Fusobacterium nucleatum
Fusobacterium
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Veillonella
Prevotella intermedia
Bacteroidaceae
Mouth
Bacteria, Anaerobic
Periodontitis
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Actinomyces
Peptostreptococcus
Bacteroides
Periodontal Diseases
Porphyromonas
Dental Plaque
Halitosis
Bacteria, Aerobic
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Streptococcus oralis
Streptococcus gordonii
Treponema denticola
Streptococcus sanguis
Bacterial Adhesion
Prevotella
Microbial Interactions
Periodontium
Biofilms
Periapical Abscess
Bacteria
Streptococcus
Saliva
Eikenella corrodens
Periodontal Pocket
Anaerobiosis
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria
Species Specificity
Adhesins, Bacterial
Identification of positively charged residues of FomA porin of Fusobacterium nucleatum which are important for pore function. (1/208)
FomA porin is the major outer-membrane protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum. It exhibits the functional properties of a general diffusion porin, but has no sequence similarity to other porins. According to the proposed topology model, each monomer of this trimeric protein is a beta-barrel consisting of 16 transmembrane segments with eight surface-exposed loops. Several conserved charged residues are proposed to extend from the beta-barrel wall into the aqueous channel lumen, and may contribute to a transverse electric field similar to that at the pore constriction of porins with known structure. The goal of our study was to identify particular basic residues contributing to such an electric field in FomA. Several arginines and lysines were replaced by negatively charged glutamates or uncharged alanines. The mutated FomA porins were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the effects on pore function were studied in vivo, by assaying the uptake rate of beta-lactam antibiotics, and in vitro after reconstitution of the purified proteins in lipid bilayer membranes. Some of the point mutations had a significant impact on the channel properties. The substitution R92A produced a 130% increased permeability of the zwitterionic beta-lactam cephaloridine, and the cation selectivity of R92E increased by 70%. The effects of the R90E substitution on channel properties were similar. Most of the point mutations had a minor effect on the voltage gating of the FomA channel, resulting in an increased sensitivity, except for K78E, which showed a decreased sensitivity. The latter mutation had no effect on cation selectivity, but the K78A substitution improved the uptake rate of cephaloridine. The results presented here indicate that arginines 90 and 92 are probably part of the constriction zone of the FomA porin, and lysine 78 and arginines 115 and 117 are probably in close proximity to this region as well. (+info)Coaggregation of Candida dubliniensis with Fusobacterium nucleatum. (2/208)
The binding of microorganisms to each other and oral surfaces contributes to the progression of microbial infections in the oral cavity. Candida dubliniensis, a newly characterized species, has been identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients and other immunocompromised individuals. C. dubliniensis phenotypically resembles Candida albicans in many respects yet can be identified and differentiated as a unique Candida species by phenotypic and genetic profiles. The purpose of this study was to determine oral coaggregation (CoAg) partners of C. dubliniensis and to compare these findings with CoAg of C. albicans under the same environmental conditions. Fifteen isolates of C. dubliniensis and 40 isolates of C. albicans were tested for their ability to coaggregate with strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Peptostreptococcus magnus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. When C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains were grown at 37 degrees C on Sabouraud dextrose agar, only C. dubliniensis strains coaggregated with F. nucleatum ATCC 49256 and no C. albicans strains showed CoAg. However, when the C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains were grown at 25 or 45 degrees C, both C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains demonstrated CoAg with F. nucleatum. Heating the C. albicans strains (grown at 37 degrees C) at 85 degrees C for 30 min or treating them with dithiothreitol allowed the C. albicans strains grown at 37 degrees C to coaggregate with F. nucleatum. CoAg at all growth temperatures was inhibited by mannose and alpha-methyl mannoside but not by EDTA or arginine. The CoAg reaction between F. nucleatum and the Candida species involved a heat-labile component on F. nucleatum and a mannan-containing heat-stable receptor on the Candida species. The CoAg reactions between F. nucleatum and the Candida species may be important in the colonization of the yeast in the oral cavity, and the CoAg of C. dubliniensis by F. nucleatum when grown at 37 degrees C provides a rapid, specific, and inexpensive means to differentiate C. dubliniensis from C. albicans isolates in the clinical laboratory. (+info)beta-lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility of oral heterogeneous Fusobacterium nucleatum populations in young children. (3/208)
Oral Fusobacterium nucleatum populations from 20 young, healthy children were examined for beta-lactamase production. Ten children (50%) harbored, altogether, 25 beta-lactamase-positive F. nucleatum isolates that were identified as F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii (J. L. Dzink, M. T. Sheenan, and S. S. Socransky, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:74-78, 1990). In vitro susceptibility of these beta-lactamase-producing and 26 non-beta-lactamase-producing F. nucleatum isolates was tested with penicillin G, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline hydrochloride, metronidazole, trovafloxacin, and azithromycin. Except for penicillin G, the antimicrobials exhibited good activity against all F. nucleatum isolates. (+info)Acquisition of plasmin activity by Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum and potential contribution to tissue destruction during periodontitis. (4/208)
Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum has been associated with a variety of oral and nonoral infections such as periodontitis, pericarditis, bone infections, and brain abscesses. Several studies have shown the role of plasmin, a plasma serine protease, in increasing the invasive capacity of microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the binding of human plasminogen to F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and its subsequent activation into plasmin. Plasminogen-binding activity of bacterial cells was demonstrated by a solid-phase dot blot assay using an anti-plasminogen antibody. The binding activity was heat resistant and involved cell-surface lysine residues since it was abolished in the presence of the lysine analog epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Activation of plasminogen-coated bacteria occurred following incubation with either streptokinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), or a Porphyromonas gingivalis culture supernatant. In the case of the P. gingivalis culture supernatant, a cysteine protease was likely involved in the activation. The plasmin activity generated on the cell surface of F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum could be inhibited by aprotinin. Activation of plasminogen by u-PA was greatly enhanced when plasminogen was bound to bacteria rather than in a free soluble form. u-PA-activated plasminogen-coated F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum was found to degrade fibronectin, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was also degraded by the plasmin activity generated on the bacterial cells. This study suggests a possible role for plasminogen, which is present in affected periodontal sites, in promoting tissue destruction and invasion by nonproteolytic bacteria such as F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum. (+info)Native plasmids of Fusobacterium nucleatum: characterization and use in development of genetic systems. (5/208)
