Gasoline
Xylenes
Petroleum
Vehicle Emissions
Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
tert-Butyl Alcohol
Tetraethyl Lead
Volatilization
Air Pollutants
Benzene Derivatives
Lead
Automobiles
Octanes
Ethyl Ethers
Energy-Generating Resources
Fossil Fuels
Lead Poisoning
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Environmental Monitoring
Motor Vehicles
Nested case-control study of leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and kidney cancer in a cohort of petroleum workers exposed to gasoline. (1/232)
OBJECTIVES: This nested case-control study was based on data in a cohort study of more than 18,000 petroleum distribution workers exposed to gasoline, which contains about 2%-3% benzene. Risks of leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and kidney cancer were examined relative to exposure to gasoline. METHODS: For each case, up to five individually matched controls were selected. Analyses based on the Mantel-Haenszel procedure as well as univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression were performed for each disease category. Jobs with similar exposures were grouped into homogeneous categories for analysis. Several quantitative indices of exposure to gasoline were used in the analyses: duration of exposure, cumulative exposure, frequency of peak exposure, and time of first exposure. RESULTS: No increased risks for the four cancers were found for any job category. Analyses with logistic regression models based on duration of exposure, cumulative exposure, and frequency of peak exposure did not show any increased risk or exposure-effect relation. Time of first exposure to gasoline was also found to be unrelated to the four diseases under investigation. CONCLUSION: Exposure to gasoline or benzene at the concentrations experienced by this cohort of distribution workers is not a risk factor for leukaemia (all cell types), acute myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, or kidney cancer. (+info)Analysis of chromosome loss and non-disjunction in cytokinesis-blocked lymphocytes of 24 male subjects. (2/232)
Chromosome malsegregation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 24 healthy male subjects was analysed by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization with centromeric probes of chromosomes 7, 11, 18 and X. On the basis of the distribution of centromeric signals in cytokinesis-blocked cells, both loss (leading to centromere-positive micronuclei) and non-disjunction (resulting in an unbalanced distribution of signals in the main nuclei) of the hybridized chromosomes in vitro were identified. In addition, the incidence of binucleated cells with two hyperploid nuclei, possibly arising from mitotic division of trisomic types, was determined. In this way, the incidence of chromosome malsegregation in vivo and in vitro could be compared in the same cell samples. The results obtained show that ageing is positively correlated with the incidence of malsegregation of chromosome X in peripheral lymphocytes of male subjects and confirm the higher susceptibility of chromosome X to malsegregation in comparison with autosomes. A positive correlation between in vitro and in vivo malsegregation rates was observed for both chromosome X and for autosomes. Finally, relatively high frequencies of multiple malsegregation events, greater than expected for independent events, were recorded for both chromosome X and for autosomes, indicating that the abnormal segregation of chromosomes may be connected to a general dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus. The correlation observed between in vitro and in vivo malsegregation frequencies and the association of both parameters with ageing suggest that analysis of chromosome malsegregation in binucleated cells is a useful tool in the study of genomic instability in human populations. (+info)Physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling of inhaled ethyl tertiary-butyl ether in humans. (3/232)
A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was developed for evaluation of inhalation exposure in humans to the gasoline additive, ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE). PBTK models are useful tools to relate external exposure to internal doses and biological markers of exposure in humans. To describe the kinetics of ETBE, the following compartments were used: lungs (including arterial blood), liver, fat, rapidly perfused tissues, resting muscles, and working muscles. The same set of compartments and, in addition, a urinary excretion compartment were used for the metabolite tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA). First order metabolism was assumed in the model, since linear kinetics has been shown experimentally in humans after inhalation exposure up to 50 ppm ETBE. Organ volumes and blood flows were calculated from individual body composition based on published equations, and tissue/blood partition coefficients were calculated from liquid/air partition coefficients and tissue composition. Estimates of individual metabolite parameters of 8 subjects were obtained by fitting the PBTK model to experimental data from humans (5, 25, 50 ppm ETBE, 2-h exposure; Nihlen et al., Toxicol. Sci., 1998; 46, 1-10). The PBTK model was then used to predict levels of the biomarkers ETBE and TBA in blood, urine, and exhaled air after various scenarios, such as prolonged exposure, fluctuating exposure, and exposure during physical activity. In addition, the interindividual variability in biomarker levels was predicted, in the eight experimentally exposed subjects after a working week. According to the model, raising the work load from rest to heavy exercise increases all biomarker levels by approximately 2-fold at the end of the work shift, and by 3-fold the next morning. A small accumulation of all biomarkers was seen during one week of simulated exposure. Further predictions suggested that the interindividual variability in biomarker levels would be higher the next morning than at the end of the work shift, and higher for TBA than for ETBE. Monte Carlo simulations were used to describe fluctuating exposure scenarios. These simulations suggest that ETBE levels in blood and exhaled air at the end of the working day are highly sensitive to exposure fluctuations, whereas ETBE levels the next morning and TBA in urine and blood are less sensitive. Considering these simulations, data from the previous toxicokinetic study and practical issues, we suggest that TBA in urine is a suitable biomarker for exposure to ETBE and gasoline vapor. (+info)Mass psychogenic illness attributed to toxic exposure at a high school. (4/232)
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Mass psychogenic illness may be difficult to differentiate from illness caused by bioterrorism, rapidly spreading infection, or toxic substances. We investigated symptoms attributed to exposure to toxic gas at a high school in Tennessee. In November 1998, a teacher noticed a 'gasoline-like' smell in her classroom, and soon thereafter she had a headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and dizziness. The school was evacuated, and 80 students and 19 staff members went to the emergency room at the local hospital; 38 persons were hospitalized overnight. Five days later, after the school had reopened, another 71 persons went to the emergency room. An extensive investigation was performed by several government agencies. RESULTS: We were unable to find a medical or environmental explanation for the reported illnesses. The persons who reported symptoms on the first day came from 36 classrooms scattered throughout the school. The most frequent symptoms (in this group and the group of people who reported symptoms five days later) were headache, dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness. Blood and urine specimens showed no evidence of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, paraquat, or mercury. There was no evidence of toxic compounds in the environment. A questionnaire administered a month later showed that the reported symptoms were significantly associated with female sex, seeing another ill person, knowing that a classmate was ill, and reporting an unusual odor at the school. CONCLUSIONS: The illness attributed to toxic exposure had features of mass psychogenic illness - notably, widespread subjective symptoms thought to be associated with environmental exposure to a toxic substance in the absence of objective evidence of an environmental cause. Alleviation of the anxiety surrounding an episode of mass psychogenic illness requires prompt recognition and a detailed investigation. (+info)Analysis of a petrol plume over England: 18-19 January 1997. (5/232)
OBJECTIVES: About 7000 tonnes of unleaded petrol were discharged into the English Channel after a tanker collision off Ostend on Saturday 18 January 1997. The petrol evaporated and the vapour plume was carried across the central part of England to Wales, resulting in reports of unidentified odours, and irritation of the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory tract. This work uses this incident to show how marine and atmospheric dispersion modelling together with routine air quality monitoring can assist in identifying hazards to the population at risk from chemical incidents. METHODS: Public health surveillance and results from environmental sampling were compared with the behaviour of the plume as predicted by computer modelling. RESULTS: The predicted plume path and dispersion were shown to correlate well with the results from surveillance and environmental analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for public health professionals to interact with medical toxicologists, atmospheric and marine scientists and engineers, and other environmental experts in managing events of this nature. (+info)Analysis of incidence of childhood cancer in the West Midlands of the United Kingdom in relation to proximity to main roads and petrol stations. (6/232)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether there is an excess of leukaemias in 0-15 year old children among those living in close proximity (within 100 m) of a main road or petrol station. METHODS: Data for 0-15 year old children diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 in the United Kingdom West Midlands were used. Postcode addresses were used to locate the point of residence which was compared with proximity to main roads and petrol stations separately, and to both together. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with solid tumours as a control, and incidence ratios (IRs) with population density as a control. RESULTS: The method based on solid tumours as a control showed ORs of 1.61 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.90 to 2.87) and 1.99 (95% CI 0.73 to 5.43), for those living within 100 m of a main road or petrol station respectively. When population was used as a control, the estimated IRs for leukaemia were 1.16 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.72) and 1.48 (95% CI 0.65 to 2.93) for residence within 100 m of a main road or petrol station respectively, but neither reached significance at the 95% level. Results for residence in close proximity to both a main road and petrol station were inconsistent, but there were few. The influence of socioeconomic factors as represented by the Townsend deprivation index on leukaemia incidence was not significant and the results were not explicable on the basis of impact of social class. CONCLUSIONS: The results are suggestive of a small increase in risk of childhood leukaemia, but not solid tumours, for those living in close proximity to a main road or petrol station. This increase in risk is not, however, significant and a larger study is warranted to establish the true risk and causes of any increase in risk. (+info)Diesel exhaust particles up-regulate expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human bronchial epithelial cells. (7/232)
