Glaucoma: diagnosis and management. (8/1514)

Glaucoma is the third most prevalent cause of global blindness, accounting for over 5 million blind. It is common in Western Countries; the estimated prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma rises from a total prevalence of 1.1% to approximately 3% of our population as it ages. Ethnicity affects both the risk of developing glaucoma and the outcome. It is an expensive disease both to detect and to treat. Recent scientific advances include elucidation of the genetic mechanism behind the disease and the study of haemodynamic and biochemical co-factors in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, particularly in relation to the pathogenesis of normal tension glaucoma. Several new types of topical medication have recently been developed for use in glaucoma; both the impact of these therapies and their cost effectiveness remain to be evaluated. There are widely differing regimes which effectively treat glaucoma; some ophthalmologists prefer early surgical intervention whilst others reserve surgery for relatively advanced disease. All methods of current treatment rely on the reduction of intra-ocular pressure; as yet there is no medication which has been definitively proven to be either neuroprotective or to influence favourably optic nerve perfusion. Despite this, most sufferers of glaucoma are able to lead lives of quality. Increased community awareness of glaucoma, and earlier detection of the condition, will doubtless result in decreased morbidity due to glaucoma.  (+info)

Open-angle glaucoma is a chronic, progressive type of glaucoma characterized by the gradual loss of optic nerve fibers and resulting in visual field defects. It is called "open-angle" because the angle where the iris meets the cornea (trabecular meshwork) appears to be normal and open on examination. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it is associated with increased resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor within the trabecular meshwork, leading to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in vision loss.

The onset of open-angle glaucoma is often asymptomatic, making regular comprehensive eye examinations crucial for early detection and management. Treatment typically involves lowering IOP using medications, laser therapy, or surgery to prevent further optic nerve damage and preserve vision.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.

Angle-closure glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the sudden or gradually increasing pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) due to the closure or narrowing of the angle between the iris and cornea. This angle is where the drainage system of the eye, called the trabecular meshwork, is located. When the angle becomes too narrow or closes completely, fluid cannot properly drain from the eye, leading to a buildup of pressure that can damage the optic nerve and cause permanent vision loss.

Angle-closure glaucoma can be either acute or chronic. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. It is characterized by sudden symptoms such as severe eye pain, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, halos around lights, and redness of the eye.

Chronic angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, develops more slowly over time and may not have any noticeable symptoms until significant damage has already occurred. It is important to diagnose and treat angle-closure glaucoma as early as possible to prevent vision loss. Treatment options include medications to lower eye pressure, laser treatment to create a new opening for fluid drainage, or surgery to improve the flow of fluid out of the eye.

Ocular hypertension is a medical condition characterized by elevated pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP), which is higher than normal but not necessarily high enough to cause any visible damage to the optic nerve or visual field loss. It serves as a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma, a sight-threatening disease.

The normal range of intraocular pressure is typically between 10-21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Ocular hypertension is often defined as an IOP consistently above 21 mmHg, although some studies suggest that even pressures between 22-30 mmHg may not cause damage in all individuals. Regular monitoring and follow-up with an ophthalmologist are essential for people diagnosed with ocular hypertension to ensure early detection and management of any potential glaucomatous changes. Treatment options include medications, laser therapy, or surgery to lower the IOP and reduce the risk of glaucoma onset.

Exfoliation syndrome is a medical condition that affects the eyes. It is characterized by the progressive loss of the tissue that covers and protects the front part of the eye, called the cornea and the iris. This tissue is called the extracellular matrix, which is produced and maintained by the cells called fibroblasts. In exfoliation syndrome, these fibroblasts produce an abnormal protein that clumps together and forms white flakes that can be seen on the front surface of the eye. These flakes are made up of fibrillar extracellular matrix material, which is thought to come from the breakdown of the normal extracellular matrix. Over time, these flakes can build up and cause damage to the eye, leading to a variety of complications such as increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal endothelial decompensation.

Exfoliation syndrome is typically a bilateral disease, meaning that it affects both eyes, although one eye may be more severely affected than the other. It is also associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, which can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if left untreated. The exact cause of exfoliation syndrome is not fully understood, but it is thought to have a genetic component, as it has been found to cluster in families. Additionally, there are environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing exfoliation syndrome such as UV exposure, smoking and certain medications.

It's important to note that Exfoliation Syndrome can be asymptomatic at early stages, but regular eye examinations with an ophthalmologist is recommended for people over 40 years old or those who have a family history of the condition. Early detection and management of exfoliation syndrome can help prevent or slow down the progression of complications associated with it.

A trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure performed on the eye to treat glaucoma, an eye condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. The main goal of this operation is to create a new channel for the aqueous humor (the clear fluid inside the eye) to drain out, thus reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP).

During the trabeculectomy procedure, a small flap is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye), and a piece of the trabecular meshwork (a structure inside the eye that helps regulate the flow of aqueous humor) is removed. This opening allows the aqueous humor to bypass the obstructed drainage system and form a bleb, a small blister-like sac on the surface of the eye, which absorbs the fluid and reduces IOP.

The success of trabeculectomy depends on various factors, including the patient's age, type and severity of glaucoma, previous treatments, and overall health. Potential complications may include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, hypotony (abnormally low IOP), or failure to control IOP. Regular follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are necessary to monitor the eye's response to the surgery and manage any potential issues that may arise.

The trabecular meshwork is a specialized tissue located in the anterior chamber angle of the eye, near the iris and cornea. It is composed of a network of interconnected beams or trabeculae that provide support and structure to the eye. The primary function of the trabecular meshwork is to regulate the outflow of aqueous humor, the fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye, and maintain intraocular pressure within normal ranges.

The aqueous humor flows from the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber of the eye through the pupil and into the anterior chamber. From there, it drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, which leads to the venous system. Any obstruction or damage to the trabecular meshwork can lead to an increase in intraocular pressure and potentially contribute to the development of glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.

Ocular tonometry is a medical test used to measure the pressure inside the eye, also known as intraocular pressure (IOP). This test is an essential part of diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can cause vision loss and blindness due to damage to the optic nerve from high IOP.

The most common method of ocular tonometry involves using a tonometer device that gently touches the front surface of the eye (cornea) with a small probe or prism. The device measures the amount of force required to flatten the cornea slightly, which correlates with the pressure inside the eye. Other methods of ocular tonometry include applanation tonometry, which uses a small amount of fluorescein dye and a blue light to measure the IOP, and rebound tonometry, which uses a lightweight probe that briefly touches the cornea and then bounces back to determine the IOP.

Regular ocular tonometry is important for detecting glaucoma early and preventing vision loss. It is typically performed during routine eye exams and may be recommended more frequently for individuals at higher risk of developing glaucoma, such as those with a family history of the condition or certain medical conditions like diabetes.

Timolol is a non-selective beta blocker drug that is primarily used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of certain hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) on the heart and blood vessels, which helps to lower heart rate, reduce the force of heart muscle contraction, and decrease blood vessel constriction. These effects can help to lower blood pressure, reduce the workload on the heart, and improve oxygen supply to the heart muscle. In glaucoma treatment, timolol reduces the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure.

The medical definition of Timolol is:

Timolol (tim-oh-lol) is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of epinephrine on the heart and blood vessels, which results in decreased heart rate, reduced force of heart muscle contraction, and decreased blood vessel constriction. In glaucoma treatment, timolol reduces aqueous humor production, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure. Timolol is available as an oral tablet, solution for injection, and ophthalmic solution.

Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.

The optic disk, also known as the optic nerve head, is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and transmit visual information to the brain. It appears as a pale, circular area in the back of the eye, near the center of the retina. The optic disk has no photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), so it is insensitive to light. It is an important structure to observe during eye examinations because changes in its appearance can indicate various ocular diseases or conditions, such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or papilledema.

Gonioscopy is a diagnostic procedure in ophthalmology used to examine the anterior chamber angle, which is the area where the iris and cornea meet. This examination helps to evaluate the drainage pathways of the eye for conditions such as glaucoma. A special contact lens called a goniolens is placed on the cornea during the procedure to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the angle using a biomicroscope. The lens may be coupled with a mirrored or prismatic surface to enhance the view of the angle. Gonioscopy can help detect conditions like narrow angles, closed angles, neovascularization, and other abnormalities that might contribute to glaucoma development or progression.

Prostaglandins F (PGF) are a type of prostaglandin, which are naturally occurring hormone-like substances that have various effects on the body. They are produced in response to injury or infection and play a role in inflammation, fever, and pain. Prostaglandins F are synthesized for medical use and are available as drugs known as dinoprost and cloprostenol.

Dinoprost is a synthetic form of PGF2α (prostaglandin F2 alpha) used to induce labor and treat postpartum hemorrhage. It works by causing the uterus to contract, helping to expel the placenta and reduce bleeding.

Cloprostenol is a synthetic form of PGF2α used in veterinary medicine as a reproductive hormone to synchronize estrus cycles in cattle and sheep, as well as to induce parturition (giving birth) in cows. It works by stimulating the contraction of the uterus and promoting the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which triggers ovulation.

It is important to note that these synthetic prostaglandins should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional or veterinarian, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

A glaucoma drainage implant is a medical device used in the surgical management of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. The implant provides an alternative drainage pathway for the aqueous humor, the clear fluid inside the eye, to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) when other treatment methods have been unsuccessful.

The glaucoma drainage implant typically consists of a small silicone or polypropylene plate with a tube attached. During surgery, the tube is carefully inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye, allowing the aqueous humor to flow through the tube and collect on the plate. The plate is placed underneath the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye, where the fluid gets absorbed by the body.

There are various types of glaucoma drainage implants available, such as the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve, Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant, and Molteno Glaucoma Implant. Each type has its unique design features and may be more suitable for specific cases depending on the severity of glaucoma, previous surgical history, and individual patient factors.

Glaucoma drainage implant surgery is usually considered when other treatment options, such as medication or laser therapy, have failed to control IOP effectively. The procedure aims to prevent further optic nerve damage and preserve the patient's remaining vision. Potential complications of glaucoma drainage implant surgery include infection, bleeding, hypotony (abnormally low IOP), exposure of the tube, and failure of the device. Regular postoperative follow-up with an eye care professional is essential to monitor the implant's performance and manage any potential complications.

A visual field test is a method used to measure an individual's entire scope of vision, which includes what can be seen straight ahead and in peripheral (or side) vision. During the test, the person being tested is asked to focus on a central point while gradually identifying the appearance of objects moving into their peripheral vision. The visual field test helps detect blind spots (scotomas) or gaps in the visual field, which can be caused by various conditions such as glaucoma, brain injury, optic nerve damage, or retinal disorders. It's an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye-related diseases and conditions.

Filtering surgery is a type of ophthalmic procedure, specifically a glaucoma surgery, that involves creating a new pathway for the aqueous humor (the clear fluid inside the eye) to drain from the anterior chamber to the exterior through a synthetic implant. This surgery is aimed at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle or closed-angle glaucoma who have not responded well to medication or laser treatments. The most common type of filtering surgery is trabeculectomy.

In a trabeculectomy, a small opening is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye), and a thin piece of the sclera along with the underlying trabecular meshwork is removed to create a filtering bleb. This bleb is a raised area on the surface of the eye that allows the aqueous humor to drain out, forming a fluid-filled space under the conjunctiva. The fluid then gradually reabsorbs into the bloodstream, lowering the IOP and relieving pressure on the optic nerve, which can help prevent further vision loss due to glaucoma.

It is important to note that filtering surgery carries risks such as infection, bleeding, cataract formation, and potential loss of vision. Proper postoperative care and follow-up with an ophthalmologist are crucial for successful outcomes.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

"Sclerostomy" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, based on its component parts - "sclero-" (meaning hardening or scarring) and "-stomy" (meaning creation of an opening or passage) - it could potentially be used to describe a surgical procedure that creates an opening in a hardened or scarred tissue.

However, in ophthalmology, "sclerostomy" is sometimes used to refer to a procedure where a small opening is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye) during glaucoma surgery to relieve pressure inside the eye. This is not a formal or widely recognized term, and its use may vary depending on the medical context.

Neovascular glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the iris (the colored part of the eye) and/or over the drainage channels (trabecular meshwork) in the corner of the eye. These new blood vessels can interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, leading to an increase in eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively.

Neovascular glaucoma is often associated with other underlying conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, or ocular ischemic syndrome. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as controlling the IOP with medications, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further vision loss.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

Miotics, also known as parasympathomimetics or cholinergic agents, are a class of medications that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They work by activating muscarinic receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the eye. In the eye, miotics cause contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, resulting in pupillary constriction (miosis). This action can help to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.

Miotics may also have other effects on the eye, such as accommodation (focusing) and decreasing the production of aqueous humor. Some examples of miotics include pilocarpine, carbachol, and ecothiopate. It's important to note that the use of miotics can have side effects, including blurred vision, headache, and brow ache.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

In medical terms, the iris refers to the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is a circular structure composed of thin, contractile muscle fibers (radial and circumferential) arranged in a regular pattern. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light intensity or emotional arousal. By constricting or dilating the iris, the amount of light entering the eye can be regulated, which helps maintain optimal visual acuity under various lighting conditions.

The color of the iris is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigments within the iris stroma. The iris also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support its structure and function. Anatomically, the iris is continuous with the ciliary body and the choroid, forming part of the uveal tract in the eye.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

The sclera is the tough, white, fibrous outer coating of the eye in humans and other vertebrates, covering about five sixths of the eyeball's surface. It provides protection for the delicate inner structures of the eye and maintains its shape. The sclera is composed mainly of collagen and elastic fiber, making it strong and resilient. Its name comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

Transcription Factor IIIA (TFIIIA) is a specific type of transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the initiation of gene transcription, particularly for 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. It is a complex of proteins, including the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and several other factors. TFIIIA recognizes and binds to the internal control region (ICR) of the 5S rRNA gene, helping to assemble the transcription preinitiation complex and promoting the accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Laser therapy, also known as phototherapy or laser photobiomodulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and decrease inflammation. It works by promoting the increase of cellular metabolism, blood flow, and tissue regeneration through the process of photobiomodulation.

