Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.
Simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. It differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. It differs from PLAGIARISM in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own.
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Passing off as one's own the work of another without credit.
The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.
Duplicate publication refers to the substantial repetition of original published material, either in identical or near-identical form, without appropriate citation, acknowledgement, or justification, which can be considered as misconduct and violates publishing ethics.
The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.

twin of eyeless, a second Pax-6 gene of Drosophila, acts upstream of eyeless in the control of eye development. (1/404)

The Drosophila Pax-6 gene eyeless (ey) plays a key role in eye development. Here we show tht Drosophila contains a second Pax-6 gene, twin of eyeless (toy), due to a duplication during insect evolution. Toy is more similar to vertebrate Pax-6 proteins than Ey with regard to overall sequence conservation, DNA-binding function, and early expression in the embryo, toy and ey share a similar expression pattern in the developing visual system, and targeted expression of Toy, like Ey, induces the formation of ectopic eyes. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates, however, that Toy functions upstream of ey by directly regulating the eye-specific enhancer of ey. Toy is therefore required for initiation of ey expression in the embryo and acts through Ey to activate the eye developmental program.  (+info)

Role of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase in degradation of phthalate by Burkholderia cepacia DBO1. (2/404)

Two distinct regions of DNA encode the enzymes needed for phthalate degradation by Burkholderia cepacia DBO1. A gene coding for an enzyme (quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase) involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+ was identified between these two regions by sequence analysis and functional assays. Southern hybridization experiments indicate that DBO1 and other phthalate-degrading B. cepacia strains have two dissimilar genes for this enzyme, while non-phthalate-degrading B. cepacia strains have only a single gene. The sequenced gene was labeled ophE, due to the fact that it is specifically induced by phthalate as shown by lacZ gene fusions. Insertional knockout mutants lacking ophE grow noticeably slower on phthalate while exhibiting normal rates of growth on other substrates. The fact that elevated levels of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase enhance growth on phthalate stems from the structural similarities between phthalate and quinolinate: phthalate is a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme and the phthalate catabolic pathway cometabolizes quinolinate. The recruitment of this gene for growth on phthalate thus gives B. cepacia an advantage over other phthalate-degrading bacteria in the environment.  (+info)

Role of multiple gene copies in particulate methane monooxygenase activity in the methane-oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath. (3/404)

Genes for the subunits of particulate methane monooxygenase, PmoABC, have been sequenced from the gamma-proteobacterial methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus Bath. M. capsulatus Bath contains two complete copies of pmoCAB, as well as a third copy of pmoC. The two pmoCAB regions were almost identical at the nucleotide sequence level, differing in only 13 positions in 3183 bp. At the amino acid level, each translated gene product contained only one differing residue in each copy. However, the pmoC3 sequence was more divergent from the two other pmoC copies at both the far N-terminus and far C-terminus. Chromosomal insertion mutations were generated in all seven genes. Null mutants could not be obtained for pmoC3, suggesting that it may play an essential role in growth on methane. Null mutants were obtained for pmoC1, pmoC2, pmoA1, pmoA2, pmoB1 and pmoB2. All of these mutants grew on methane, demonstrating that both gene copies were functional. Copy 1 mutants showed about two-thirds of the wild-type whole-cell methane oxidation rate, while copy 2 mutants showed only about one-third of the wild-type rate, indicating that both gene copies were necessary for wild-type particulate methane monooxygenase activity. It was not possible to obtain double null mutants that were defective in both pmo copies, which may indicate that some expression of pMMO is important for growth.  (+info)

The zebrafish genome contains two distinct selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]sec genes. (4/404)

The zebrafish is widely used as a model system for studying mammalian developmental genetics and more recently, as a model system for carcinogenesis. Since there is mounting evidence that selenium can prevent cancer in mammals, including humans, we characterized the selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]sec gene and its product in zebrafish. Two genes for this tRNA were isolated and sequenced and were found to map at different loci within the zebrafish genome. The encoding sequences of both are identical and their flanking sequences are highly homologous for several hundred bases in both directions. The two genes likely arose from gene duplication which is a common phenomenon among many genes in this species. In addition, zebrafish tRNA[Ser]sec was isolated from the total tRNA population and shown to decode UGA in a ribosomal binding assay.  (+info)

Sequence analysis of the Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus genome. (5/404)

The nucleotide sequence of the Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV) genome was determined and found to comprise 178,733 bases with a G+C content of 40.7%. It contained 181 putative genes of 150 nucleotides or greater that showed minimal overlap. Eighty-four of these putative genes, which collectively accounted for 43% of the genome, are homologs of genes previously identified in the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome. These homologs showed on average 33% amino acid sequence identity to those from AcMNPV. Several genes reported to have major roles in AcMNPV biology including ie-2, gp64, and egt were not found in the XcGV genome. However, open reading frames with homology to DNA ligase, two DNA helicases (one similar to a yeast mitochondrial helicase and the other to a putative AcMNPV helicase), and four enhancins (virus enhancing factors) were found. In addition, several ORFs are repeated; there are 7 genes related to AcMNPV orf2, 4 genes related to AcMNPV orf145/150, and a number of repeated genes unique to XcGV. Eight major repeated sequences (XcGV hrs) that are similar to sequences found in the Trichoplusia ni GV genome (TnGV) were found.  (+info)

The alleles of the bft gene are distributed differently among enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis strains from human sources and can be present in double copies. (6/404)

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are associated with diarrheal disease in children. These strains produce a zinc metalloprotease enterotoxin, or fragilysin, that can be detected by a cytotoxicity assay with HT-29 cells. Recently, three different isoforms or variants of the enterotoxin gene, designated bft-1, bft-2, and bft-3, have been identified and sequenced. We used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR-amplified enterotoxin gene to detect the isoforms bft-1 and bft-2 or bft-3 borne by ETBF. By sequencing the portion of the bft gene corresponding to the mature toxin in some strains and applying allele-specific PCR for strains categorized as bft-2 or bft-3, we found in our collection two strains harboring bft-3, a variant that had been described for isolates from East Asia. Analysis of 66 ETBF strains from different sources showed that bft-1 is the most frequent allele, being present in 65% of isolates; it is largely predominant in isolates from feces of adults, while bft-2 is present in isolates from feces of children. This association is statistically significant (P, 0.0064). Sixteen strains were examined by Southern hybridization using, as probes, the bft and second metalloprotease genes, both included in a pathogenicity islet. Five strains were found to harbor double copies of both genes, suggesting that the whole islet was duplicated. Four of these strains, harboring bft-1 (three strains) or bft-2 (one strain), were found to produce a large amount of biologically active toxin, as determined by a cytotoxicity assay with HT-29 cells. The strains harboring bft-3, either in a single copy or in double copies, produced the smallest amount of toxin in our collection.  (+info)

Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. (7/404)

The genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) strain Nigg (1 069 412 nt) and Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR39 (1 229 853 nt) were determined using a random shotgun strategy. The MoPn genome exhibited a general conservation of gene order and content with the previously sequenced C.trachomatis serovar D. Differences between C.trachomatis strains were focused on an approximately 50 kb 'plasticity zone' near the termination origins. In this region MoPn contained three copies of a novel gene encoding a >3000 amino acid toxin homologous to a predicted toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7 but had apparently lost the tryptophan biosyntheis genes found in serovar D in this region. The C. pneumoniae AR39 chromosome was >99.9% identical to the previously sequenced C.pneumoniae CWL029 genome, however, comparative analysis identified an invertible DNA segment upstream of the uridine kinase gene which was in different orientations in the two genomes. AR39 also contained a novel 4524 nt circular single-stranded (ss)DNA bacteriophage, the first time a virus has been reported infecting C. pneumoniae. Although the chlamydial genomes were highly conserved, there were intriguing differences in key nucleotide salvage pathways: C.pneumoniae has a uridine kinase gene for dUTP production, MoPn has a uracil phosphororibosyl transferase, while C.trachomatis serovar D contains neither gene. Chromosomal comparison revealed that there had been multiple large inversion events since the species divergence of C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae, apparently oriented around the axis of the origin of replication and the termination region. The striking synteny of the Chlamydia genomes and prevalence of tandemly duplicated genes are evidence of minimal chromosome rearrangement and foreign gene uptake, presumably owing to the ecological isolation of the obligate intracellular parasites. In the absence of genetic analysis, comparative genomics will continue to provide insight into the virulence mechanisms of these important human pathogens.  (+info)