Three native plasmids of Fusobacterium nucleatum were characterized, including DNA sequence analysis of one plasmid, pFN1. A shuttle plasmid, pHS17, capable of transforming Escherichia coli and F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 was constructed with pFN1. pHS17 was stably maintained in the F. nucleatum transformants, and differences in the transformation efficiencies suggested the presence of a restriction-modification system in F. nucleatum. (+info)Induction of apoptotic cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells by an oral bacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum. (6/208)
It is largely unknown why a variety of bacteria present in the oral cavity are capable of establishing themselves in the periodontal pockets of nonimmunocompromised individuals in the presence of competent immune effector cells. In this paper we present evidence for the immunosuppressive role of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a gram-negative oral bacterium which plays an important role in the generation of periodontal disease. Our studies indicate that the immunosuppressive role of F. nucleatum is largely due to the ability of this organism to induce apoptotic cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). F. nucleatum treatment induced apoptosis of PBMCs and PMNs as assessed by an increase in subdiploid DNA content determined by DNA fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assays. The ability of F. nucleatum to induce apoptosis was abolished by either heat treatment or proteinase digestion but was retained after formaldehyde treatment, suggesting that a heat-labile surface protein component is responsible for bacterium-mediated cell apoptosis. The data also indicated that F. nucleatum-induced cell apoptosis requires activation of caspases and is protected by NF-kappaB. Possible mechanisms of F. nucleatum's role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease are discussed. (+info)Inducible expression of human beta-defensin 2 by Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral epithelial cells: multiple signaling pathways and role of commensal bacteria in innate immunity and the epithelial barrier. (7/208)
Human gingival epithelial cells (HGE) express two antimicrobial peptides of the beta-defensin family, human beta-defensin 1 (hBD-1) and hBD-2, as well as cytokines and chemokines that contribute to innate immunity. In the present study, the expression and transcriptional regulation of hBD-2 was examined. HBD-2 mRNA was induced by cell wall extract of Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral commensal microorganism, but not by that of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen. HBD-2 mRNA was also induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an epithelial cell activator. HBD-2 mRNA was also expressed in 14 of 15 noninflamed gingival tissue samples. HBD-2 peptide was detected by immunofluorescence in HGE stimulated with F. nucleatum cell wall, consistent with induction of the mRNA by this stimulant. Kinetic analysis indicates involvement of multiple distinct signaling pathways in the regulation of hBD-2 mRNA; TNF-alpha and F. nucleatum cell wall induced hBD-2 mRNA rapidly (2 to 4 h), while PMA stimulation was slower ( approximately 10 h). In contrast, each stimulant induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) within 1 h. The role of TNF-alpha as an intermediary in F. nucleatum signaling was ruled out by addition of anti-TNF-alpha that did not inhibit hBD-2 induction. However, inhibitor studies show that F. nucleatum stimulation of hBD-2 mRNA requires both new gene transcription and new protein synthesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides isolated from Escherichia coli and F. nucleatum were poor stimulants of hBD-2, although they up-regulated IL-8 mRNA. Collectively, our findings show inducible expression of hBD-2 mRNA via multiple pathways in HGE in a pattern that is distinct from that of IL-8 expression. We suggest that different aspects of innate immune responses are differentially regulated and that commensal organisms have a role in stimulating mucosal epithelial cells in maintaining the barrier that contributes to homeostasis and host defense. (+info)Interactions between periodontal bacteria and human oral epithelial cells: Fusobacterium nucleatum adheres to and invades epithelial cells. (8/208)
Bacteria are causative agents of periodontal diseases. Interactions between oral bacteria and gingival epithelial cells are essential aspects of periodontal infections. Using an in vitro tissue culture model, a selected group of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria frequently associated with periodontal diseases, including Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter curvus, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia, were examined for their ability to adhere to and invade primary cultures of human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC). The effects of these bacteria on the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory chemokine, were also measured. These studies provided an initial demonstration that F. nucleatum adhered to and invaded HGEC and that this was accompanied by high levels of IL-8 secretion from the epithelial cells. The attachment and invasion characteristics of F. nucleatum were also tested using KB cells, an oral epithelial cell line. The invasion was verified by transmission electron microscopy and with metabolic inhibitors. Invasion appeared to occur via a "zipping" mechanism and required the involvement of actins, microtubules, signal transduction, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism of the epithelial cell, as well as protein synthesis by F. nucleatum. A spontaneous mutant, lam, of F. nucleatum, isolated as defective in autoagglutination, was unable to attach to or invade HGEC or KB cells, further indicating the requirement of bacterial components in these processes. Sugar inhibition assays indicated that lectin-like interactions were involved in the attachment of F. nucleatum to KB cells. Investigation of these new virulence phenotypes should improve our understanding of the role of F. nucleatum in periodontal infections. (+info)"Fusobacterium nucleatum" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and plays a significant role in periodontal disease. It has also been implicated in various extraintestinal infections, including septicemia, brain abscesses, and lung and liver infections. This bacterium is known to have a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as the ability to adhere to and invade host cells, produce biofilms, and evade the immune response. It has been linked to several systemic diseases, including colorectal cancer, where it may promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.
Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, gram-negative, non-spore forming bacilli that are commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Some species of Fusobacterium have been associated with various clinical infections and diseases, such as periodontal disease, abscesses, bacteremia, endocarditis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most well-known species in this genus and has been extensively studied for its role in various diseases. It is a opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals or when it invades damaged tissues. Fusobacterium necrophorum, another important species, is a leading cause of Lemierre's syndrome, a rare but serious condition characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and metastatic infections.
Fusobacteria are known to have a complex relationship with other microorganisms and host cells, and they can form biofilms that contribute to their virulence and persistence in the host. Further research is needed to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of Fusobacterium species and to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment of Fusobacterium-associated diseases.
Fusobacterium infections are diseases or conditions caused by the bacterial genus Fusobacterium, which are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. However, under certain circumstances, they can cause infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
Fusobacterium infections can manifest in various forms, including:
1. Oral infections: Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most common species associated with oral infections, such as periodontitis, abscesses, and Ludwig's angina.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Fusobacterium necrophorum can cause lung abscesses, empyema, and bronchitis.
3. Bloodstream infections (bacteremia): Fusobacterium species can enter the bloodstream through various routes, such as dental procedures or invasive medical procedures, leading to bacteremia. This condition can be particularly dangerous for individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
4. Intra-abdominal infections: Fusobacterium species can cause intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, and appendicitis.
5. Skin and soft tissue infections: Fusobacterium species can cause cellulitis, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis.
6. Bone and joint infections: Fusobacterium species can cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.
7. Central nervous system infections: Fusobacterium species can cause meningitis and brain abscesses, although these are rare.
Fusobacterium infections can be challenging to treat due to their anaerobic nature and resistance to certain antibiotics. Therefore, it is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a Fusobacterium infection. Treatment typically involves the use of appropriate antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin, and sometimes surgical intervention may be necessary.
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacterium. It is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract of humans and animals. However, it can cause various infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
Fusobacterium necrophorum is well known for its association with severe clinical conditions such as Lemierre's syndrome, which is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and metastatic infections. It can also cause other suppurative infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis, brain abscesses, and septicemia. In addition, Fusobacterium necrophorum has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain types of periodontal disease and is a significant cause of bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.
Veillonella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid or rod-shaped bacteria. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the human mouth, intestines, and female genital tract. They are known to be obligate parasites, meaning they rely on other organisms for nutrients and energy. Veillonella species are often associated with dental caries and have been implicated in various infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and wound infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. Proper identification of Veillonella species is important for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are rod-shaped and can vary in size and shape. Bacteroidaceae are important breakdowners of complex carbohydrates and proteins in the gut, and play a significant role in maintaining the health and homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Some members of this family can also be opportunistic pathogens and have been associated with various infections and diseases, such as abscesses, bacteremia, and periodontal disease.
In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.
Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.
Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.
The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.
Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.
Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.
"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.
Actinomyces is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the human mouth, colon, and urogenital tract. Under certain conditions, such as poor oral hygiene or tissue trauma, these bacteria can cause infections known as actinomycosis. These infections often involve the formation of abscesses or granulomas and can affect various tissues, including the lungs, mouth, and female reproductive organs. Actinomyces species are also known to form complex communities called biofilms, which can contribute to their ability to cause infection.
Peptostreptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, anaerobic, coccus-shaped bacteria that are commonly found as normal flora in the human mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. These organisms can become pathogenic and cause a variety of infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or following surgical procedures. Infections caused by Peptostreptococcus species can include abscesses, endocarditis, bacteremia, and joint infections. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for the effective treatment of these infections.
Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.
According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.
There are two major stages of periodontal disease:
1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.
Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.
"Porphyromonas" is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity and other areas of the body. One species, "Porphyromonas gingivalis," is a major contributor to chronic periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. These bacteria are also associated with various systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and aspiration pneumonia. The name "Porphyromonas" comes from the Greek words "porphyra," meaning purple, and "monas," meaning unit, referring to the bacteria's ability to produce porphyrins, which are pigments that can give a purple color to their colonies.
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.
The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.
The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.
Halitosis is a medical term that refers to noticeably unpleasant breath. It's also commonly known as bad breath. This condition can result from several factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods, smoking, alcohol use, dry mouth, and various medical conditions (such as gastrointestinal issues, respiratory infections, or liver and kidney problems). Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices, like brushing twice a day and flossing daily, can help prevent halitosis. In some cases, mouthwashes, sugar-free gums, or mints may provide temporary relief. However, if bad breath persists, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dentist for further evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their respiratory chain to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the air, as well as on the surfaces of living things. Some examples of aerobic bacteria include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus.