The therapy can be used on patients suffering from a variety of acute and chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and wound healing complications. The wavelength and intensity of the laser light are precisely controlled to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

During the procedure, the laser or LED device is placed directly on the skin over the area of injury or discomfort. The non-ionizing light penetrates the tissue without causing heat or damage, interacting with chromophores in the cells to initiate a series of photochemical reactions. This results in increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of transcription factors that lead to improved cellular function and reduced pain.

In summary, laser therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment option for various medical conditions, providing patients with an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

The anterior eye segment refers to the front portion of the eye, which includes the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and provides protection. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. The ciliary body is a muscle that changes the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances. The lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris that further refracts light to provide a clear image. Together, these structures work to focus light onto the retina and enable vision.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Ophthalmoscopy is a medical examination technique used by healthcare professionals to observe the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. This procedure typically involves using an ophthalmoscope, a handheld device that consists of a light and magnifying lenses. The healthcare provider looks through the ophthalmoscope and directly observes the internal structures of the eye by illuminating them.

There are several types of ophthalmoscopy, including direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they may be used in different situations depending on the specific clinical situation and the information needed.

Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring a wide range of eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal disorders. It can also provide valuable information about the overall health of the individual, as changes in the appearance of the retina or optic nerve may indicate the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.

Cytoskeletal proteins are a type of structural proteins that form the cytoskeleton, which is the internal framework of cells. The cytoskeleton provides shape, support, and structure to the cell, and plays important roles in cell division, intracellular transport, and maintenance of cell shape and integrity.

There are three main types of cytoskeletal proteins: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are thin, rod-like structures that are involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and cell division. Intermediate filaments are thicker than actin filaments and provide structural support to the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes that are involved in intracellular transport, cell division, and maintenance of cell shape.

Cytoskeletal proteins are composed of different subunits that polymerize to form filamentous structures. These proteins can be dynamically assembled and disassembled, allowing cells to change their shape and move. Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and muscular dystrophies.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Synthetic prostaglandins are human-made versions of prostaglandins, which are naturally occurring hormone-like substances in the body that play many roles in health and disease. Prostaglandins are produced in various tissues throughout the body and have diverse effects, such as regulating blood flow, promoting inflammation, causing muscle contraction or relaxation, and modulating pain perception.

Synthetic prostaglandins are developed to mimic the effects of natural prostaglandins and are used for therapeutic purposes in medical treatments. They can be chemically synthesized or derived from animal tissues. Synthetic prostaglandins have been used in various clinical settings, including:

1. Induction of labor: Synthetic prostaglandin E1 (dinoprostone) and prostaglandin E2 (misoprostol) are used to ripen the cervix and induce labor in pregnant women.
2. Abortion: Misoprostol is used off-label for early pregnancy termination, often in combination with mifepristone.
3. Prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric ulcers: Misoprostol is sometimes prescribed to protect the stomach lining from developing ulcers due to long-term NSAID use.
4. Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: Synthetic prostaglandins like carboprost (15-methyl prostaglandin F2α) and dinoprostone are used to manage severe bleeding after childbirth.
5. Management of dysmenorrhea: Misoprostol is sometimes prescribed for the treatment of painful periods or menstrual cramps.
6. Treatment of erectile dysfunction: Alprostadil, a synthetic prostaglandin E1, can be used as an intracavernosal injection or urethral suppository to treat erectile dysfunction.

It is important to note that while synthetic prostaglandins mimic the effects of natural prostaglandins, they may also have additional or different properties and potential side effects. Therefore, their use should be under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.

Hyphema is defined as the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. This condition usually results from trauma or injury to the eye, but it can also occur due to various medical conditions such as severe eye inflammation, retinal surgery, or blood disorders that affect clotting.

The blood in the anterior chamber can vary in amount, ranging from a few drops to a complete fill, which is called an "eight-ball hyphema." Hyphema can be painful and cause sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, or even loss of vision if not treated promptly.

Immediate medical attention is necessary for hyphema to prevent complications such as increased intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, glaucoma, or cataracts. Treatment options may include bed rest, eye drops to reduce inflammation and control intraocular pressure, and sometimes surgery to remove the blood from the anterior chamber.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:

1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.

These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.

Antihypertensive agents are a class of medications used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). They work by reducing the force and rate of heart contractions, dilating blood vessels, or altering neurohormonal activation to lower blood pressure. Examples include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and direct vasodilators. These medications may be used alone or in combination to achieve optimal blood pressure control.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that is responsible for converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid. This enzyme is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the eyes, kidneys, and nervous system.

By inhibiting the activity of carbonic anhydrase, these medications can reduce the production of bicarbonate ions in the body, which helps to lower the rate of fluid buildup in certain tissues. As a result, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are often used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, epilepsy, and altitude sickness.

In glaucoma, for example, these medications can help to reduce pressure within the eye by promoting the drainage of fluid from the eye. In epilepsy, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures by reducing the acidity of the blood and brain. And in altitude sickness, these medications can help to alleviate symptoms such as headache, nausea, and shortness of breath by reducing the buildup of fluid in the lungs.

Some common examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors include acetazolamide, methazolamide, and dorzolamide. These medications are available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and eye drops, and are typically prescribed by a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photography refers to the art, application, or process of creating images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

If you're looking for a medical term related to imaging, there are several terms that might be relevant, such as:

1. Radiography: This is a technique using X-rays to visualize the internal structures of the body.
2. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
3. Computed Tomography (CT): A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
5. Nuclear Medicine: This is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or topics, feel free to ask!

Betaxolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker, which is primarily used in the treatment of glaucoma. It works by reducing the production of aqueous humor inside the eye, thereby decreasing the intraocular pressure (IOP). This can help prevent optic nerve damage and vision loss associated with glaucoma.

Betaxolol ophthalmic solution is usually administered as eyedrops, one or two times per day. Common side effects of betaxolol may include stinging or burning in the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and a bitter taste in the mouth. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions, slow heart rate, and difficulty breathing.

It is important to note that betaxolol should not be used by people with certain medical conditions, such as severe heart block, uncontrolled heart failure, or asthma. Additionally, it may interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the drugs you are taking before starting treatment with betaxolol.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

Ocular hypotension is a medical term that refers to a condition where the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP) is lower than normal. The normal range for IOP is typically between 10-21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Ocular hypotension can occur due to various reasons, including certain medications, medical conditions, or surgical procedures that affect the eye's ability to produce or drain aqueous humor, the clear fluid inside the eye.

While mild ocular hypotension may not cause any symptoms, more significant cases can lead to complications such as decreased vision, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. If left untreated, it could potentially result in a condition called glaucoma. It is essential to consult an eye care professional if you suspect ocular hypotension or experience any changes in your vision.

Low tension glaucoma, also known as normal tension glaucoma, is a type of glaucoma characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss in the absence of consistently elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In this form of glaucoma, the IOP typically remains within the statistically normal range, which is generally defined as below 21 mmHg. However, some individuals may have an IOP that is considered "low tension" for their specific optic nerve susceptibility.

The exact cause of low tension glaucoma remains unclear, but it is thought to involve factors such as impaired blood flow to the optic nerve, genetic predisposition, and sensitivity to minor fluctuations in IOP. People with low tension glaucoma may require close monitoring and management, including regular IOP checks, visual field testing, and sometimes the use of medications or surgical interventions to reduce the risk of further optic nerve damage and vision loss.

Caveolin 2 is a protein that is a component of caveolae, which are specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane found in many cell types. Caveolae are involved in various cellular processes, including endocytosis, cholesterol homeostasis, and signal transduction.

Caveolin 2 forms a complex with another caveolae protein called caveolin 1, and this complex is essential for the formation and stability of caveolae. Caveolin 2 is primarily expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and certain types of smooth muscle cells.

Mutations in the gene that encodes caveolin 2 have been associated with a variety of diseases, including muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of caveolin 2 in these conditions.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

A retinal artery is a small branch of the ophthalmic artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. There are two main retinal arteries - the central retinal artery and the cilioretinal artery. The central retinal artery enters the eye through the optic nerve and divides into smaller branches to supply blood to the entire retina, while the cilioretinal artery is a smaller artery that supplies blood to a small portion of the retina near the optic nerve. Any damage or blockage to these arteries can lead to serious vision problems, such as retinal artery occlusion or retinal artery embolism.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.

In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.

Hydrophthalmos is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the size of the eyeball, also known as buphthalmos. This condition is typically caused by an elevated pressure inside the eye, a situation known as glaucoma. The high pressure leads to stretching and expansion of the eyeball, which can result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss if not treated promptly. It's important to note that hydrophthalmos is most commonly seen in infants and young children, and it can be associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes.

Beta-globulins are a group of proteins found in the beta region of a serum protein electrophoresis, which is a laboratory test used to separate and identify different types of proteins in the blood. This group includes several important proteins such as:

1. Beta-lipoproteins: These are responsible for transporting fat molecules, including cholesterol, throughout the body.
2. Transferrin: A protein that binds and transports iron in the blood.
3. Complement components: These proteins play a crucial role in the immune system's response to infection and inflammation.
4. Beta-2 microglobulin: A protein involved in the functioning of the immune system, elevated levels of which can be found in various conditions such as kidney disease and autoimmune disorders.
5. Hemopexin: A protein that binds and transports heme (a component of hemoglobin) in the blood.

It is important to note that any significant increase or decrease in beta-globulins can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as liver disease, kidney disease, or an autoimmune disorder. Therefore, abnormal results should be further evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Carteolol is a beta-blocker medication that is primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of certain natural substances in the body, such as adrenaline, on the heart and blood vessels. This helps to reduce heart rate, lower blood pressure, and increase the amount of fluid that drains from the eye, which can help to lower intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma.

Like other beta-blockers, carteolol may cause side effects such as dizziness, fatigue, and cold hands or feet. It may also interact with other medications, so it's important to tell your doctor about all the drugs you are taking before starting carteolol. Your doctor will also need to monitor your heart function regularly while you are taking this medication, especially if you have a history of heart disease or other medical conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that interfere with the normal metabolic processes of cells, particularly those involved in DNA replication and cell division. They are commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat various types of cancer because many cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. Antimetabolites work by mimicking natural substances needed for cell growth and division, such as nucleotides or amino acids, and getting incorporated into the growing cells' DNA or protein structures, which ultimately leads to the termination of cell division and death of the cancer cells. Examples of antimetabolites include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Optometry is a healthcare profession that involves examining, diagnosing, and treating disorders related to vision. Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners who specialize in prescribing and fitting eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia. They also diagnose and manage various eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration. Optometrists may provide low vision care services to individuals with visual impairments and can offer pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing eye surgery.

Optometry is a regulated profession that requires extensive education and training, including the completion of a Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) degree program and passing national and state licensing exams. In some jurisdictions, optometrists may also prescribe certain medications to treat eye conditions and diseases.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Miosis is the medical term for the constriction or narrowing of the pupil of the eye. It's a normal response to close up viewing, as well as a reaction to certain drugs like opioids and pilocarpine. Conversely, dilation of the pupils is called mydriasis. Miosis can be also a symptom of certain medical conditions such as Horner's syndrome or third cranial nerve palsy.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a type of genetic variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the DNA sequence is altered. This alteration must occur in at least 1% of the population to be considered a SNP. These variations can help explain why some people are more susceptible to certain diseases than others and can also influence how an individual responds to certain medications. SNPs can serve as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. They can also provide information about an individual's ancestry and ethnic background.

A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.

In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.

In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.

Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.

DNA Mutational Analysis is a laboratory test used to identify genetic variations or changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence of a gene. This type of analysis can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, predict the risk of developing certain diseases, determine the most effective treatment for cancer, or assess the likelihood of passing on an inherited condition to offspring.

The test involves extracting DNA from a patient's sample (such as blood, saliva, or tissue), amplifying specific regions of interest using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequencing those regions to determine the precise order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule. The resulting sequence is then compared to reference sequences to identify any variations or mutations that may be present.

DNA Mutational Analysis can detect a wide range of genetic changes, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements. The test is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations to provide a comprehensive assessment of a patient's genetic profile.

It is important to note that not all mutations are pathogenic or associated with disease, and the interpretation of DNA Mutational Analysis results requires careful consideration of the patient's medical history, family history, and other relevant factors.

Gene frequency, also known as allele frequency, is a measure in population genetics that reflects the proportion of a particular gene or allele (variant of a gene) in a given population. It is calculated as the number of copies of a specific allele divided by the total number of all alleles at that genetic locus in the population.

For example, if we consider a gene with two possible alleles, A and a, the gene frequency of allele A (denoted as p) can be calculated as follows:

p = (number of copies of allele A) / (total number of all alleles at that locus)

Similarly, the gene frequency of allele a (denoted as q) would be:

q = (number of copies of allele a) / (total number of all alleles at that locus)

Since there are only two possible alleles for this gene in this example, p + q = 1. These frequencies can help researchers understand genetic diversity and evolutionary processes within populations.

