Genital Diseases, Female
Varicellovirus
Herpesvirus 4, Bovine
Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines
Herpes Genitalis
Herpesvirus 2, Human
Virus Shedding
Genital Diseases, Male
Genitalia, Female
Sex Characteristics
Sex Factors
Condoms, Female
Fertility
Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease among persons attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Italy. (1/802)
To assess the relative importance of ulcerative and non-ulcerative sexually transmitted disease in the transmission of HIV, a seroprevalence study was conducted on 2210 patients at the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic of the S. Maria e S. Gallicano Hospital in Rome, between 1989 and 1994. Among male patients, by univariate analysis, strong predictors of HIV infection were homosexuality, sexual exposure to a HIV-positive partner, hepatitis B virus infection, and positive syphilis serology. An increased risk was estimated for patients with past genital herpes (odds ratio (OR) 3.86, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.40-18.2), and primary syphilis (OR 5.79, 95% CI 0.59-28.6). By multivariate analysis, a positive association was found with homosexuality (OR 6.9, 95% CI 2.9-16.5), and positive syphilis serology (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.2). An adjusted OR of 2.41 was calculated for current and/or past genital herpes. These results, although not conclusive, suggest a role of ulcerative diseases as risk factors for prevalent HIV infection, and indicate that positive syphilis serology is an unbiased criterion for identifying individuals at increased risk of HIV infection. (+info)Reduction of laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, postoperative pain and recovery room length of stay by pre-conditioning gas with the Insuflow device: a prospective randomized controlled multi-center study. (2/802)
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Insuflow (Georgia BioMedical, Inc.) filter heater hydrator device in reducing the incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, length of recovery room stay and postoperative pain at the time of laparoscopy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled multi-center study. Patients underwent gynecologic procedures via laparoscopy; surgeons, anesthesiologists and recovery room personnel assessed the results. SETTING: Seven North American institutions. PATIENTS: Seventy-two women for safety evaluation and efficacy studies. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas with the Insuflow device (treatment) or standard raw gas (control) during laparoscopic surgery and postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, postoperative pain perception and length of recovery room stay. RESULTS: The Insuflow group had significantly less intraoperative hypothermia, reduced length of recovery room stay and reduced postoperative pain. Pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating was well tolerated with no adverse effects. The safety profile of the Insuflow pre-conditioned gas showed significant benefits compared to currently used raw gas. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-conditioning laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating with the Insuflow device was significantly more effective than the currently used standard raw gas and was safe in reducing or eliminating laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, shortening recovery room length of stay and reducing postoperative pain. (+info)Asymptomatic non-ulcerative genital tract infections in a rural Ugandan population. (3/802)
OBJECTIVE: To document the prevalence of asymptomatic non-ulcerative genital tract infections (GTI) in a rural African cohort. METHODS: The study population consisted of all adults aged 15-59 residing in 56 rural communities of Rakai District, southwest Uganda, enrolled in the Rakai STD Control for AIDS Prevention Study. Participants were interviewed about the occurrence of vaginal or urethral discharge and frequent or painful urination in the previous 6 months. Respondents were asked to provide blood and a first catch urine sample. Serum was tested for HIV-1. Urine was tested with ligase chain reaction (LCR) for N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. Women provided two self administered vaginal swabs; one for T vaginalis culture and the other for a Gram stained slide for bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 12,827 men and women were enrolled. Among 5140 men providing specimens, 0.9% had gonorrhoea and 2.1% had chlamydia. Among 6356 women, 1.5% had gonorrhoea, 2.4% had chlamydia, 23.8% were infected with trichomonas and 50.9% had BV.53% of men and 66% of women with gonorrhoea did not report genital discharge or dysuria at anytime within the previous 6 months. 92% of men and 76% of women with chlamydia and over 80% of women with trichomonas or BV were asymptomatic. The sensitivities of dysuria or urethral discharge for detection of infection with either gonorrhoea or chlamydia among men were only 21.4% and 9.8% respectively; similarly, among women the sensitivity of dysuria was 21.0% while that of vaginal discharge was 11.6%. For trichomonas or BV the sensitivity of dysuria was 11.7% and that of vaginal discharge was 10.5%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of non-ulcerative GTIs is very high in this rural African population and the majority are asymptomatic. Reliance on reported symptoms alone would have missed 80% of men and 72% of women with either gonorrhoea or chlamydia, and over 80% of women with trichomonas or BV. To achieve STD control in this and similar populations public health programmes must target asymptomatic infections. (+info)Immunity to heat shock proteins and pregnancy outcome. (4/802)
Heat shock proteins are among the first proteins produced by the zygote after fertilization. In addition, the maternal decidua also expresses heat shock proteins during the early stages of pregnancy. Autoimmunity to heat shock proteins is not typically evident in healthy women of reproductive age. However, a chronic microbial infection, such as an asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis upper genital tract infection, results in prolonged exposure of the immune system to the microbial 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp60). This may result in immunity to conserved hsp60 epitopes and subsequent autoimmunity to self hsp60. Women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) who never realized they had a chlamydial infection but who were positive for cervical antichlamydial immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies had a much lower pregnancy rate than did women who were negative for these antibodies. Furthermore, cervical IgA antibodies to the chlamydial hsp60, as well as to a synthetic peptide corresponding to an hsp60 epitope present in both the chlamydial and human hsp60, also correlated with IVF failure. In vitro incubation of newly fertilized human embryos in medium containing maternal serum was shown to be deleterious to embryo development if the sera was positive for antibodies reactive with human hsp60. In another study, the ability of human hsp60 to elicit a lymphocyte proliferative response (cell-mediated immunity) correlated with a history of spontaneous early stage pregnancy loss. Thus, autoimmunity to hsp60 might increase susceptibility to early stage pregnancy loss. (+info)Chlamydial heat shock proteins and disease pathology: new paradigms for old problems? (5/802)
