Hexosamines are amino sugars that are formed by the substitution of an amino group for a hydroxyl group in a hexose sugar, playing crucial roles in various biological processes such as glycoprotein synthesis and protein folding.
Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
Glucose in blood.
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.
'Ketosis' is a metabolic state characterized by an elevated concentration of ketone bodies in the blood, typically occurring during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or in uncontrolled diabetes, and can lead to a shift in the body's primary energy source from glucose to fatty acids and ketones.
Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.
A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.
The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.
A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Morpholines are organic compounds containing a morpholine ring, which is a saturated six-membered heterocycle made up of four carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms (OCC1CCO), often used as functional groups in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science due to their versatile chemical properties.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Abstaining from all food.
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).
Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of GLUCOSE and PROTEINS in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of DIABETES MELLITUS.
An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the "classical" Amadori rearrangement.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
Substances which lower blood glucose levels.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Association between serum fructosamine and mortality in elderly women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. (1/184)

Serum fructosamine levels can be used to estimate long-term serum glucose values and can be measured in frozen serum. The authors examined whether fructosamine levels were associated with mortality in a cohort of 9,704 white women (> or = 65 years of age) recruited from September 1986 to October 1988 at four clinical centers in the United States. A random sample of women who had died during a mean of 6 years of follow-up (n = 55) was compared with randomly selected controls (n = 276, 54 of whom had died). Fructosamine assays were performed blinded to vital status. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were adjusted for age, clinical center, smoking, hypertension, and serum albumin and cholesterol levels. Each standard deviation (46 micromol) increase in fructosamine level was associated with a 1.3-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.6, p = 0.04) increased rate of all-cause mortality, including a 1.5-fold (95% CI 1.0-2.1, p = 0.03) increase in cardiovascular disease mortality. Elevated fructosamine levels (>285 micromol/liter) were associated with a 4.3-fold (95% CI 1.6-12, p = 0.004) increased rate of cardiovascular mortality; in women without a history of diabetes, the hazard ratio was 4.6 (95% CI 1.3-16, p = 0.02). Fructosamine level, or another indicator of glycemia, should be included when the risk of cardiovascular disease among older patients is evaluated.  (+info)

Multicenter randomized trial of a comprehensive prepared meal program in type 2 diabetes. (2/184)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effects of a comprehensive prepackaged meal plan, incorporating the overall dietary guidelines of the American Diabetes Association and other national health organizations, relative to those of a self-selected diet based on exchange lists in free-living individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 202 women and men (BMI < or = 42 kg/m2) whose diabetes was treated with diet alone or an oral hypoglycemic agent were enrolled at 10 medical centers. After a 4-week baseline period, participants were randomized to a nutrient-fortified prepared meal plan or a self-selected exchange-list diet for 10 weeks. On a caloric basis, both interventions were designed to provide 55-60% carbohydrate, 20-30% fat, and 15-20% protein. At intervals, 3-day food records were completed, and body weight, glycemic control, plasma lipids, and blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS: Food records showed that multiple nutritional improvements were achieved with both diet plans. There were significant overall reductions in body weight and BMI, fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin, fructosamine, HbA1c, total and LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure (P < 0.001 or better for all). In general, differences in major end points between the diet plans were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors improve in individuals with type 2 diabetes who consume diets in accordance with the American Diabetes Association guidelines. The prepared meal program was as clinically effective as the exchange-list diet. The prepared meal plan has the additional advantages of being easily prescribed and eliminating the complexities of meeting the multiple dietary recommendations for type 2 diabetes management.  (+info)

Study of the effect of total serum protein and albumin concentrations on canine fructosamine concentration. (3/184)

The relationship among serum fructosamine concentration and total serum protein and albumin concentrations were evaluated in healthy and sick dogs (diabetics and dogs with insulinoma were not included). Fructosamine was determined using a commercial colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium method applied to the Technicon RA-500 (Bayer). Serum fructosamine concentration was not correlated to total protein in normoproteinemic (r = 0.03) and hyperproteinemic dogs (r = 0.29), but there was a high correlation (r = 0.73) in hypoproteinemic dogs. Similar comparison between serum fructosamine and albumin concentrations showed middle correlation (r = 0.49) in normoalbuminemic dogs and high degree of correlation (r = 0.67) in hypoalbuminemic dogs. These results showed the importance of recognizing serum glucose concentration as well as total serum protein and albumin concentrations in the assay of canine serum fructosamine concentration.  (+info)