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) may play an active role in the increased respiratory mortality and morbidity. We have shown that DEP augmented the production of inflammatory cytokines by human airway epithelial cells in vitro. ICAM-1 has been shown to play an important role in the local accumulation of inflammatory cells. We studied the effect of DEP on ICAM-1 gene expression and surface expression in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. DEP (5-50 microg/ml) showed a stimulatory effect on ICAM-1 mRNA levels as evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increased ICAM-1 expression on the epithelial cell surfaces. The soluble form of ICAM-1 molecules was also increased by the stimulation of DEP. In vitro neutrophil attachment onto DEP-stimulated epithelial cells was augmented, which was partially blocked by anti-ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody. Finally, these events were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with anti-oxidants pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and N-acetyl cysteine, and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580. These findings suggested that DEP induced up-regulation of ICAM-1 gene, and this process might be largely dependent on oxidant-mediated NF-kappaB activation and p38-MAPK pathways. (+info)A Mycobacterium strain with extended capacities for degradation of gasoline hydrocarbons. (8/232)
A bacterial strain (strain IFP 2173) was selected from a gasoline-polluted aquifer on the basis of its capacity to use 2,2, 4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) as a sole carbon and energy source. This isolate, the first isolate with this capacity to be characterized, was identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, and 100% sequence identity with a reference strain of Mycobacterium austroafricanum was found. Mycobacterium sp. strain IFP 2173 used an unusually wide spectrum of hydrocarbons as growth substrates, including n-alkanes and multimethyl-substituted isoalkanes with chains ranging from 5 to 16 carbon atoms long, as well as substituted monoaromatic hydrocarbons. It also attacked ethers, such as methyl t-butyl ether. During growth on gasoline, it degraded 86% of the substrate. Our results indicated that strain IFP 2173 was capable of degrading 3-methyl groups, possibly by a carboxylation and deacetylation mechanism. Evidence that it attacked the quaternary carbon atom structure by an as-yet-undefined mechanism during growth on 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 2,2-dimethylpentane was also obtained. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gasoline" is not a medical term. It is a petroleum-derived liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
Xylenes are aromatic hydrocarbons that are often used as solvents in the industrial field. They are composed of two benzene rings with methyl side groups (-CH3) and can be found as a mixture of isomers: ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and para-xylene.
In a medical context, xylenes may be relevant due to their potential for exposure in occupational settings or through environmental contamination. Short-term exposure to high levels of xylenes can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, as well as symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and nausea. Long-term exposure has been linked to neurological effects, including memory impairment, hearing loss, and changes in behavior and mood.
It is worth noting that xylenes are not typically considered a direct medical diagnosis, but rather a potential exposure hazard or environmental contaminant that may have health impacts.
Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.
Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.
In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.
'Vehicle Emissions' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in a broader context, it refers to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes. The main pollutants found in vehicle emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure to these pollutants can have negative health effects, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, vehicle emissions are a significant public health concern.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.
However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.
But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It has the molecular formula C6H6 and is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring, bonded to six hydrogen atoms. Benzene is an important industrial solvent and is used as a starting material in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, rubber, resins, and dyes. It is also a natural component of crude oil and gasoline.
In terms of medical relevance, benzene is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause various health effects, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. Occupational exposure to benzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from potential health hazards.
It's important to note that while benzene has legitimate uses in industry, it should be handled with care due to its known health risks. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion, so appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling this chemical.
Neurobehavioral manifestations refer to the observable behaviors and symptoms that result from an underlying neurological disorder or injury. These manifestations can include cognitive, emotional, and motor impairments, such as difficulties with attention, memory, mood regulation, communication, and coordination. The specific neurobehavioral manifestations exhibited can vary widely depending on the location and extent of the neurological damage or dysfunction. They are often assessed and diagnosed by healthcare professionals trained in neuropsychology, neurology, or related fields.
Forensic pathology is a subspecialty of pathology that focuses on determining the cause and manner of death by examining a corpse. It involves applying scientific knowledge and techniques to investigate criminal or suspicious deaths, often in conjunction with law enforcement agencies. A forensic pathologist performs autopsies (postmortem examinations) to evaluate internal and external injuries, diseases, and other conditions that may have contributed to the individual's death. They also collect evidence such as tissue samples, which can be used for toxicological, microbiological, or histological analysis. The information gathered by forensic pathologists is crucial in helping to establish the facts surrounding a person's death and assisting legal proceedings.
Tert-butyl alcohol, also known as t-butanol or 2-methylpropan-2-ol, is not a medication or a substance used in medical treatments. Therefore, it does not have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide you with a general chemical definition:
Tert-butyl alcohol is a primary alcohol with the molecular formula (CH3)3COH. It is a colorless and flammable liquid with a characteristic camphor-like odor. Tert-butyl alcohol is used as a solvent, denaturant for alcohols, and an intermediate in chemical synthesis. It is less toxic than other common alcohols like ethanol or methanol, but it can still cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is not typically defined in a medical context as it is primarily an industrial chemical. However, it's important to note that Tetraethyl lead was used as an antiknock agent in gasoline but its use has been phased out in many countries due to its harmful health effects.
Tetraethyl lead is defined chemically as a colorless, volatile, and highly toxic liquid with a sweetish odor. Its chemical formula is (C2H5)4Pb or C8H20Pb. It's an organolead compound, which means it contains carbon-lead bonds. Exposure to tetraethyl lead can cause serious health problems, including damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and blood cells, as well as interference with the development of the brain in fetuses and young children.
Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.
In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.
It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.
Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.
Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.
Benzene derivatives are chemical compounds that are derived from benzene, which is a simple aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene has a planar, hexagonal ring structure, and its derivatives are formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the benzene molecule with other functional groups.
Benzene derivatives have a wide range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, and explosives. Some common examples of benzene derivatives include toluene, xylene, phenol, aniline, and nitrobenzene. These compounds can have different physical and chemical properties depending on the nature and position of the substituents attached to the benzene ring.