The mucosal pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is a significant cause of sexually transmitted disease. Although most acute infections can be easily managed, complications often occur that can be especially severe in women. It has been proposed that increased exposure to conserved chlamydial antigens, such as through reinfection or persistent infection, results in chronic inflammation and tissue scarring and contributes to the pathogenesis of endometrial and fallopian tube damage. This immunopathologic damage is believed to be a principal cause of ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. The chlamydial heat shock protein Hsp60, a homolog of Escherichia coli GroEL, has been identified as one protein capable of eliciting intense mononuclear inflammation. Furthermore, several studies have revealed a correlation between Hsp60 responses and the immunopathologic manifestations of human chlamydial disease. The role of additional antigens in the immunopathologic response to chlamydiae is currently undefined. A prime candidate, however, is the chlamydial GroES homolog Hsp10, which is genetically and physiologically linked to Hsp60. Recent studies provide data to suggest that immune reactivity to Hsp10 is significantly associated with tubal infertility in a chlamydiae-exposed population. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a more recently defined chlamydial species that has been implicated in a variety of ways with chronic disease processes, such as adult onset asthma and atherosclerosis. Evidence indicates that Hsp60 is present in human atheroma and may play a role in lesion development by direct activation of macrophages. Hsp60 causes the elaboration of inflammatory cytokines, the induction of metalloproteinase, and the oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Each of these events is directly associated with the progress of atherosclerosis. Thus, chlamydial heat shock proteins may function in at least two ways to promote chronic disease: first by direct antigenic stimulation and second as signal transducers that result in macrophage activation. These concepts in disease pathology are discussed in the context of chlamydial infections. (+info)The cost effectiveness of patient-applied versus provider-administered intervention strategies for the treatment of external genital warts. (6/802)
OBJECTIVE: External genital warts are one of the fastest growing sexually transmitted diseases in the United States today. Two forms of therapy are available: provider-administered and patient-applied. In the most widely used provider-administered ablative therapies, sustained clearance rates range from 18.5% to 40.1%. With nonablative, patient-applied therapies, which are typically more acceptable to patients, sustained clearance rates range from 19.6% with podofilox gel to 44.0% with imiquimod cream. The purpose of this study, given the range of therapies available, their cost differences, and clinical trial-reported differences in rates of sustained clearance, is to determine which therapy modalities, from the providers' perspective, are the most cost effective and which are likely to be the most acceptable to the patient population. STUDY DESIGN: We consider the cost effectiveness of the two patient-applied therapies as first-line therapy followed by provider-administered ablative treatment as second-line therapy. A decision-analytic model framework is developed, with data drawn both from clinical trials and from previously published studies. RESULTS: When considering a two-stage therapy model, with an average sustained clearance rate of 30% assumed for provider-administered ablative therapies, estimated costs per sustained cleared patient are $1265 for patients initially treated with imiquimod and $1304 for patients initially treated with podofilox gel. CONCLUSIONS: Initial treatment with imiquimod is the preferred intervention option as it yields a 39% greater sustained clearance rate than podofilox gel while being 3% less costly per successful outcome. (+info)A case-control study to compare the variability of operating time in laparoscopic and open surgery. (7/802)
The purpose of this study was to compare the variability of operating times for some of the most common gynaecological procedures performed laparoscopically and by open surgery. The case notes of 60 women randomly selected from a cohort of 600 who had undergone laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, leiomyoma and hysterectomy were reviewed. These patients were matched with an equal number of women who had been treated by open surgery for similar indications. Additional matching criteria included age (+/-2 years), size of the lesion in cases of ovarian cysts and fibroids (+/-3 cm), the period of amenorrhoea in ectopic pregnancies, and uterine size and pelvic pathology in women undergoing hysterectomy. Comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy showed that the mean procedure times were similar for the two routes of surgery, with the exception of hysterectomy which took significantly longer if done laparoscopically. The duration of laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cystectomy and hysterectomy was significantly less predictable than at laparotomy. These data indicate that with the exception of hysterectomy, the average operating time for laparoscopic procedures is comparable to that for laparotomy. In contrast, the variability of duration of laparoscopic surgery tends to be much greater than with laparotomy for all procedures considered. (+info)Colonization of the respiratory and genital tracts of female mice with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and protection afforded to the genital tract by prior respiratory colonization. (8/802)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, strain MY 12763, colonized the throats of 6 BALB/c female mice for at least 18 days after intranasal inoculation. The same strain colonized, in high titre, the vagina of 9 of 10 progesterone-treated BALB/c mice for at least 35 days, but none of 10 oestradiol-treated mice. Mice were less susceptible to genital-tract colonization with the multiple broth-passed FH strain of M. pneumoniae, only 3 of 10 becoming colonized. The 6 mice inoculated intranasally with strain MY 12763 were immune to genital-tract colonization with the same strain, whereas 10 mice without respiratory-tract colonization were susceptible. Protection of the genital tract in this way was at least as effective as that afforded by previous genital-tract colonization. In a further experiment, 26 immunocompetent BALB/c mice colonized previously in the respiratory tract were resistant to vaginal colonization, whereas 20 BALB/c nude mice, similarly colonized in the respiratory tract, were susceptible in the vagina, illustrating the importance of cell-mediated immunity. The possible relevance of the findings to the human situation is discussed. (+info)Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.
Varicellovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. This genus includes several human and animal viruses that are closely related to each other. The most well-known member of this genus is the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes two distinct diseases: chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster).
The Varicellovirus genus includes the following species:
1. Human alphaherpesvirus 3 (Varicella-zoster virus)
2. Simian varicella virus
3. Bovine herpesvirus 1
4. Bovine herpesvirus 5
5. Pseudorabies virus
6. Equid herpesvirus 1
7. Equid herpesvirus 3
8. Equid herpesvirus 4
9. Equid herpesvirus 8
10. Equid herpesvirus 9
11. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpes B virus)
12. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2
13. Suid herpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky's disease virus)
14. Canid herpesvirus 1
15. Felid herpesvirus 1
These viruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in the nervous system of their hosts and reactivate later in life, causing recurrent disease. They typically have a broad host range and can infect multiple species within a family or genus.
Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a type of herpesvirus that primarily infects cattle. It belongs to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. This virus is closely related to human Herpesvirus 8, which is associated with certain types of cancer in humans. BoHV-4 has been found to have a wide range of biological activities, including immunomodulation, and it has been studied as a potential vector for gene therapy due to its ability to establish latency and undergo reactivation from latency. However, it is not typically associated with any specific disease symptoms in cattle.
Herpes simplex virus vaccines are types of vaccines that are being developed to prevent infections caused by the herpes simplex viruses (HSV), which include HSV-1 and HSV-2. These viruses can cause painful blisters or sores on the skin or mucous membranes, such as those found inside the mouth or genitals.
There are currently no approved vaccines for HSV-1 or HSV-2, although several candidates are in various stages of development. The goal of an HSV vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to produce a strong and durable response that can prevent infection with the virus or reduce the severity and frequency of outbreaks in people who are already infected.
HSV vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless piece of the virus, such as a protein or a weakened or killed virus, to the body. This triggers the immune system to produce antibodies and activate immune cells that can recognize and attack the virus if it enters the body in the future. Some HSV vaccine candidates are designed to stimulate both arms of the immune system (humoral and cell-mediated immunity), while others focus on one or the other.
While there is no cure for herpes simplex virus infections, a successful vaccine could help prevent the spread of the virus and reduce the burden of disease.
Herpes genitalis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), specifically HSV-2, and occasionally HSV-1. It primarily affects the genital area, but can also involve the anal region, thighs, and buttocks. The infection presents as painful fluid-filled blisters or lesions that may be accompanied by symptoms such as itching, tingling, or burning sensations in the affected area. After the initial outbreak, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate periodically, causing recurrent episodes of genital herpes. It's important to note that while there is no cure for herpes genitalis, antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce transmission risks.
Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 2, Human" (also known as Human Herpesvirus 2 or HHV-2):
Herpesvirus 2, Human is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family. It is one of the eight herpesviruses known to infect humans. HHV-2 is the primary cause of genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects the mucosal surfaces and skin around the genitals, rectum, or mouth.
The virus is typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person, and it can also be spread from mother to child during childbirth if the mother has active genital lesions. After initial infection, HHV-2 establishes latency in the sacral ganglia (a collection of nerve cells at the base of the spine) and may reactivate periodically, leading to recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes.
During both primary and recurrent infections, HHV-2 can cause painful blisters or ulcers on the skin or mucous membranes, as well as flu-like symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and body aches. While there is no cure for genital herpes, antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce outbreak frequency, and lower the risk of transmission to sexual partners.
It's important to note that HHV-2 infection can sometimes be asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms that go unnoticed, making it difficult to determine the exact prevalence of the virus in the population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 491 million people worldwide aged 15 years and older have HSV-2 infection, with a higher prevalence in women than men.
Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Genital diseases in males refer to various medical conditions that affect the male reproductive and urinary systems, including the penis, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. These conditions can be infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic (cancerous) in nature. Some common examples of male genital diseases include:
1. Balanitis: Inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis, often caused by infection, irritants, or poor hygiene.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic, bacterial or non-bacterial in origin.
3. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is often caused by infection.
4. Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, usually resulting from infection or autoimmune disorders.
5. Testicular torsion: A surgical emergency characterized by twisting of the spermatic cord, leading to reduced blood flow and potential tissue damage in the testicle.
6. Varicocele: Dilated veins in the scrotum that can cause pain, discomfort, or fertility issues.
7. Peyronie's disease: A connective tissue disorder causing scarring and curvature of the penis during erections.
8. Penile cancer: Malignant growths on the penis, often squamous cell carcinomas, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty initiating or maintaining a steady stream of urine.
10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infectious diseases, like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), that can be transmitted through sexual contact and affect the male genital region.
Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.
"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.
Sexual behavior in animals refers to a variety of behaviors related to reproduction and mating that occur between members of the same species. These behaviors can include courtship displays, mating rituals, and various physical acts. The specific forms of sexual behavior displayed by a given species are influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.
In some animals, sexual behavior is closely tied to reproductive cycles and may only occur during certain times of the year or under specific conditions. In other species, sexual behavior may be more frequent and less closely tied to reproduction, serving instead as a means of social bonding or communication.
It's important to note that while humans are animals, the term "sexual behavior" is often used in a more specific sense to refer to sexual activities between human beings. The study of sexual behavior in animals is an important area of research within the field of animal behavior and can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human sexual behavior as well as the underlying mechanisms that drive it.
"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.
For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.
It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.
Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.
In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.
Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.
Female condoms are a form of barrier contraception that provides protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. They are made of soft, flexible nitrile rubber sheath that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The closed end of the sheath covers the cervix, while the open end remains outside the vagina, covering the labia.