Konjac-mannan (glucomannan) improves glycemia and other associated risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled metabolic trial. (4/184)

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether Konjac-mannan (KJM) fiber improves metabolic control as measured by glycemia, lipidemia, and blood pressure in high-risk type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 11 hyperlipidemic and hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients treated conventionally by a low-fat diet and drug therapy participated. After an 8-week baseline, all were randomly assigned to take either KJM fiber-enriched test biscuits (0.7 g/412 kJ [100 kcal] of glucomannan) or matched placebo wheat bran fiber biscuits during two 3-week treatment phases separated by a 2-week washout period. The diet in either case was metabolically controlled and conformed to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 guidelines, while medications were maintained constant. Efficacy measures included serum fructosamine, lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, blood pressure, body weight, and nutritional analysis. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, KJM significantly reduced the metabolic control primary end points: serum fructosamine (5.7%, P = 0.007, adjusted alpha = 0.0167), total:HDL cholesterol ratio (10%, P = 0.03, adjusted alpha = 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (sBP) (6.9%, P = 0.02, adjusted alpha = 0.025). Secondary end points, including body weight, total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-1, B, and their ratio, glucose, insulin, and diastolic blood pressure, were not significant after adjustment by the Bonferroni-Hochberg procedure. CONCLUSIONS: KJM fiber added to conventional treatment may ameliorate glycemic control, blood lipid profile, and sBP in high-risk diabetic individuals, possibly improving the effectiveness of conventional treatment in type 2 diabetes.  (+info)

Relation with preoperative fructosamine and autonomic nerve function and blood pressure during anesthesia in diabetics: a retrospective study. (5/184)

Many diabetics may have a high risk involving the cardiovascular system. In an attempt to predict the intraoperative risks of diabetics during anesthesia, we evaluated retrospectively the relationship among the biochemical assay or autonomic nerve function obtained as parts of the preoperative examination, and the blood pressure changes relating to the stimulation of intubation and extubation for anesthesia. In 40 diabetic surgical patients examined the biochemical assay (HbA1c, fructosamine level and blood glucose level) beforehand, the autonomic nerve function was quantified preoperatively by analysis of ECG R-R variability recorded in supine and subsequent standing position using an HRV analyzer, and some parameters of autonomic nerve function especially responsive sympathetic nerve activities were obtained. We assessed the correlation with systolic blood pressure changes in these cases at intubation for general anesthesia comparing to similar conditioned 40 non-diabetics. A diabetics with low vagal activity became larger systolic blood pressure afterdrop at tracheal intubation for anesthesia (r=0.513, p<0.001). Otherwise the blood pressure afterdrop at extubation became larger in a non-diabetics with high sympathetic activity (r=0.502, p<0.001). The preoperative fructosamine concentration in diabetics correlated positively with the responsive sympathetic nerve irritability index; "mRR(sup)-RRmin(std)" (r=0.432, p<0.05) and the responsive sympathetic nerve excitability index; "mRR(sup-std)" (r=0.448, p<0.05). However HbA1c had no correlation with these parameters of autonomic nerve function and blood pressure rise at tracheal intubation. Because of above correlation with blood pressure rise at intubation for anesthesia induction, the preoperative fructosamine examination and the responsive sympathetic nerve function test must be useful preoperative examination for detection of the unexpected heart events of diabetic patients during operation.  (+info)

Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. (6/184)

The glycation of proteins by glucose has been linked to the development of diabetic complications and other diseases. Early glycation is thought to involve the reaction of glucose with N-terminal and lysyl side chain amino groups to form Schiff's base and fructosamine adducts. The formation of the alpha-oxoaldehydes, glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, in early glycation was investigated. Glucose (50 mM) degraded slowly at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C to form glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone throughout a 3-week incubation period. Addition of t-BOC-lysine and human serum albumin increased the rate of formation of alpha-oxoaldehydes - except glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations were low with albumin, as expected from the high reactivity of glyoxal and methylglyoxal with arginine residues. The degradation of fructosyl-lysine also formed glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone. alpha-Oxoaldehyde formation was dependent on the concentration of phosphate buffer and availability of trace metal ions. This suggests that alpha-oxoaldehydes were formed in early glycation from the degradation of glucose and Schiff's base adduct. Since alpha-oxoaldehydes are important precursors of advanced glycation adducts, these adducts may be formed from early and advanced glycation processes. Short periods of hyperglycaemia, as occur in impaired glucose tolerance, may be sufficient to increase the concentrations of alpha-oxoaldehydes in vivo.  (+info)