Pyruvate kinase of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote Thermoproteus tenax: physiological role and phylogenetic aspects. (8/404)

Pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) of Thermoproteus tenax was purified to homogeneity, and its coding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. It represents a homomeric tetramer with a molecular mass of 49 kDa per subunit. PK exhibits positive binding cooperativity with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate and metal ions such as Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). Heterotropic effects, as commonly found for PKs from bacterial and eucaryal sources, could not be detected. The enzyme does not depend on K(+) ions. Heterotrophically grown cells exhibit specific activity of PK four times higher than autotrophically grown cells. Since the mRNA level of the PK coding gene is also accordingly higher in heterotrophic cells, we conclude that the PK activity is adjusted to growth conditions mainly on the transcript level. The enzymic properties of the PK and the regulation of its expression are discussed with respect to the physiological framework given by the T. tenax-specific variant of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. T. tenax PK shows moderate overall sequence similarity (25 to 40% identity) to its bacterial and eucaryal pendants. Phylogenetic analyses of the known PK sequences result in a dichotomic tree topology that divides the enzymes into two major PK clusters, probably diverged by an early gene duplication event. The phylogenetic divergence is paralleled by a striking phenotypic differentiation of PKs: PKs of cluster I, which occur in eucaryal cytoplasm, some gamma proteobacteria, and low-GC gram-positive bacteria, are only active in the presence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate or other phosphorylated sugars, whereas PKs of cluster II, found in various bacterial phyla, plastids, and in Archaea, show activity without effectors but are commonly regulated by the energy charge of the cell.  (+info)

Duplicate genes refer to two or more identical or very similar copies of a gene that have the same function or very similar functions in an organism's genome. These genes arise through various genetic processes such as gene duplication events, including whole-genome duplications, segmental duplications, and unequal crossing over during meiosis.

Duplicate genes can be classified into two main categories:

1. Ohnologs: These are genes that result from whole-genome duplications (WGD), also known as autotetraploidization or polyploidization events, where the entire genome is duplicated. Ohnologs typically retain their original function and are often retained in the genome because they can provide evolutionary advantages, such as allowing for functional innovation and adaptability.

2. Paralogs: These are genes that result from smaller-scale gene duplication events, such as segmental duplications or unequal crossing over during meiosis. Paralogs may undergo various evolutionary fates, including neofunctionalization (one copy acquires a new function), subfunctionalization (both copies share the original function but become specialized in different aspects of it), or pseudogenization (one copy becomes non-functional).

Duplicate genes play an essential role in genome evolution and adaptation by providing raw material for functional innovation, allowing organisms to respond to environmental changes, and contributing to phenotypic diversity.

Gene duplication, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to an event where a segment of DNA that contains a gene is copied, resulting in two identical copies of that gene. This can occur through various mechanisms such as unequal crossing over during meiosis, retrotransposition, or whole genome duplication. The duplicate genes are then passed on to the next generation.

Gene duplications can have several consequences. Often, one copy may continue to function normally while the other is free to mutate without affecting the organism's survival, potentially leading to new functions (neofunctionalization) or subfunctionalization where each copy takes on some of the original gene's roles.

Gene duplication plays a significant role in evolution by providing raw material for the creation of novel genes and genetic diversity. However, it can also lead to various genetic disorders if multiple copies of a gene become dysfunctional or if there are too many copies, leading to an overdose effect.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Synteny, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to the presence of two or more genetic loci (regions) on the same chromosome, in the same relative order and orientation. This term is often used to describe conserved gene organization between different species, indicating a common ancestry.

It's important to note that synteny should not be confused with "colinearity," which refers to the conservation of gene content and order within a genome or between genomes of closely related species. Synteny is a broader concept that can also include conserved gene order across more distantly related species, even if some genes have been lost or gained in the process.

In medical research, synteny analysis can be useful for identifying conserved genetic elements and regulatory regions that may play important roles in disease susceptibility or other biological processes.

Duplicate publication is a form of scientific misconduct where an author publishes substantially similar research or articles in two or more publications. This can occur when an author submits the same manuscript to multiple journals without disclosing this fact, or when an author takes previously published work and adds minor changes before resubmitting it as a new manuscript.

Duplicate publication is considered unethical because it violates copyright agreements, wastes resources, and can lead to incorrect conclusions being drawn from the data due to the duplication of sample sizes. It also undermines the integrity of scientific research by artificially inflating an author's publication record and can contribute to the problem of redundant or unnecessary research.

In some cases, duplicate publication may be unintentional or accidental, such as when an author fails to recognize that their work has already been published elsewhere. However, it is still important for authors to take steps to avoid duplicate publication by carefully checking their work against existing publications and disclosing any potential overlap during the submission process.

Journals also have a responsibility to prevent duplicate publication by implementing rigorous editorial policies and using plagiarism detection software to screen submissions for similarity to previously published work. If a case of duplicate publication is discovered, journals may choose to retract the later publication or take other appropriate action to correct the record.

Genetic selection, also known as natural selection, is a fundamental mechanism of evolution. It refers to the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations due to differential reproduction of organisms with those traits.

In genetic selection, traits that increase an individual's fitness (its ability to survive and reproduce) are more likely to be passed on to the next generation, while traits that decrease fitness are less likely to be passed on. This results in a gradual change in the distribution of traits within a population over time, leading to adaptation to the environment and potentially speciation.

Genetic selection can occur through various mechanisms, including viability selection (differential survival), fecundity selection (differences in reproductive success), and sexual selection (choices made by individuals during mating). The process of genetic selection is driven by environmental pressures, such as predation, competition for resources, and changes in the availability of food or habitat.

Genetic models are theoretical frameworks used in genetics to describe and explain the inheritance patterns and genetic architecture of traits, diseases, or phenomena. These models are based on mathematical equations and statistical methods that incorporate information about gene frequencies, modes of inheritance, and the effects of environmental factors. They can be used to predict the probability of certain genetic outcomes, to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, and to inform medical management and treatment decisions.

There are several types of genetic models, including:

1. Mendelian models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of simple genetic traits that follow Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Examples include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
2. Complex trait models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Population genetics models: These models describe the distribution and frequency of genetic variants within populations over time. They can be used to study evolutionary processes, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Quantitative genetics models: These models describe the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation in continuous traits, such as height or IQ. They can be used to estimate heritability and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to trait variation.
5. Statistical genetics models: These models use statistical methods to analyze genetic data and infer the presence of genetic associations or linkage. They can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or traits.

Overall, genetic models are essential tools in genetics research and medical genetics, as they allow researchers to make predictions about genetic outcomes, test hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits and diseases, and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.

'Caenorhabditis elegans' is a species of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is widely used as a model organism in scientific research, particularly in the fields of biology and genetics. It has a simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes and diseases.

Some notable features of C. elegans include:

* Small size: Adult hermaphrodites are about 1 mm in length.
* Short lifespan: The average lifespan of C. elegans is around 2-3 weeks, although some strains can live up to 4 weeks under laboratory conditions.
* Development: C. elegans has a well-characterized developmental process, with adults developing from eggs in just 3 days at 20°C.
* Transparency: The transparent body of C. elegans allows researchers to observe its internal structures and processes easily.
* Genetics: C. elegans has a fully sequenced genome, which contains approximately 20,000 genes. Many of these genes have human homologs, making it an excellent model for studying human diseases.
* Neurobiology: C. elegans has a simple nervous system, with only 302 neurons in the hermaphrodite and 383 in the male. This simplicity makes it an ideal organism for studying neural development, function, and behavior.

Research using C. elegans has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including cell division, apoptosis, aging, learning, and memory. Additionally, studies on C. elegans have led to the discovery of many genes associated with human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Plagiarism is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a more general term that refers to the practice of using someone else's ideas, words, or creative expressions without giving credit to the original author. This can include copying and pasting text from another source without providing proper citation, failing to put quotation marks around borrowed language, or presenting another person's work as one's own.

Plagiarism is considered unethical in academic, professional, and creative settings because it involves stealing someone else's intellectual property and passing it off as one's own. It can have serious consequences, including damage to one's reputation, loss of credibility, and even legal action in some cases.

In the context of medical research and writing, plagiarism is taken very seriously and can result in sanctions such as retraction of published articles, loss of funding, or damage to professional standing. It is important for medical professionals and researchers to always give credit where credit is due and to properly cite any sources they use in their work.

Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell or an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, unlike the typical diploid state where there are only two sets (one from each parent). Polyploidy can occur through various mechanisms such as errors during cell division, fusion of egg and sperm cells that have an abnormal number of chromosomes, or through the reproduction process in plants.

Polyploidy is common in the plant kingdom, where it often leads to larger size, increased biomass, and sometimes hybrid vigor. However, in animals, polyploidy is less common and usually occurs in only certain types of cells or tissues, as most animals require a specific number of chromosomes for normal development and reproduction. In humans, polyploidy is typically not compatible with life and can lead to developmental abnormalities and miscarriage.

Duplicate publication refers to the practice of publishing the same research study or data in two or more publications, either in the same language or in different languages. This can occur when an author submits the same manuscript to multiple journals simultaneously, or when they publish a revised version of a previously published article without clearly acknowledging and citing the original publication.

Duplicate publication is considered unethical because it can lead to the duplication of research efforts, misleading results, and wasted resources. It also violates copyright laws and publishing agreements between authors and journals. In some cases, duplicate publications may be considered fraudulent if they are intended to deceive readers or inflate an author's publication record.

To avoid duplicate publication, authors should ensure that their research has not been previously published in any form, including conference proceedings, theses, or dissertations. If a manuscript contains substantial portions of previously published work, such as a review article or a case report, the author should clearly acknowledge and cite the original source. Additionally, authors should disclose any potential conflicts of interest and adhere to the ethical guidelines and policies of the journal they are submitting to.

A fungal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a fungus. It includes all the genes and non-coding regions that are essential for the growth, development, and survival of the organism. The fungal genome is typically haploid, meaning it contains only one set of chromosomes, unlike diploid genomes found in many animals and plants.

Fungal genomes vary widely in size and complexity, ranging from a few megabases to hundreds of megabases. They contain several types of genetic elements such as protein-coding genes, regulatory regions, repetitive elements, and mobile genetic elements like transposons. The study of fungal genomes can provide valuable insights into the evolution, biology, and pathogenicity of fungi, and has important implications for medical research, agriculture, and industrial applications.