The female condom works by providing a physical barrier that prevents semen from entering the vagina and coming into contact with the cervix and internal reproductive organs. This helps to prevent pregnancy and also reduces the risk of STI transmission by preventing direct genital-to-genital contact.
Female condoms are an important option for individuals who cannot or do not wish to use male condoms, as they offer similar protection against STIs and pregnancy. They can be inserted up to eight hours before sexual intercourse, providing greater spontaneity and convenience compared to male condoms. Additionally, female condoms may be used during anal sex to reduce the risk of STI transmission.
It is important to note that female condoms should not be used in conjunction with male condoms, as this can increase friction and cause either condom to break or slip off. Proper use and handling of female condoms are essential for ensuring their effectiveness and preventing accidental pregnancy or STI transmission.
Ovariectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. It is also known as "ovary removal" or "oophorectomy." This procedure is often performed as a treatment for various medical conditions, including ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic pain. Ovariectomy can also be part of a larger surgical procedure called an hysterectomy, in which the uterus is also removed.
In some cases, an ovariectomy may be performed as a preventative measure for individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is known as a prophylactic ovariectomy. After an ovariectomy, a person will no longer have menstrual periods and will be unable to become pregnant naturally. Hormone replacement therapy may be recommended in some cases to help manage symptoms associated with the loss of hormones produced by the ovaries.
Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.
For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.
Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.
Copulation is the act of sexual reproduction in animals, achieved through the process of mating and engaging in sexual intercourse. It involves the insertion of the male's reproductive organ (the penis) into the female's reproductive organ (vagina), followed by the ejaculation of semen, which contains sperm. The sperm then travels up through the cervix and into the uterus, where they may fertilize an egg or ovum that has been released from one of the ovaries.
In a broader sense, copulation can also refer to the act of reproduction in other organisms, such as plants, fungi, and protists, which may involve different processes such as pollination, fusion of gametes, or vegetative reproduction.
Female genital disease - Wikipedia
Prevalence of nine different micro-organisms in the female genital tract. A comparison between women from a venereal disease...
Zika Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System and Female Genital Tract - Volume 22, Number 12-December 2016 - Emerging...
Genital herpes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Results of search for 'su:{Genital diseases, Female }' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Results of search for 'su:{Genital Diseases, Female}' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Effect of central and ovarian endocrine disturbances on the female genital tract--clinical signs and symptoms
Gynecologic Care of Women With HIV: WIHS and HERS Studies, Epidemiologic Data, Menstrual Abnormalities
We Must Act United Against Female Genital Mutilation, High Commissioner for Human Rights Tells Human Rights Council | OHCHR
Lower genital tract infections among pregnant women: a review
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Genital warts - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
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Thieme E-Books & E-Journals - Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
A Case Report of Familial Extramammary Paget's Disease in Female Siblings | Case Reports in Dermatology | Karger Publishers
Socio-economic disparities in female genital circumcision: finding from a case- control study | Research Square
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Mutilation16
- The Human Rights Council this morning held a high-level panel discussion on the multisectoral prevention of and response to female genital mutilation. (ohchr.org)
- Michelle Bachelet, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, noted that female genital mutilation affected women and girls everywhere in the world, with more than 90 countries affected according to a recent report. (ohchr.org)
- Prior to COVID-19, more than 200 million girls and women alive today had undergone female genital mutilation and at least four million girls were at risk every year. (ohchr.org)
- Such an approach meant that consideration of how female genital mutilation was linked to intersecting forms of discrimination and other root causes of gender inequality must be addressed. (ohchr.org)
- Despite encouraging progress, according to the World Health Organization, more than 200 million women and girls had unfortunately already undergone female genital mutilation, and more than 50 million girls under the age of 15 were at risk of being subjected to it by 2030. (ohchr.org)
- Anna Widegren, panel moderator and Director of End FGM European Network, explained that in Europe, there were over 600,000 female genital mutilation survivors, as well as a further 190,000 girls and women who were at risk of undergoing the harmful practice in 17 European countries alone. (ohchr.org)
- Natalia Kanem, panellist and Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund, said resolution 44/16 on the elimination of female general mutilation addressed female general mutilation as a human rights violation and a form of gender based violence. (ohchr.org)
- There was progress, albeit uneven, with female genital mutilation prevalence in Africa in overall decline. (ohchr.org)
- Amira Elfadil Mohammed Elfadil, panellist and Commissioner for Social Affairs of the African Union Commission, noted that the human rights nexus was critical in accelerating the elimination of female genital mutilation. (ohchr.org)
- As such, the African Union Commission had launched the African Union Saleema Initiative on Female Genital Mutilation in 2019 to mobilise continental resources, action, monitoring, reporting and accountability. (ohchr.org)
- She cited laws passed prohibiting female genital mutilation by 16 of 28 countries where it is practiced. (womensenews.org)
- February 2011) For more than 20 years, since the first data collection in Sudan in 1989, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) team at Macro International has been tracking the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female genital mutilation and female circumcision. (prb.org)
- community-based education and outreach program relating to female genital mutilation. (maine.gov)
- That the Department of Health and Human Services shall establish a community-based education and outreach program to provide culturally specific services for communities in the State in which female genital mutilation of minors might be practiced. (maine.gov)