It's worth noting that some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen. These bacteria are called facultative anaerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in its presence.
Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Infections caused by Bacteroidaceae are relatively rare, but can occur in cases of severe trauma, surgery, or compromised immune systems. These infections may include bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), abscesses, and wound infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is important to note that proper identification of the specific species causing the infection is necessary for appropriate treatment, as different species within Bacteroidaceae may have different susceptibilities to various antibiotics.
'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.
Streptococcus oralis is a type of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus (round-shaped bacterium) that belongs to the viridans group of streptococci. It is commonly found in the human oral cavity, particularly on the surface of the teeth and gums.
S. oralis is generally considered to be a commensal organism, meaning that it can exist harmlessly in the mouth without causing any negative effects. However, under certain circumstances, such as when the immune system is weakened or when there is damage to the oral tissues, S. oralis can cause infections. These infections may include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease, and endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart).
Like other streptococci, S. oralis is able to form biofilms, which are complex communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and can be difficult to remove. This ability to form biofilms may contribute to its ability to cause infections.
It's important to note that while S. oralis is a normal part of the oral microbiome, good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing regularly can help prevent an overgrowth of this bacterium and reduce the risk of infection.
Streptococcus gordonii is a species of gram-positive, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that belongs to the viridans group of streptococci. It is part of the normal flora in the oral cavity and is commonly found on the teeth and mucous membranes.
S. gordonii is a commensal organism, meaning it usually exists harmoniously with its human host without causing harm. However, under certain circumstances, such as when the immune system is compromised or there is damage to the oral tissues, S. gordonii can cause infections. It has been implicated in dental caries (cavities), endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), and other invasive infections.
Like other streptococci, S. gordonii is a coccus-shaped bacterium that tends to occur in pairs or chains. It is catalase-negative, which means it does not produce the enzyme catalase, and it ferments various sugars to produce acid as a byproduct. These characteristics help distinguish S. gordonii from other types of bacteria.
It's important to note that maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can help prevent the overgrowth of S. gordonii and reduce the risk of dental caries and other infections.
Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.
T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.
In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.
Streptococcus sanguis is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to the Streptococcaceae family. It's part of the viridans group streptococci (VGS) and is commonly found in the oral cavity of humans, residing on the surface of teeth and mucous membranes.
S. sanguis is generally considered a commensal organism; however, it can contribute to dental plaque formation and cause endocarditis, particularly in people with pre-existing heart conditions. It's important to note that there are several subspecies of S. sanguis, including S. sanguis I, II, III, and IV, which may have different characteristics and clinical implications.
Medical Definition: Streptococcus sanguis is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to the viridans group streptococci (VGS). It is commonly found in the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis in susceptible individuals.
Bacterial adhesion is the initial and crucial step in the process of bacterial colonization, where bacteria attach themselves to a surface or tissue. This process involves specific interactions between bacterial adhesins (proteins, fimbriae, or pili) and host receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids, or extracellular matrix components). The attachment can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on the strength of interaction. Bacterial adhesion is a significant factor in initiating biofilm formation, which can lead to various infectious diseases and medical device-associated infections.
Preventella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are part of the normal microbiota but can also be associated with various infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
Prevotella species have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including periodontal disease, dental caries, respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, soft tissue infections, and joint infections. They can also be found in association with abscesses, wound infections, and other types of infections, particularly in the head and neck region.
Prevotella species are generally resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat anaerobic infections, such as clindamycin and metronidazole, making them difficult to eradicate. Therefore, accurate identification and susceptibility testing of Prevotella isolates is important for the appropriate management of infections caused by these organisms.
Microbial interactions refer to the various ways in which different microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, influence each other's growth, survival, and behavior in a shared environment. These interactions can be categorized into several types:
1. Commensalism: One organism benefits from the interaction while the other is neither harmed nor benefited (e.g., certain gut bacteria that feed on host-derived nutrients without affecting the host's health).
2. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the interaction (e.g., the partnership between rhizobia bacteria and leguminous plants, where the bacteria fix nitrogen for the plant, and the plant provides carbohydrates for the bacteria).
3. Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other, causing harm or disease to the host (e.g., the malaria parasite infecting human red blood cells).
4. Competition: Both organisms struggle for limited resources, like nutrients or space, leading to a negative impact on one or both parties (e.g., different bacterial species competing for limited iron sources in the environment).
5. Amensalism: One organism is harmed or inhibited while the other remains unaffected (e.g., antibiotic-producing bacteria inhibiting the growth of nearby susceptible bacteria).
6. Synergism: Multiple organisms work together to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects (e.g., certain bacterial and fungal communities in soil that enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake).
7. Antagonism: One organism inhibits or kills another through various mechanisms, such as the production of antibiotics or enzymes (e.g., some bacteria producing bacteriocins to inhibit the growth of closely related species).
Understanding microbial interactions is crucial for developing strategies in areas like infectious disease control, probiotic applications, and managing microbial communities in various ecosystems, including the human body.
The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.
Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.