Wright, Sewall (1914). "Duplicate Genes". The American Naturalist. 48 (574): 638-639. doi:10.1086/279436. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID ... in seeds by sending them up high in the atmosphere in hot-air balloons in the hope that cosmic rays would alter their genes. He ...
Thus, duplicate genes accumulate mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms, and it is ... This may also render the chances and the rate of gene conversion between the homologs of gene duplicates due to less or no ... One or more copies of duplicated genes that constitute a gene family may be affected by insertion of transposable elements that ... a duplicated digestive gene in a family of ice fish into an antifreeze gene and duplication leading to a novel snake venom gene ...
"Preservation of Duplicate Genes by Complementary, Degenerative Mutations". Genetics. pp. 1531-1545. doi:10.1093/genetics/151.4. ... Conduct, Committee on Gene Drive Research in Non-Human Organisms: Recommendations for Responsible; Sciences, Board on Life; ... He later adopted these models to initiate the search for genes that have been selected through the domestication process, ... Takuno, Shohei; Gaut, Brandon S. (2013-01-29). "Gene body methylation is conserved between plant orthologs and is of ...
It is important to note that the ancestral gene was capable of performing both functions and the descendant duplicate genes can ... Gene sharing occurs when a gene acquires a secondary function during its evolutionary process. Gene sharing is unique because ... For instance, the gene for hemoglobin α-chain is undoubtedly derived from a duplicate copy of hemoglobin β-chain. However, ... Force A, Lynch M, Pickett FB, Amores A, Yan YL, Postlethwait J (April 1999). "Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary ...
Ohta (1987) was among the first to suggest that other mechanisms may exist for the preservation of duplicated genes in the ... Today, subfunctionalization is a widely accepted alternative fixation process for gene duplicates in the population and is ... For instance, according to Rastogi and Liberles "Neofunctionalization is the terminal fate of all duplicate gene copies ... Innan H (September 2009). "Population genetic models of duplicated genes". Genetica. 137 (1): 19-37. doi:10.1007/s10709-009- ...
If the duplicate copy increases the dosage effect of the gene product, then the duplicate may be retained as a redundant copy. ... When unequal crossing over creates a gene duplication, the duplicate has 4 evolutionary fates. This is due to the fact that ... Along with gene conversion, it is believed to be the main driver for the generation of gene duplications and is a source of ... This happens when both of the duplicated sequences have a more specialized function than the ancestral copy Gene duplications ...
"Younger genes are less likely to be essential than older genes, and duplicates are less likely to be essential than singletons ... Essential Genes on Genome Scale) database ePath (Essential genes in pathway) database Essential genes in E. coli (EcoliWiki) ... "Identification of essential genes and synthetic lethal gene combinations in Escherichia coli K-12". Gene Essentiality. Methods ... Liao BY, Zhang J (August 2007). "Mouse duplicate genes are as essential as singletons". Trends in Genetics. 23 (8): 378-81. doi ...
If a gene duplication is preserved, the most likely fate is that random mutations in one duplicate gene copy will eventually ... Evolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be ... duplicated) gene a cell has in its genome, the more gene product can be produced simultaneously. Assuming that no regulatory ... instead of one gene locus). However, the accidental loss of one gene copy might then be detrimental, since one copy of the gene ...
Gene duplication events can also be detected by looking at increases in gene duplicates. A good example of using gene ... When a gene is duplicated within a genome, the two copies are initially functionally redundant. These redundant genes are ... Gene redundancy has long been appreciated as a source of novel gene origination; that is, new genes may arise when selective ... Gene redundancy is the existence of multiple genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same function. Gene redundancy ...
... and gene inactivation, he predicted that higher organisms contain a large number of duplicate genes and nonfunctional genes ( ... In some gene families, this process is very fast, caused by random events of gene duplication and gene deletion and generates ... Recent molecular data indicate that many sets of interacting genes such as the Hox genes, immunoglobulin genes, and histone ... Nei, M.; Roychoudhury, A. K. (1973). "Probability of fixation of nonfunctional genes at duplicate loci". Am. Nat. 107 (955): ...
Most of the genes are duplicates. Some genes have the longest introns observed among fully sequenced plant genomes. Gymnosperms ... A lethal equivalent is the number of deleterious genes per haploid genome whose cumulative effect is the equivalent of one ... The number of genes is estimated at about 50,172, of which 15,653 are already confirmed. ... lethal gene. The presence of at least eight lethal equivalents implies substantial inbreeding depression upon self- ...
Unlike duplicate genes, chimeric proteins are immediately distinct from their parental genes, and therefore are more likely to ... "Formation and Longevity of Chimeric and Duplicate Genes in Drosphila". Genetics. 181: 313-322. Long, M., C. H. Langley 1993. " ... Much like gene duplications, they provide a source of new genes, which can allow organisms to develop new phenotypes and adapt ... This gene is formed from a retrotransposed copy of Alcohol dehydrogenase that united with the yellow emperor gene to produce a ...
These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen as a result of a precursor gene being duplicated approximately 500 million ... Gene family death occurs when the loss of a gene leads to the loss of the entire gene family. The continuous loss of genes ... Gene paralogs are genes with similar sequences from within the same species while gene orthologs are genes with similar ... New gene families originate from orphan genes (isolated pseudogenes). These isolated genes occur by different mean. A gene ...
One source of robustness to mutations are redundant duplicate genes. Natural selection can maintain their redundancy and the ... Andreas Wagner CV Wagner A (1994) Evolution of gene networks by gene duplications: a mathematical model and its implications on ... Early in his career Wagner developed a widely used mathematical model for gene regulatory circuits, (Wagner's gene network ... In this way, robust transcription factor binding sites, for example, can facilitate the evolution of new gene expression. An ...
Matthews, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael (1999). "The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes". ...
Gu, Z; Steinmetz, LM; Gu, X; Scharfe, C; Davis, RW; Li, WH (Jan 2, 2003). "Role of duplicate genes in genetic robustness ... During embryonic development, gene expression must be tightly controlled in time and space in order to give rise to fully ... For instance, gene expression is intrinsically noisy. This means that two cells in exactly identical regulatory states will ... For example, >95% of point mutations in C. elegans have no detectable effect and even 90% of single gene knockouts in E. coli ...
Gu, Z.; Steinmetz, L. M.; Gu, X.; Scharfe, C.; Davis, R. W.; Li, W. H. (2003). "Role of duplicate genes in genetic robustness ... Li, Wen-Hsiung; Gu, Zhenglong; Cavalcanti, AndreR.O.; Nekrutenko, Anton (2003-03-01). "Detection of gene duplications and block ... and on the patterns and consequences of gene duplication. In 2003, he received the international Balzan Prize for his ... "Adaptive evolution of color vision genes in higher primates". Science. 269 (5228): 1265-7. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1265S. doi: ...
... where the original duplicated gene derives from a separate, unknown lineage. This explanation for the origin of orphan genes is ... Orphan genes, ORFans, or taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) are genes that lack a detectable homologue outside of a given ... and horizontal gene transfer. Novel orphan genes continually arise de novo from non-coding sequences. These novel genes may be ... Orphan genes may also simply lack true homologues and in such cases have an independent origins via de novo gene birth, which ...
A clear example are genes coding for haemoglobin subunits. These genes are easily duplicated and lost. As a consequence, there ... This may be due to the fact that the Z-chromosome has the lowest gene density. Also, gene variability is higher in ... Likewise, gene spacing is 91 kb (average) for mammals and 61 kb for reptiles, but only 49 kb in birds. It is known that similar ... Five genes are involved in this process in mammals and birds. Feathers are one of the most characteristic features of birds, ...
Non-processed (or duplicated) pseudogenes. Gene duplication is another common and important process in the evolution of genomes ... Duplicated pseudogenes usually have all the same characteristics as genes, including an intact exon-intron structure and ... Lynch M, O'Hely M, Walsh B, Force A (December 2001). "The probability of preservation of a newly arisen gene duplicate". ... The loss of a duplicated gene's functionality usually has little effect on an organism's fitness, since an intact functional ...
"Analysis of CYP21A1P and the duplicated CYP21A2 genes". Gene. 506 (1): 261-2. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.045. PMID 22771554. ... The RP gene (a former name for the STK19 gene) is involved in cell growth and differentiation, but its exact functions remain ... The C4A gene may be associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus, while the C4B gene may be associated ... The CYP21A2 gene encodes the enzyme 21-hydroxylase involved in synthesizing cortisol and aldosterone. The TNXB gene encodes the ...
Certain duplicated genes in the PWS/ACR viz., NDN, SNRPN, UBE3A, and GABRB3, are suspected of contributing to one or more of ... sSMCs' genes are clearly part of a cell's genotype, i.e. gene profile, but may not be activatable and therefore not alter an ... The gene is not present on Y chromosomes and in normal females resides on and functions to inactivate many of the genes located ... These sSMCs may or may not contain an XIST gene. In normal females, the XIST gene occurs on the X chromosome inherited from her ...
Structural and functional diversification in a duplicated gene. 2012". Neurochem. Int. 16 (5): 783-797. doi:10.1016/j.neuint. ... acetylcholinesterase is encoded by a single AChE gene while some invertebrates have multiple acetylcholinesterase genes. Note ... "Entrez Gene: ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)". Dori A, Ifergane G, Saar-Levy T, Bersudsky M, Mor I, Soreq H, Wirguin ... Getman DK, Eubanks JH, Camp S, Evans GA, Taylor P (1992). "The human gene encoding acetylcholinesterase is located on the long ...
Israel, RL; Kosakovsky Pond, SL; Muse, SV; Katz, LA (2002). "Evolution of duplicated alpha-tubulin genes in ciliates". ... The duplicated germ-line nucleus then develops into the new somatic nucleus. The genomic structure of the somatic nucleus is ... The diploid germ-line nucleus undergoes mitosis which creates a duplicated germ-line nucleus. At this point the somatic nucleus ... Instead, the chromosomes within the somatic nucleus are duplicated, and the nucleus goes through binary division. The precise ...
"Evolutionary Analysis of Sequence Divergence and Diversity of Duplicate Genes in Aspergillus fumigatus" in Evolutionary ... "Evolutionary Analysis of Sequence Divergence and Diversity of Duplicate Genes inAspergillus fumigatus". Evolutionary ... "Genetic Variants Contribute to Gene Expression Variability in Humans" in Genetics, 2013 "Development and bin mapping of gene- ... Hulse, Amanda M.; Cai, James J. (2013-01-01). "Genetic Variants Contribute to Gene Expression Variability in Humans". Genetics ...
Winkworth, Richard C.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2004-10-01). "Viburnum phylogeny: evidence from the duplicated nuclear gene GBSSI ...