- Initiative: Provides funding for one Comprehensive Health Planner II position to develop, establish and administer a community-based education and outreach program to provide culturally specific services for communities in the State in which female genital mutilation of minors might be practiced, which includes the development, establishment and administration of a culturally sensitive professional training program. (maine.gov)
- This amendment, which is a minority report of the committee, replaces the bill, changes the title and directs the Department of Health and Human Services to develop, establish and administer a community-based education and outreach program to provide culturally specific services for communities in the State in which female genital mutilation of minors might be practiced, including a culturally sensitive professional training program. (maine.gov)
Warts17
- Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. (mayoclinic.org)
- Nearly all sexually active people will become infected with at least one type of human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes genital warts, at some point during their lives. (mayoclinic.org)
- Genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. (mayoclinic.org)
- Some strains of genital HPV can cause genital warts, while others can cause cancer. (mayoclinic.org)
- Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection. (mayoclinic.org)
- In women, genital warts can also grow inside the vagina. (mayoclinic.org)
- In women, genital warts can grow on the vulva, the walls of the vagina, the area between the external genitals and the anus, the anal canal, and the cervix. (mayoclinic.org)
- Genital warts can also develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sexual contact with an infected person. (mayoclinic.org)
- Genital warts can be so small and flat as to be invisible. (mayoclinic.org)
- Rarely, however, genital warts can multiply into large clusters in someone with a suppressed immune system. (mayoclinic.org)
- See a health care professional if you or your partner develops bumps or warts in the genital area. (mayoclinic.org)
- Genital warts are almost always spread through sexual contact. (mayoclinic.org)
- Substantial declines in genital warts (GW) have been observed in countries with quadrivalent HPV vaccination programmes, with Australia showing the highest reductions due to early commencement and high vaccination coverage. (mdpi.com)
- HPV can cause cervical cancer, certain other cancers and genital warts. (courttv.com)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can cause cervical cancer as well as genital warts. (kidshealth.org)
- HPV can cause some types of cancer and genital warts. (kidshealth.org)
- Genital warts were associated with dysuria, general and lower abdominal pain. (lu.se)
Infection33
- Female genital diseases can be classified by affected location or by type of disease, such as malformation, inflammation, or infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- As the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) epidemic progressed and women represented an increasing proportion of cases, concerns arose about possible clinically significant gynecologic manifestations of HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (medscape.com)
- WIHS and HERS have contributed greatly to the understanding of HIV infection in women. (medscape.com)
- WIHS, which began in 1994 and is ongoing, was established to follow the natural history of HIV infection and related health conditions among 2,058 women with HIV and 568 women without HIV. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] In HERS, 871 women with HIV and 439 women without infection who were at-risk, aged 16-55, were enrolled at 4 US sites between 1993 and 1995 and were followed prospectively until 2000 to evaluate medical and psychosocial events associated with the clinical course of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
- Overwhelmingly, women who contract HIV infection are diagnosed during their reproductive years, and most (87%) become infected through high-risk heterosexual contact: sex with multiple partners, bisexual males, male injection drug users, or males with unidentified risk factors. (medscape.com)
- For other discussions on of HIV infection, see HIV Disease , Pediatric HIV Infection , and Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection , as well as HIV in Pregnancy . (medscape.com)
- PID is a frequent and important infection that occurs among women of reproductive age. (cdc.gov)
- Cervical cancer has been closely linked with genital HPV infection. (mayoclinic.org)
- Incident cervical HPV infections in young women: Transition probabilities for CIN and infection clearance por: Insinga R.P., et al. (ccb.org.co)
- Attribution of 12 high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes to infection and cervical disease por: Joura, Elmar A., et al. (ccb.org.co)
- Prenatal STI testing can determine whether a pregnant woman has an infection that can be cured or controlled with drug treatment, which decreases the chances that the infant will contract the disease. (nih.gov)
- If a woman has active herpes lesions, untreated HIV, or an HIV viral load that is not suppressed, the infant can be delivered by cesarean section (also referred to as C section) to prevent transmission of the infection. (nih.gov)
- For infections, such as gonorrhea, a pregnant woman and her sexual partner can be treated before the birth, and the infant can be treated at birth to prevent infection. (nih.gov)
- The ointment can prevent blindness from exposure to gonorrhea or chlamydia bacteria during delivery, in case the pregnant woman had an undetected infection. (nih.gov)
- Women who are pregnant or are thinking about getting pregnant are advised not to travel to areas where Zika infection has been reported. (nih.gov)
- In children, herpes virus type 1 genital infection may be contracted by non-sexual means. (rxmed.com)
- Other trigger factors include genital trauma, menstruation, sunbathing and pre-existing infection. (rxmed.com)
- Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by human herpesvirus 1 or 2. (merckmanuals.com)
- Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections Sexually transmitted infection (STI) refers to infection with a pathogen that is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or other body fluids during oral, anal, or genital sex with. (merckmanuals.com)
- Mothers with primary (newly acquired) HSV genital infection have a higher risk of transmitting HSV to the neonate. (merckmanuals.com)
- Most women who transmit HSV to neonates do not have symptoms of HSV infection at the time of delivery. (merckmanuals.com)
- This photo shows widespread ulceration of the penis and scrotum due to coalescence of smaller lesions in a man with severe genital herpes infection. (merckmanuals.com)
- However, all women should be retested three to four months after treatment for chlamydial infection, because of the high incidence of reinfection. (aafp.org)
- Testing for herpes simplex virus serotype is advised in patients with genital infection, because recurrent infection is less likely with the type 1 serotype than with the type 2 serotype. (aafp.org)
- Associations between infection and socio-demographic factors (age, sex, place of residence), sexual activity (defined by oral contraceptive use or gynaecologist visits) and abdominal pain among females were examined in univariate analysis. (researchgate.net)