It is important to note that some benzene derivatives are known to be toxic or carcinogenic, and their production, use, and disposal must be carefully regulated to ensure safety and protect public health.
In the context of medicine, "lead" most commonly refers to lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead is a heavy metal that can be harmful to the human body, even at low levels. It can enter the body through contaminated air, water, food, or soil, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.
Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over time, causing damage to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, headache, irritability, memory problems, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death.
Lead exposure is particularly dangerous for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and developmental delays in children. Therefore, it's important to minimize lead exposure and seek medical attention if lead poisoning is suspected.
I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question as "automobiles" is a general term used to describe wheeled motor vehicles for transportation, and it's not typically a medical term with its own specific definition. However, I can provide you with some automobile-related terms that have medical implications:
1. **Driving fitness**: This refers to the physical and mental abilities required to operate a vehicle safely. Various medical conditions or treatments can impact driving fitness, such as seizure disorders, sleep apnea, certain medications, or alcohol/substance use disorders.
2. **Driving simulator**: A device used in research and rehabilitation settings that presents a realistic driving environment for assessing and training individuals with various medical conditions or disabilities affecting their ability to drive.
3. **Adaptive automobile equipment**: Devices designed to assist people with disabilities in operating vehicles, such as hand controls, wheelchair lifts, or pedal extensions.
4. **Transportation disadvantage**: A situation where an individual's medical condition, disability, or lack of access to suitable transportation limits their ability to obtain necessary healthcare services.
5. **Motor vehicle crash (MVC) outcomes**: Medical consequences resulting from motor vehicle crashes, including injuries and fatalities. These outcomes are often studied in public health and injury prevention research.
If you have a specific medical term or concept related to automobiles that you would like me to define or explain, please provide more details, and I will be happy to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "octanes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in chemistry and physics, particularly in reference to fuel. Octane is a hydrocarbon molecule found in gasoline, and it is used as a measure of the fuel's ability to resist engine knocking or pinging during combustion.
The octane rating of gasoline typically ranges from 87 (regular) to 91-93 (premium). Higher-octane fuels are often recommended for high-performance vehicles that have higher compression ratios in their engines. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Ethyl ether, also known as diethyl ether or simply ether, is a type of organic compound that is classified as a simple ether. It is a colorless and highly volatile liquid with a characteristic odor that is often described as sweet or fruity. In medical contexts, ethyl ether has been historically used as an anesthetic agent due to its ability to produce unconsciousness and insensitivity to pain when inhaled. However, its use as an anesthetic has largely been replaced by safer and more effective alternatives due to its flammability, explosiveness, and potential for causing serious adverse effects such as heart problems and liver damage.
Ethyl ether is a simple ether consisting of two ethyl groups (-C2H5) linked to an oxygen atom (O), with the molecular formula C4H10O. It is produced by the reaction of ethanol with sulfuric acid, followed by distillation to separate the resulting ethyl ether from other products.
In addition to its historical use as an anesthetic, ethyl ether has been used in various industrial and laboratory applications, such as a solvent for fats, oils, resins, and waxes, and as a starting material for the synthesis of other chemicals. However, due to its flammability and potential for causing harm, it is important to handle ethyl ether with care and follow appropriate safety precautions when using it.
Toluene is not a medical condition or disease, but it is a chemical compound that is widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. Medically, toluene can be relevant as a substance of abuse due to its intoxicating effects when inhaled or sniffed. It is a colorless liquid with a distinctive sweet aroma, and it is a common solvent found in many products such as paint thinners, adhesives, and rubber cement.
In the context of medical toxicology, toluene exposure can lead to various health issues, including neurological damage, cognitive impairment, memory loss, nausea, vomiting, and hearing and vision problems. Chronic exposure to toluene can also cause significant harm to the developing fetus during pregnancy, leading to developmental delays, behavioral problems, and physical abnormalities.
"Energy-generating resources" is a broad term that refers to various methods and technologies used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. While there isn't a specific medical definition for this term, it is often discussed in the context of public health and environmental medicine due to its impact on air quality, climate change, and human health. Here are some examples of energy-generating resources:
1. Fossil fuels: These include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are non-renewable resources. They are burned to produce heat, which is then converted into electricity. The combustion process releases greenhouse gases and pollutants, contributing to climate change and air pollution-related health issues.
2. Nuclear power: This energy source involves the fission of atomic nuclei to generate heat, which is used to produce steam and drive turbines for electricity generation. While nuclear power itself does not emit greenhouse gases, it poses potential risks associated with radioactive waste disposal, accidents, and proliferation.
3. Renewable resources: These are sustainable energy sources that can be replenished naturally over time. Examples include solar power (photovoltaic or concentrated), wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These resources have lower environmental impacts and contribute less to air pollution and climate change compared to fossil fuels.
4. Hydrogen fuel cells: These devices convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. They are clean energy sources, as the only byproducts are water and heat. However, the production of hydrogen can have environmental impacts depending on the method used (e.g., steam methane reforming vs. electrolysis powered by renewable energy).
5. Energy storage systems: While not a primary source of energy generation, energy storage technologies like batteries and capacitors play an essential role in optimizing the use of energy-generating resources. They can store excess energy produced during periods of low demand or high resource availability (e.g., solar power during the day) and release it during peak demand or resource scarcity, improving overall system efficiency and reducing the need for backup generation from fossil fuels.
In summary, "energy-generating resources" refer to various methods used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. The environmental and health impacts of these resources vary significantly, with renewable sources generally having lower impacts compared to fossil fuel-based options.
Methyl ethers are a type of organic compound where a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to an oxygen atom, which in turn is connected to another carbon atom. They are formed by the process of methylation, where a methyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in another molecule.
Methyl ethers can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. For example, dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3) is a common fuel used in refrigeration systems and as a propellant in aerosol sprays. Anisole (CH3-O-C6H5), another methyl ether, is found in anise oil and is used as a flavoring agent and solvent.
It's worth noting that some methyl ethers have been associated with potential health risks, particularly when they are volatile and can be inhaled or ingested. For example, exposure to high levels of dimethyl ether can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and dizziness. Therefore, it's important to handle these substances with care and follow appropriate safety guidelines.
Fossil fuels are not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of earth science and energy production. They refer to fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes even hundreds of millions of years.
There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, and it is formed from the remains of plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamps and peat bogs. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, formed from the remains of marine organisms such as algae and zooplankton. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane and other light hydrocarbons, and it is found in underground reservoirs, often in association with petroleum deposits.
Fossil fuels are a major source of energy for transportation, heating, and electricity generation, but their combustion also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.
Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by the accumulation of lead in the body, often over months or years. Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. Children under the age of 6 are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can severely affect mental and physical development.
The primary source of lead exposure is lead-based paint and lead-contaminated dust in older buildings. Lead can also be found in water supplied through lead pipes, soil contaminated by historical industrial activity, air (in certain industries and locations), and some consumer products such as toys, cosmetics, and traditional medicines.
Lead poisoning can cause a wide range of symptoms, including developmental delays, learning difficulties, abdominal pain, irritability, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, constipation, vomiting, and memory or concentration problems. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, coma, and even death.
It's important to note that there is no safe level of lead exposure, and any amount of lead in the body is potentially harmful. If you suspect lead poisoning, consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and treatment options.
'Smog' is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a combination of the words "smoke" and "fog" and refers to a type of air pollution typically formed when vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and other sources release large amounts of fine particles and gases (such as nitrogen oxides or ground-level ozone) into the air. These pollutants then react in the presence of sunlight to form smog.