The term "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" is a medical/ethnic classification used to describe a person's genetic background and ancestry. According to this categorization, individuals with origins in the Asian continent are grouped together. This includes populations from regions such as East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Korea), South Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (e.g., Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand), and Central Asia (e.g., Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan). It is important to note that this broad categorization may not fully capture the genetic diversity within these regions or accurately reflect an individual's specific ancestral origins.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Biometry, also known as biometrics, is the scientific study of measurements and statistical analysis of living organisms. In a medical context, biometry is often used to refer to the measurement and analysis of physical characteristics or features of the human body, such as height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and other physiological variables. These measurements can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring disease progression, and research.

In addition to physical measurements, biometry may also refer to the use of statistical methods to analyze biological data, such as genetic information or medical images. This type of analysis can help researchers and clinicians identify patterns and trends in large datasets, and make predictions about health outcomes or treatment responses.

Overall, biometry is an important tool in modern medicine, as it allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions based on data and evidence.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Dominant genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that are fully expressed in an individual's phenotype, even if only one copy of the gene is present. In dominant inheritance patterns, an individual needs only to receive one dominant allele from either parent to express the associated trait. This is in contrast to recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed. Dominant genes are represented by uppercase letters (e.g., 'A') and recessive genes by lowercase letters (e.g., 'a'). If an individual inherits one dominant allele (A) from either parent, they will express the dominant trait (A).

The ciliary body is a part of the eye's internal structure that is located between the choroid and the iris. It is composed of muscle tissue and is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens through a process called accommodation, which allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances. Additionally, the ciliary body produces aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps to nourish the eye's internal structures. The ciliary body is also responsible for maintaining the shape and position of the lens within the eye.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Human chromosome pair 1 refers to the first pair of chromosomes in a set of 23 pairs found in the cells of the human body, excluding sex cells (sperm and eggs). Each cell in the human body, except for the gametes, contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA.

Chromosome pair 1 is the largest pair, making up about 8% of the total DNA in a cell. Each chromosome in the pair consists of two arms - a shorter p arm and a longer q arm - connected at a centromere. Chromosome 1 carries an estimated 2,000-2,500 genes, which are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins or regulating gene expression.

Defects or mutations in the genes located on chromosome 1 can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancer.

Adrenergic beta-antagonists, also known as beta blockers, are a class of medications that block the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine) on beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, lungs, and blood vessels.

Beta blockers work by binding to these receptors and preventing the activation of certain signaling pathways that lead to increased heart rate, force of heart contractions, and relaxation of blood vessels. As a result, beta blockers can lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and decrease the workload on the heart.

Beta blockers are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), heart failure, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, and certain anxiety disorders. Some common examples of beta blockers include metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, and bisoprolol.

It is important to note that while beta blockers can have many benefits, they can also cause side effects such as fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Additionally, sudden discontinuation of beta blocker therapy can lead to rebound hypertension or worsening chest pain. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a healthcare provider carefully when taking these medications.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Genetic association studies are a type of epidemiological research that aims to identify statistical associations between genetic variations and particular traits or diseases. These studies typically compare the frequency of specific genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in individuals with a given trait or disease to those without it.

The goal of genetic association studies is to identify genetic factors that contribute to the risk of developing common complex diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. By identifying these genetic associations, researchers hope to gain insights into the underlying biological mechanisms of these diseases and develop new strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

It's important to note that while genetic association studies can identify statistical associations between genetic markers and traits or diseases, they cannot prove causality. Further research is needed to confirm and validate these findings and to understand the functional consequences of the identified genetic variants.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Cloprostenol is a synthetic prostaglandin analog used primarily in veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of various conditions. The main therapeutic uses of Cloprostenol include:

1. Induction of parturition (labor) in cows, helping to synchronize calving in managed herds.
2. Termination of pregnancy in cattle, especially in cases where the fetus is nonviable or the pregnancy poses a risk to the animal's health.
3. Treatment of uterine and oviductal disorders, such as pyometra (infection of the uterus) and salpingitis (inflammation of the oviduct), in cattle and pigs.
4. Prevention of postpartum disorders, like endometritis (inflammation of the lining of the uterus) and mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands), by promoting uterine involution and improving overall reproductive performance in cattle.
5. Control of estrus (heat) in cattle, as an aid in estrous synchronization programs for artificial insemination.

Cloprostenol is available in various formulations, such as intramuscular or subcutaneous injectable solutions, and is typically administered by a veterinarian or trained personnel. It is important to note that the use of Cloprostenol and other prostaglandin analogs should be carried out under the guidance and supervision of a veterinary professional, as improper usage can lead to adverse effects or complications.

Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of multiple forms (called alleles) of a particular gene within a population. These variations in the DNA sequence do not generally affect the function or survival of the organism, but they can contribute to differences in traits among individuals. Genetic polymorphisms can be caused by single nucleotide changes (SNPs), insertions or deletions of DNA segments, or other types of genetic rearrangements. They are important for understanding genetic diversity and evolution, as well as for identifying genetic factors that may contribute to disease susceptibility in humans.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

Tomography is a medical imaging technique used to produce cross-sectional images or slices of specific areas of the body. This technique uses various forms of radiation (X-rays, gamma rays) or sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed images of the internal structures, such as organs, bones, and tissues. Common types of tomography include Computerized Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The primary advantage of tomography is its ability to provide clear and detailed images of internal structures, allowing healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.

Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.

A Molteno implant refers to a type of glaucoma drainage device used in ophthalmology to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with uncontrolled glaucoma. The device consists of a small plastic plate with a silicone tube that is implanted into the eye during a surgical procedure.

The tube creates a passage for the aqueous humor, the fluid inside the eye, to flow out of the eye and into a reservoir created by the plate, which is positioned under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye). The fluid is then absorbed by the body, reducing the IOP within the eye.

The Molteno implant is typically used in cases where other glaucoma treatments have failed, and it provides a long-term solution for managing IOP and preventing further damage to the optic nerve and visual field. It is named after Anthony Molteno, who developed the device in the 1960s.

Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP) is not primarily a medical term, but a technique that has been applied in medical research and diagnostics. It's a non-invasive method used to analyze the polarization of light as it interacts with biological tissues.

In a simpler sense, SLP uses laser light, which is polarized (meaning all the light waves vibrate in the same plane), to scan tissue. As this light interacts with the tissue, changes in the polarization of the light can occur due to various factors such as the structure and composition of the tissue. By analyzing these changes, SLP can provide information about the tissue's properties, which can be useful in the detection and diagnosis of certain medical conditions.

For example, it has been used in research related to diagnosing diseases like glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease by analyzing the polarization changes in the eye's retina and the brain's cortex, respectively. However, it's important to note that while SLP has shown promise in these areas, it is not yet widely used in clinical settings.

A laser is not a medical term per se, but a physical concept that has important applications in medicine. The term "LASER" stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." It refers to a device that produces and amplifies light with specific characteristics, such as monochromaticity (single wavelength), coherence (all waves moving in the same direction), and high intensity.

In medicine, lasers are used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, including surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, and dentistry. They can be used to cut, coagulate, or vaporize tissues with great precision, minimizing damage to surrounding structures. Additionally, lasers can be used to detect and measure physiological parameters, such as blood flow and oxygen saturation.

It's important to note that while lasers are powerful tools in medicine, they must be used by trained professionals to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Small angle scattering (SAS) in the context of medical physics refers to a technique used to study the structure of non-crystalline materials at the nanoscale. It is called "small angle" because the scattering angles are very small, typically less than a few degrees. This occurs when X-rays, neutrons, or electrons interact with a sample and are scattered in various directions. The intensity of the scattered radiation is measured as a function of the scattering angle, which provides information about the size, shape, and spatial distribution of the nanostructures within the sample. SAS can be used to study a wide range of biological and materials science samples, including proteins, polymers, colloids, and porous materials.

An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.

Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.

For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.

Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:

1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.

These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.

Acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of various materials, including biological samples. In the context of medical diagnostics and research, acoustic microscopy can be used to examine tissues, cells, and cellular components with high resolution, providing valuable information about their mechanical and physical properties.

In acoustic microscopy, high-frequency sound waves are focused onto a sample using a transducer. The interaction between the sound waves and the sample generates echoes, which contain information about the sample's internal structure and properties. These echoes are then recorded and processed to create an image of the sample.

Acoustic microscopy offers several advantages over other imaging techniques, such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy. For example, it does not require staining or labeling of samples, which can be time-consuming and potentially damaging. Additionally, acoustic microscopy can provide high-resolution images of samples in their native state, allowing researchers to study the effects of various treatments or interventions on living cells and tissues.

In summary, acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of biological samples with high resolution, providing valuable information for medical diagnostics and research.

Eye abnormalities refer to any structural or functional anomalies that affect the eye or its surrounding tissues. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as injury, disease, or aging. Some examples of eye abnormalities include:

1. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes, strabismus is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
2. Nystagmus: This is an involuntary movement of the eyes that can be horizontal, vertical, or rotatory.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss.
5. Retinal disorders: These include conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
6. Corneal abnormalities: These include conditions such as keratoconus, corneal ulcers, and Fuchs' dystrophy.
7. Orbital abnormalities: These include conditions such as orbital tumors, thyroid eye disease, and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
8. Ptosis: This is a condition where the upper eyelid droops over the eye.
9. Color blindness: A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.
10. Microphthalmia: A condition where one or both eyes are abnormally small.

These are just a few examples of eye abnormalities, and there are many others that can affect the eye and its functioning. If you suspect that you have an eye abnormality, it is important to consult with an ophthalmologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A LOD (Logarithm of Odds) score is not a medical term per se, but rather a statistical concept that is used in genetic research and linkage analysis to determine the likelihood of a gene or genetic marker being linked to a particular disease or trait. The LOD score compares the odds of observing the pattern of inheritance of a genetic marker in a family if the marker is linked to the disease, versus the odds if the marker is not linked. A LOD score of 3 or higher is generally considered evidence for linkage, while a score of -2 or lower is considered evidence against linkage.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a medical test used to evaluate the functioning of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The test measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation.

During the procedure, a special contact lens or electrode is placed on the surface of the eye to record the electrical activity generated by the retina's light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other cells in the retina. The test typically involves presenting different levels of flashes of light to the eye while the electrical responses are recorded.

The resulting ERG waveform provides information about the overall health and function of the retina, including the condition of the photoreceptors, the integrity of the inner retinal layers, and the health of the retinal ganglion cells. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

A scotoma is a blind spot or area of reduced vision within the visual field. It's often surrounded by an area of less distinct vision and can be caused by various conditions such as eye diseases, neurological disorders, or brain injuries. A scotoma may be temporary or permanent, depending on its underlying cause.

There are different types of scotomas, including:

1. Central scotoma - a blind spot in the center of the visual field, often associated with conditions like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
2. Paracentral scotoma - a blind spot located slightly away from the center of the visual field, which can be caused by optic neuritis or other optic nerve disorders.
3. Peripheral scotoma - a blind spot in the peripheral vision, often associated with retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa.
4. Absolute scotoma - a complete loss of vision in a specific area of the visual field.
5. Relative scotoma - a partial loss of vision in which some details can still be perceived, but not as clearly or vividly as in normal vision.

It is essential to consult an eye care professional if you experience any changes in your vision or notice a scotoma, as early detection and treatment can help prevent further vision loss.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Optic atrophy is a medical term that refers to the degeneration and shrinkage (atrophy) of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various vision abnormalities, including loss of visual acuity, color vision deficiencies, and peripheral vision loss.

Optic atrophy can occur due to a variety of causes, such as:

* Traumatic injuries to the eye or optic nerve
* Glaucoma
* Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
* Ischemic optic neuropathy (reduced blood flow to the optic nerve)
* Compression or swelling of the optic nerve
* Hereditary or congenital conditions affecting the optic nerve
* Toxins and certain medications that can damage the optic nerve.

The diagnosis of optic atrophy typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, refraction assessment, slit-lamp examination, and dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate the health of the optic nerve. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

There is no specific treatment for optic atrophy, but addressing the underlying cause can help prevent further damage to the optic nerve. In some cases, vision rehabilitation may be recommended to help patients adapt to their visual impairment.

A pupil, in medical terms, refers to the circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and reach the retina. The size of the pupil can change involuntarily in response to light intensity and emotional state, as well as voluntarily through certain eye exercises or with the use of eye drops. Pupillary reactions are important in clinical examinations as they can provide valuable information about the nervous system's functioning, particularly the brainstem and cranial nerves II and III.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a type of dental malocclusion where the misalignment of teeth is not severe enough to affect the overall function or appearance of the bite significantly. Named after Edward Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics, this classification indicates that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is aligned with the buccal groove of the lower first molar. Although the bite appears normal, there might be crowding, spacing, or rotations present in the teeth, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and potential periodontal issues if left untreated.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Aphakia, postcataract is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye after cataract surgery. A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss. During cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens implant. However, if there is a complication during the procedure and the artificial lens is not placed in the eye or if it becomes dislocated after surgery, then the patient will develop aphakia, postcataract.

Patients with aphakia, postcataract have poor vision and may experience symptoms such as blurry vision, glare, and halos around lights. They are also at an increased risk of developing glaucoma and retinal detachment. To correct the vision in patients with aphakia, they can wear special contact lenses or glasses with high-powered lenses, or undergo a secondary surgical procedure to implant an artificial lens in the eye.