- Out of 494 women with a genital infection, 112 (22.7%) had a mixed infection, which. (lu.se)
- Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). (epnet.com)
- In this review, we will discuss current evidence that microbial communities are critical for maintaining reproductive health and how perturbations of microbial community structures can impact reproductive health from the aspect of infection, reproductive cyclicity, pregnancy, and disease states. (frontiersin.org)
- If left untreated, either via antibiotics or the body's immune system, the infection can lead to more dangerous problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, urethricitis, cervicitis, and tubal factor infertility, among others. (naturalnews.com)
- Aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric secretions and periodontal or gingival disease are risk factors for anaerobic pleuropulmonary infection due to AGNB and to other anaerobes. (medscape.com)
- Every year in the United States, 31,500 women and men are diagnosed with a cancer caused by HPV infection. (cdc.gov)
Anal3
- These patches occur in the anal and genital areas. (healthline.com)
- Do not have oral, anal, or genital sex. (epnet.com)
- Do not have oral, anal, or genital sex with a person who has herpes blisters. (epnet.com)
Vagina4
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome that results from the ascension of microorganisms from the cervix and vagina to the upper genital tract. (cdc.gov)
- Women develop PID when certain bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), move upward from a woman's vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs. (cdc.gov)
- Not only can the blisters erupt on the skin, they can also occur inside the urethra of the penis in males, and inside the vagina and on the cervix of the uterus in females. (progressivehealth.com)
- Stage I and II disease with squamous cell lesions at the apex or the upper posterior or lateral portions of the vagina may be treated surgically. (medscape.com)
Cervical10
- Although the feasibility is good, the performance of clinical algorithms in the evaluation and management of lower genital tract infections is worse in pregnant women and better results are achieved for vaginal infections than cervical infections. (nih.gov)
- A pooled analysis of continued prophylactic efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6/11/16/18) vaccine against high-grade cervical and external genital lesions por: Kjaer, Susanne K., et al. (ccb.org.co)
- Combining a Pap test with a human papillomavirus (HPV) test can safely extend the interval between cervical cancer screenings from three years to five years in many women between the ages of 30-65, according to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (webmd.com)
- And women of any age who've had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and no history of cervical cancer or precancerous abnormalities do not need to be screened, according to the guidelines. (webmd.com)
- Background: There are few population-based data on the disease burden of cervical cancer from developing countries, especially South Pacific islands. (researchgate.net)
- This study aimed to determine the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer and the coverage of Papanicolaou (Pap) cervical cytology in 20- to 69-year-old women in Fiji from 2004 to 2007. (researchgate.net)
- Every year, nearly 13,000 women living in the U.S. will be diagnosed with cervical cancer, and more than 4,000 women die from cervical cancer-even with screening and treatment. (cdc.gov)
- Women who have had the HPV vaccine should still start getting screened for cervical cancer when they reach age 21. (cdc.gov)
- Also, fewer young women are being diagnosed with cervical precancer caused by HPV infections. (cdc.gov)
- The specimen collected for laboratory diagnosis of genital HPV are exfoliated cells from a female's cervical junction or a male's foreskin, balanopreputial sulcus, glans, and navicular fossa of the penis. (medscape.com)
Penis1
- Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial neoplasm that occurs in apocrine-bearing areas of skin such as vulva, perineum, penis, scrotum, and perianal area. (karger.com)
Lesions7
- If you are pregnant, tell your doctor if you have had herpes or any genital lesions in the past. (rxmed.com)
- It causes ulcerative genital lesions. (merckmanuals.com)
- When the virus emerges, it may or may not cause symptoms (ie, genital lesions). (merckmanuals.com)
- Primary genital lesions develop 4 to 7 days after contact. (merckmanuals.com)
- Primary genital lesions are usually more painful, prolonged, and widespread, involve regional adenopathy, and are more likely to be accompanied by constitutional symptoms than recurrent genital lesions. (merckmanuals.com)
- External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is recommended in patients with stage I poorly differentiated tumors and deeply invasive lesions and in all patients with stage II-IV disease. (medscape.com)
- Every year in the U.S., more than 300,000 women endure invasive testing and treatment for changes in the cells (lesions) on the cervix that can develop into cancers. (cdc.gov)
Cervix1
- Sexually transmitted diseases can cause cervix inflammation , which is what leads to spotting or particularly heavy periods. (brainfoggles.com)
Infectious diseases4
- On April 26, she was referred to the travel clinic of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani in Rome for a febrile syndrome with rash, generalized headache, and weakness, which started on April 21. (cdc.gov)
- PID is a serious complication of chlamydia and gonorrhea, two of the most common reportable infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the US. (cdc.gov)
- Michael D. Iseman is professor of medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Sciences at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado. (nationalacademies.org)
- For more stories about reducing your risk of infectious diseases, visit Health.news . (naturalnews.com)
Diagnosis6
- As a result, diagnosis of female genital diseases may be delayed or missed. (wikipedia.org)
- Social determinants of health including economic and logistical burden of seeking healthcare may also interfere with timely diagnosis of female genital disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Individuals who have female genitals and/or reproductive organs but who do not identify as women may experience additional difficulties in seeking diagnosis of female genital diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- There is a need to develop simple, cheap and reliable laboratory tests and better clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of reproductive tract infections among pregnant women. (nih.gov)
- 18 This equates to an estimated 2.5 million women in the United States with a reported lifetime history of PID diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
- Several different modalities exist for the laboratory diagnosis of genital HPV. (medscape.com)
Urinary2
- 1 When present, signs and symptoms of PID are nonspecific, so other reproductive tract illnesses and diseases of both the urinary and the gastrointestinal tracts should be considered when evaluating a sexually active woman with lower abdominal pain. (cdc.gov)