However, exposure to high levels of smog can have negative health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smog can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Long-term exposure to smog has been linked to more serious health problems, including heart disease, lung cancer, and premature death.
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as aromatic compounds or arenes, are a class of organic compounds characterized by a planar ring structure with delocalized electrons that give them unique chemical properties. The term "aromatic" was originally used to describe their distinctive odors, but it now refers to their characteristic molecular structure and stability.
Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings, which are cyclic structures consisting of six carbon atoms arranged in a planar hexagonal shape. Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, forming alternating double and single bonds between the carbon atoms. However, the delocalized electrons in the benzene ring are evenly distributed around the ring, leading to a unique electronic structure that imparts stability and distinctive chemical properties to aromatic hydrocarbons.
Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. These compounds have important uses in industry, but they can also pose health risks if not handled properly. Exposure to high levels of aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to various health effects, including cancer, neurological damage, and respiratory problems.
Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.
In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Motor Vehicles" is not a term that typically has a medical definition. It is a general term used to describe vehicles that are powered by a motor or engine and are designed for land transportation. This would include cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, and other similar types of vehicles.
However, in a legal context, a "motor vehicle" may have a specific definition that varies by jurisdiction. For example, in some places, the definition might only include vehicles that are intended for use on public roads, excluding things like golf carts or construction equipment.
If you're looking for a medical term related to motor vehicles, there are many that could apply, such as "motor vehicle accident," "whiplash injury," or "traumatic brain injury due to motor vehicle collision." But the term "motor vehicles" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Propane" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and engines. Propane is a gas at room temperature and pressure, but it can be liquefied under moderate pressure and stored in cylinders or tanks.
If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Gasoline
Gasoline (film)
Lady Gasoline
Pyrolysis gasoline
Sex & Gasoline
Gasoline pill
Drinking Gasoline
Natural gasoline
Gasoline Days
Microbe & Gasoline
Gasoline Rainbow
Gasoline theft
Gasoline (band)
USA Gasoline
Gasoline (disambiguation)
Gasoline pump
Gasoline Rainbows
Gasoline Alley
Gasoline (magazine)
Domo Gasoline
Gasoline heater
Gasoline, Texas
E-gasoline
Gasoline Gus
Gasoline Alley (album)
Ross (gasoline automobile)
Gasoline (Key album)
Gasoline direct injection
Gasoline (1913 song)
Fire and Gasoline
Gasoline - Wikipedia
Gasoline, Automotive | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
leaded gasoline
States with the Highest Gasoline Taxes
How Gasoline Works | HowStuffWorks
gasoline engine
Developing a High Octane Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve | Department of Energy
Crude Supply Falls, Gasoline Inventory Soars Again
Gasoline pushes inflation up in January | IBTimes
Politics of gasoline prices heat up - CSMonitor.com
Rising gasoline costs, inflation unsettle Asia
Monday Map: State Gasoline Tax Rates
![Combustion Going Bust: Global Phase-Outs Of Gasoline Cars [Infographic]](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAUVBMVEUYFxYAAAD///8XFhUSERB+fn7JyciQkJBKSUmNjY2EhISKiYkFAwCFhYTu7e14eHjk5OSbm5pPTk7c3NzU1NQ+PTzOzs4vLi719fUdHBuurq5Tz1SxAAAAcUlEQVQYlYWP2w6DMAxDY7d0tNAyNugu//+hRAJCHybNbz5yEkfkhzwOnb6PXZeGIeVxB84nMuRYCHcQkDedMCAojAomMXBnwvywgODJJXD1dlcTGbVvQNGl68td4M0Z/vLjR3vArDYNtS7flrSP/NcGpFAC8GL61hcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Combustion Going Bust: Global Phase-Outs Of Gasoline Cars [Infographic]
Gasoline Stabilizer | AST - AMSOIL
Gasoline-Wars
1 billion prize for 100-mpg gasoline car | ZDNET
Gasoline Pipe Leak Didn't Reach TN River
Gasoline prices fall to $2 a gallon - UPI.com
Why no one's making more gasoline - Jun. 5, 2007
Secondary source data for gasoline : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Conventional Gasoline Imports from Argentina
gasoline prices Archives | Inquirer Business
Gasoline Fired Engine Lubricant Tests
EIA Gasoline Prices![TMP] Gaso.line](data:image/png;base64,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)
TMP] Gaso.lineComparing the Powertrain Energy Densities of Electric and Gasoline Vehicles)
RCW 70A.15.2290: Gasoline vapor recovery devices-Limitation on requiring.
Motor gasoline5
- All types of finished motor gasoline may be sold in this area. (eia.gov)
- We did not collect weekly retail motor gasoline data between December 10, 1990, and January 14, 1991. (eia.gov)
- Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D 4814 or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10 percent recovery point to 365 to 374 degrees Fahrenheit at the 90 percent recovery point. (indexmundi.com)
- Note: Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline. (indexmundi.com)
- U.S. motor gasoline consumption peaked at 142 billion gallons in 2007. (sustainablog.org)
Octane9
- the gasoline blend with the most stable octane rating then is produced in several fuel-grades for different types of motor. (wikipedia.org)
- The advent of leaded, or ethyl, gasoline led to the manufacture of high-octane fuels and became universally employed throughout the world after World War II. (britannica.com)
- The octane rating of gasoline tells you how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. (howstuffworks.com)
- The removal of tetraethyl lead (TEL) from U.S. automotive gasoline has caused concern within the general aviation (GA) community because of possible legislated environmental or supply restrictions on TEL, an essential ingredient in existing high octane aviation gasolines (avgas). (sae.org)
- Because aircraft typically remain in service for many years, the survival of the industry may well depend on the availability of a high octane unleaded gasoline that provides a safe level of power and antiknock performance to the existing fleet. (sae.org)
- This paper describes the tools and techniques used by one team to develop fuels that provide the required antiknock quality while meeting most of the other criteria of the existing specification for high octane avgas: ASTM D 910, Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines. (sae.org)
- Developing a High Octane Unleaded Aviation Gasoline," SAE Technical Paper 971496, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/971496 . (sae.org)
- The combination of historically high gasoline prices and oil production cutbacks, announced Wednesday by OPEC, has created a high-octane mix for a presidential campaign with issues to burn. (csmonitor.com)
- From the viewpoint of performance when used in automotive spark-ignited internal combustion engines, the most important characteristic of a gasoline is its octane rating (discussed later in this article). (citizendium.org)
Fuels3
- Such an analysis often shows that the batteries are at least an order of magnitude behind fuels like gasoline. (sae.org)
- Under the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) requires blending increasing volumes of ethanol into the U.S. gasoline supply, regardless of how much gasoline is needed. (sustainablog.org)
- Gasoline station is establishments that retail liquid fuels derived from petroleum, alcohol, and other automotive fuels, with equipment available for their measurement and storage [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Gallons of gasoline2
- The company initially estimated 630 gallons of gasoline spilled. (newschannel5.com)
- c) From March 30, 1996, until December 31, 1998, in any facility that sells in excess of one million two hundred thousand gallons of gasoline per year and is located in an ozone-contributing county. (wa.gov)
Prices45
- Gasoline prices jumped in January, leading overall consumer prices higher and offering a reminder of the risks energy costs pose to the economic recovery. (ibtimes.com)