Beta-defensins are a group of small, cationic host defense peptides that play an important role in the innate immune system. They have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Beta-defensins are produced by epithelial cells, phagocytes, and other cell types in response to infection or inflammation. They function by disrupting the membranes of microbes, leading to their death. Additionally, beta-defensins can also modulate the immune response by recruiting immune cells to the site of infection and regulating inflammation. Mutations in beta-defensin genes have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.
Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.
The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.
A periapical abscess is a localized infection that occurs at the tip of the tooth's root, specifically in the periapical tissue. This tissue surrounds the end of the tooth's root and helps anchor the tooth to the jawbone. The infection is usually caused by bacteria that enter the pulp chamber of the tooth as a result of dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, or trauma that damages the tooth's protective enamel layer.
The infection leads to pus accumulation in the periapical tissue, forming an abscess. The symptoms of a periapical abscess may include:
1. Pain and tenderness in the affected tooth, which can be throbbing or continuous
2. Swelling in the gums surrounding the tooth
3. Sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure on the tooth
4. Fever, general malaise, or difficulty swallowing (in severe cases)
5. A foul taste in the mouth or bad breath
6. Tooth mobility or loosening
7. Formation of a draining sinus tract (a small opening in the gums that allows pus to drain out)
Periapical abscesses require dental treatment, which typically involves removing the infected pulp tissue through root canal therapy and cleaning, shaping, and sealing the root canals. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help control the infection, but they do not replace the necessary dental treatment. If left untreated, a periapical abscess can lead to severe complications, such as the spread of infection to other parts of the body or tooth loss.
'Human bites' refer to wounds or injuries resulting from the human mouth coming into contact with another person's body tissue. These bites can occur during fights, accidents, or intentional acts and can cause damage ranging from minor abrasions to serious tissue injury or infection. Human bite wounds may also pose a risk of transmission for various pathogens, including bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Proper evaluation, wound care, and potential antibiotic treatment are crucial to prevent complications associated with human bites.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.
Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.
The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.
It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.
Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.
Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.
The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:
"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."
'Eikenella corrodens' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is named for its ability to corrode or pit the surface of culture media.
Eikenella corrodens is a opportunistic pathogen that can cause localized infections such as abscesses, cellulitis, and endocarditis, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions or compromised immune systems. It has also been associated with bite wounds, human and animal bites, and trauma to the head and neck.
Eikenella corrodens is often resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin due to the production of beta-lactamase enzyme. However, it remains susceptible to other antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.
Medical treatment for Eikenella corrodens infections typically involves the use of appropriate antibiotics based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, along with surgical debridement or drainage of any abscesses or collections of pus.
A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.
In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.
Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.
Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.
There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."
Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.
Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and are characterized by their cell wall structure, which does not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining procedure. This is because they lack a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which is typically stained dark purple in Gram-positive bacteria. Instead, gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can be toxic to human cells and contribute to the pathogenicity of these organisms.
Examples of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria include Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella species, and Porphyromonas species. These bacteria are commonly found in the human mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, and can cause a variety of infections, including abscesses, wound infections, and bacteremia.
It's important to note that while gram-negative anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to grow, some may still tolerate or even prefer oxygen-rich environments. Therefore, the term "anaerobe" can be somewhat misleading when used to describe these organisms.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.
For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
Bacterial adhesins are proteins or structures on the surface of bacterial cells that allow them to attach to other cells or surfaces. This ability to adhere to host tissues is an important first step in the process of bacterial infection and colonization. Adhesins can recognize and bind to specific receptors on host cells, such as proteins or sugars, enabling the bacteria to establish a close relationship with the host and evade immune responses.
There are several types of bacterial adhesins, including fimbriae, pili, and non-fimbrial adhesins. Fimbriae and pili are thin, hair-like structures that extend from the bacterial surface and can bind to a variety of host cell receptors. Non-fimbrial adhesins are proteins that are directly embedded in the bacterial cell wall and can also mediate attachment to host cells.
Bacterial adhesins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and gastrointestinal infections. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is important for developing new strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections.
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Dental plaque
Fusobacterium
Dysbiosis
Infections associated with diseases
FMN riboswitch
Weiping Zou
Ventriculitis
Streptococcus cristatus
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
ARRPOF RNA motif
Robert Andrew Holt
Matthew Meyerson
Exploratory Science Center
Shuji Ogino
Chronic periodontitis
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Smear layer
PRB3
Butyric acid
Fusobacteriota
Necrotizing pneumonia
Gingivitis
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
Vaginal flora in pregnancy
List of clinically important bacteria
Human Genome Sequencing Center
List of MeSH codes (B03)
Periodontal pathogen
Septic embolism
Fusobacterium nucleatum - Wikipedia
Tea polyphenols inhibit the growth and virulence properties of Fusobacterium nucleatum | Scientific Reports
Fusobacterium nucleatum Archives - PharmaLive
Phototoxic Effect of Visible Light on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: An In Vitro Study¶,†
COVID-19-Associated Fusobacterium nucleatum Bacteremia, Belgium - Volume 27, Number 3-March 2021 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
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Fusobacterium nucleatum persistence and risk of recurrence after preoperative treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer
Fluorescence Fusobacterium necrophorum, F. nucleatum and F. species
A Fusobacterium nucleatum vaccine to help protect against colorectal cancer?
Periodontal disease induced by Porphyromonasgingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in Wistar rats
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RJPT - Evaluating the Sapindusrarak DC Chemical compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum In...