The resulting directionality consists in duplicate genes undergoing reductions in activity, and introns losing self-splicing ... of the original gene. First, a gene undergoes a gene duplication event. This event produces a new copy of the same gene known ... Gout, Jean-Francois; Lynch, Michael (2015). "Maintenance and Loss of Duplicated Genes by Dosage Subfunctionalization". ... In this case, the two genes now only carry out the individual subfunctions of the original gene, and the organism is dependent ...
Blanc, Guillaume; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2004). "Functional Divergence of Duplicated Genes Formed by Polyploidy during Arabidopsis ... "Widespread Paleopolyploidy in Model Plant Species Inferred from Age Distributions of Duplicate Genes". The Plant Cell. 16 (7): ... Seoighe, Cathal (2000). Gene order evolution and genomic analysis of the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other ...
Genes from large gene families are duplicated. On the other hand, individual genes are not duplicated.[clarification needed] ... Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated ... there are several possible fates for duplicated genes; both copies may be retained as functional genes, change in gene function ... As time passes after a genome duplication event, many genes will change function as a result of either change in duplicate gene ...
Coordinate inter-genomic gene expression Duplicated genes often result in increased dosage of gene products. Doubled dosages ... This further contributes to gene loss on duplicated chromosomes. The duplicated copies of a gene are commonly non-essential to ... This is usually achieved by elimination of duplicated genes. The main goals of diploidization are: (1) To ensure proper gene ... Evolutionary changes refer to the long process of converting duplicated genes into diverse, functional gene derivatives. There ...
Long-term survival of duplicate genes despite absence of subfunctionalized expression. Xun Lan, Jonathan K. Pritchard ... Long-term survival of duplicate genes despite absence of subfunctionalized expression Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded ...
Based on phylogenetic and synteny analyses, this study reveals that nanos1 gene has undergone multiple duplications and gene ... whereas Tetrapods have lost nanos1B gene. The two successive nanos gene duplications may result from the second and third whole ... Chondrichthyan species display two nanos1 genes (named nanos1A/1B), which were both retrieved in some Osteichthyes at basal ... In contrast, Teleosts have lost nanos1A but duplicated nanos1B leading to the emergence of two ohnologs (nanos1Ba/1Bb), ...
... from Tel Aviv University have developed a genome-scale technology that makes it possible to reveal the role of genes and traits ... Therefore, if a single gene from a certain gene family is mutated, there is a high probability that another gene from the same ... Large-scale genetic modification method reveals the role and properties of duplicated genes in plants. by Tel Aviv University ... Large-scale genetic modification method reveals the role and properties of duplicated genes in plants. ...
... where i represent gene so the gene is counted once no duplicates but in the methylation file it is same gene duplicated with ... and the gene annotation methyl$cpgs. Gene_Symbol Chromosome Genomic_Coordinate cg00000292 ATP2A1 16 28890100 cg00002426 SLMAP 3 ... gene R • 1.4k views ADD COMMENT • link 6.1 years ago by mms140130 ▴ 60 ... the problem is I get the same gene with different methylation values as follows:. A2ML1 0.85332099 0.422268191 0.28015569 ...
... individual genes and gene paralogs) is consistent with a model of gene amplification followed by single base random mutational ... Functional annotation of gene sequences indicate functional classifications are not randomly distributed among gene families ... events expected under the classical model of duplicated gene evolution. Molecular functions of small and large gene families ... us to observe functional classifications between gene families as well as structural differences between genes and gene ...
... melanogaster and identified 16 pairs of duplicated genes that have redundant functions. Remarkably, 14 of these redundant gene ... We used this assay to examine the redundancy of duplicated genes in the genome of C. elegans that correspond to single ... Using this technique, we demonstrated that many duplicated genes can retain redundant functions for more than 80 million years ... This provides strong support for evolutionary models that predict that genetic redundancy between duplicated genes can be ...
Loss of Major DNase I Hypersensitive Sites in Duplicated β-globin Gene Cluster Incompletely Silences HBB Gene Expression. WILEY ... Loss of Major DNase I Hypersensitive Sites in Duplicated β-globin Gene Cluster Incompletely Silences HBB Gene Expression. / ... Loss of Major DNase I Hypersensitive Sites in Duplicated β-globin Gene Cluster Incompletely Silences HBB Gene Expression. WILEY ... Loss of Major DNase I Hypersensitive Sites in Duplicated β-globin Gene Cluster Incompletely Silences HBB Gene Expression. ...
Plant genomes also evolve many tandem duplicated genes. However, the question how the duplicated genes evolve are largely not ... W096 The Whole Genome Sequencing of Brassica oleracea and Evolutionary Analysis of Duplicated Genes in Brassiceae Date: ... In this report, we briefly present assembly and features of B. oleracea genome, and then focus on evolution of duplicated genes ... Understanding of the genomes and evolution of duplicated genes are of significance for genetic improvement of these crops. ...
Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Synnie Atlas (303173)? ... Add Photos for Synnie Gene Atlas Jr.. Fulfill Photo Request for Synnie Gene Atlas Jr.. ... Synnie Gene Atlas Jr. VVeteran. Birth. 22 Sep 1978. Death. 11 Aug 1994 (aged 15) Burial Riverside National Cemetery ... I thought you might like to see a memorial for Synnie Gene Atlas Jr. I found on Findagrave.com. ...
Although there are several models proposed to explain fates of duplicated genes factors associated with duplicate gene ... Why do some duplicate genes survive while others are lost? After duplication, most extra gene copies soon accumulate disabling ... Here, we analyse gene duplicate retention after whole genome duplication events at the base of the vertebrate lineage. We show ... Survival of duplicate genes in the vertebrate genome: A matter of splice or death. Xia, B. (Author). 22 Nov 2018 ...
I then, of course, had to merge several individuals who were duplicated. All of that is now accomplished; however, Ive got one ... Dear Wholly Genes: I have suddenly encountered a problem that I never had before, with v. 9.01 or any previous version. I have ... GEDCOM import leaves multiple duplicate sources cdenbow posted a topic in The Master Genealogist v9 ...
Wright, Sewall (1914). "Duplicate Genes". The American Naturalist. 48 (574): 638-639. doi:10.1086/279436. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID ... in seeds by sending them up high in the atmosphere in hot-air balloons in the hope that cosmic rays would alter their genes. He ...
Leave It to Evolution: Duplicated gene aids odd monkey diet A duplicated gene that has rapidly evolved helps certain monkey ...
Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor ... Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor ... Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with four quantitative lipid traits across multiple cohorts. De R ... Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor ...
Title: Duplicate genes for tyrosine tranfer RNA in Escherichia coli*Comment: *External Database Links:. Host Site. Page Link. ... Duplicate genes for tyrosine tranfer RNA in Escherichia coli. J.Mol.Biol. 47:1-13. *Authors:. Name. Initials. ...
Gene organization and transcription of duplicated MBP genes of myelin deficient (shi(mld)) mutant mouse. / Okano, H.; Tamura, T ... Gene organization and transcription of duplicated MBP genes of myelin deficient (shi(mld)) mutant mouse. In: The EMBO journal. ... Gene organization and transcription of duplicated MBP genes of myelin deficient (shi(mld)) mutant mouse. The EMBO journal. 1988 ... Gene organization and transcription of duplicated MBP genes of myelin deficient (shi(mld)) mutant mouse.. ...
... suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, ... suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, ... suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, ... suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, ...
See examples of DUPLICATE used in a sentence. ... By Losing Genes, Life Often Evolved More Complexity , Viviane ... duplicate. *. in duplicate, in two copies, especially two identical copies: Please type the letter in duplicate. ... duplicate. in a sentence. *. That duplicate pipe San Diego wants to build, which would sit parallel to the one Met uses now, ... Origin of duplicate. 1. First recorded in 1400-50; late Middle English, from Latin duplicātus (past participle of duplicāre "to ...
... duplicate GH gene; epigenetics; molecular markers. Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals Special Issue in ... Special Issue in Genes: Genomic Prediction Methods for Sequencing Data. Special Issue in Animals: Animal Production in the ... Interests: genetics of growth and development and molecular evolution of important gene families subject to genomic imprinting ... Interests: fatty acids; milk composition; animal productions; casein gene cluster; goat, sheep; growth hormone; polymorphism; ...
All Genes and Gene Predictions tracks). Display mode: hide. dense. squish. pack. full. Duplicate track Label: ENST* identifier ... For more information on the different gene tracks, see our Genes FAQ. ... gene symbol Color track by codons: OFF. genomic codons. Help on codon coloring. Show codon numbering: ... Ensembl Gene data can be explored interactively using the Table Browser or the Data Integrator. For local downloads, the ...
Duplicate track Label: gene symbol UCSC Known Gene ID UniProt Display ID OMIM ID Show: non-coding genes splice variants Color ... UCSC Genes (RefSeq, GenBank, CCDS, Rfam, tRNAs & Comparative Genomics) (. All Genes and Gene Predictions tracks). Display mode ... and the tRNA Genes track. The track includes both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNA genes. Both types of genes can ... Note that some of these tables refer to UCSC Genes by its former name of Known Genes, sometimes abbreviated as known or kg. ...
Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. We ... Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. We ... Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was measured in duplicate. There was no binding on A/TX/12(H3N2) or B/Brisbane/08 ( ... Figure 1. R1a-B6 reformatted for in vivo gene delivery. (A) Surface structure model of hemagglutinin (HA) trimer of A(H1N1) ...
Gene network analyses support subfunctionalization hypothesis for duplicated hsp70 genes in the Antarctic clam. Cell Stress & ... Gene network analyses support subfunctionalization hypothesis for duplicated hsp70 genes in the Antarctic clam. / Ramsøe, ... Gene network analyses support subfunctionalization hypothesis for duplicated hsp70 genes in the Antarctic clam. ... title = "Gene network analyses support subfunctionalization hypothesis for duplicated hsp70 genes in the Antarctic clam", ...
... and all duplicate novel alleles were excluded). Thus, p equals 0.043, p2 equals 0.0018, and p3 equals 8 x 10-5. When these ... including seven that may be classified as traditional housekeeping genes, one that carries the genes for cholera toxin, and ... Novel Vibrio cholerae O139 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. J Bacteriol. 1997;179:2740-7.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Second, an alternative recA allele that differs by 24 nt is likely to be the result of LGT of a homologous gene. Although ...
RNAi knockdown studies of newly identified highly upregulated FUT1 and KLHDC7B genes provide evidence that their gene products ... were not identified by previous gene array studies. These genes are critical components of host immune, inflammatory and ... We identified 100, 684, and 1,844 significantly differentially expressed annotated genes in acutely infected proliferative Huh ... Most of the differentially expressed genes (>80%) and biological pathways (such as adipocytokine, Notch, Hedgehog and NOD-like ...