Twice daily versus four times daily insulin dose regimens for diabetes in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. (7/184)

OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal outcome and glycaemic control in two groups of pregnant diabetic patients receiving two insulin regimens. DESIGN: Randomised controlled open label study. SETTING: University affiliated hospital, Israel. PARTICIPANTS: 138 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and 58 patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus received insulin four times daily, and 136 patients with gestational diabetes and 60 patients with pregestational diabetes received insulin twice daily. INTERVENTION: Three doses of regular insulin before meals and an intermediate insulin dose before bedtime (four times daily regimen), and a combination of regular and intermediate insulin in the morning and evening (twice daily regimen). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal glycaemic control and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: Mean daily insulin concentration before birth was higher in the women receiving insulin four times daily compared with twice daily: by 22 units (95% confidence interval 12 to 32) in patients with gestational diabetes and by 28 units (15 to 41) in patients with pregestational diabetes. Glycaemic control was better with the four times daily regimen than with the twice daily regimen: in patients with gestational diabetes mean blood glucose concentrations decreased by 0.19 mmol/l (0.13 to 0.25), HbA(1c) by 0.3% (0.2% to 0.4%), and fructosamine by 41 micromol/l (37 to 45), and adequate glycaemic control (mean blood glucose concentration <5.8 mmol/l) was achieved in 17% (8% to 26%) more women; in patients with pregestational diabetes mean blood glucose concentration decreased by 0.44 mmol/l (0.28 to 0.60), HbA(1c) by 0.5% (0.2% to 0.8%), and fructosamine by 51 micromol/l (45 to 57), and adequate glycaemic control was achieved in 31% (15% to 47%) more women. Maternal severe hypoglycaemic events, caesarean section, preterm birth, macrosomia, and low Apgar scores were similar in both dose groups. In women with gestational diabetes the four times daily regimen resulted in a lower rate of overall neonatal morbidity than the twice daily regimen (relative risk 0.59, 0.38 to 0.92), and the relative risk for hyperbilirubinaemia and hypoglycaemia was lower (0.51, 0.29 to 0.91 and 0.12, 0.02 to 0.97 respectively). The relative risk of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants to mothers with pregestational diabetes was 0.17 (0.04 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Giving insulin four times rather than twice daily in pregnancy improved glycaemic control and perinatal outcome without further risking the mother.  (+info)

Are conventional targets for metabolic control sufficient to prevent fetal macrosomia during diabetic pregnancy? (8/184)

We report the case of a 26 year-old woman, with an uncomplicated type 1 IDDM of 17 yr duration followed for her first pregnancy. At conception, HbA1c (measured by HPLC) was 6.5% and fructosamine was 280 u.mol.l (normal range below 285). During the follow-up, 15-days-interval frutosamine never exceeded the normal range and HbA1c values were under 6.5% excepted in the third trimester (7.0 +/- 0.8%) coinciding with a bad control of the 2 hours post-prandial blood glucose. A fetal macrosomy was discovered at 34 weeks of gestation and a heavy-for-date 4680 g baby was delivered by caesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation. Our case report outlines again the need to achieve the recommended target of metabolic control for the diabetic pregnant woman (blood preprandial glucose: 3.9-5.6 mM; post-prandial 2 h < 6.7 mM) specially during the third trimester of pregnancy. The use of computer databases might be helpful for precise monitoring during this narrow window period.  (+info)

Hexosamines are amino sugars that are formed by the substitution of an amino group (-NH2) for a hydroxyl group (-OH) in a hexose sugar. The most common hexosamine is N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which is derived from glucose. Other hexosamines include galactosamine, mannosamine, and fucosamine.

Hexosamines play important roles in various biological processes, including the formation of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. These molecules are involved in many cellular functions, such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and protein folding. Abnormalities in hexosamine metabolism have been implicated in several diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A, also known as Hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c, is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation reaction with glucose in the blood. The amount of this hemoglobin present in the blood is proportional to the average plasma glucose concentration over the previous 8-12 weeks, making it a useful indicator for monitoring long-term blood glucose control in people with diabetes mellitus.