Ophthalmic administration refers to the application or delivery of medications directly into the eye or on the surface of the eye. This route is commonly used for treating various eye conditions such as infections, inflammation, or glaucoma. The medication can be administered in several ways, including:

1. Eye drops: A liquid solution that is instilled into the lower conjunctival sac (the space between the eyeball and the lower eyelid) using a dropper. The patient should be advised to tilt their head back, look up, and pull down the lower eyelid to create a pocket for the drop.
2. Eye ointment: A semi-solid preparation that is applied to the lower conjunctival sac or the edge of the eyelid using a small tube or applicator. Ointments provide a longer contact time with the eye surface compared to eye drops, making them suitable for nighttime use or treating conditions that require prolonged medication exposure.
3. Eye inserts or pellets: Slow-release devices that contain medications and are placed either in the conjunctival sac or on the surface of the eye. These inserts gradually dissolve, releasing the active ingredient over an extended period.
4. Eye patches or bandages: In some cases, medication may be applied to an eye patch or bandage, which is then placed over the affected eye. This method is less common and typically used when other forms of administration are not feasible.

When administering ophthalmic medications, it's essential to follow proper techniques to ensure the correct dosage reaches the target area and minimize systemic absorption. Patients should also be advised about potential side effects, precautions, and storage requirements for their specific medication.

A pupil disorder refers to any abnormality or condition affecting the size, shape, or reactivity of the pupils, the circular black openings in the center of the eyes through which light enters. The pupil's primary function is to regulate the amount of light that reaches the retina, adjusting its size accordingly.

There are several types of pupil disorders, including:

1. Anisocoria: A condition characterized by unequal pupil sizes in either one or both eyes. This may be caused by various factors, such as nerve damage, trauma, inflammation, or medication side effects.

2. Horner's syndrome: A neurological disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system, resulting in a smaller pupil (miosis), partial eyelid droop (ptosis), and decreased sweating (anhidrosis) on the same side of the face. It is caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve pathway.

3. Adie's tonic pupil: A condition characterized by a dilated, poorly reactive pupil due to damage to the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves. This disorder usually affects one eye and may be associated with decreased deep tendon reflexes in the affected limbs.

4. Argyll Robertson pupil: A condition where the pupils are small, irregularly shaped, and do not react to light but constrict when focusing on nearby objects (accommodation). This disorder is often associated with neurosyphilis or other brainstem disorders.

5. Pupillary dilation: Abnormally dilated pupils can be a sign of various conditions, such as drug use (e.g., atropine, cocaine), brainstem injury, Adie's tonic pupil, or oculomotor nerve palsy.

6. Pupillary constriction: Abnormally constricted pupils can be a sign of various conditions, such as Horner's syndrome, Argyll Robertson pupil, drug use (e.g., opioids, pilocarpine), or oculomotor nerve palsy.

7. Light-near dissociation: A condition where the pupils do not react to light but constrict when focusing on nearby objects. This can be seen in Argyll Robertson pupil and Adie's tonic pupil.

Prompt evaluation by an ophthalmologist or neurologist is necessary for accurate diagnosis and management of these conditions.

## I am not aware of any medical definition for "Barbados."

Barbados is an island country located in the Caribbean region of North America. It is the easternmost island in the Lesser Antilles and is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the Caribbean Sea. The capital and largest city is Bridgetown.

The population of Barbados is approximately 287,000 people, and the official language is English. The country has a tropical climate with two main seasons: the dry season from December to May and the wet season from June to November.

Barbados is known for its beautiful beaches, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant culture. It is also famous for its rum, which is produced from sugarcane grown on the island. The country has a rich history, with influences from Africa, the Americas, and Europe.

In terms of medical care, Barbados has a well-developed healthcare system, with both public and private hospitals and clinics available. The country has a life expectancy of around 75 years, which is higher than the average for Latin America and the Caribbean. However, there are still challenges related to noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Corneal pachymetry is a medical measurement of the thickness of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This measurement is typically taken using a specialized instrument called a pachymeter. The procedure is quick, painless, and non-invasive.

Corneal pachymetry is an essential test in optometry and ophthalmology for various reasons. For instance, it helps assess the overall health of the cornea, identify potential abnormalities or diseases, and determine the correct intraocular lens power during cataract surgery. Additionally, corneal thickness is a crucial factor in determining a person's risk for developing glaucoma and monitoring the progression of the disease.

In some cases, such as with contact lens fitting, corneal pachymetry can help ensure proper fit and minimize potential complications. Overall, corneal pachymetry is an essential diagnostic tool in eye care that provides valuable information for maintaining eye health and ensuring appropriate treatment.

Mydriatics are medications that cause mydriasis, which is the dilation of the pupil. These drugs work by blocking the action of the muscarinic receptors in the iris, leading to relaxation of the circular muscle and constriction of the radial muscle, resulting in pupil dilation. Mydriatics are often used in eye examinations to facilitate examination of the interior structures of the eye. Commonly used mydriatic agents include tropicamide, phenylephrine, and cyclopentolate. It is important to note that mydriatics can have side effects such as blurred vision, photophobia, and accommodation difficulties, so patients should be advised accordingly.

The ophthalmic artery is the first branch of the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the eye and its adnexa. It divides into several branches that provide oxygenated blood to various structures within the eye, including the retina, optic nerve, choroid, iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Any blockage or damage to the ophthalmic artery can lead to serious vision problems or even blindness.

Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.

Mitomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces caespitosus. It is primarily used in cancer chemotherapy, particularly in the treatment of various carcinomas including gastrointestinal tract malignancies and breast cancer. Mitomycin works by forming cross-links in DNA, thereby inhibiting its replication and transcription, which ultimately leads to cell death.

In addition to its systemic use, mitomycin is also used topically in ophthalmology for the treatment of certain eye conditions such as glaucoma and various ocular surface disorders. The topical application of mitomycin can help reduce scarring and fibrosis by inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts.

It's important to note that mitomycin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning there is only a small range between an effective dose and a toxic one. Therefore, its use should be closely monitored to minimize side effects, which can include myelosuppression, mucositis, alopecia, and potential secondary malignancies.

Aphakia is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye. This can occur naturally, but it's most commonly the result of surgery to remove a cataract, a cloudy lens that can cause vision loss. In some cases, the lens may not be successfully removed or may be accidentally lost during surgery, leading to aphakia. People with aphakia typically have significant vision problems and may require corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant to improve their vision.

Ciliary arteries are a type of ocular (eye) artery that originate from the posterior ciliary and muscular arteries. They supply blood to the ciliary body, choroid, and iris of the eye. The ciliary body is a part of the eye that contains muscles responsible for accommodation (the ability to focus on objects at different distances). The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is a type of bone injury in which the bone breaks and penetrates through the skin, creating an open wound. This condition exposes the fractured bone to the external environment, increasing the risk of infection and complicating the healing process. Open fractures can result from high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falls from significant heights, or industrial incidents. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper treatment and prevention of infection.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Laser coagulation, also known as laser photocoagulation, is a medical procedure that uses a laser to seal or destroy abnormal blood vessels or tissue. The laser produces a concentrated beam of light that can be precisely focused on the target area. When the laser energy is absorbed by the tissue, it causes the temperature to rise, which leads to coagulation (the formation of a clot) or destruction of the tissue.

In ophthalmology, laser coagulation is commonly used to treat conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal tears or holes. The procedure can help to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce fluid leakage, and prevent further vision loss. It is usually performed as an outpatient procedure and may be repeated if necessary.

In other medical specialties, laser coagulation may be used to control bleeding, destroy tumors, or remove unwanted tissue. The specific technique and parameters of the laser treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the condition being treated.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

Birefringence is a property of certain materials, such as crystals and some plastics, to split a beam of light into two separate beams with different polarization states and refractive indices when the light passes through the material. This phenomenon arises due to the anisotropic structure of these materials, where their physical properties vary depending on the direction of measurement.

When a unpolarized or partially polarized light beam enters a birefringent material, it gets separated into two orthogonally polarized beams called the ordinary and extraordinary rays. These rays propagate through the material at different speeds due to their distinct refractive indices, resulting in a phase delay between them. Upon exiting the material, the recombination of these two beams can produce various optical effects, such as double refraction or interference patterns, depending on the thickness and orientation of the birefringent material and the polarization state of the incident light.

Birefringence has numerous applications in optics, including waveplates, polarizing filters, stress analysis, and microscopy techniques like phase contrast and differential interference contrast imaging.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

Phacoemulsification is a surgical procedure used in cataract removal. It involves using an ultrasonic device to emulsify (break up) the cloudy lens (cataract) into small pieces, which are then aspirated or sucked out through a small incision. This procedure allows for smaller incisions and faster recovery times compared to traditional cataract surgery methods. After the cataract is removed, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is typically implanted to replace the natural lens and restore vision.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Vision screening is a quick and cost-effective method used to identify individuals who are at risk of vision problems or eye diseases. It is not a comprehensive eye examination, but rather an initial evaluation that helps to determine if a further, more in-depth examination by an eye care professional is needed. Vision screenings typically involve tests for visual acuity, distance and near vision, color perception, depth perception, and alignment of the eyes. The goal of vision screening is to detect potential vision issues early on, so that they can be treated promptly and effectively, thereby preventing or minimizing any negative impact on a person's overall vision and quality of life.

A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graphical representation used in medical decision-making and statistical analysis to illustrate the performance of a binary classifier system, such as a diagnostic test or a machine learning algorithm. It's a plot that shows the tradeoff between the true positive rate (sensitivity) and the false positive rate (1 - specificity) for different threshold settings.

The x-axis of an ROC curve represents the false positive rate (the proportion of negative cases incorrectly classified as positive), while the y-axis represents the true positive rate (the proportion of positive cases correctly classified as positive). Each point on the curve corresponds to a specific decision threshold, with higher points indicating better performance.

The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is a commonly used summary measure that reflects the overall performance of the classifier. An AUC value of 1 indicates perfect discrimination between positive and negative cases, while an AUC value of 0.5 suggests that the classifier performs no better than chance.

ROC curves are widely used in healthcare to evaluate diagnostic tests, predictive models, and screening tools for various medical conditions, helping clinicians make informed decisions about patient care based on the balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

Microsatellite repeats, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), are repetitive DNA sequences made up of units of 1-6 base pairs that are repeated in a head-to-tail manner. These repeats are spread throughout the human genome and are highly polymorphic, meaning they can have different numbers of repeat units in different individuals.

Microsatellites are useful as genetic markers because of their high degree of variability. They are commonly used in forensic science to identify individuals, in genealogy to trace ancestry, and in medical research to study genetic diseases and disorders. Mutations in microsatellite repeats have been associated with various neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome.

Low vision is a term used to describe significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery. It is typically defined as visual acuity of less than 20/70 in the better-seeing eye after best correction, or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in the better-seeing eye.

People with low vision may have difficulty performing everyday tasks such as reading, recognizing faces, watching television, driving, or simply navigating their environment. They may also experience symptoms such as sensitivity to light, glare, or contrast, and may benefit from the use of visual aids, assistive devices, and rehabilitation services to help them maximize their remaining vision and maintain their independence.

Low vision can result from a variety of causes, including eye diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or cataracts, as well as congenital or inherited conditions, brain injuries, or aging. It is important for individuals with low vision to receive regular eye examinations and consult with a low vision specialist to determine the best course of treatment and management.

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.

There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.

Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.

There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.

Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is a type of corneal transplant surgery where the entire thickness of the host's damaged or diseased cornea is removed and replaced with a similar full-thickness portion of a healthy donor's cornea. The procedure aims to restore visual function, alleviate pain, and improve the structural integrity of the eye. It is typically performed for conditions such as severe keratoconus, corneal scarring, or corneal ulcers that cannot be treated with other, less invasive methods. Following the surgery, patients may require extended recovery time and rigorous postoperative care to minimize the risk of complications and ensure optimal visual outcomes.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Pharmaceutical preservatives are substances that are added to medications, pharmaceutical products, or biological specimens to prevent degradation, contamination, or spoilage caused by microbial growth, chemical reactions, or environmental factors. These preservatives help extend the shelf life and ensure the stability, safety, and efficacy of the pharmaceutical formulation during storage and use.

Commonly used pharmaceutical preservatives include:

1. Antimicrobials: These are further classified into antifungals (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, thimerosal), antibacterials (e.g., parabens, phenol, benzyl alcohol), and antivirals (e.g., phenolic compounds). They work by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
2. Antioxidants: These substances prevent or slow down oxidation reactions that can degrade pharmaceutical products. Examples include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols (vitamin E), sulfites, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
3. Chelating agents: These bind to metal ions that can catalyze degradation reactions in pharmaceutical products. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an example of a chelating agent used in pharmaceuticals.

The choice of preservative depends on the type of formulation, route of administration, and desired shelf life. The concentration of the preservative should be optimized to maintain product stability while minimizing potential toxicity or adverse effects. It is essential to conduct thorough safety and compatibility studies before incorporating any preservative into a pharmaceutical formulation.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.

The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.

Malocclusion, Angle Class III is a type of orthodontic problem characterized by a misalignment of the teeth and jaws. This classification was first described by Edward Angle, an American dentist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In Class III malocclusion, the lower jaw (mandible) protrudes forward beyond the upper jaw (maxilla), resulting in a misaligned bite.

In this condition, the lower front teeth are positioned in front of the upper front teeth when the jaws are closed. This can lead to various dental and skeletal problems, such as abnormal tooth wear, difficulty in chewing and speaking, and aesthetic concerns. Class III malocclusion can be mild, moderate, or severe and may require orthodontic treatment, including braces, appliances, or even surgery, to correct the problem.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

A Retinal Vein is a vessel that carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the retina, a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retinal veins originate from a network of smaller vessels called venules and ultimately merge to form the central retinal vein, which exits the eye through the optic nerve.

Retinal veins are crucial for maintaining the health and function of the retina, as they facilitate the removal of waste products and help regulate the ocular environment. However, they can also be susceptible to various pathological conditions such as retinal vein occlusions, which can lead to vision loss or damage to the eye.