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A Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Licorice Root Ethanolic Extract, Chlorhexidine, and Doxycycline on Fusobacterium...
Class I HLA Allele Predicted Restricted Antigenic Coverages for Fap2 Protein of Fusobacterium Nucleatum Are Associated with...
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CLEOCIN PHOSPHATE® (clindamycin injection, USP) and (clindamycin injection in 5% dextrose)
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Periodontal Medicine: Impact of Periodontal Status on Pregnancy Outcomes and Carcinogenesis | IntechOpen
Porphyromonas7
- Strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus faecalis in suspension or grown on agar were exposed to visible light at wavelengths of 400-500 nm. (bioone.org)
- The opportunistic pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis are Gram-negative bacteria associated with oral biofilm and periodontal disease. (uib.no)
- The present research aims to examine a periodontal disease model in which specific pathogen-free Wistar rats are orally exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with Fusobacterium nucleatum . (bvsalud.org)
- The experimental animals were repeatedly infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum for one week. (bvsalud.org)
- Our study showed that four weeks following infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum bone loss in Wistar rats could be identified. (bvsalud.org)
- 6. Effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum on the T and B cell responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in a mouse model. (nih.gov)
- In the study, the researchers infected mice with four specific bacteria ( Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum ) that cause gum disease and tracked their spread. (sciencedaily.com)
Bacterium10
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative, anaerobic oral bacterium, commensal to the human oral cavity, that plays a role in periodontal disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral opportunistic bacterium that can cause different infections. (frontiersin.org)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum , an opportunistic pathogen, is thought to promote dental plaque formation by serving as a bridge bacterium between early- and late-colonizing species of the oral cavity. (geneticpcr.com)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a commensal bacterium of the oral cavity and other mucosal sites. (microbiotami.com)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic bacterium found in the human mouth where it causes periodontitis. (canada.ca)
- Resphera Insight also led to the discovery that Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral cavity flora commensal bacterium linked to colon cancer, is enriched (600x higher) in saliva from a subset of HNSCC patients with advanced tumors stages. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Colorectal cancer, which is on the rise in all developed countries and many developing ones, may turn out to be caused by a bacterium, an extraordinarily tiny bug called Fusobacterium nucleatum (pictured above). (bigthink.com)
- that traced Fusobacterium 's carcinogenic properties to a particular protein, the FadA adhesin, which is produced by no other gut bacterium. (bigthink.com)
- The point is, based on these recent breakthroughs we now have several possible new ways to go after Fusobacterium , a bacterium that does seem to play a causal role in colorectal cancer. (bigthink.com)
- Researchers have known that that one bacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum ( F. nuc ), promoted cancerous growth by suppressing the colon's immune responses. (scienceboard.net)
Pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum1
- Haplotype block rs1057028 was also significantly associated with pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, increased GCF-IL-1β levels, and extent of probing depth ≥4 mm (P ≤0.05). (nih.gov)
Periodontitis8
- Common bacteria that can cause gum disease, Fusobacterium nucleatum, may explain the link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease. (universityhealthnews.com)
- Periodontitis was induced by specific infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum . (bvsalud.org)
- Akkermansia muciniphila inhibited the periodontitis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum. (bvsalud.org)
- Studies have confirmed that Fusobacterium nucleatum can cause periodontitis through its virulence factors and copolymerizing effects with other periodontal pathogens, such as the red complex. (bvsalud.org)
- Inhibiting F. nucleatum is an essential target for preventing periodontitis . (bvsalud.org)
- We hypothesized that A. muciniphila could inhibit the effects of F. nucleatum and alleviate periodontitis . (bvsalud.org)
- Finally, animal experiments demonstrated that A. muciniphila could inhibit F. nucleatum-induced periodontitis in BALB/c mice . (bvsalud.org)
- The Fusobacterium nucleatum is the pathogens not only in periodontitis but also in cardiac infection ((Socransky and Haffajee, 2002. (tmu.edu.tw)
Intestinal tumorigenesis1
- Additionally, in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis, Fusobacterium nucleatum increases tumor multiplicity and selectively recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, which can promote tumor progression. (bigthink.com)
Bacteria10
- A distinguishing mechanism has been described by which F. nucleatum creates a pro-inflammatory environment which is conducive to tumor growth through the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which, unlike other bacteria linked to colorectal carcinoma, does not exacerbate other pathological processes such as colitis, enteritis and inflammatory-associated intestinal carcinogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- A new study from Tufts University School of Dental Medicine suggests that bacteria commonly found in the mouth called Fusobacterium nucleatum may be the culprit. (universityhealthnews.com)
- Because F nucleatum are adhesive bacteria, they are often involved in plaque buildup. (universityhealthnews.com)
- Studies show that F nucleatum bacteria thrive in these deep infections. (universityhealthnews.com)
- BACKGROUND: Fusobacterium nucleatum is one of the most common anaerobic bacteria present in the oral cavity and is often isolated from infections involving other body sites. (edu.ng)
- Elevated levels of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum are linked to extraoral cancer locations, such as in the gut tract, where these bacteria are not normally found 1,2 . (nih.gov)