- Gasoline prices increased 0.9 percent in January and they have continued to move higher this month. (ibtimes.com)
- Despite the spike in U.S. gasoline prices last month, overall energy prices rose just 0.2 percent because electricity prices were flat and costs to consumers for piped natural gas services fell 2.9 percent. (ibtimes.com)
- Even so, gasoline prices remain a threat to the economy, with oil hovering near $120 a barrel on Friday. (ibtimes.com)
- At a rally in San Diego - where gasoline prices hit $2.13 this week - John Kerry blasted the White House for failing the nation at the gas pump and just letting the problem "fester. (csmonitor.com)
- Surging gasoline prices are posing a tricky new problem for governments as they seek to nurse virus-hit economies back to health. (bangkokpost.com)
- Higher gasoline prices are the most straightforward way for the average guy on the street to feel the effects of inflation," said Howie Lee, an economist at Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp in Singapore. (bangkokpost.com)
- That is why politicians tend to sit up and take notice when gasoline prices rise too aggressively. (bangkokpost.com)
- Gasoline prices are strong from the United States to Asia as increased mobility lifts consumption, with crude oil rallying to the highest level since 2014 this month. (bangkokpost.com)
- In Japan, higher energy prices are squeezing household budgets, where inflation expectations are at the highest since 2008, in part due to costlier gasoline. (bangkokpost.com)
- Gasoline futures in the US jumped by almost a quarter over the same period, as have Asian benchmark prices for 92-RON gasoline in Singapore. (bangkokpost.com)
- Since then, local gasoline prices eased for nine weeks, before steadying and the government fears they may now rebound as global prices spike. (bangkokpost.com)
- In China, gasoline prices in Beijing have been inching higher, while keeping below a three-year high reached last October, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. (bangkokpost.com)
- India cut taxes on gasoline and diesel in November, leading to a one-time drop in pump prices that had been hitting records. (bangkokpost.com)
- Asian economies have been worried about rising gasoline prices for a while, but even more so now as inflationary expectations become more entrenched," Lee said. (bangkokpost.com)
- NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Motorists must get tired of hearing how refinery problems are causing high gasoline prices. (cnn.com)
- When gasoline prices surge, a lack of refining capacity is often blamed. (cnn.com)
- The oil industry has long said refineries are too expensive, too hard to get a permit for, aren't necessarily needed when the government is calling for a reduction in gasoline use, and take so long to build that gasoline prices could collapse by the time one comes online. (cnn.com)
- The refinery shortage, cited by experts as a main culprit behind the recent record high gasoline prices of over $3 a gallon, has been a windfall for the oil industry. (cnn.com)
- The rise of gasoline futures prices is an example of having adequate supplies of gasoline domestically, but in the wrong location. (americanthinker.com)
- Want to drive gasoline prices down? (americanthinker.com)
- Keystone XL would transport Canadian (and North Dakotan) oil at far less expense than alternative means, such as Warren Buffet's railroad tanker cars, so the combination of larger supply and lower transport costs would exert downward pressure on prices for crude, and ultimately gasoline. (americanthinker.com)
- The sudden increase in the supply of gasoline for delivery in New York and not Rotterdam would cause futures prices to drop precipitously. (americanthinker.com)
- So the plan is simple: John Boehner and the House Republicans ought to pass a bill imposing the six-month moratorium on EPA regulations and an associated six-month waiver of the Jones Act and see what happens to gasoline futures prices. (americanthinker.com)
- The prices of gasoline and kerosene, however, will increase by 30 centavos per liter and 10 centavos per liter, respectively. (inquirer.net)
- A slight uptick in implied demand could help explain the slight increase in gasoline prices at the retail level, recent data show. (upi.com)
- June 9 (UPI) -- Retail gasoline prices are inching higher amid signs of improved demand, data show, though a lack of movement in crude oil prices could limit any major increase in the price at the pump. (upi.com)
- NEW HAMBURG, Canada - A pair of Canadian White Rose Gasoline service station signs from the 1940s sold for a combined $63,130, and a red 1951 Ford Custom convertible car sped off with $17,700 in an online-only Petroliana & Advertising auction held on March 11 by Miller & Miller Auctions, Ltd. Prices quoted are in Canadian dollars. (liveauctioneers.com)
- Regular unleaded gasoline prices for the location were $3.379/gallon. (arkansasonline.com)
- LITTLE ROCK - The average price of regular gasoline in Arkansas is up 20 cents a gallon from a month ago on higher crudeoil prices due to turmoil in the Middle East, the improving economy and market speculators. (arkansasonline.com)
- Dan Flynn, an energy commodities trader with PFGBest, said crude-oil prices were higher this year than last despite lower demand but demand could go up along with gasoline prices if the economy continues to improve. (arkansasonline.com)
- While filling up his work truck at a Shell station on Broadway in downtown Little Rock, Ricky Youngblood, owner of Youngblood Electric, said he hasn't raised his prices yet but if gasoline hits $4 a gallon, he would have to "take a serious look" at his pricing structure. (arkansasonline.com)
- James Williams, an energy analyst and owner of WTRG Economic near Russellville, said that on any given day in the U.S. there is about a 22-day supply of gasoline and the current price reflects what crudeoil prices were within that 22 days. (arkansasonline.com)
- I wouldn't expect lower gasoline prices in the near future," Williams said. (arkansasonline.com)
- Just about two years ago, when gasoline prices in most of California last moved well above the $4-per-gallon level, crude oil cost $147 a barrel. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- So it's no wonder consumer advocates rail at gasoline prices, which are back near peak levels after a late-winter respite. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- In fact, evidence is mounting that prices in this state are being set to gouge consumers, even though there is no certainty of collusion between the four companies controlling almost 80 percent of the state's gasoline production. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- Since four oil refiners control 78 percent of the gasoline market, such an oligopoly can easily withhold needed products to drive up prices. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- Put it all together and it's clear gasoline prices here are far higher than they ought to be. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- As gasoline prices have risen, private vehicles have traveled fewer miles and public transit ridership has increased. (sustainablog.org)
- Oil prices turned slightly higher after the U.S. Energy Information Administration on Wednesday reported another climb in weekly crude supplies, but showed that gasoline inventories fell more than expected. (foxbusiness.com)
- Gasoline prices are falling in Ohio and nationally amid disappointing job growth and other symptoms of weakening economic conditions in the U.S. and around the globe. (newsmax.com)
- Generally, gasoline prices were higher in Northern and Western European countries due to higher tax rates. (statista.com)
- Gasoline prices in the United States soared to another record high on Tuesday, further undercutting claims from the Biden administration that they will "work like the devil" and are "using every tool" to provide relief at the pump. (energyindepth.org)
- U.S. producers want to ramp up their output to supply American consumers with affordable and reliable energy, but hurdles remain , as shown again with gasoline prices hitting yet another record high. (energyindepth.org)
Benzene5
- Many of the harmful effects seen after exposure to gasoline are due to the individual chemicals in the gasoline mixture, such as benzene and lead. (cdc.gov)
- Laboratory tests are available that can measure elevated blood or urine levels of lead (as an indication of exposure to leaded gasoline only), benzene, or other substances that may result from exposure to gasoline or other sources. (cdc.gov)
- The main volatile organic compounds found at gasoline stations are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). (hindawi.com)