Lens subluxation, also known as lens dislocation or ectopia lentis, is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes partially or completely displaced from its normal position. The lens is held in place by tiny fibers called zonules, which can become weakened or broken due to various reasons such as genetic disorders (like Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, and Weill-Marchesani syndrome), trauma, inflammation, or cataract surgery complications. This displacement can lead to symptoms like blurry vision, double vision, sensitivity to light, or the appearance of a shadow in the peripheral vision. In some cases, lens subluxation may not cause any noticeable symptoms and can be discovered during routine eye examinations. Treatment options depend on the severity and underlying cause of the subluxation and may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgical intervention to remove and replace the displaced lens with an intraocular lens (IOL).

An open bite, in dental terminology, refers to a type of malocclusion (or misalignment) where the upper and lower teeth do not make contact with each other when the jaw is closed. More specifically, the front teeth of both the upper and lower jaws fail to meet or overlap normally, creating an opening in the bite. This condition can lead to various problems such as difficulty in biting, chewing, speaking clearly, and even cause temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Open bite can be caused by several factors including thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, genetic factors, or abnormal jaw development. Treatment usually involves orthodontic intervention, possibly with the use of appliances or even surgery in severe cases.

The blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) is a specialized structure in the eye that helps regulate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the bloodstream and the anterior chamber of the eye. It is composed of two main components: the nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body and the endothelial cells of the iris vasculature.

The nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body form a tight junction that separates the anterior chamber from the ciliary blood vessels, while the endothelial cells lining the iris blood vessels also have tight junctions that restrict the movement of molecules between the blood and the anterior chamber.

The BAB helps maintain the homeostasis of the anterior chamber by controlling the entry of immune cells and preventing the passage of large molecules, toxins, and pathogens from the bloodstream into the eye. Dysfunction of the BAB can lead to various ocular diseases such as uveitis, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Eye enucleation is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire eyeball, leaving the eye muscles, eyelids, and orbital structures intact. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe eye conditions or injuries, such as uncontrollable pain, blindness, cancer, or trauma. After the eyeball is removed, an implant may be placed in the socket to help maintain its shape and appearance. The optic nerve and other surrounding tissues are cut during the enucleation procedure, which means that vision cannot be restored in the affected eye. However, the remaining eye structures can still function normally, allowing for regular blinking, tear production, and eyelid movement.

Axial length, in the context of the eye, refers to the measurement of the distance between the front and back portions of the eye, specifically from the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) to the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). This measurement is typically expressed in millimeters (mm).

The axial length of the eye is an important factor in determining the overall refractive power of the eye and can play a role in the development of various eye conditions, such as myopia (nearsightedness) or hyperopia (farsightedness). Changes in axial length, particularly elongation, are often associated with an increased risk of developing myopia. Regular monitoring of axial length can help eye care professionals track changes in the eye and manage these conditions more effectively.

Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to distinguish between an object and its background based on differences in contrast, rather than differences in luminance. Contrast refers to the difference in light intensity between an object and its immediate surroundings. Contrast sensitivity is typically measured using specially designed charts that have patterns of parallel lines with varying widths and contrast levels.

In clinical settings, contrast sensitivity is often assessed as part of a comprehensive visual examination. Poor contrast sensitivity can affect a person's ability to perform tasks such as reading, driving, or distinguishing objects from their background, especially in low-light conditions. Reduced contrast sensitivity is a common symptom of various eye conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

"Rats, Inbred BN" are a strain of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been inbred for many generations to maintain a high level of genetic consistency and uniformity within the strain. The "BN" designation refers to the place where they were first developed, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia).

These rats are often used in biomedical research because their genetic homogeneity makes them useful for studying the effects of specific genes or environmental factors on health and disease. They have been widely used as a model organism to study various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including hypertension, kidney function, immunology, and neuroscience.

Inbred BN rats are known for their low renin-angiotensin system activity, which makes them a useful model for studying hypertension and related disorders. They also have a unique sensitivity to dietary protein, making them a valuable tool for studying the relationship between diet and kidney function.

Overall, Inbred BN rats are an important tool in biomedical research, providing researchers with a consistent and well-characterized model organism for studying various aspects of human health and disease.