In other words, HbA1c reflects the integrated effects of glucose regulation over time and is an important clinical marker for assessing glycemic control and risk of diabetic complications. The normal range for HbA1c in individuals without diabetes is typically less than 5.7%, while a value greater than 6.5% is indicative of diabetes.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

Colorimetry is the scientific measurement and quantification of color, typically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. In the medical field, colorimetry may be used in various applications such as:

1. Diagnosis and monitoring of skin conditions: Colorimeters can measure changes in skin color to help diagnose or monitor conditions like jaundice, cyanosis, or vitiligo. They can also assess the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions.
2. Vision assessment: Colorimetry is used in vision testing to determine the presence and severity of visual impairments such as color blindness or deficiencies. Special tests called anomaloscopes or color vision charts are used to measure an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors.
3. Environmental monitoring: In healthcare settings, colorimetry can be employed to monitor the cleanliness and sterility of surfaces or equipment by measuring the amount of contamination present. This is often done using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence assays, which emit light when they come into contact with microorganisms.
4. Medical research: Colorimetry has applications in medical research, such as studying the optical properties of tissues or developing new diagnostic tools and techniques based on color measurements.

In summary, colorimetry is a valuable tool in various medical fields for diagnosis, monitoring, and research purposes. It allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions about patient care and treatment plans.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, which results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or young adulthood, while Type 2 diabetes tends to occur later in life, often in association with obesity and physical inactivity. Both types of diabetes can lead to long-term complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system if left untreated or not well controlled.

The diagnosis of diabetes is usually made based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with medications to lower blood glucose levels and manage associated conditions.

Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound that is widely used in scientific research and diagnostic tests. It's primarily used as an electron acceptor in various biochemical assays to detect the presence of certain enzymes or reactive oxygen species (ROS).

In a medical context, NBT is often used in the NBT reduction test, which is a diagnostic procedure to identify patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immunodeficiency disorder. In this test, white blood cells called phagocytes from the patient's blood sample are incubated with NBT and a stimulus that triggers their respiratory burst, such as bacterial particles. If the phagocytes can produce superoxide radicals during the respiratory burst, these radicals reduce NBT to form a blue-black insoluble formazan precipitate. In CGD patients, who have impaired production of ROS, there is no or significantly reduced formazan formation, indicating an abnormal NBT reduction test result.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Blood proteins, also known as serum proteins, are a group of complex molecules present in the blood that are essential for various physiological functions. These proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen. They play crucial roles in maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, providing immune defense, and contributing to blood clotting.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 60% of the total protein mass. It functions as a transporter of various substances, such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and helps maintain oncotic pressure, which is essential for fluid balance between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues.

Globulins are divided into three main categories: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Alpha and beta globulins consist of transport proteins like lipoproteins, hormone-binding proteins, and enzymes. Gamma globulins, also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies, are essential for the immune system's defense against pathogens.

Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh to trap platelets and form a clot, preventing excessive bleeding.

Abnormal levels of these proteins can indicate various medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, infections, inflammation, or autoimmune disorders. Blood protein levels are typically measured through laboratory tests like serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).

Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. Ketone bodies are molecules produced from fatty acids during the breakdown of fats for energy, particularly when carbohydrate intake is low. This process occurs naturally in our body, and it's a part of normal metabolism. However, ketosis becomes significant under certain conditions such as:

1. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): A serious complication in people with diabetes, typically type 1 diabetes, which happens when there are extremely high levels of ketones and blood sugar due to insulin deficiency or a severe infection. DKA is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Starvation or fasting: When the body doesn't receive enough carbohydrates from food, it starts breaking down fats for energy, leading to ketosis. This can occur during prolonged fasting or starvation.
3. Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) or ketogenic diets: Diets that restrict carbohydrate intake and emphasize high fat and protein consumption can induce a state of nutritional ketosis, where ketone bodies are used as the primary energy source. This type of ketosis is not harmful and can be beneficial for weight loss and managing certain medical conditions like epilepsy.

It's important to note that there is a difference between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a dangerous condition, and nutritional ketosis, which is a normal metabolic process and can be achieved through dietary means without negative health consequences for most individuals.

"Autoanalysis" is not a term that is widely used in the medical field. However, in psychology and psychotherapy, "autoanalysis" refers to the process of self-analysis or self-examination, where an individual analyzes their own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and experiences to gain insight into their unconscious mind and understand their motivations, conflicts, and emotional patterns.

Self-analysis can involve various techniques such as introspection, journaling, meditation, dream analysis, and reflection on past experiences. While autoanalysis can be a useful tool for personal growth and self-awareness, it is generally considered less reliable and comprehensive than professional psychotherapy or psychoanalysis, which involves a trained therapist or analyst who can provide objective feedback, interpretation, and guidance.