Viewable chess game Patricia Peper vs Gene E Pearce, 1944, with discussion forum and chess analysis features. ... No spamming, advertising, duplicate, or gibberish posts.. *No vitriolic or systematic personal attacks against other members. ... Patricia Peper vs Gene E Pearce. "Patty Peper Pinned a Peck of Pearces Pieces" (game of the day Feb-18-2023). corr (1944) ( ...
... researchers have found the genes that could stop and reverse ageing in immortal jellyfish ... They found the immortal jellyfish had twice as many copies of genes associated with DNA repair and protection. These duplicates ... They found the jellies silenced developmental genes to return cells to a primordial state and activated other genes that allow ... Immortal jellyfish genes identified that may explain their long lives. By performing a DNA comparison of two similar jellyfish ...
Novel solutions to support lentiviral vector-based gene therapy development. ... Gene Therapy Tools Lentivirus Tools. Lentiviruses are a type of retrovirus that can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells ... making them an attractive vector for gene therapy applications. Using lentiviral vectors, therapeutic genes can be delivered ... In a gene therapy workflow, reproducible detection of the p24 protein on lentivirus capsids is an essential measurement in ...
... which is able to selectively cleave ribosomal gene sequences of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are located ... Homing endonuclease mediated gene targeting in Anopheles gambiae cells and embryos. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 5922-5933 (2007). ... At least two independent biological replicates from independent crosses were subjected to duplicate technical assays. We used ... A CRISPR endonuclease gene drive reveals distinct mechanisms of inheritance bias *Sebald A. N. Verkuijl ...
RHOD; Rhodanese Homology Domain (RHOD); an alpha beta fold domain found duplicated in the rhodanese protein. The cysteine ... Gene neighbors Overlapping genes and two nearest non-overlapping genes on either side ... GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions Whats a GeneRIF? * Genetic Variants of HNF4A, WFS1, DUSP9, FTO, and ZFAND6 Genes Are ... Genes with a similar H3K4me3 profile Genes with a similar profile of promoter-activating H3K4me3 modifications across several ...
  • The two successive nanos gene duplications may result from the second and third whole genome duplication events at the basis of Vertebrates and Teleosts respectively. (nature.com)
  • In teleostean fish, two nanos1 genes were generated, probably during the Teleost specific whole genome duplication (3R). (nature.com)
  • For the first time, researchers from Tel Aviv University have developed a genome-scale technology that makes it possible to reveal the role of genes and traits in plants previously hidden by functional redundancy. (phys.org)
  • But until this recent development, it was only possible to examine the functions of single genes , which make up only 20% of the genome. (phys.org)
  • For the remaining 80% of the genome, made up of genes grouped in families, there was no effective way, on the large scale of the whole genome, to determine their role in the plant. (phys.org)
  • One of them was the need to identify as precisely as possible which genes in the plant's genome are responsible for a specific desired trait to cultivate. (phys.org)
  • The identification of potential gene sequences (pHaps) from soybean allows us to begin to get a picture of the genomic history of the organism as well as begin to observe the evolutionary fates of gene copies in this highly duplicated genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When available, the information provided by whole-genome sequencing projects provides an entry into an understanding of genome structure and evolution and gene discovery, and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used this assay to examine the redundancy of duplicated genes in the genome of C. elegans that correspond to single orthologs in S. cerevisiae or D. melanogaster and identified 16 pairs of duplicated genes that have redundant functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this report, we briefly present assembly and features of B. oleracea genome, and then focus on evolution of duplicated genes in comparison with B. rapa and A. thaliana . (confex.com)
  • Here, we analyse gene duplicate retention after whole genome duplication events at the base of the vertebrate lineage. (bath.ac.uk)
  • To elucidate the structural characteristics of newly arisen gene duplicates at infancy and their subsequent evolutionary properties, we analyzed gene pairs with ≤10% divergence at synonymous sites within the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, often as tandem inverted loci, and appear to disperse in the genome as they age, as a result of reduced survivorship of duplicates located in proximity, to the ancestral copy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We propose that illegitimate recombination events leading to inverted duplications play a disproportionately large role in gene duplication within this genome in comparison with other mechanisms. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Katju, V & Lynch, M 2003, ' The Structure and Early Evolution of Recently Arisen Gene Duplicates in the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome ', Genetics , vol. 165, no. 4, pp. 1793-1803. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Alignments are merged in from the hg19 tRNA Genes track and from Rfam in regions that are syntenic with the mm9 mouse genome. (ucsc.edu)
  • If you can identify the genes that control resistance, and if you know where they are in the genome, you can try to change their regulation. (buffalo.edu)
  • This diagram shows in true scale the gene on the genome, the mRNAs and the cDNA clones. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic improvement of this important crop depends on a complete and through understanding of the genes that make up the genome and how they have evolved. (usda.gov)
  • A first step to understanding the soybean genome is to identify all genes in the genome and then to infer functions for them in order to identify genes that may play a role in traits of agronomic importance. (usda.gov)
  • Based on the genetic differences VanKuren and Long now see between Apollo and Artemis in modern flies, they calculate that the original gene duplicated itself, or was copied and pasted as a second version in the genome, around 200,000 years ago. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Here, we use a computational approach to perform genome-wide identification and analysis of 611 orthologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering genes. (springer.com)
  • Conservation of the genes belonging to the photoperiod, gibberellin and autonomous pathways was observed, while orthologues of the key genes found in the vernalisation pathway (FRI, FLC) were absent from the quinoa genome. (springer.com)
  • The more recent duplication event in particular would be expected to result in many paralogous pairs of genes differing by relatively few sequence differences, thus complicating gene identification using ESTs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This provides strong support for evolutionary models that predict that genetic redundancy between duplicated genes can be actively maintained by natural selection and is not just a transient side effect of recent gene duplication events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One underlying cause of genetic redundancy may be gene duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After duplication, most extra gene copies soon accumulate disabling mutations and degrade, but some are retained. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The significance of gene duplication in provisioning raw materials for the evolution of genomic diversity is widely recognized, but the early evolutionary dynamics of duplicate genes remain obscure. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The median duplication span of 1.4 kb falls short of the average gene length in C. elegans (2.5 kb), suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Given the contrasting submodules and associated annotations of the two hsp70 paralogues, the GRN analysis suggests that each gene is carrying out additional separate functions, as well as being involved in the traditional chaperone heat stress response, and therefore supports the hypothesis that subfunctionalization has occurred after gene duplication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • By comparing the similarities and differences between kiss1 and kiss2 of neuronal localization and sensitivity to gonadal steroids in various tetrapods and teleosts, we discuss the evolution of kisspeptin neuronal systems after gene duplication of ancestral kisspeptin genes to give rise to kiss1 and kiss2 . (frontiersin.org)
  • This is one of the first studies to provide data showing that gene duplication can resolve sexual conflict, and that separate functions can evolve much more rapidly than classical evolutionary theories predict. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Gene duplication is long recognized as a potential source of genetic innovation ( Ohno, 1970 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
  • Inclusion of other genes in the duplicated region, or inclusion of aberrations of genes at the duplication endpoints, may potentially affect the phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • Based on phylogenetic and synteny analyses, this study reveals that nanos1 gene has undergone multiple duplications and gene copies losses in Vertebrates. (nature.com)
  • These observations are consistent with the view that alternative splicing shapes the survival chances of duplicate genes by facilitating functional split between gene copies. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Structural heterogeneity between duplicate copies is present very early in their evolutionary history and is maintained over longer evolutionary timescales, suggesting that duplications across gene boundaries in conjunction with shuffling events have at least as much potential to contribute to long-term evolution as do fully redundant (complete) duplicates. (elsevierpure.com)
  • duplicate copies of a letter. (dictionary.com)
  • Sometimes the duplicate copies persist for many millions of years before being lost, for reasons that Gramzow and Thießen are still investigating. (dictionary.com)
  • An immortal species of jellyfish has double copies of genes that protect and repair DNA. (newscientist.com)
  • They found the immortal jellyfish had twice as many copies of genes associated with DNA repair and protection. (newscientist.com)
  • The authors show that in Drosophila, a single gene duplicated and the two copies subsequently evolved to carry opposite sex-specifying functions contributing to the developmental and functional differences between males and females. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Duplicate copies of a gene shared by male and female fruit flies have evolved to resolve competing demands between the sexes. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • In the new study, VanKuren and co-author Manyuan Long, PhD, the Edna K. Papazian Distinguished Service Professor at UChicago, analyzed duplicate copies of a gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • The two copies, called Apollo and Artemis, began as essentially the same gene when D. melanogaster first evolved as a separate species 1.5 million years ago. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Our analysis indicated that on average each Arabidopsis flowering gene has two orthologous copies in quinoa. (springer.com)
  • Some patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease have been found to have 3 or more copies of the PLP1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • Long-read sequencing, producing reads of several tens to hundreds of kilobase pairs in length, facilitates the assembly of such regions as single sequences can span the multiple duplicated gene copies of the MHC region, and sequence through repetitive stretches and translocations in SDRs and S-locus haplotypes. (lu.se)