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLC1I gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center ... "Entrez Gene: Glaucoma 1, open angle, I". Retrieved 2018-02-02. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Gene ...
... is primarily categorized as either open-angle or closed-angle (or angle-closure). In open-angle glaucoma, the iris ... Primary open-angle glaucoma, also known as chronic open-angle glaucoma, chronic simple glaucoma, glaucoma simplex High-tension ... Chronic angle closure glaucoma Intermittent angle closure glaucoma Superimposed on chronic open-angle closure glaucoma (" ... Unlike open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma is a result of the closing of the angle between the iris and cornea. This ...
... for open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (2): CD012741. doi: ... Le JT, Bicket AK, Wang L, Li T (March 2019). "Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open-angle glaucoma". The ... The Hydrus Microstent is an implantable MIGS device for the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma; implantation of this ... "Trabecular stent bypass microsurgery for open angle glaucoma , Guidance , NICE". www.nice.org.uk. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2020- ...
Stephanie Mroczkowska, Alexandra Benavente-Perez et al.: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma vs Normal-Tension Glaucoma. JAMA ... in Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and in secondary glaucoma), small hemorrhages close to the optic disc have been ... It is now widely estimated that a larger percentage of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are suffering from ... that shows all the characteristics of primary open angle glaucoma except one: the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) - the ...
LTP is used in the treatment of various open-angle glaucomas. The two types of laser trabeculoplasty are argon laser ... Epstein DL, Melamed S, Puliafto CA, Steinert RF (July 1985). "Neodymium: YAG laser trabeculopuncture in open-angle glaucoma". ... Glaucoma Research Foundation - SLT: A New Type of Glaucoma Surgery "Review of Ophthalmology: SLT for Glaucoma Threapy" Archived ... "Glaucoma Service Foundation to Prevent Blindness: Glaucoma Education: Cyclocryotherapy for Endstage Glaucoma". Archived from ...
... open angle, 1O; 613100; NTF4 Glaucoma 1, open angle, E; 137760; OPTN Glaucoma 1, open angle, G; 609887; WDR36 Glaucoma 1A, ... primary open angle, juvenile-onset; 137750; MYOC Glaucoma 1B, primary open angle, adult onset; 137760; GLC1B Glaucoma 3, ... CYP1B1 Glaucoma, primary open angle, adult-onset; 137760; CYP1B1 Glaucoma, primary open angle, juvenile-onset; 137750; CYP1B1 ... PITX2 Iris hypoplasia and glaucoma; 601631; FOXC1 Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia; 206200; TMPRSS6 Isobutyryl-coenzyme A ...
... may play a role in normal-tension glaucoma and adult-onset primary open angle glaucoma. Optineurin interacts with ... "The association between Japanese primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma patients and the optineurin gene". ... Sarfarazi M, Rezaie T (December 2003). "Optineurin in primary open angle glaucoma". Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 16 ... "Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin". Science. 295 (5557): 1077-9. Bibcode:2002Sci... ...
There are two main types; open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. The loss of RGCs (retinal ganglion cells) and their axons ... Fu Q, So K (2015). "Chapter 17 - Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma by Blocking LINGO-1 Function or Using a ... Elevated IOP (intraocular pressure) has been identified as the etiology of glaucoma which causes neural RCG degeneration in the ... In conclusion BII033 may provide an attractive therapeutic strategy to promote neuroprotection in glaucoma. Blocking the ...
"Medical interventions for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ... agonists Hyperosmotic agents Nitric oxide donators Rho kinase inhibitors When comparing people with primary open-angle glaucoma ... Glaucoma medication is divided into groups based on chemical structure and pharmacologic action. The goal of currently ... This more aggressive target is meant to minimize the risk of progressive glaucoma damage and vision loss. Once the optic nerve ...
The angle of anterior chamber is seen open with gonioscopy. If the increased intraocular pressure is uncontrolled, it may lead ... Ghost cell glaucoma (GCG) is a type of secondary glaucoma occurs due to long standing vitreous hemorrhage. The rigid and less ... described Ghost cell glaucoma in 1976. Campbell and Grant described the condition and given the name ghost cell glaucoma. ... "Ghost Cell Glaucoma - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-06-04. Themes, U. F. ...
"Postural stability in primary open angle glaucoma". Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 33 (3): 264-73. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005. ... Journal of Vision - An online, open access journal of vision science. i-Perception - An online, open access journal of ... Glaucoma is a type of blindness that begins at the edge of the visual field and progresses inward. It may result in tunnel ... This effect has been seen in research involving elderly subjects when compared to young controls, in glaucoma patients compared ...
November 2016). "CARD10 enriched in primary open-angle glaucoma". Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 4 (6): 624-633. doi: ... and there is a SNP in CARD10 associated to glaucoma. Staal J, Driege Y, Haegman M, Borghi A, Hulpiau P, Lievens L, et al. (2018 ...
Primary congenital glaucomas most commonly occur sporadically. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is typically an autosomal dominant ... True congenital glaucoma, infantile glaucoma and juvenile glaucoma together constitute the primary congenital glaucomas. The ... Juvenile open-angle glaucoma: 22-year-old Caucasian female referred in 1990 for evaluation of elevated intraocular pressure ( ... Turalba AV, Chen TC (2008). "Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Primary Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma (JOAG)". ...
2005) Postural Stability in primary open angle glaucoma. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 33, 264-273 "Lost Eye" - ... If one subtends a larger visual angle on the retina than the other, the object which subtends the larger visual angle appears ... This prior knowledge can be combined with information about the angle it subtends on the retina to determine the absolute depth ... Familiar size - Since the visual angle of an object projected onto the retina decreases with distance, this information can be ...
This includes ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma. It is applied as eye drops to the eyes. Onset of effects is usually ... In the United States, latanoprost is indicated for patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension to reduce ... A review of its pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma ... including open-angle glaucoma, treatment with latanoprost reduced IOP levels by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months' treatment. ...
This helps reduce intraocular pressure caused by open-angle glaucoma. The LiGHT trial compared the effectiveness of eye drops ... and selective laser trabeculoplasty for open angle glaucoma. Both contributed to a similar quality of life but most people ... PMID 30862377.; Lay summary in: "A laser eye procedure can be effective and safe if used early as treatment for glaucoma". NIHR ... Trabeculoplasty is a laser treatment for glaucoma. It is done on an argon laser equipped slit lamp, using a Goldmann gonioscope ...
Open angle glaucoma, Iridocyclitis etc. are known local causes. Near vision will be blurred, and asthenopic symptoms like head ...
Croxtall JD, Scott LJ (2009). "Brinzolamide/timolol: in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension". Drugs & Aging. 26 (5): ... Use for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and raised intraocular pressure due to either excess aqueous humor production or ... this may alleviate the effects of open-angle glaucoma. The recommended frequency for topical application is two times per day. ... is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular ...
It may be used long term for the treatment of open angle glaucoma and short term for acute angle closure glaucoma until surgery ... Acetazolamide is used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is able to decrease ocular ... It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, drug-induced edema, heart failure-induced edema, epilepsy and in reducing intraocular ... Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox among others, is a medication used to treat glaucoma, epilepsy, altitude ...
Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, low-tension glaucoma, and refraction. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100(9):1464-7. Blondeau P ... Optic Disk and Visual Field Correlations in Primary Open-angle and Low-Tension Glaucoma. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1983 ... Angle-Closure Glaucoma Secondary to Ciliary Body Swelling, Archives of Ophthalmology 1974;92(4):287-290. Mansour F. Armaly, " ... Angle-Closure Glaucoma Following Scleral Buckling Operations. Transactions - American Academy of Ophthalmology and ...
The least common type of glaucoma in dogs is primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), although this is the most common type that ... In dogs, most forms of primary glaucoma are the result of a collapsed filtration angle, or closed angle glaucoma. Glaucoma ... Chow Chow Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): Beagle, Norwegian Elkhound. Secondary glaucoma: Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Rhodesian ... Some breeds have increased risk of certain types of glaucoma: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG): Most commonly affected: ...
"A prospective randomised trial of trabeculectomy using mitomycin C vs an ologen implant in open angle glaucoma". Eye. 24 (9): ... "Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with Trabectome for open-angle glaucoma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ... trial which investigated if eye drops or trabeculectomy is more effective in treating advanced primary open-angle glaucoma. ... Trabeculectomy is the most common invasive glaucoma surgery. It is highly effective in the treatment of advanced glaucoma as ...
First research center to discover the gene for open-angle glaucoma. First hospital in the world to use robotic surgery for ... This hospital had two open wards for both men and women, four private rooms, and a surgical amphitheater. Dr. Peck convinced ... This arrangement lasted until 1885, when the Sisters moved to a nearby vacant mission and opened Mercy Hospital one year later ... The new UI Stead Family Children's Hospital building opened in February 2017 and includes more than 170 pediatric doctors, ...
This causes buphthalmos and glaucoma. Glaucoma may be related to drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. This is mostly related ... On the inside of the canal, nearest to the aqueous humor, it is covered and held open by the trabecular meshwork. This creates ... Enlarged general view of the iridial angle. (Labeled with older label of 'sinus venosus scleræ' at center top.) Intraocular ... By opening Schlemm's canal, the pressure inside the eye is relieved. Schlemm's canal and episcleral lymphatic vasculature ...
... or Lens related glaucomas are either open-angle or closed-angle glaucomas that can occur due to a ... The angle-closure glaucoma can be caused by a swollen or dislocated lens. The open-angle glaucoma can be caused by leakage of ... and other typical signs and symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma in the eye may lead to a diagnosis of phacomorphic glaucoma. ... Phacolytic glaucoma is a type of secondary glaucoma caused by the leakage of lens material through the capsule of a mature ...
"Evidence for RPGRIP1 gene as risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (4): 445-51. ... Biology Open. 1 (2): 140-60. doi:10.1242/bio.2011489. PMC 3507198. PMID 23213406. PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the ... syndrome and in the eye disease glaucoma. RPGRIP1 has been shown to interact with Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator. ...
2007). "Novel LMX1B mutation in familial nail-patella syndrome with variable expression of open angle glaucoma". Mol. Vis. 13: ... 2009). "Genetic risk for primary open-angle glaucoma determined by LMX1B haplotypes". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50 (4): ...
... is used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma. Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma ... is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma. Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma ... Xu L, Wang X, Wu M (February 2017). "Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma". The Cochrane Database of ...
On the other hand, bupropion may decrease the risk of development of open angle glaucoma. Bupropion use by mothers in the first ... The prescribing information warns about bupropion triggering an angle-closure glaucoma attack. ... Brustolim D, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Kast RE, Altschuler EL, Soares MB (June 2006). "A new chapter opens in anti-inflammatory ... an open-label study". Psychiatry Investig. 12 (1): 142-5. doi:10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.142. PMC 4310912. PMID 25670957. Cámara- ...
There have also been reports of secondary open-angle glaucoma related to methylhexanamine supplementation. A 2012 review by a ... Balas M, Mathew DJ (March 2023). "Secondary open-angle glaucoma in a young male related to dimethylamylamine supplementation". ... accepted a nine-month suspension after testing positive for the drug in a urine sample from December 2012 at the American Open ...
The most frequent form of glaucoma is open-angle however closed-angle glaucoma may also occur. Congenital onset glaucoma is ... The two most common ocular manifestations include glaucoma and choroidal hemagioma. Glaucoma is estimated to occur in 30-70% ... It is classically characterized by a facial port-wine stain in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, glaucoma and ... They are usually asymptomatic but they may become thickened overtime and may be associated with an increased risk for glaucoma ...
Glaucoma 1, open angle, I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLC1I gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center ... "Entrez Gene: Glaucoma 1, open angle, I". Retrieved 2018-02-02. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Gene ...
The iStent ab interno device (Glaukos Corp.) is indicated for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and improves outflow by ... NEW ORLEANS - For patients with open-angle glaucoma, the addition of a trabecular implantable stent to phacoemulsification ... Cite this: Stents Reduce Need for Open-Angle Glaucoma Meds - Medscape - May 08, 2016. ...
The word glaucoma came from the ancient Greek word glaucosis, meaning clouded or blue-green hue, most likely describing a ... The definition of glaucoma has changed drastically since its introduction around the time of Hippocrates (approximately 400 BC ... Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is glaucoma in the presence of open anterior chamber angles. It manifests by cupping of the ... encoded search term (Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)) and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Open-angle Glaucoma. (Chronic Glaucoma; Primary Open-angle Glaucoma, POAG, Glaucoma). by Amy Scholten, MPH ... T114157/Primary-open-angle-glaucoma: Wang S, Liu Y, et al. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for open angle glaucoma: A ... Primary open-angle glaucoma. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/primary-open-angle-glaucoma ... T919533/Surgical-procedures-for-primary-open-angle-glaucoma: Manasses DT, Au L. The new era of glaucoma micro-stent surgery. ...
These results support the importance of the genetic or familial basis of many glaucoma cases and highlight the need to develop ... Prevalence and predictors of open-angle glaucoma: results from the visual impairment project Ophthalmology. 2001 Nov;108(11): ... Purpose: To determine the prevalence and investigate predictors of open-angle glaucoma in Victoria, Australia. ... the strongest risk factor for glaucoma was a positive family history of glaucoma (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6, 5.3). Glaucoma ...
These 2 calculators estimate the 5-year risk that an person with ocular hypertension will develop primary open-angle glaucoma. ... A Validated Prediction Model for the Development of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Individuals with Ocular Hypertension. ... 2 calculators estimate the 5-year risk that a person with ocular hypertension will develop primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). ... Clinical Decision-Making Algorithms for Glaucoma. Glaucoma Education Center, ONE Network, American Academy of Ophthalmology. ...
Open-angle glaucoma is a common, serious eye problem. The insides of your eyes make fluid. When this fluid doesnt drain out, ... Open-angle glaucoma is a common, serious eye problem. The insides of your eyes make fluid. When this fluid doesnt drain out, ... Open-angle glaucoma usually affects older people. About 2.5 million Americans have it, but half of these people dont know it. ... If you have glaucoma, the optic nerve often looks abnormal. Your doctor also may check your vision and measure the pressure ...
This video provides an introduction to open-angle glaucoma. ... Primary open-angle glaucoma occurs due to a deeper issue that ... Primary open-angle glaucoma occurs when the drainage channels are open, but do not drain fluid properly. In order to maintain a ... In most cases, glaucoma is caused by increased pressure in the eye. In a healthy eye a balance exists between the fluid ... Glaucoma Research Foundation • 251 Post Street, Suite 600 • San Francisco, CA 94108 • 415-986-3162 Send us an email ...
... or open-angle glaucoma (OAG). ,i ,Methods,/i,. Eligible subjects underwent a complete history and examination. Adjusted odds ... E. S. Perkins and C. D. Phelps, "Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, low-tension glaucoma, and refraction," Archives of ... In OAG most had primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, 202/292, 69.2%). Other diagnoses included normal tension glaucoma (65/292, ... "Open-angle glaucoma and systemic hypertension: the Blue Mountains Eye Study," Journal of Glaucoma, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 319-326 ...
... anatomic details of the drainage angle of the eye as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG ... Aqueous humor TGF-β2 levels in patients with open-angle glaucoma: A meta-analysis. Puneet Agarwal,1 Aqil Mohammad Daher,2 Renu ... Hence, comparison of the aqueous humor TGF-β2 level between patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and controls would provide ... high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Exfoliation glaucoma (EXG) is a type of secondary glaucoma. ...
Polymorphism in the TNF-α(−863) locus associated with reduced risk of primary open angle glaucoma Chun-Yuan Wang,1,2,3,4,5 Ying ... High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimers disease. J Neurol Sci. 2006; 246:79-83. [PMID: ... Association of E-cadherin gene 3′-UTR C/T polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res. 2006; 38:44-8. [PMID: ... Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in aqueous humor of primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011; 5:553-6. [ ...
Novel TIGR/MYOC mutations in families with juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma. ... Novel TIGR/MYOC mutations in families with juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma. ... has recently been shown to cause juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma (JOAG). In this study, we identified two new ... However, it is still possible that mutations either in the TIGR promoter or in another neighbouring gene could cause glaucoma ...
High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimers disease. J Neurol Sci 2006;246:79-83. ... Is there a link between open-angle glaucoma and dementia?: the Three-City-Alienor Cohort. Ann Neurol 2013;74:171-9. ... Vascular tone pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2014;28:662-71. ... Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129:767-72. ...
Associations between primary open angle glaucoma, Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia: record linkage study ... Associations between primary open angle glaucoma, Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia: record linkage study ...
Charles Bonnet Syndrome, Open-angle glaucoma, Visual field loss, Visual hallucinations. in Ophthalmology Glaucoma. volume. 5. ... Ophthalmology Glaucoma}}, title = {{Charles Bonnet Syndrome in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma : Prevalence and Correlation ... Charles Bonnet Syndrome in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma : Prevalence and Correlation to Visual Field Loss. *Mark ... in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants: Adult patients (n = 337) ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ... Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ... Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ... Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from BMJ Open Message body: (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the ...
Differential Expression of Matricellular Protein Osteopontin in Normal and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma ... Differential Expression of Matricellular Protein Osteopontin in Normal and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma ... we examined OPN levels in AH and human eye tissues from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and control specimens. ... Differential Expression of Matricellular Protein Osteopontin in Normal and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis ...
N2 - IMPORTANCE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a severe neurodegenerative eye disorder in which most of the genetic ... AB - IMPORTANCE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a severe neurodegenerative eye disorder in which most of the genetic ... IMPORTANCE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a severe neurodegenerative eye disorder in which most of the genetic ... abstract = "IMPORTANCE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a severe neurodegenerative eye disorder in which most of the ...