Fructose is a simple monosaccharide, also known as "fruit sugar." It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. Fructose has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a hexose, or six-carbon sugar.

Fructose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion and is metabolized primarily in the liver. It is sweeter than other sugars such as glucose and sucrose (table sugar), which makes it a popular sweetener in many processed foods and beverages. However, consuming large amounts of fructose can have negative health effects, including increasing the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Glycosylation is the enzymatic process of adding a sugar group, or glycan, to a protein, lipid, or other organic molecule. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in modulating various biological functions, such as protein stability, trafficking, and ligand binding. The structure and composition of the attached glycans can significantly influence the functional properties of the modified molecule, contributing to cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and immune response regulation. Abnormal glycosylation patterns have been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose (or sugar) levels resulting from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. This form of diabetes usually develops gradually over several years and is often associated with older age, obesity, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

In Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, meaning they don't respond properly to the hormone. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to help glucose enter the cells. Over time, the pancreas can't keep up with the increased demand, leading to high blood glucose levels and diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is managed through lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. Medications, including insulin therapy, may also be necessary to control blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications associated with the disease, such as heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, and vision loss.

"Quality control" is a term that is used in many industries, including healthcare and medicine, to describe the systematic process of ensuring that products or services meet certain standards and regulations. In the context of healthcare, quality control often refers to the measures taken to ensure that the care provided to patients is safe, effective, and consistent. This can include processes such as:

1. Implementing standardized protocols and guidelines for care
2. Training and educating staff to follow these protocols
3. Regularly monitoring and evaluating the outcomes of care
4. Making improvements to processes and systems based on data and feedback
5. Ensuring that equipment and supplies are maintained and functioning properly
6. Implementing systems for reporting and addressing safety concerns or errors.

The goal of quality control in healthcare is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the needs and expectations of patients, while also protecting their safety and well-being.

Borohydrides are a class of chemical compounds that contain boron and hydrogen ions (H-). The most common borohydride is sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which is a white, solid compound often used in chemistry as a reducing agent. Borohydrides are known for their ability to donate hydride ions (H:-) in chemical reactions, making them useful for reducing various organic and inorganic compounds. Other borohydrides include lithium borohydride (LiBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), and calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2).

Hyperglycemia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Fasting hyperglycemia is defined as a fasting blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) on two separate occasions. Alternatively, a random blood glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL in combination with symptoms of hyperglycemia (such as increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue) can also indicate hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia is often associated with diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. However, hyperglycemia can also occur in other conditions such as stress, surgery, infection, certain medications, and hormonal imbalances.

Prolonged or untreated hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and long-term damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Therefore, it is essential to monitor blood glucose levels regularly and maintain them within normal ranges through proper diet, exercise, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

Lysine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Its chemical formula is (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. Lysine is necessary for the growth and maintenance of tissues in the body, and it plays a crucial role in the production of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. It is also essential for the absorption of calcium and the formation of collagen, which is an important component of bones and connective tissue. Foods that are good sources of lysine include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Morpholines" is not a medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of heterocyclic organic compounds containing one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom in the ring. They are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. If you have any questions about a medical issue or term, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

Fasting is defined in medical terms as the abstinence from food or drink for a period of time. This practice is often recommended before certain medical tests or procedures, as it helps to ensure that the results are not affected by recent eating or drinking.

In some cases, fasting may also be used as a therapeutic intervention, such as in the management of seizures or other neurological conditions. Fasting can help to lower blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have a variety of health benefits. However, it is important to note that prolonged fasting can also have negative effects on the body, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In these contexts, fasting is often seen as a way to purify the mind and body, to focus on spiritual practices, or to express devotion or mourning.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for laboratory testing and analysis. This procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals, such as nurses or phlebotomists, using sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection and ensure accurate test results. The collected blood sample may be used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess overall health and organ function, and check for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. Proper handling, storage, and transportation of the specimen are crucial to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.

A Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is a medical test used to diagnose prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. It measures how well your body is able to process glucose, which is a type of sugar.

During the test, you will be asked to fast (not eat or drink anything except water) for at least eight hours before the test. Then, a healthcare professional will take a blood sample to measure your fasting blood sugar level. After that, you will be given a sugary drink containing a specific amount of glucose. Your blood sugar levels will be measured again after two hours and sometimes also after one hour.

The results of the test will indicate how well your body is able to process the glucose and whether you have normal, impaired, or diabetic glucose tolerance. If your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes, you may have prediabetes, which means that you are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.