- Sexually transmitted diseases can cause inflammation in your urinary tract and genital area. (brainfoggles.com)
Lower genital tract5
- To determine the prevalence of lower genital tract infections, discuss briefly common maternal foetal complications associated with them and assess the usefulness of diagnostic algorithms in their management among pregnant women in the developing countries. (nih.gov)
- A total of thirty five articles were retrieved and reviewed for information on the performance of diagnostic algorithms, prevalence rates and adverse maternal-foetal effects of lower genital tract infections in pregnancy. (nih.gov)
- 9-11 Newer data suggest that Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen) may also play a role in PID and may be associated with milder symptoms 4,12,13 although studies have failed to demonstrate a significant increase in PID following detection of Mgen in the lower genital tract. (cdc.gov)
- Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. (merckmanuals.com)
- Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 2011;15:263-7. (knowthecause.com)
Vaginal discharge3
- The CDC guidelines also include new information on the treatment of diseases characterized by vaginal discharge. (aafp.org)
- A woman normally produces a vaginal discharge that usually is described as clear or slightly cloudy, non-irritating, and odor-free. (webmd.com)
- 16 The original WHO flowcharts were developed for six syndromes: urethral discharge, vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital ulcer disease, swollen scrotum, and neonatal conjunctivitis. (nzdl.org)
Human papillomavirus3
- Background The impact of the prophylactic vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (HPV6/11/16/18) on all HPV-associated genital disease was investigated in a population that approximates sexually naive women in that they were 'negative to 14 HPV types' and in a m. (ccb.org.co)
- She contends she contracted HPV, human papillomavirus, because the man did not tell her he had the disease. (courttv.com)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that infects both women and men. (cdc.gov)
Anus2
- A 61-year-old Asian woman presented with a 2-year history of chronic pruritic genital lesion slowly progressing to the anus. (karger.com)
- and cancers of the anus and back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (oropharynx) in men and women. (cdc.gov)
Recurrent2
- Recurrent attacks of genital herpes. (rxmed.com)
- This photo shows vesicles and ulcers in the vulva of a woman with recurrent genital herpes. (merckmanuals.com)
Vulva2
- This photo shows pustules in primary genital herpes of the vulva. (merckmanuals.com)
- This photo shows ulcerations in the vulva that are caused by genital herpes. (merckmanuals.com)
Pelvic4
Disorders1
- Disorders of the female genital tract caused by endocrine disturbances commonly lead to two presenting complaints: dysfunctional uterine bleeding and infertility. (nih.gov)
20211
- A search of studies published until October 2021 via Scopus and ProQuest was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to assess how FGS can be integrated into HIV /SRH and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) programmes and services. (bvsalud.org)
Blisters2
- Genital symptoms include small, painful blisters filled with clear or straw-colored fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
- Genital herpes can also cause this pain as it causes tiny, painful blisters to form around your genitalia. (brainfoggles.com)
Circumcision7
- Female genital circumcision is still one of the challenges in reproductive health. (researchsquare.com)
- This study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic disparities in female genital circumcision in a Kurdish region of Iran. (researchsquare.com)
- We conducted a case-control study to assess the socio-economic factors associated with female genital circumcision. (researchsquare.com)
- The chances of genital circumcision in girls under the age of 20 and then in the age group of 20 to 30 years were 5.77 and 8.55 times higher than those over 30 years, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
- Also, the family history of circumcision increased the chance of female genital circumcision by 9.90 times. (researchsquare.com)
- The present study highlighted the importance of modifiable variable such as girls' education as well as parents' education as predictors of female genital circumcision. (researchsquare.com)
- There are various reasons for FGC, but the main reasons should be sought in severe gender discrimination against women, lack of awareness of the negative consequences of circumcision, as well as cultural traditions and beliefs. (researchsquare.com)
Africa3
- Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) affects approximately 56 million women and girls across sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with up to a threefold increased prevalence of HIV . (bvsalud.org)
- The female genital cutting module consists of a series of 20 questions, and countries in Africa where FGC is practiced usually use this module in their national surveys. (prb.org)
- In a PRB Discuss Online, P. Stanley Yoder, social anthropologist and senior research specialist at ICF Macro, answered questions from participants about the survey process and female genital cutting in Africa. (prb.org)
Menstruation1
- Additionally, by broadening what "women's health" encompasses, including not only reproductive and genital health, childbearing, and menstruation but also osteoporosis, breast cancer, and other disease states where women bear higher burden than men, the NIH can focus funding on these conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Intercourse1
- Regular exposure to either sexual intercourse or genital stimulation in the presence of a man (but not masturbation) was associated with fertile-type menstrual cycles. (athenainstitute.com)
STDs8
- Why are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of particular concern for pregnant women? (nih.gov)
- Why are STDs and STIs of particular concern for pregnant women? (nih.gov)
- For this reason, it is important for a pregnant woman to be tested for STDs/STIs as a part of her prenatal care. (nih.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published updated guidelines that provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (aafp.org)
- Despite various attempts by health care workers to reduce the morbidity and mortality of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), more than 15 million persons acquire STDs each year in the United States. (aafp.org)
- To assist in these endeavors, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2 recently updated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of STDs. (aafp.org)
- P.S.: If you haven't already done so, see your physician about being screened for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (uexpress.com)
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, women are way more likely than men to suffer severe, long-term consequences of STDs. (brainfoggles.com)
Lesion2
- She visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and was referred to a dermatologist for evaluation of her genital lesion. (karger.com)