"Visual impairment in an optineurin mouse model of primary open-angle glaucoma." Neurobiol Aging, vol. 36, no. 6, June 2015, pp ... "Visual impairment in an optineurin mouse model of primary open-angle glaucoma." Neurobiol Aging 36, no. 6 (June 2015): 2201-12 ... Visual impairment in an optineurin mouse model of primary open-angle glaucoma.. Publication , Journal Article ... Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Why RGCs ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is a heritable common cause of blindness world-wide. To identify risk loci, we conduct a ... Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 127 open-angle glaucoma loci with consistent effect across ancestries. ... Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 127 open-angle glaucoma loci with consistent effect across ancestries. Nature ... Several drug compounds targeting POAG risk genes may be potential glaucoma therapeutic candidates. © 2021, The Author(s).. ...
... angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as risk factors based on a dataset from the largest German health insurance company. A random ... This study estimates the prevalence and incidence rates of primary open - ... open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, secondary glaucoma). By excluding all patients ever (prior or later) diagnosed ... Primary open-angle glaucoma in a population associated with high prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma: the Kumejima ...
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Etiology of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Although open-angle glaucomas can have numerous causes (see table ), 60 to 70% of cases ... Symptoms and Signs of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Early primary open-angle glaucoma symptoms are uncommon. Usually, the patient ... Primary open-angle glaucoma is a syndrome of optic nerve damage associated with an open anterior chamber angle and an elevated ...
Regular eye exams may catch glaucoma early and save your eyesight. Find out about symptoms and treatment for this vision- ... Open-angle glaucoma Enlarge image Close Open-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma. Usually, fluid (aqueous humor) in the eye ... Open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common form of glaucoma. The drainage angle formed by the iris and cornea remains open. ... Glaucoma (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2021.. *What is glaucoma? Glaucoma Research Foundation. https://www.glaucoma.org/glaucoma/. ...
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness. Read about different types of glaucoma. ... Open-angle glaucoma Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment, surgery Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type in the United ... Angle-closure glaucoma Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment. Angle-closure glaucoma, also called narrow-angle or acute ... Normal-tension glaucoma Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment, surgery. Normal-tension glaucoma is a type of open-angle ...
Open angle glaucoma develops when a blockage occurs in the trabecular meshwork and aqueous fluid cannot be drained. Intraocular ... This exhibit depicts the cross sectional anatomy of a normal eye and an eye with open angle glaucoma. Normally, aqueous fluid ... chronic glaucoma intraocular pressure iridial angle open angle glaucoma optic cupping Schlemms canal trabecular meshwork ... Open angle glaucoma develops when a blockage occurs in the trabecular meshwork and aqueous fluid cannot be drained. Intraocular ...
When this occurs the iris and cornea is not as wide and open as it should be. The outer edge of the iris bunches up over the ... This type of glaucoma is also known as acute glaucoma or narrow angle glaucoma. It is much more rare and the intraocular ... Symptoms of angle closure glaucoma may include headaches, nausea, and rainbows around lights at night, eye pain, and very ... This type of glaucoma is treated with surgery to remove a portion of the outer edge of the iris, to unblock the drainage canals ...
... and primary open-angle glaucoma",. abstract = "The etiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains the subject of ... Gherghel D, Hosking SL, Orgül S. Autonomic nervous system, circadian rhythms, and primary open-angle glaucoma. Survey of ... Autonomic nervous system, circadian rhythms, and primary open-angle glaucoma. In: Survey of ophthalmology. 2004 ; Vol. 49, No. ... Gherghel, D, Hosking, SL & Orgül, S 2004, Autonomic nervous system, circadian rhythms, and primary open-angle glaucoma, ...
Open Angle Glaucoma current marketed and Open Angle Glaucoma emerging therapies. *Open Angle Glaucoma Market Dynamics: Open ... Open Angle Glaucoma Overview. If ignored, open-angle glaucoma (OAG), a common and dangerous eye ailment that damages the optic ... Open Angle Glaucoma Market Strengths. *Rising prevalence of Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) resulting in demand for improved ... The Open Angle Glaucoma epidemiology based on gender analyzed that women are predominantly affected by Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG ...
Open-Angle" by people in this website by year, and whether "Glaucoma, Open-Angle" was a major or minor topic of these ... Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the ... Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. *Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma*Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma ... Glaucoma, Primary Open Angle*Glaucoma, Primary Open Angle. * ... Glaucoma, Open-Angle*Glaucoma, Open-Angle. *Open-Angle ...
It occurs even with the drainage angle wide open as should be. It accounts for more than 90% of all glaucoma cases. It is also ... Open-angle glaucoma is an eye disorder that causes optic nerve damage. ... The causes of open-angle glaucoma are based on the type of the disease. These include:. *Primary open-angle glaucoma - Due to ... Open-angle glaucoma is an eye disorder that causes optic nerve damage. It occurs even with the drainage angle wide open as ...
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is described distinctly as a multifactorial optic neuropathy that is chronic, progressive, and irreversible, with a characteristic acquired loss of optic nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • The following 2 calculators estimate the 5-year risk that a person with ocular hypertension will develop primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). (aao.org)
  • Primary glaucoma is further classified based on the anatomic details of the drainage angle of the eye as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). (molvis.org)
  • Based on whether POAG is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or not, it can be of two types, namely high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). (molvis.org)
  • Recent laboratory evidence indicates that TNF-α have either protective or adverse effects on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). (molvis.org)
  • Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. (molvis.org)
  • Aims The potential association between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is uncertain and has implications for understanding disease pathogenesis, referral and treatments. (bmj.com)
  • Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodegenerative diseases strongly associated with increased age. (bmj.com)
  • To investigate the expression pattern of OPN in the human eye, we examined OPN levels in AH and human eye tissues from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and control specimens. (arvojournals.org)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (duke.edu)
  • This study estimates the prevalence and incidence rates of primary open -angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as risk factors based on a dataset from the largest German health insurance company. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore early detection and appropriate treatment is essential [ 3 ], which can be facilitated by better knowledge of the prevalence and incidence of glaucoma, and the risk factors associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common type of glaucoma [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2010, an estimated 44.7 million people worldwide suffered from primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and 4.5 million were blind, making POAG the most common type of glaucoma [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • abstract = "The etiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains the subject of continuing investigation. (aston.ac.uk)
  • The 2 paths reunite at POAG, which then leads to Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as for hyperbaric glaucomas and Ophthalmologist. (cdc.gov)
  • [1] The pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and there is controversy over whether it is a spectrum of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or represents heterogeneous diseases. (nih.gov)
  • To determine the utility of tear film cytokines as biomarkers for early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). (altmetric.com)
  • Patients without POAG and eye drop-naïve patients with newly diagnosed POAG were recruited from an academic hospital-based glaucoma practice. (altmetric.com)
  • To calculate the anterior lamina cribrosa depth (ALCD) and lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and controls and to correlate lamina cribrosa (LC) parameters to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and visual field (VF) defects. (org.pk)
  • Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a major cause of blindness worldwide, is a complex disease with a significant genetic contribution.We performed Exome Array (Illumina) analysis on 3504 POAG cases and 9746 controls with replication of the most significant findings in 9173 POAG cases and 26 780 controls across 18 collections of Asian, African and European descent. (edu.au)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is characterized by cupping of the optic nerve head and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells leading to visual field loss. (newconceptsinglaucoma.com)
  • On this episode Dr. Steven Suh interviews Dr. Ashley San Filippo about primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type of glaucoma. (healthyeyes101.com)
  • Aim of this retrospective, observational study is to describe features of a population sample, affected by primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in order to evaluate damage progression on the basis of the emerged individual risk factors. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • All patients were caucasian, resident in Italy, affected by primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), with repeatable visual field loss and acquired glaucomatous damages to optic nerve head or nerve fiber layer. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • Racial variation in the susceptibility to primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) has been well-described with higher prevalence, incidence, and progression rates in people of African descent (AD). (cdc.gov)
  • Such loss develops in the presence of open anterior chamber angles, characteristic visual field abnormalities, and intraocular pressure that is too high for the continued health of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • However, narrow/closed-angle glaucoma and secondary glaucomas can cause a rapid rise in intraocular pressure, which is usually symptomatic, particularly when intraocular pressure is 35 mm Hg or more. (medscape.com)
  • Screening the general population for primary open-angle glaucoma is most effective if targeted toward those at high risk, such as African Americans and elderly individuals, especially if the screening consists of intraocular pressure measurements combined with assessment of optic nerve status. (medscape.com)
  • Current medical therapy for primary open-angle glaucoma is limited toward lowering intraocular pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Presently, risk factors with strongest evidence for conversion of ocular hypertension (OH) to glaucoma, or presence and progression of open-angle glaucoma (OAG), include older age, thinner central corneal thickness (CCT), greater cup-to-disc ratio (C/D ratio), and higher intraocular pressure (IOP). (hindawi.com)
  • Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, cupping of the optic nerve heads and visual field defects often related to elevated intraocular pressure. (molvis.org)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma is a syndrome of optic nerve damage associated with an open anterior chamber angle and an elevated or sometimes average intraocular pressure (IOP). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Glaucoma Glaucomas are a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage in which an important part is a relative increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) that can lead to irreversible. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma - Due to slow aqueous humor flow, the intraocular pressure (IOP) increases and causes optic nerve damage. (eyepatient.net)
  • With UK Biobank and FinnGenn data, researchers tracked down rare changes in the angiopoietin-like 7 gene that coincide with lower glaucoma and intraocular pressure risk. (genomeweb.com)
  • Success was defined as open angles (with or without medications for intraocular pressure (IOP) control) following LPI at the 1 month follow-up. (nih.gov)
  • Normal-tension glaucoma is a characteristic glaucomatous optic neuropathy with intraocular pressures in the normal range. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma is characteristic progressive optic neuropathy, featuring optic disc cupping and visual field loss, associated with raised intraocular pressure (IOP). (nih.gov)
  • We used, as a case study, a systematic review and meta-analysis of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements from randomised controlled trials evaluating topical ocular hypotensives in primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension because IOP varies over the day and over the treatment course, and repeated measurements are frequently reported. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To investigate intraocular pressure peaks in phakic and pseudophakic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma . (bvsalud.org)
  • Investigar picos de pressão intraocular em pacientes fácicos e pseudofácicos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto no teste de sobrecarga hídrica. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glaucoma is an eye condition defined as an optic neuropathy for which increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor. (medscape.com)
  • With the most common type of glaucoma, this results in gradual vision loss. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Each type of glaucoma is different, but most have no early symptoms - so it's important to get tested regularly, especially if you're at higher risk. (nih.gov)
  • In this type of glaucoma, the outer edge of the iris (the colored part of your eye) blocks fluid from draining out of the front of the eye. (nih.gov)
  • This type of glaucoma can be hard to treat. (nih.gov)
  • This type of glaucoma is also known as acute glaucoma or narrow angle glaucoma. (ferris.edu)
  • This type of glaucoma is treated with surgery to remove a portion of the outer edge of the iris, to unblock the drainage canals. (ferris.edu)
  • It is the most common type of glaucoma and usually progresses slowly over time, frequently with no symptoms at first. (abnewswire.com)
  • Secondary glaucoma - Similar to primary open-angle glaucoma, the IOP increases in this type of glaucoma. (eyepatient.net)
  • Doctors also recommend an active lifestyle as a preventive measure for any type of glaucoma. (eyepatient.net)
  • Glaucoma symptoms vary based on the type of glaucoma. (americasbest.com)
  • In this type of glaucoma symptoms can include nausea and vomiting that is usually brought on by severe eye pain, blurred eyesight, seeing halos around lights and experiencing redness of the eyes. (americasbest.com)
  • This is the most common type of glaucoma. (aao.org)
  • This type of glaucoma is painless and causes no vision changes at first. (aao.org)
  • Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normal-tension glaucoma is a type of open-angle glaucoma that happens in people with normal eye pressure. (nih.gov)
  • Experts don't know what causes normal-tension glaucoma, but research shows that treatments that lower eye pressure can help slow the disease and stop vision loss. (nih.gov)
  • Normal tension glaucoma - It can also be referred to as low-tension or normal-pressure glaucoma. (eyepatient.net)
  • This activity reviews the evaluation and management of normal-tension glaucoma and highlights the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. (nih.gov)
  • Summarize the risk factors for developing normal-tension glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Explain the physical exam findings associated with normal-tension glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Outline management considerations for patients with normal-tension glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Describe how to counsel a patient with normal-tension glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), also known as normal or low-pressure glaucoma, is defined as open-angle glaucoma with a presenting IOP in the normal range. (nih.gov)
  • People with "normal tension glaucoma" have eye pressure that is within normal ranges, but show signs of glaucoma, such as blind spots in their field of vision and optic nerve damage. (aao.org)
  • If left untreated, glaucoma can lead to blindness which is irreversible. (glaucoma.org)
  • Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is a chronic optic neuropathy with irreversible but preventable visual field loss and progressive optic nerve damage [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Black people, glaucoma is more severe and develops at an earlier age, and blindness is 6 to 8 times more likely. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic nerve. (nih.gov)
  • In fact, open-angle glaucoma causes almost 2 in 10 cases of blindness in African Americans. (nih.gov)
  • If it's not treated, angle-closure glaucoma can cause blindness in just a few days. (nih.gov)
  • If ignored, open-angle glaucoma (OAG), a common and dangerous eye ailment that damages the optic nerve, can result in blindness or visual loss. (abnewswire.com)
  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old. (aao.org)
  • But blindness from glaucoma can often be prevented with early treatment. (aao.org)
  • Angle-closure glaucoma can cause blindness if not treated right away. (aao.org)
  • Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Advanced glaucoma can lead to blindness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The workshop was attended by 42 participants, including national coordinators of eye care and prevention of blindness programmes, representatives from ministries of health in Member States of the Region, representatives of nongovernmental organizations and professional societies, regional and international glaucoma experts and staff from WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. (who.int)
  • The main aim of the workshop was to intensify the efforts of Member States, the secretariat and international partners working in eye care and prevention of blindness and visual impairment to prevent vision loss due to glaucoma through the development of public health strategies for the control of glaucoma. (who.int)
  • Glaucoma was the leading cause of blindness among African-Americans. (who.int)
  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of overall blindness, second only to cataracts, and the number one cause of irreversible blindness, both in the United States and worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • 40 years, ED aged ≥50 years, diabetes, family history of glaucoma, and/or preexisting diagnosis of glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the existing knowledge regarding the characteristics of different types of glaucoma, the treatment options generally have a common approach involving the reduction of IOP. (molvis.org)
  • Some types of glaucoma are caused by other medical conditions - but for other people, the doctor doesn't find another condition that causes it. (nih.gov)
  • Several other types of glaucoma can also develop in children. (nih.gov)
  • There are two major types of glaucoma. (aao.org)
  • There are two main types of glaucoma - open-angle and angle-closure (or narrow-angle). (healthyeyes101.com)
  • Although angle-closure and open-angle glaucoma are most common, at least eight other types of glaucoma exist. (medscape.com)
  • New research and treatments for the various types of glaucoma are constantly advancing, and in many cases, treatment success may be subtype- or patient-dependent. (medscape.com)
  • If you experience symptoms that come on suddenly, you may have acute angle-closure glaucoma. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Angle-closure glaucoma, also called narrow-angle or acute glaucoma, is a medical emergency. (nih.gov)
  • Secondary glaucoma can be acute (sudden) or chronic (gradual), depending on its cause. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Acute angle closure glaucoma can result in more pronounced symptoms though most will still not associate glaucoma as the cause. (americasbest.com)
  • Dilating eye drops and certain medicines may trigger an acute glaucoma attack. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have had acute glaucoma in one eye, you are at risk for it in the second eye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hyperopes are at increased risk for acute ACG because their anterior chamber angles are relatively shallow. (medscape.com)
  • Yao J, Chen Y, Shao T, Ling Z, Wang W, Qian S. Bilateral Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma as a Presentation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome in Four Chinese Patients: A Small Case Series. (medscape.com)
  • Pigmentary glaucoma happens when the pigment (color) from your iris (the colored part of your eye) flakes off and blocks fluid from draining out of your eye. (nih.gov)
  • Young, white men who are near-sighted are more likely to get pigmentary glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Pigmentary glaucoma - In this case, the drainage canals are usually clogged by pigments shed off from the iris. (eyepatient.net)