  • This genetic editing method allows us to design different sgRNA sequences to allow Cas9 to cut almost any gene that we want to change. (phys.org)
  • Large scale gene analysis of most organisms is hampered by incomplete genomic sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified approximately 45,000 potential gene sequences (pHaps) from EST sequences of Williams/Williams82, an inbred genotype of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of these sequences revealed single base substitutions and single base indels are the most frequently observed form of sequence variation between genes within families in the dataset. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional annotation of gene sequences indicate functional classifications are not randomly distributed among gene families containing few or many genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we generate a synthetic sex distortion system by exploiting the specificity of the homing endonuclease I-PpoI, which is able to selectively cleave ribosomal gene sequences of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are located exclusively on the mosquito's X chromosome. (nature.com)
  • The reports on base sequences of spider silk protein genes have gained importance as the mechanical properties of silk fibers have been revealed. (bioone.org)
  • This study examined potential gene sequences identified in EST libraries of soybean and assigned the potential gene sequences with molecular functions. (usda.gov)
  • The accepted method to address this challenge is to produce mutations, that is, to modify genes in different ways and then to examine changes in the plant's traits as a result of the mutation in the DNA and to learn from this about the function of the gene. (phys.org)
  • He attempted to induce mutations in seeds by sending them up high in the atmosphere in hot-air balloons in the hope that cosmic rays would alter their genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The whales have mutations in a gene called ERCC1, which is involved with repairing damaged DNA, that may help protect the whales from cancer, a potential cause of death. (livescience.com)
  • Although most of our variety comes from reshuffling of genes from our parents, new mutations are the ultimate source from which new variation is drawn. (uncommondescent.com)
  • Although Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and X-linked spastic paraplegia type 2 are nosologically distinguished, they are at opposite ends of a clinical spectrum of X-linked diseases caused by mutations of the same gene, the proteolipid protein 1 ( PLP1 ) gene, and result in defective central nervous system (CNS) myelination (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The most common mutations that cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease are duplications of a region of the X chromosome that includes the entire PLP1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • To identify key genes differentially expressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) following low-level West Nile virus (WNV) infection. (molvis.org)
  • however, this study shows the utility of such data for investigating multiple questions concerning gene duplications, interactions and putative functions in a non-model species. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Such EST data form a valuable foundation for the understanding of the gene composition and genomic biology of yet-to-be fully sequenced genomes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First, by removing BGCs from genomic analysis, he confirmed that the three previously described populations were indeed genetically distinct, and not defined solely by variation among gene clusters. (eurekalert.org)
  • A unique feature of Hox genes in most species is that they are organized in clusters, with their relative genomic position corresponding to their order of expression along the A-P axis ( McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • In Vertebrates, three Nanos paralogous genes were described. (nature.com)
  • In Vertebrates, Nanos paralogous genes were associated to partial redundancies and specific functional evolutions. (nature.com)
  • However, there is now a growing body of evidence to suggest that kiss2 , the paralogous gene for kiss1 , evolved in parallel during vertebrate lineage, and the kiss2 product also activates the GPR54 (kisspeptin receptor) signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • The LCR interacts with β-globin gene cluster involving long range DNA interactions mediated by various transcription factors to drive the regulation of globin genes expression. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • A computationally predicted gene regulatory network (GRN), generated from mantle-specific gene expression profiles in the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica, was interrogated to test the regulation and interaction of duplicated inducible hsp70 paralogues. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
  • Protein network functions for the DA-associated genes from this review include: antigen processing, lymphocyte activation, cytokine production regulation, and response to oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, if a single gene from a certain gene family is mutated, there is a high probability that another gene from the same family (actually a copy very similar to the mutated gene) will mask the phenotypes in place of the mutated gene. (phys.org)
  • Systematic analyses of loss-of-function phenotypes have been carried out for most genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Caenorhabditis elegans , and Drosophila melanogaster . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, although analyzing the loss-of-function phenotypes of all genes in a wild-type animal is a major advance, an understanding of how each phenotype is modulated by the activities of other genes will prove to be just as critical. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Annotations associated with the clusters in each submodule suggested that hsp70A primarily shares regulatory relationships with genes encoding ribosomal proteins, where it may have a role in protecting the ribosome under stress. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Plant genomes also evolve many tandem duplicated genes. (confex.com)
  • Understanding of the genomes and evolution of duplicated genes are of significance for genetic improvement of these crops. (confex.com)
  • We show that ancestral alternative splicing -a process by which a single gene can encode more than one distinct protein- in invertebrate single copy genes increased significantly the number of orthologous present in vertebrate genomes. (bath.ac.uk)
  • However, there is still much debate about whether redundancy of duplicated genes can be evolutionary selected [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand the evolutionary dynamics of V. cholerae O139, we sequenced segments from nine loci, including seven that may be classified as traditional housekeeping genes, one that carries the genes for cholera toxin, and another that is next to the insertion sequence within the O139 wbf region ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • On the other hand, it has been generally accepted in evolutionary biology that genes duplicated from a single gene in the ancestral vertebrate undergo sub-functionalization, neo-functionalization, or non-functionalization ( Ohno, 1970 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These genes are organized in clusters, where their order corresponds to their activity along the body axis, an evolutionary conserved feature known as collinearity. (biorxiv.org)
  • Learning Retention Mechanisms and Evolutionary Parameters of Duplicate Genes from Their Expression Data. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chromosomal mapping by in situ hybridization suggested that the duplicated MBP genes were located closely to each other at the distal part of chromosome 18. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In D. melanogaster , the eight Hox genes are organized in two separate clusters on chromosome 3R: the Antennapedia cluster (ANT-C) and the Bithorax cluster (BX-C). The 350 kb BX-C contains the Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B genes, which specify the identity of the more posterior embryonic parasegments 5 to 14 (PS5 to PS14). (biorxiv.org)
  • It is linked to the TBCE gene on chromosome 1q42-43 which encodes for the tubulin-specific chaperone E protein [2-4]. (who.int)
  • Chondrichthyan species display two nanos1 genes (named nanos1A / 1B ), which were both retrieved in some Osteichthyes at basal positions in Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii lineages. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we found the complexity of species also provide a positive correlation with duplicates and splicing. (bath.ac.uk)
  • A duplicated gene that has rapidly evolved helps certain monkey species thrive on a diet of leaves. (sciencenews.org)
  • To understand the parallel evolution of these genes in the kisspeptin neuronal systems, we here propose that the steroid sensitivity helps to identify the functionally equivalent neuronal populations among different species, because the steroid sensitivity appears to be the evolutionarily well conserved feature of certain populations of the kisspeptin neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hox genes encode crucial developmental regulators that specify segmental identities along the Antero-Posterior (A-P) body axis in the developing embryo of bilaterian species. (biorxiv.org)
  • We also identified 459 quinoa-specific genes uniquely expressed in the flower and/or meristem, with no known orthologues in other species. (springer.com)
  • The genes identified provide a resource and framework for further studies of flowering in quinoa and related species. (springer.com)
  • The track includes both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNA genes. (ucsc.edu)
  • Both types of genes can produce non-coding transcripts, but non-coding RNA genes do not produce protein-coding transcripts. (ucsc.edu)
  • Transcripts of protein-coding genes require the support of one RefSeq RNA, or one GenBank RNA sequence plus at least one additional line of evidence. (ucsc.edu)
  • Compared to RefSeq, this gene set has generally about 10% more protein-coding genes, approximately four times as many putative non-coding genes, and about twice as many splice variants. (ucsc.edu)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. (nih.gov)
  • Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)
  • or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)
  • [ 1 ] is a congenital hypomyelination disorder caused by changes affecting the proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) located on Xq22.2. (medscape.com)
  • Due to this phenomenon, called genetic redundancy, it is difficult to create a change in the plant itself and to determine the function of the gene and its link to a specific trait. (phys.org)
  • The current study sought to find a solution to the problem of genetic redundancy by using an innovative gene editing method called CRISPR. (phys.org)
  • using a redundancy criterion to identify reproducible sequence differences between related genes within gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although such studies vastly expand our knowledge of single gene function, they do not address redundancy in genetic networks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans gene dpy-21 , DumPY : shorter than wild-type. (nih.gov)
  • They found the jellies silenced developmental genes to return cells to a primordial state and activated other genes that allow the nascent cells to re-specialise once a new medusa buds off. (newscientist.com)