- This process, associated with gasoline distribution, can be an important source for emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [ 2 ], with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX), the main volatile hydrocarbons originating from petroleum. (hindawi.com)
- In response to a request from the National Centers for Environmental Health, technical assistance was rendered in assessing airborne concentrations of methyl-tert-butyl-ether (1634044) (MtBE), benzene (71432), xylene (1330207), and toluene (108883) at maintenance facilities for motor vehicles (SIC-4173) where workers were exposed to gasoline (8006619) and exhaust emissions. (cdc.gov)
Avgas1
- The American English word gasoline denotes fuel for automobiles, which common usage shortened to the terms gas, motor gas, and mogas, and thus differentiated that fuel from avgas (aviation gasoline), which is fuel for aeroplanes. (wikipedia.org)
Toluene2
- The objective of this study was to assess the exposure to toluene and xylene and to identify related signs and symptoms in gasoline station workers. (hindawi.com)
- Gasoline station workers showed high levels of HA and MHA, reflecting high occupational exposure to the solvents toluene and xylene present in gasoline, demonstrating that changes in the current legislation and in the work environment are necessary to ensure better health protection for these workers. (hindawi.com)
Crude7
- source of the crude petroleum, the manufacturer, and the Using equipment that runs on gasoline, such as a lawn time of year. (cdc.gov)
- Does anybody think an alternate source of crude oil at a price $48 less per barrel might help lower and stabilize the price of the gasoline refined from it? (americanthinker.com)
- Gasoline or petrol is a fuel, derived from petroleum crude oil , for use in spark-ignited internal combustion engines . (citizendium.org)
- Gasoline and other end-products are produced from petroleum crude oil in petroleum refineries . (citizendium.org)
- Some crude oils have a higher proportion of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points than other crude oils and therefore require more complex refinery configurations to produce lower boiling point hydrocarbons that are usable in gasolines. (citizendium.org)
- However, as an average of all the refineries operating in the United States in 2007, [5] refining a barrel of crude oil (i.e., 42 gallons or 159 litres ) yielded 19.2 gallons (72.7 litres) of end-product gasoline as shown in the adjacent image. (citizendium.org)
- Said Greg Maxwell, chief financial officer of Phillips 66, "First quarter gasoline cracks (the difference between the price paid for crude oil and the price of petroleum products made from it, including gasoline) for the Western Pacific region were $20.21 per barrel compared with $7.46 last quarter, resulting in record earnings for the region. (consumerwatchdog.org)
Present in gasoline2
- Small amounts of the chemicals present in gasoline evaporate into the air when you fill the gas tank in your car or when gasoline is accidentally spilled onto surfaces and soils or into surface waters. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, individuals exposed to the solvents present in gasoline had altered mood/depression, cramps, dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, irritability/nervousness, weakness, weight loss, and other symptoms more frequently and had higher urinary levels of HA and MHA compared to the comparison group. (hindawi.com)
Gallon for gasoline2
- In addition, the special relative index series for each type of gasoline, and the average price per gallon for gasoline (all types), are calculated and published monthly using the new source of price data. (bls.gov)
- One result of all this was that Californians in late May were paying an average of $1.30 more per gallon for gasoline than drivers in other states. (consumerwatchdog.org)
Ethanol4
- gasoline engine , any of a class of internal-combustion engines that generate power by burning a volatile liquid fuel (gasoline or a gasoline mixture such as ethanol) with ignition initiated by an electric spark. (britannica.com)
- Ethanol accounted for nearly 10 percent of the U.S. gasoline supply. (sustainablog.org)
- It is also more susceptible to phase separation, corrosion and fuel stability problems caused by ethanol blended gasoline. (valvtect.com)
- ValvTect Marine Gasoline is "specially formulated" for marine engines and is designed to prevent the problems of ethanol gasoline, such as phase separation, moisture, poor stability, and the formation of power-robbing carbon deposits. (valvtect.com)
Additive2
- This gasoline additive can only be used to formulate ValvTect Marine Gasoline by a Certified ValvTect Marine Fuel Distributor or Certified ValvTect Marine Fuel Marina. (valvtect.com)
- Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is an additive to gasoline to decrease winter time carbon monoxide emissions from automobile exhaust. (cdc.gov)
Petroleum8
- As the fuel for petrol engines, gasoline is chemically composed of organic compounds derived from the fractional distillation of petroleum, and later is chemically enhanced with gasoline additives. (wikipedia.org)
- Gasoline is produced from petroleum in the refining process. (cdc.gov)
- Gasoline is produced from petroleum in The chemicals that dissolve in water also break down the refining process. (cdc.gov)
- Secretary Moniz directed the Office of Petroleum Reserves to establish a one million barrel gasoline component of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the Northeast. (energy.gov)
- In response to help build a more secure and resilient energy infrastructure, the Energy Department established the first federal regional refined petroleum product reserve containing gasoline. (energy.gov)
- Gasoline consumption hit a new record of 600,000 bpd in August, according to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. (zawya.com)
- On the demand side, weekly data from the Energy Department showed a mixed bag for refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. (upi.com)
- Furthermore, each refinery has its own unique configuration of petroleum refining processes that produces its own unique set of gasoline blend components. (citizendium.org)
Conventional5
- Conventional area is any area that does not require the sale of reformulated gasoline. (eia.gov)
- Conventional gasoline is mostly a blended mixture of more than 200 different hydrocarbon liquids ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing 11 or 12 carbon atoms. (citizendium.org)
- While tension over Iran has grown in the past few months, the price of oil and gasoline has leapt far beyond conventional supply-and-demand variables. (arkansasonline.com)
- In addition to the technological changes that can improve the fuel economy of conventional vehicles, new plug-in hybrid electric cars and fully electric vehicles use far less gasoline or even do away with it entirely. (sustainablog.org)
- In light of this, to investigate how EGR affects gasoline vehicle SPN10 (solid particles larger than 10 nm) emissions, seven gasoline vehicles (hybrid or conventional) were studied experimentally. (lu.se)
Less gasoline2
- In short, when the companies produced less gasoline and charged more for it, their profits soared. (consumerwatchdog.org)
- In each year since, American drivers have used less gasoline. (sustainablog.org)
Regular gasoline1
- The national average price for regular gasoline climbed more than four cents on Tuesday to $4.37 a gallon, according to AAA. (energyindepth.org)
20184
- A Based upon independent testing of AMSOIL Gasoline Stabilizer obtained Nov. 8, 2018 and Sea Foam Motor Treatment purchased Oct. 25, 2018 in a modified NACE TM0172 using synthetic sea water per ASTM D665 part B. (amsoil.com)
- B Based upon independent testing of AMSOIL Gasoline Stabilizer obtained Nov. 8, 2018 and Sea Foam Motor Treatment purchased Oct. 25, 2018 in the ASTM D525 using test fuel containing no oxidation-stability-improving additives. (amsoil.com)
- On May 14, 2018, we implemented statistical methodology changes to improve the accuracy of the weekly retail gasoline price estimates. (eia.gov)
- As a result of these statistical methodology changes, the published retail gasoline estimates for May 14, 2018, are not directly comparable to those published for May 7, 2018. (eia.gov)
Emissions2
- Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO2 emissions worldwide in 2021. (wikipedia.org)
- Our gasoline particulate filters stand ready to meet latest real-world-driving emissions standards which enforce a reduction of particulates generated by gasoline vehicles. (corning.com)