- While these taxa were more abundant in CRC, core networks between pathogenic, CRC-associated oral bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus , Parvimonas and Fusobacterium were also detected in healthy controls. (bmj.com)
- Putatively oral bacteria are more abundant on CRC biopsies and Fusobacterium nucleatum has been reported to be enriched in IBD. (bmj.com)
- Various bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum , Escherichia coli , Bacteroides fragilis , Enterococcus faecalis , and Salmonella sp. (coloncancerfoundation.org)
- Alternatively, there may be probiotic formulations that can "drown out" Fusobacterium by not giving it a chance to compete for nutrients with normal bacteria. (bigthink.com)
Colorectal cancer cells2
- Additionally, a surface expressed lectin called Fap2 mediates F. nucleatum adherence to colorectal cancer cells that express Gal/GalNAc moieties on their surface. (wikipedia.org)
- 8. Fusobacterium nucleatum Increases Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Tumor Development in Mice by Activating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling to Nuclear Factor-κB, and Up-regulating Expression of MicroRNA-21. (nih.gov)
Gingivalis6
- The minimal inhibitory dose for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was 16-62 J/cm 2 , a value significantly lower than that for S. mutans and S. faecalis (159-212 J/cm 2 ). (bioone.org)
- This study investigated interactions between F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis proteomes with the objective to identify proteins relevant in biofilm formation. (uib.no)
- We applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the expressed proteome of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis cells grown in biofilm or planktonic culture, and as mono- and dual-species models. (uib.no)
- The proteomic analyses detected 1,322 F. nucleatum and 966 P. gingivalis proteins, including abundant virulence factors. (uib.no)
- Using univariate statistics, we identified significant changes between biofilm and planktonic culture (p-value ≤0.05) in 0,4% F. nucleatum, 7% P. gingivalis, and 14% of all proteins in the dual-species model. (uib.no)
- The findings suggest that P. gingivalis reduces the production of multiple proteins because of the F. nucleatum presence. (uib.no)
Anaerobic oral1
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. (nih.gov)
Aggregatibacter1
- with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. (nih.gov)
Infection8
- Moreover, laboratory mice inoculated (directly into the blood) with F. nucleatum have been found to deliver prematurely, and the pathology of the infection seems to mirror observations in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, preterm birth arising by infections caused by F. nucleatum could also arise from invasive infection into the uterine tissue originating from the colonized vagina. (wikipedia.org)
- In recent years, studies have shown that F. nucleatum is enriched in lesions in periodontal diseases, halitosis, dental pulp infection, oral cancer, and systemic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- This narrative review focused on the role of F. nucleatum reported in the literature in recent years, which includes research progress in periodontal diseases, halitosis, dental pulp infection, oral cancer ( Figure 1 ), and other related extraoral diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- F. nucleatum infection could represent a possible complication of COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
- In March and April 2020, 2 major hospitals in Brussels, Belgium, observed 4 cases of monomicrobial F. nucleatum bacteremia, all associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (cdc.gov)
- To our knowledge, no previous F. nucleatum infection has been reported with TCZ use in general. (cdc.gov)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is an oral anaerobe prevalent in intrauterine infection associated with a wide spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes. (jci.org)
Biofilm4
- Objective · To investigate whether and how Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm modulates the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages into tumor microenvironment and the response to chemotherapy in colon cancer patients. (shsmu.edu.cn)
- Methods · Both biofilm-based F.n-culture medium (BF-CM) and planktonic F.n-culture medium, (P-CM) Fusobacterium nucleatum was cultured ,and the culture-medium was collected to co-culture with CRC cell lines and macrophages. (shsmu.edu.cn)
- Conclusion · Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm can induce M2-polarization of intratumor macrophages and could promote chemoresistance to chemicals in CRC cells, which may contribute to prognosis of colon cancer patients. (shsmu.edu.cn)
- Study of Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm promoting M2 polarization of macrophages and chemoresistance in colon cancer[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2020, 40(08): 1018-1029. (shsmu.edu.cn)
Bacteremia4
- We report 4 cases of Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (cdc.gov)
- None of the patients had known risk factors for F. nucleatum bacteremia. (cdc.gov)
- Mortality rates for F. nucleatum bacteremia can reach 10% ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- the median age was lower than in previously reported F. nucleatum bacteremia ( 1 , 2 ), but the sample size is too small for statistical analysis. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
- Both F. nucleatum vaginal colonization and bacterial vaginosis also have been linked with preterm birth and infections within the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
- METHODS: Fusobacterium nucleatum specie from 50 patients presenting with oro-facial infections were studied by culture on Fusobacterium selective agar and fastidious anaerobe agar. (edu.ng)
Species3
- Fusobacterium species have been found at higher quantities in certain types of colon tumors than in surrounding colon tissue or the colons of healthy individuals, but whether this is an indirect correlation or a causal link is unclear. (wikipedia.org)
- The FusNuc dtec-qPCR comprises a series of species-specific targeted reagents designed for detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum by using qPCR. (geneticpcr.com)
- Cultural method is reliable in the isolation and identification of F. nucleatum species. (edu.ng)
Bacterial2
- F. nucleatum can also be isolated from the vaginal microbiome, especially in women with a condition known as bacterial vaginosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial co-culture experiments showed that A. muciniphila could inhibit the expression of the virulence gene of F. nucleatum. (bvsalud.org)