  • Researchers are working to determine which duplicated genes may contribute to the developmental delay and other problems that sometimes affect people with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although there are several models proposed to explain fates of duplicated genes factors associated with duplicate gene retention remain poorly understood. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Functional annotation clustering of the microarray data showed that gene clusters involved in immune and antiviral responses ranked highly, involving genes such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ( CCL5 ), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 ( CXCL10 ), and toll like receptor 3 ( TLR3 ). (molvis.org)
  • AceView: gene:dpy-21, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • A 712-bp nucleotide sequence upstream of the first exons of both of the duplicated MBP genes of shi(mld) was completely consistent with that of the control. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The exons for putative non-coding genes and untranslated regions are represented by relatively thin blocks, while those for coding open reading frames are thicker. (ucsc.edu)
  • We used the ESTminer suite of programs to identify potential soybean gene transcripts from a single genetic background allowing us to observe functional classifications between gene families as well as structural differences between genes and gene paralogs within families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To dissect functional hierarchies, we compared chromatin organization in larvae and in cell lines, with a focus on the Abd-B gene. (biorxiv.org)
  • hsp70B, on the other hand, interacted with a suite of genes involved in signalling pathways, including four transcription factors, cellular response to stress and the cytoskeleton. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 80%) and biological pathways (such as adipocytokine, Notch, Hedgehog and NOD-like receptor signaling) were not identified by previous gene array studies. (mdpi.com)
  • However, current knowledge of the molecular basis of quinoa flowering is limited and the details of flowering genes and associated pathways in quinoa remain elusive (Jarvis et al. (springer.com)
  • While VanKuren and Long don't yet know the function of the ancestral gene that preceded Apollo and Artemis, they suspect it must have been subject to extremely strong sexual conflict to still see residual effects. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Both genes are expressed in the nascent mesoderm and neurectoderm , and morpholino knockdown of either causes defects in differentiation and morphogenesis of the mesoderm and neural plate . (xenbase.org)
  • At the molecular level, knockdown of PQBP1 in Xenopus animal cap explants inhibits target gene induction by FGF but not by BMP, Nodal or Wnt ligands, and knockdown of either PQBP1 or WBP11 in embryos inhibits expression of fgf4 and FGF4 -responsive cdx4 genes. (xenbase.org)
  • Further analyses revealed that proband's duplicated β-globin gene cluster (∼650 kb) encompassing HBB A does not include the immediate upstream locus control region (LCR) or 3′ DNase I hypersensitivity (HS) element. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Ramsøe, A, Clark, MS & Sleight, VA 2020, ' Gene network analyses support subfunctionalization hypothesis for duplicated hsp70 genes in the Antarctic clam ', Cell Stress & Chaperones , vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1111-1116. (elsevierpure.com)
  • les analyses génétiques réalisées sur six d'entre eux ont révélé une délétion de 12 bp (155-166 del) dans l'exon 3 localisé en 1q42-43 dans le gène TBCE codant la protéine chaperon E spécifique de la tubuline. (who.int)
  • Remarkably, 14 of these redundant gene pairs were duplicated before the divergence of C. elegans and C. briggsae 80-110 million years ago, suggesting that there has been selective pressure to maintain the overlap in function between some gene duplicates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using this technique, we demonstrated that many duplicated genes can retain redundant functions for more than 80 million years of evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They can bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in order to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally with no sequence specificity but by potential electrostatic interactions with the phosphate backbone of RNA 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
  • In shi(mld), the MBP gene is duplicated and its reduced expression is mainly determined by the level of mRNA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A recombinational event including the inversion seemed to have occurred within gene 1 and its possible relationship to the reduced expression of MBP is discussed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Aberrant expression of this gene is associated with type 2 diabetes and cancer progression in several cell types. (nih.gov)
  • As will be argued below, the non-mammalian kisspeptin systems show a wealth of diversity of gene expression ( kiss1 and/or kiss2 ) pattern in the brain and dynamic changes in expression according to the sex steroid milieu. (frontiersin.org)
  • RNA extracted from mock-infected and WNV-infected cells was assessed for differential expression of genes using Affymetrix microarray. (molvis.org)
  • Low-level WNV infection of hRPE cells induced expression of genes that are typically associated with the host cell response to virus infection. (molvis.org)
  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technique for the identification of genetic variants that affect gene-expression levels, either through expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping or through allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using these reads we performed gene expression quantification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, these data identify Nanos as primordial genes with highly conserved functions for both, the migration of the germinal cells and their maintenance in adults. (nature.com)
  • The predominance of single nucleotide insertion/deletions and substitution events between genes within families (individual genes and gene paralogs) is consistent with a model of gene amplification followed by single base random mutational events expected under the classical model of duplicated gene evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed experimental evolution with vaccinia virus populations harboring a SNV in a gene actively undergoing copy number amplification. (elifesciences.org)
  • The next step is to explore these gene variants in mice or in humans," she says. (newscientist.com)
  • Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. (elifesciences.org)
  • In order to expand our understanding of how recombination might influence virus variation during the course of adaptation, we focused on large DNA viruses, in which rapidly evolving populations can simultaneously harbor both adaptive gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same locus. (elifesciences.org)
  • Single-exon genes require either two RNAs or two additional lines of evidence beyond the single RNA. (ucsc.edu)
  • Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • This epidemic expansion probably resulted from a single source after a lateral gene transfer (LGT) event that changed the serotype of an epidemic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain to O139. (cdc.gov)
  • An operon is a set of adjacent genes which are transcribed into a single messenger RNA. (researchgate.net)
  • These duplicates could produce greater amounts of protective and restorative proteins. (newscientist.com)
  • These genes code for proteins that are involved in cell-cell adhesions (CTNNA3), glutathione conjugation for xenobiotic metabolism (GST gene family), and immune system response (HLA gene family). (cdc.gov)
  • As part of the research, the team of researchers used the innovative technology "CRISPR" for gene editing and methods from the field of bioinformatics and molecular genetics to develop a new method for locating genes responsible for specific traits in plants. (phys.org)
  • Molecular functions of small and large gene families appear to be non-randomly distributed possibly indicating a difference in retention of duplicates or local expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hox genes encode transcription factors that specify segmental identities along the Antero-Posterior body axis. (biorxiv.org)
  • In Drosophila , the BX-C cluster contains the three most posterior Hox genes, where their collinear activation incorporates progressive replacement of histone modifications, reorganization of 3D chromatin architecture and sequential activation of boundary elements and cis -regulatory regions. (biorxiv.org)
  • The really unexpected result from this study is that despite being so young, these genes rapidly evolved, not only in a way to mitigate the sexual conflict but also to develop essential, sex-specific functions. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • One of the most direct approaches to elucidating the role of any particular gene is to characterize its loss-of-function phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If changes in the activity of one gene affect the loss-of-function phenotype of a second gene, then these two genes are said to interact genetically. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report an infant with sickle cell disease phenotype by biochemical analysis whose β-globin gene (HBB) sequencing showed sickle cell mutation (HBB S ) heterozygosity. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • This gene is associated to a phenotype (DumPY : shorter than wild-type). (nih.gov)
  • Among the lambda clones containing promoter regions of the duplicated MBP genes in shi(mld), one (gene 1) had the same restriction enzyme pattern as that in control mice, but another (gene 2) had a rearrangement on a distal part of the promoter. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Kisspeptin attracts particular attention, since previous reports have shown that the lack of kisspeptin receptors gene, GPR54 , in both mice and humans, or of the ligand gene ( Kiss1 ) in mice results in reproductive dysfunctions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Identifying gene - gene interactions that are highly associated with four quantitative lipid traits across multiple cohorts. (nih.gov)
  • This work will be used by soybean researchers and potentially soybean breeders to help identify genes that may play a role in soybean physiology and traits. (usda.gov)
  • The genes that control these competing traits, say for feather size and color, are said to be subject to sexual conflict, or selection in opposite directions by males and females. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • The collinear activation of the Hox genes and their cis -regulatory elements is thought to rely on the progressive opening of the chromatin within the BX-C along the A-P axis. (biorxiv.org)
  • We established conditions for RNA interference (RNAi) in C. elegans to target multiple genes simultaneously in a high-throughput setting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • pqbp1 and wbp11 genes are similarly expressed in mesoderm and neural tissues during Xenopus development. (xenbase.org)
  • Variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of rDNA genes ( 7 ) and in recA sequence ( 8 ) has been interpreted as evidence for multiple origins. (cdc.gov)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 23 genes was used to validate the microarray results. (molvis.org)
  • In a joint analysis on the 1,262 samples with high quality genotypes, we identified cis- eQTLs effects for 8,034 unique genes (at a false discovery rate ≤0.05). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis uncovered a mechanism of adaptive SNV homogenization reminiscent of gene conversion, which is actively driven by selection. (elifesciences.org)
  • The UCSC Genes track is a set of gene predictions based on data from RefSeq, GenBank, CCDS, Rfam, and the tRNA Genes track. (ucsc.edu)
  • In this patient, the observed transcription from the duplicated, distally displaced HBB A cluster demonstrates that the loss of LCR and flanking 3′HS sites do not lead to complete silencing of HBB transcription. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (QMDR). (nih.gov)
  • Using long sequencing reads from the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform, we phased SNVs within large gene copy arrays for the first time. (elifesciences.org)