Exposure5
- Exposure to automotive gasoline most likely occurs from breathing its vapor at a service station while filling a car's fuel tank. (cdc.gov)
- However, there is no evidence that exposure to gasoline causes cancer in humans. (cdc.gov)
- On June 17, 1994, five workers in the District of Columbia were treated in an emergency department for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning following exposure to the exhaust from two gasoline-fueled power washers (i.e., pressure washers), which they had used in an empty underground parking garage. (cdc.gov)
- In the 1920's, the other major use of lead in the U.S. captured national attention when the production of TEL gasoline led to 15 worker fatalities, with many more succumbing to psychotic episodes due to lead exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Contact your local poison center (1-800-222-1222) for advice if you or someone you know has experienced gasoline exposure. (cdc.gov)
Price19
- After rising throughout January, the national price for regular unleaded gasoline in the United States rose to $3.58 a gallon in the week through Monday, according to the Energy Information Administration. (ibtimes.com)
- In Japan, the average gasoline price may hit 170 yen ($1.49) a litre soon, a threshold that triggers emergency aid from the government for refiners. (bangkokpost.com)
- WASHINGTON, Dec. 20 (UPI) -- The price of gasoline dropped to a national average of $2 a gallon on Sunday, the Auto club said. (upi.com)
- For several years, BLS has researched calculating price indexes for gasoline products based on secondary data sources and are now ready to replace the former data source with the new data source and index aggregation methodology. (bls.gov)
- Though this source provides millions more observations than the traditionally collected CPI per month, it is not considered a census of all gasoline price observations. (bls.gov)
- What are the implications of gasoline price volatility for the design of fuel economy policies? (nber.org)
- Assuming constant marginal damages from fuel consumption, an application of Weitzman (1974) implies that a fixed fuel economy standard reduces expected welfare relative to a "price" policy such as a feebate or, equivalently, a fuel economy standard that is indexed to the price of gasoline. (nber.org)
- When the regulator is constrained to use a fixed standard, I show that the usual approach to setting the standard-equate expected marginal compliance cost to marginal damage-is likely to be sub-optimal because the standard may not bind if the realized gasoline price is sufficiently high. (nber.org)
- Instead, the optimal fixed standard will be relatively relaxed and may be non-binding even at the expected gasoline price. (nber.org)
- Finally, I show that although an attribute-based standard allows vehicle choices to flexibly respond to gasoline price shocks, the resulting distortions imply that the optimal fuel economy standard is not attribute-based. (nber.org)
- Gasoline price uncertainty and the design of fuel economy standards, " Journal of Public Economics, vol 160, pages 14-32. (nber.org)
- Travel club AAA put the national average retail price at $3.58 for a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline on Friday, about 2 cents higher than a week ago and 4 cents per gallon higher than this time last month. (upi.com)
- The gasoline price forecast changed from an expected average of $3.33 per gallon to $3.39 per gallon in its energy market report for June. (upi.com)
- Demand for gasoline is more price-inelastic than commonly thought Abstract: One of the most frequently examined statistical relationships in energy economics has been the price elasticity of gasoline demand. (repec.org)
- Demand for gasoline is more price-inelastic than commonly thought ," CUDARE Working Papers 120416, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. (repec.org)
- Demand for gasoline is more price-inelastic than commonly thought ," Energy Economics , Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 201-207. (repec.org)
- Demand for Gasoline Is More Price-Inelastic than Commonly Thought ," Working Papers IES 2011/10, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, revised Mar 2011. (repec.org)
- Demand for gasoline is more price-inelastic than commonly thought ," Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, Working Paper Series qt0m94j50t, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley. (repec.org)
- The average price of gasoline is now at $4.37 a gallon. (energyindepth.org)
Mixture4
- Gasoline is a manufactured mixture that does not exist naturally in the environment. (cdc.gov)
- How the gasoline is made determines which chemicals are present in the gasoline mixture and how much of each is present. (cdc.gov)
- Gasoline is a manufactured mixture that does not exist natu light and other chemicals in the air. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing vapors at a service station when filling the car's chemicals are present in the gasoline mixture and how much fuel tank is the most likely way to be exposed. (cdc.gov)
York Harbor2
- The regional reserve has 700,000 barrels of gasoline located in the New York Harbor area, 200,000 barrels positioned in the Boston area, and 100,000 in South Portland, Maine. (energy.gov)
- In the case of NYMEX gasoline futures contracts, the basic contract calls for the delivery of 42,000 gallons of unleaded gasoline to New York Harbor. (americanthinker.com)
Million barrels2
- Immediately after the Secretary's June 2014 directive, the Energy Department finalized solicitations to acquire storage service contracts in the Northeast, as well as one million barrels of gasoline stocks. (energy.gov)
- Gasoline supplies were down 2.1 million barrels, while distillate stockpiles rose 400,000 barrels last week, according to the EIA. (foxbusiness.com)
Aviation4
- Tetraethyl lead and other lead compounds are not used in modern automotive gasoline, except in aviation, off-road motor vehicles, and racing car motors. (wikipedia.org)
- British refiners originally used "motor spirit" as a generic name for the automotive fuel and "aviation spirit" for aviation gasoline. (wikipedia.org)
- Gasoline engines can be built to meet the requirements of practically any conceivable power-plant application, the most important being passenger automobiles , small trucks and buses, general aviation aircraft , outboard and small inboard marine units, moderate-sized stationary pumping, lighting plants, machine tools, and power tools. (britannica.com)
- and reformulated gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. (indexmundi.com)
Vapor4
- Gasoline enters the human environment as an un-combusted fuel-as a flammable liquid and as a vapor - by way of leakages occurred in the production and handling, transport and delivery. (wikipedia.org)
- RCW 70A.15.2290: Gasoline vapor recovery devices-Limitation on requiring. (wa.gov)
- Gasoline vapor recovery devices - Limitation on requiring. (wa.gov)
- 2) This section does not preclude the department of ecology or any local air pollution authority from requiring a gasoline vapor recovery device that captures vapors during vehicle refueling as part of the regulation of sources as provided in RCW 70A.15.2210 , 70A.15.3000 , or 70A.15.2040 or where required under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 7412. (wa.gov)
Refinery1
- The average refinery yield of gasoline in other countries may be different. (citizendium.org)
Amid1
- LONDON, Sept 15 (Reuters) - India's gasoline consumption is growing rapidly as millions of additional households buy motor cars and especially motorcycles as a status symbol amid growing prosperity. (zawya.com)
Barrels1
- Gasoline consumption averaged 550,000 barrels per day between June and August, an increase of nearly 15 percent from 480,000 bpd a year earlier. (zawya.com)
Liters1
- The U.S. alone consumes something like 130 billion gallons (almost 500 billion liters) of gasoline per year! (howstuffworks.com)
Pressure washers2
- Many people using gasoline-powered tools such as high-pressure washers, concrete cutting saws (walk-behind/hand-held), power trowels, floor buffers, welders, pumps, compressors, and generators in buildings or semi enclosed spaces have been poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO). CO can rapidly accumulate (even in areas that appear to be well ventilated) and build up to dangerous or fatal concentrations within minutes. (cdc.gov)
- Five workers were treated for CO poisoning after using two 8 horse-power, gasoline-powered, pressure washers in a poorly ventilated underground parking garage. (cdc.gov)