20171
- In contrast, the same hospitals reported a total of 4 F. nucleatum cases in 2019, 3 in 2018, 2 in 2017, 1 in 2016, and 2 in 2015. (cdc.gov)
FadA4
- F. nucleatum can bind to host tissue E-cadherins via a FadA, an outer membrane protein. (wikipedia.org)
- The FadA adhesin/invasin conserved in F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor and a potential diagnostic marker for F. nucleatum-associated diseases. (nih.gov)
- This study unveils a mechanism by which Fusobacterium nucleatum can drive CRC and identifies FadA as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for CRC. (bigthink.com)
- It might be possible to develop a phage (viral) vector that can silence the FadA gene in Fusobacterium using antisense-gene technology . (bigthink.com)
Bacteroides1
- An online browser, called 'Theta-Base' ( www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/bacteroides ), is launched to interrogate the obtained gene expression data and annotations of ~4500 transcription start sites, untranslated regions, operon structures, and 269 noncoding RNA elements. (nature.com)
Periodontal disease2
- Research implicates periodontal disease caused by F. nucleatum with preterm births in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Together, this research provides evidence for a possible causal connection between F. nucleatum-caused periodontal disease and at least some cases of preterm delivery. (wikipedia.org)
Proliferation1
- Supplementation of pregnant mice with fish oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids suppressed placental inflammation, reduced F. nucleatum proliferation in the placenta, and increased fetal and neonatal survival. (jci.org)
Proteomic1
- A proteomic investigation of Fusobacterium nucleatum alkaline-induced biofilms. (nih.gov)
Colonization4
- With regards to extra-oral diseases, preterm birth and adverse events during pregnancy are the better explained effects of F. nucleatum colonization. (microbiotami.com)
- Indeed, high levels of F. nucleatum colonization in tumoral tissues are positively correlated with a poor prognosis. (microbiotami.com)
- The recognition of the latter molecule allows F. nucleatum colonization through lectin Fap-2. (microbiotami.com)
- Eventually, these evidences state that F. nucleatum, that has already been demonstrated having a primary role in the colonization and expansion of colorectal cancer, is able to colonize breast cancer and promote its progression, expansion and metastasis. (microbiotami.com)
Pathogen2
- Fusobacterium nucleatum , which exists in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract of humans, is an opportunistic pathogen causing different infectious diseases in the oropharynx and other parts of the oral cavity. (frontiersin.org)
- F nucleatum is what researchers call an emerging pathogen, which means it is showing up in unexpected places. (universityhealthnews.com)
Oral4
- The current study aimed to assess research progress in the epidemiological evidence, possible pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment methods of F. nucleatum in oral and systemic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Figure 1 Oral Diseases Associated With F. nucleatum . (frontiersin.org)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative anaerobic rod member of the oral and digestive microbiota ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Normally, F. nucleatum in the oral cavity contributes to the constitution of oral biofilms with the other members of oral microbiota. (microbiotami.com)
Progression1
- In addition to this, it has been demonstrated that F. nucleatum has a primary role in driving the progression of colorectal cancer and in reducing the activity of intratumoral immune cells. (microbiotami.com)
Strains1
- OBJECTIVE: To characterise F. nucleatum strains from patients attending a teaching hospital in Nigeria in order to provide information on the methods for accurate identification of anaerobes in clinical specimen. (edu.ng)
Lectin1
- The group showed that F. nucleatum manages to attach to tumour cells by expressing lectin Fap-2 that allows the binding to Gal-GalNAc, a highly expressed molecule in malignant breast cancer. (microbiotami.com)
20201
- Thus, the 2020 F. nucleatum incidence cannot be extrapolated and compared with previous years because of modifications of patient characteristics. (cdc.gov)
Citation1
- citation needed] F. nucleatum has a demonstrated association with colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases1
- Novel viewpoints obtained in recent studies can provide knowledge about the role of F. nucleatum in hosts and a basis for identifying new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of F. nucleatum -related diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Mice1
- Tumors from ApcMin/+ mice exposed to F. nucleatum exhibit a proinflammatory expression signature that is shared with human fusobacteria-positive colorectal carcinomas. (bigthink.com)
Abundant1
- Normal tissues do not show so abundant Gal-GalNAc expression as well as F. nucleatum presence. (microbiotami.com)
Placenta1
- In many studies, F. nucleatum cells have been isolated from the amniotic fluid, placenta, and chorioamnionic membranes of women delivering prematurely. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammation2
Experiments2
- Experiments using Fap2-deficient K50 F. nucleatum mutants showed a strong impairment in the attachment to tumour cells. (microbiotami.com)
- After treating gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with F. nucleatum and A. muciniphila, transcriptome sequencing and ELISA experiments on medium supernatant showed that A. muciniphila inhibited the inflammatory effect of F. nucleatum on GECs by inhibiting TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway modulation and secretion of inflammatory factors. (bvsalud.org)
Microenvironment1
- Additional observations highlighted that F. nucleatum not only colonizes the tumour microenvironment but contributes to the enlargement of the tumour size. (microbiotami.com)
Invasion1
- Avoiding gum disease may also prevent invasion of F nucleatum and a host of other conditions you don't want, including Alzheimer's disease. (universityhealthnews.com)
Study1
- Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer: Results From the ColoCare Study. (utah.edu)
Cases1
- If the scientists' work is borne out, it means that there are now a variety of new possibilities for attacking CRC (at least in those cases where F. nucleatum is involved). (bigthink.com)