  • Because of the silent nature of glaucoma, patients usually don't present with any symptoms or visual complaints until late in the disease course, particularly with primary open-angle glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Open angle glaucoma may not have symptoms in the early stages. (epnet.com)
  • Early primary open-angle glaucoma symptoms are uncommon. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The symptoms of glaucoma depend on the type and stage of your condition. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Another type of angle-closure glaucoma, sometimes called slow or chronic angle-closure glaucoma, happens more slowly and might not have any symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of angle closure glaucoma may include headaches, nausea, and rainbows around lights at night, eye pain, and very blurred vision. (ferris.edu)
  • There are no onset symptoms in open-angle glaucoma. (eyepatient.net)
  • But like primary glaucoma, it very rarely has any early symptoms. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Primary open angle glaucoma symptoms include a loss of peripheral vision and eventually tunnel vision in the advanced stages of the disease. (americasbest.com)
  • Because symptoms don't typically appear or become noticeable until the disease is advanced, it is important to include glaucoma screenings in your annual eye exam. (americasbest.com)
  • With open-angle glaucoma, there are no warning signs or obvious symptoms in the early stages. (aao.org)
  • People at risk for angle-closure glaucoma usually show no symptoms before an attack. (aao.org)
  • Do glaucoma suspects have symptoms? (aao.org)
  • Symptoms are most often related to the underlying problem causing the glaucoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depending on the cause, symptoms may either be like open-angle glaucoma or angle-closure glaucoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mediterranean in his opening address noted that glaucoma was a group of diseases that could steal sight without warning or symptoms. (who.int)
  • If closure of the angle occurs suddenly, symptoms are severe and dramatic. (medscape.com)
  • To determine the prevalence and investigate predictors of open-angle glaucoma in Victoria, Australia. (nih.gov)
  • There was a significant increase in glaucoma prevalence with age across all definitions, but there was no difference in age-standardized rates between genders. (nih.gov)
  • Purpose: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) and its relation to visual field loss (VFL) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). (lu.se)
  • To put our results in the context of earlier studies, a systematic review with the keywords "glaucoma", "prevalence", and "incidence" based on Medline, distinguishing between total prevalence and age-specific prevalence and incidence, was performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With 2,251,283 cases estimated to be the highest diagnosed prevalence of Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) in the US in 2022, it is anticipated that this number will rise sharply in the near future as a result of improving diagnostic tests and population growth. (abnewswire.com)
  • The Open Angle Glaucoma market is expected to surge due to the disease's increasing prevalence and awareness during the forecast period. (abnewswire.com)
  • [ 3 ] Global predictions suggest the prevalence of glaucoma will increase nearly 75% from 2013 to 2040. (medscape.com)
  • In congenital glaucoma, babies are born with a problem in their eye that keeps fluid from draining normally. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital glaucoma is rare - only about 1 in 10,000 babies born in the United States have it. (nih.gov)
  • Surgery works very well to treat congenital glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital glaucoma - It occurs in newborns who either inherit the condition or whose eye drainage system develops abnormally. (eyepatient.net)
  • Congenital glaucoma occurs in babies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A consensus panel of six ophthalmologists determined glaucoma diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnosis of glaucoma (possible, probable, definite). (nih.gov)
  • Although the status of autonomic nervous system is an important determinant of the systemic hemodynamic parameters, this issue is usually ignored by the clinician in the process of glaucoma diagnosis. (aston.ac.uk)
  • The diagnosis of angle recession is confirmed during office examination. (medscape.com)
  • Computerized disk analysis and analysis of nerve-fiber layers has been gaining acceptance in the diagnosis and management of all forms of glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • It includes recommendations on testing and referral (case-finding) for chronic open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, and on effective diagnosis, treatment and reassessment to stop these conditions progressing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glaucoma is classified as primary or secondary. (molvis.org)
  • Exfoliation glaucoma (EXG) is a type of secondary glaucoma. (molvis.org)
  • Identifiable mechanisms (ie, secondary open-angle glaucomas) are not present. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes glaucoma is caused by another medical condition - this is called secondary glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • What Is Secondary Glaucoma? (allaboutvision.com)
  • In secondary glaucoma, an existing condition or other outside factor causes eye pressure to go up enough to cause this damage. (allaboutvision.com)
  • With secondary glaucoma, there are known, specific factors directly affecting aqueous flow and IOP. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Also like primary glaucoma, the two main types of secondary glaucoma are open angle and angle closure (also called narrow angle ). (allaboutvision.com)
  • But secondary glaucoma has many more subtypes. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Secondary glaucoma occurs due to a known cause. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Both open- and closed-angle glaucoma can be secondary when caused by something known. (medlineplus.gov)
  • DelveInsight's "Open Angle Glaucoma Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2032″ report offers an in-depth understanding of the Open Angle Glaucoma, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Open Angle Glaucoma market trends in the United States, EU4 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France) the United Kingdom and Japan. (abnewswire.com)
  • Your doctor might treat both eyes to prevent future problems, even if you only have angle-closure glaucoma in 1 eye. (nih.gov)
  • To report the effect of laser peripheral iridotomy on the angles of eyes with chronic angle closure glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • The hospital records of 171 consecutive patients with chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (CPACG) seen between October 1994 and March 1997 were analyzed to study the gonioscopic outcome of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). (nih.gov)
  • Forty-seven eyes of 34 patients had chronic appositional angle closure glaucoma (CAACG), and 186 eyes of 124 patients had chronic synechial angle closure glaucoma (CSACG). (nih.gov)
  • Many people with angle-closure glaucoma develop it slowly. (aao.org)
  • This is called chronic angle-closure glaucoma. (aao.org)
  • Video: What Is Angle-Closure Glaucoma? (aao.org)
  • Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) is a condition in which the iris is apposed to the trabecular meshwork at the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • Increased iris thickness, as measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT), is another risk factor for angle-closure glaucoma in the Asian population. (medscape.com)
  • Increased iris thickness and association with primary angle closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Delayed Topiramate-induced Bilateral Angle-Closure Glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the subtypes of primary angle closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical outcomes of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and co-existing cataract: a prospective case series. (medscape.com)
  • In the 7MM, there were 7,322,693 cases of diagnosed prevalent glaucoma in 2022. (abnewswire.com)
  • With 649,908 cases of Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) , Germany had the most diagnosed prevalent population of any European nation in 2022. (abnewswire.com)
  • A genome-wide association study in the Japanese population confirms 9p21 and 14q23 as susceptibility loci for primary open angle glaucoma. (uchicago.edu)
  • Rapid Review Quiz: Glaucoma - Medscape - Sep 26, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • NEW ORLEANS - For patients with open-angle glaucoma, the addition of a trabecular implantable stent to phacoemulsification surgery reduces the need for postoperative hypotensive medications, according to a new meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • The iStent ab interno device (Glaukos Corp.) is indicated for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and improves outflow by bypassing the trabecular meshwork. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in the trabecular meshwork induced glucocorticoid response protein (TIGR) or myocilin (MYOC) has recently been shown to cause juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma (JOAG). (bmj.com)
  • Open angle glaucoma develops when a blockage occurs in the trabecular meshwork and aqueous fluid cannot be drained. (anatomicaljustice.com)
  • Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris. (uchicago.edu)
  • Pro-fibrotic pathway activation in trabecular meshwork and lamina cribrosa is the main driving force of glaucoma. (uchicago.edu)
  • Beyond the angle, it filters through a tissue called the trabecular meshwork and other drainage structures. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In open-angle forms, the aqueous flow disruption usually occurs in the trabecular meshwork. (allaboutvision.com)
  • This angle helps to funnel aqueous fluid into the trabecular meshwork. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Glaucoma treatments include various topical and oral medications, cilioablative or trabecular meshwork laser procedures, and various surgical techniques designed to improve trabecular meshwork outflow, increase suprachoroidal drainage, or divert aqueous to the subconjunctival space. (medscape.com)
  • Glaucoma Education Center, ONE Network, American Academy of Ophthalmology. (aao.org)
  • Glaucoma 1, open angle, I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLC1I gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • It occurs even with the drainage angle wide open as should be. (eyepatient.net)
  • Despite the drainage angle being fully open in this condition, the fluid drains slowly. (eyepatient.net)
  • From there, it flows along the underside of the iris, up through the pupil and then out through the drainage angle. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In angle-closure forms, the aqueous can't leave the eye because the iris is blocking the drainage angle. (allaboutvision.com)
  • The drainage angle is a delta-shaped notch of space that surrounds the outside edge of the iris. (allaboutvision.com)
  • The fluid drains out through an area called the drainage angle . (aao.org)
  • But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid builds up. (aao.org)
  • This type happens when someone's iris is very close to the drainage angle in their eye. (aao.org)
  • The iris can end up blocking the drainage angle. (aao.org)
  • When the drainage angle gets completely blocked, eye pressure rises very quickly. (aao.org)
  • To describe the distribution of ocular variables, risk factors, and disease severity in newly diagnosed ocular hypertension (OH) or open-angle glaucoma (OAG). (hindawi.com)
  • We describe the presence and distribution of previously published glaucoma risk factors in patients newly diagnosed with OH or OAG comparing these two groups and analyze the distribution of risk factors in relation to OAG disease severity. (hindawi.com)
  • Cost-effectiveness of medications compared with laser trabeculoplasty in patients with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma. (uchicago.edu)
  • Proinflammatory cytokines were lower in eye drop-naïve newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. (altmetric.com)
  • Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type in the United States, where 9 in 10 people with glaucoma have the open-angle type. (nih.gov)
  • Eye pressure can even be normal in some people with glaucoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors need to treat the underlying cause (like diabetes or high blood pressure) and use glaucoma treatments to lower your eye pressure. (nih.gov)
  • The exome-by-phenome-wide analysis uncovered 21 novel gene-phenotype associations, including genes linked to glaucoma and diabetes. (genomeweb.com)
  • Association of Diabetes Medication With Open-Angle Glaucoma, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Cataract in the Rotterdam Study. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ImportanceRecent studies suggest that the diabetes drug metformin has a protective effect on open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Ocular hypertension is higher than "normal" eye pressure without the other signs of glaucoma. (healthyeyes101.com)
  • If closure occurs intermittently or gradually, ACG may be confused with chronic open-angle glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma occurs when the drainage channels are open, but do not drain fluid properly. (glaucoma.org)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma occurs due to a deeper issue that impacts the eyes natural drainage system. (glaucoma.org)
  • Novel TIGR/MYOC mutations in families with juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma. (bmj.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Visual impairment in an optineurin mouse model of primary open-angle glaucoma. (duke.edu)
  • Differentiating Occult Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion from Primary Open-angle Glaucoma. (uchicago.edu)
  • Nailfold Capillary Abnormalities in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Multisite Study. (uchicago.edu)
  • Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have an ocular and systemic sensitivity to corticosteroids. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We then studied 25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 25 control subjects using this in vitro assay. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mixed treatment comparison of repeated measurements of a continuous endpoint: an example using topical treatments for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Naz AS, Qamar A, Sama-Ul-Haque, Zaman Y, Faheem F. Association of lamina cribrosa morphometry with retinal nerve fiber layer loss and visual field defects in primary open angle glaucoma. (org.pk)
  • Overall, 40 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were assessed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bone lead levels and risk of incident primary open-angle glaucoma: The VA Normative Aging Study. (cdc.gov)
  • Glaucoma develops when the optic nerve becomes damaged. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Glaucoma is an eye disease that develops when eye pressure damages the optic nerve. (allaboutvision.com)
  • When glaucoma develops in eyes that don't have any obstruction in this notch of space, it is called open-angle. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Glaucoma is caused by fluid that drains too slowly. (epnet.com)
  • Neovascular glaucoma happens when the eye makes extra blood vessels that cover the part of your eye where fluid would normally drain. (nih.gov)
  • Closed-angle glaucoma occurs when the fluid is suddenly blocked and cannot flow out of the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In at least one third of patients with glaucoma, IOP is within the average range, but optic nerve damage and visual field loss typical of glaucoma are present. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The test will be designed to detect a protein biomarker in aqueous humor that can be used to determine the severity of glaucoma and to make treatment decisions. (genomeweb.com)
  • Under-treatment remained an issue with under-estimation of glaucoma severity, insufficient IOP reduction, and difficulty in identifying peak IOPs and fluctuations between clinic visits. (medscape.com)
  • When this occurs the iris and cornea is not as wide and open as it should be. (ferris.edu)
  • Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma - This occurs in the event excess material is produced for internal structures and then shed off. (eyepatient.net)
  • IMPORTANCE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a severe neurodegenerative eye disorder in which most of the genetic contribution remains unexplained. (edu.au)
  • Most people with open-angle glaucoma do not notice any change in their vision until the damage is quite severe. (aao.org)
  • This guideline covers assessing and managing pelvic fractures, open fractures and severe ankle fractures (known as pilon fractures and intra-articular distal tibia fractures) in pre-hospital settings (including ambulance services), emergency departments and major trauma centres. (bvsalud.org)
  • An angle closure emergency is needed when there is a sudden decrease of vision, extreme eye pain, headache, nausea and vomiting and glare or light sensitivity. (ferris.edu)
  • Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for open angle glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (epnet.com)
  • however, the literature is occasionally conflicting, suggesting that risk factors may vary depending on glaucoma type and stage [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The varying results of studies on glaucoma risk factors require further research. (hindawi.com)
  • However, role of tonography in predicting the risk of glaucoma appears to be of little value in any single case. (medscape.com)
  • This means their risk of getting glaucoma is higher than normal. (aao.org)
  • These patients are considered "glaucoma suspects" and have a higher risk of eventually developing glaucoma. (aao.org)
  • This is one of the biggest risk factors for developing glaucoma so it is important to have regular follow-up exams with your eye care specialist. (healthyeyes101.com)
  • Aim of our retrospective, observational study is that to describe features of a population sample, under treatment at the Glaucoma Centre of the Ophthalmologic Clinic of Turin University, in order to value the damage progression on the basis of the emerged individual risk factors. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • To determine if open-angle glaucoma (OAG)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with incident glaucoma and if such genetic information is useful in OAG risk prediction. (edu.au)
  • This study shows that previously reported genetic variations related to OAG and cup-to-disc ratio are associated with the onset of OAG and thus may become useful in risk prediction algorithms designed to target early treatment to those most at risk of developing glaucoma. (edu.au)
  • Your risk is higher if you have a parent or grandparent with open-angle glaucoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dr Gezairy said that while everyone was at risk of glaucoma, certain groups were at higher risk than others. (who.int)
  • Family history increased the risk of glaucoma four to nine times. (who.int)
  • Examination findings include an unobstructed open angle on gonioscopy and characteristic optic nerve appearance and visual field defects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The data used to generate these calculations are based on results from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment study (OHTS) and the European Glaucoma Prevention study (EGPS), and were originally published by the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. (aao.org)
  • If you have glaucoma, you'll need treatment or monitoring for the rest of your life. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Although rarely, a number of complementary therapies have been used in treatment of open-angle glaucoma. (eyepatient.net)
  • However, open-angle glaucoma can be managed and the progress slowed down with treatment. (eyepatient.net)
  • Marijuana is not an effective treatment for glaucoma. (healthyeyes101.com)
  • In this observational, retrospective study, we included 190 patients (377 eyes) re-examined in the last 18 months (January 2013 - June 2014) under treatment at the Glaucoma Centre of the Eye Clinic of Turin University. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • and · identify areas of research in the treatment and control of glaucoma. (who.int)
  • The meshwork is located in the anterior chamber angle. (eyepatient.net)
  • In such cases, high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (as a supplemental tool to standard office examination) is effective for evaluating abnormalities of the angle in the anterior chamber. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) produces high-resolution axial images of the anterior globe, providing cross-sectional views of the angle in vivo similar to those of a histologic section. (medscape.com)
  • Use of the Koeppe lens for examining and photographing the anterior chamber angle is also advocated. (medscape.com)
  • The Posner 4-mirror gonioprism is not preferred for evaluating suspected angle recession because of the potential for indenting the central cornea, inducing artificial deepening, and/or distorting of the anterior-chamber angle. (medscape.com)
  • This area is called the anterior chamber angle, or the angle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anterior chamber depth and chamber angle and their associations with ocular and general parameters: the Beijing Eye Study. (medscape.com)
  • Hence, comparison of the aqueous humor TGF-β2 level between patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and controls would provide direct evidence for the role of TGF-β2 in the etiology of OAG. (molvis.org)
  • It usually drains through a tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The cornea is the clear covering on the front of the eye that is in front of the iris, pupil, and angle. (medlineplus.gov)