Liter1
- When burned, one liter (0.26 U.S. gal) of gasoline emits about 2.3 kilograms (5.1 lb) of CO2, a greenhouse gas, contributing to human-caused climate change. (wikipedia.org)
Actions1
- Despite growing evidence of the harmful effect of lead, little to no regulatory actions were taken to protect workers and the general public in the U.S. until the late-1900s.The extensive use of lead in paint and gasoline during the early twentieth century contaminated our air, water, and soil. (cdc.gov)
Blend1
- Suspend boutique blend requirements and allow a national market in gasoline salable anywhere. (americanthinker.com)
Tetraethyl lead1
- Tetraethyl lead (TEL) gasoline, to improve engine performance. (cdc.gov)
Automotive14
- However, beginning in 1975, environmental legislation began to restrict the use of lead additives in automotive gasoline. (britannica.com)
- This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about automotive gasoline. (cdc.gov)
- At high levels, automotive gasoline is irritating to the lungs when breathed in and irritating to the lining of the stomach when swallowed. (cdc.gov)
- Automotive gasoline has been found in at least 23 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
- What is automotive gasoline? (cdc.gov)
- The gasoline discussed in this fact sheet is automotive used as a fuel for engines in cars. (cdc.gov)
- What happens to automotive gasoline when it enters the environment? (cdc.gov)
- How might I be exposed to automotive gasoline? (cdc.gov)
- How can automotive gasoline affect my health? (cdc.gov)
- How likely is automotive gasoline to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have not classified automotive gasoline for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
- Automotive gasoline is currently undergoing review by the EPA for cancer classification. (cdc.gov)
- Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to automotive gasoline? (cdc.gov)
- In many geographical areas, the amount of gasoline produced during the summer season (i.e., the season of the greatest demand for automotive gasoline) varies significantly from the amount produced during the winter season. (citizendium.org)
High5
- Breathing in high levels of gasoline for short periods or swallowing large amounts of gasoline may also cause harmful effects on the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
- Some laboratory animals that breathed high concentrations of unleaded gasoline vapors continuously for 2 years developed liver and kidney tumors. (cdc.gov)
- Inhaling high concentrations of gasoline is irritating to tories that have the right equipment. (cdc.gov)
- Corning's gasoline cordierite filters are available in both standard and high porosity options. (corning.com)
- 50 m from a gasoline generator (93.1%) were exposed to high environmental lead levels. (who.int)
Vehicles3
- This study provides a fair comparison of technologies to report the real status of battery electric vehicles when compared to their gasoline-powered competitors. (sae.org)
- Not only are there fewer vehicles traveling fewer miles on U.S. roads than there were just five years ago, but new cars today can drive farther on a gallon of gasoline. (sustainablog.org)
- The 2013 requirement for 13.8 billion gallons is likely to go beyond the 10-percent threshold of what can be blended into gasoline and still be used in older vehicles without risking engine damage and voiding warranties. (sustainablog.org)
Engines13
- The terms gasoline (/ˈɡæsəliːn/) and petrol (/ˈpɛtrəl/) identify and describe the petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid, which is used as a fuel for spark-ignited, internal combustion engines. (wikipedia.org)
- Four-stroke gasoline engines power the vast majority of automobiles , light trucks , medium-to-large motorcycles , and lawn mowers. (britannica.com)
- Two-stroke gasoline engines are less common, but they are used for small outboard marine engines and in many handheld landscaping tools such as chain saws, hedge trimmers, and leaf blowers. (britannica.com)
- Gasoline engine types include (A) opposed-piston engines, (B) Wankel rotary engines, (C) in-line engines, and (D) V-8 engines. (britannica.com)
- Gasoline engines can be grouped into a number of types depending on several criteria , including their application, method of fuel management, ignition, piston-and-cylinder or rotor arrangement, strokes per cycle, cooling system , and valve type and location. (britannica.com)
- In surface releases, most chemicals in gasoline will prob as a fuel for engines in cars. (cdc.gov)
- Corning presents an overview of the development of particulate filter technologies for application in gasoline engines in this MTZ extra publication. (corning.com)
- Safe for 2 cycle & 4 cycle gasoline engines. (valvtect.com)
- Indoor use of gasoline-powered engines and tools is risky business. (cdc.gov)
- Operating gasoline-powered engines and tools indoors is RISKY BUSINESS. (cdc.gov)
- It is not widely known that small gasoline-powered engines and tools present a serious health hazard. (cdc.gov)
- NOT allow the use of or operate gasoline-powered engines or tools inside buildings or in partially enclosed areas unless gasoline engines can be located outside away from air intakes. (cdc.gov)
- At approximately 12:30 a.m., the workers started two power washers equipped with 8-horsepower, gasoline-fueled engines. (cdc.gov)
Pump3
- McCarter, who said he saw the boy "pumping gas into the vehicle by himself," added that, "the boy must have pulled the pump out before releasing the handle, because he ended up spraying gasoline onto himself. (thesmokinggun.com)
- The video, an investigator added, "showed the toddler spraying himself with gasoline as he removed the pump. (thesmokinggun.com)
- A municipal employee at an indoor water treatment plant lost consciousness while trying to exit from a 59,000-cubic-foot room where he had been working with an 8-horse-power, gasoline-powered pump. (cdc.gov)
Reduction1
- Three trends underlie falling U.S. gasoline use: a shrinking car fleet, an overall reduction in driving, and improved fuel efficiency. (sustainablog.org)
India1
- Motorcycles accounted for more than 60 percent of all gasoline sales in 2013 ('All India study on sectoral demand of diesel and petrol', Nielsen, 2013). (zawya.com)
Petrol1
- In place of the American English word gasoline, most Commonwealth countries (except Canada), use the term "petrol", and, and "gas" in common parlance, hence the prevalence of the usage "gas station" in Canada. (wikipedia.org)
Corrosion1
- Gasoline Stabilizer provides corrosion protection Sea Foam Motor Treatment* can't match, helping maintain power and performance and keeping metal looking like new even when subjected to salt water. (amsoil.com)
Combustion3
- In a piston-and-cylinder engine the pressure produced by combustion of gasoline creates a force on the head of a piston that moves the length of the cylinder in a reciprocating , or back-and-forth, motion. (britannica.com)
- When the European Union on Tuesday approved a law that will ban the sale of combustion engine cars in its member states from 2035, a whole list of countries received a deadline for how long new gasoline car will still be available from dealerships. (forbes.com)
- Sri Lanka, on the other hand, has been setting tougher goals than any other country, issuing not just a phase-out of new gasoline car sales, but a full road ban for combustion engine cars, tuk-tuks and motorcycles by 2040. (forbes.com)
Consumption1
- Gasoline consumption hit a new record of 600,000 bpd in Aug. (zawya.com)
Diesel fuel1
- Without gasoline (and diesel fuel ), the world as we know it would grind to a halt. (howstuffworks.com)
Fuel stability1
- Gasoline Stabilizer provides fuel stability that Sea Foam Motor Treatment can't match, helping maintain startability and protect against the formation of varnish and gum. (amsoil.com)
Concentrations1
- 1970s regarding the use of leaded gasoline has led to a fall in lead concentrations in ice laid down since that time. (britannica.com)
Exhaust2
Detergent2
- They are holding examples of the clean intake valves drivers will enjoy if they use Shell gasolines blended with a new nitrogen-containing detergent compound. (acs.org)
- To be considered Top Tier, the gasoline must have a higher concentration of detergent added to it. (valvtect.com)
Chemicals1
- Other chemicals in gasoline dissolve in water after spills to surface waters or underground storage tank leaks into the groundwater. (cdc.gov)
:strip_icc()/i.s3.glbimg.com/v1/AUTH_f035dd6fd91c438fa04ab718d608bbaa/internal_photos/bs/2020/o/9/rgUSX1TJWgOfZtQf5fug/petroleo.jpg)