- The location of disease, the size of the lesion, and the clinical stage of the tumor should help guide treatment planning. (medscape.com)
Pregnant woman2
- These tests are most often done when someone has a first outbreak and when a pregnant woman develops genital herpes symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- 1 The pregnant woman and her health care provider can take other steps to protect her health and her infant's health if the STI is one that cannot be cured or treated. (nih.gov)
20162
- On April 9, 2016, a 32-year-old woman from Italy traveled to Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, women accounted for 19% of the new HIV cases in 2016. (medscape.com)
Bacterial1
- 2-8 However, endogenous microorganisms, including gram positive and negative anaerobic organisms and aerobic/facultative gram positive and negative rods and cocci, found at high levels in women with bacterial vaginosis, also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PID. (cdc.gov)
Asymptomatic1
- Moon Kim] The patient described in our report had recovered from Ebola virus disease and became pregnant more than five months after her last negative Ebola virus PCR test and was asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)
Swollen1
- These symptoms may cause pain during urination, tenderness in the genital area during an outbreak, flu-like symptoms, and swollen lymph glands. (progressivehealth.com)
Uterine fibroids2
- In a study done in Lagos, Nigeria regarding uterine fibroids, majority of the women who participated in the study (67.0%) "perceived [uterine] fibroids as a spiritual problem" and believe that the best course of treatment is done spiritually through places of worship such as churches and mosques. (wikipedia.org)
- The majority of women who participated in the study knew that uterine fibroids existed and were associated with obesity. (wikipedia.org)
Communicable diseases2
- 1.3.3 Non communicable diseases. (who.int)
- This strategy comes on a time the health system is facing many challenges resulting from the high burden of communicable diseases, recent increasing burden of non communicable diseases, the economic constraints, poverty, the civil conflict that has been going on for decades and the climatic factors related to floods and drought. (who.int)
Commonly2
- EMPD commonly occurs in women older than 60 years of age without specific risk factors or precipitating cause identified to date. (karger.com)
- Herpes simplex 2 is commonly known as genital herpes. (progressivehealth.com)
Sores1
- Many people with genital herpes never have sores. (medlineplus.gov)
Burden3
- However, through limiting the number of women eligible for various stages of these trials, outcomes and the burden of disease have been underrepresented in females, either underreported or not adjusted for. (wikipedia.org)
- Investments are needed to realise the potential of FGS integration to address the burden of this neglected disease and improve HIV and SRH outcomes for millions of women and girls at risk . (bvsalud.org)
- The major challenges are to apply an effective health system reform, find alternative ways of funding, reduce the burden of diseases, promote healthy life styles, develop and retain human resources and introduce advanced technology while assuring equity, quality and accessibility. (who.int)
World Health Organ1
- Moon Kim] What's important about this is that many survivors of Ebola virus disease, which, according to the World Health Organization, is approximately 5,000 women of childbearing age, will require medical care for not just routine illnesses, but also surgical services, dental work, and management of other diseases. (cdc.gov)
Clinical6
- Clinical trials that focused on preventative care, such as screenings, diagnostics, and health services in have an adjusted relative difference of 8.48% in female enrollment. (wikipedia.org)
- In efforts to encourage women to participate in clinical research, the National Institute of Health (NIH) launched the women's health initiative in 1991 that focuses clinical trials and observational studies on post-menopausal women over a 15 year period of time. (wikipedia.org)
- The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has released clinical management guidelines for practitioners who care for women infected with HIV. (medscape.com)
- Women with PID may present with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms that range from unnoticeable or subtle and mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
- Finally this review will conclude with a literature summary of the effectiveness of microbial intervention strategies that have been implemented in animal and human models of disease and the potential for integrating these microbial intervention strategies into standard clinical practice. (frontiersin.org)
- An indirect but compelling argument that supports the idea that C. trachomatis colonizes the [gastrointestinal tract] without clinical disease is that most, if not all, other Chlamydia species are first and foremost innocuous gut commensals," the authors of the study said. (naturalnews.com)
Endocrine2
- Recognizing a time to embrace and a time to refrain from embracing can promote the health and wellbeing of the reproductive endocrine system of individual women. (athenainstitute.com)
- Correlatively, the literature also reveals the disruptive relationship between inappropriate timing of genital stimulation and deficient reproductive endocrine health. (athenainstitute.com)
Complications3
- Original and review articles addressing genital tract infections, associated complications and diagnostic evaluation in pregnant women were included. (nih.gov)
- Women should have an annual Pap smear and physical examination to rule out any complications. (rxmed.com)
- Since the complications of STD infections are more severe in women than men, it is highly recommended you go for regular screening even when you feel completely healthy. (brainfoggles.com)
Factors1
- this can then led into a variety of other factors to consider when making medical decisions towards women in the acute inpatient or chronic ambulatory care setting such as social and financial difference that can impact the care women receive. (wikipedia.org)
Rarely1
- Compared to sporadically active or abstaining women, the length of the cycle for WEEKLY women was less aberrant in length - rarely exceeding the span of 29.5 + 3 days in length. (athenainstitute.com)
Reproductive tract3
- The culture of silence : reproductive tract infections among women in the third world / Ruth Dixon-Mueller and Judith Wasserheit. (who.int)
- This manuscript will describe recent efforts to define microbial diversity in the female reproductive tract because of the impact that microbial function has on reproductive efficiency. (frontiersin.org)
- Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE). (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms and S1
- OBJECTIVE: To compare symptoms and signs in women with single and mixed genital infections. (lu.se)
Outbreak2
- Pregnant women with a history of herpes may be treated during the last month of pregnancy to reduce the chance of having an outbreak at the time of delivery. (medlineplus.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that a herpes simplex 2 outbreak may consist of only one small blister around the genitals or rectum. (progressivehealth.com)