It is important to note that a Glucose Tolerance Test should be performed under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as high blood sugar levels can be dangerous if not properly managed.

Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are formed through the non-enzymatic glycation and oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This process occurs when a sugar molecule, such as glucose, binds to a protein or lipid without the regulation of an enzyme, leading to the formation of a Schiff base. This then rearranges to form a more stable ketoamine, known as an Amadori product. Over time, these Amadori products can undergo further reactions, including oxidation, fragmentation, and cross-linking, resulting in the formation of AGEs.

AGEs can alter the structure and function of proteins and lipids, leading to damage in tissues and organs. They have been implicated in the development and progression of several age-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. AGEs can also contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can further exacerbate tissue damage.

In summary, Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are the result of non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to structural and functional changes in tissues and organs, and contributing to the development and progression of several age-related diseases.

Fructosamine is a glycated protein that is formed when glucose binds to proteins in the bloodstream. It is used as an indicator of average blood glucose levels over the previous 2-3 weeks, and can be measured through a blood test. Fructosamine results are not affected by short-term changes in blood sugar levels or acute illnesses, making it useful for monitoring long-term glycemic control in people with diabetes.

The fructosamine test measures the level of glycated proteins in the blood, specifically those that have bound to serum albumin. The test results are reported as micromoles per liter (µmol/L) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Higher levels of fructosamine indicate poorer glucose control and an increased risk for diabetes complications, while lower levels suggest better glycemic control.

It's important to note that the fructosamine test is not a replacement for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing, which measures average blood glucose levels over the previous 2-3 months. Instead, it can be used as an additional tool in managing diabetes and assessing glycemic control.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Deoxyglucose is a glucose molecule that has had one oxygen atom removed, resulting in the absence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 2' position of the carbon chain. It is used in research and medical settings as a metabolic tracer to study glucose uptake and metabolism in cells and organisms.

Deoxyglucose can be taken up by cells through glucose transporters, but it cannot be further metabolized by glycolysis or other glucose-utilizing pathways. This leads to the accumulation of deoxyglucose within the cell, which can interfere with normal cellular processes and cause toxicity in high concentrations.

In medical research, deoxyglucose is sometimes labeled with radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14 or fluorine-18 to create radiolabeled deoxyglucose (FDG), which can be used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to visualize and measure glucose uptake in tissues. This technique is commonly used in cancer imaging, as tumors often have increased glucose metabolism compared to normal tissue.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Reagent kits, diagnostic are prepackaged sets of chemical reagents and other components designed for performing specific diagnostic tests or assays. These kits are often used in clinical laboratories to detect and measure the presence or absence of various biomarkers, such as proteins, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, or small molecules, in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissues.

Diagnostic reagent kits typically contain detailed instructions for their use, along with the necessary reagents, controls, and sometimes specialized equipment or supplies. They are designed to simplify the testing process, reduce human error, and increase standardization, ensuring accurate and reliable results. Examples of diagnostic reagent kits include those used for pregnancy tests, infectious disease screening, drug testing, genetic testing, and cancer biomarker detection.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

Hypoglycemic agents are a class of medications that are used to lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These medications work by increasing insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin release from the pancreas, or inhibiting glucose production in the liver. Examples of hypoglycemic agents include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. It's important to note that the term "hypoglycemic" refers to a condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels, but in this context, the term is used to describe agents that are used to treat high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) associated with diabetes.

"Evaluation studies" is a broad term that refers to the systematic assessment or examination of a program, project, policy, intervention, or product. The goal of an evaluation study is to determine its merits, worth, and value by measuring its effects, efficiency, and impact. There are different types of evaluation studies, including formative evaluations (conducted during the development or implementation of a program to provide feedback for improvement), summative evaluations (conducted at the end of a program to determine its overall effectiveness), process evaluations (focusing on how a program is implemented and delivered), outcome evaluations (assessing the short-term and intermediate effects of a program), and impact evaluations (measuring the long-term and broad consequences of a program).

In medical contexts, evaluation studies are often used to assess the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of new treatments, interventions, or technologies. These studies can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care, guide policymakers in developing evidence-based policies, and promote accountability and transparency in healthcare systems. Examples of evaluation studies in medicine include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the outcomes of a new treatment to those of a standard or placebo treatment, observational studies that examine the real-world effectiveness and safety of interventions, and economic evaluations that assess the costs and benefits of different healthcare options.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.

The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.

IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.

In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fructosamine. Fructosamine at Lab Tests Online Fructosamine: analyte monograph - The ... Fructosamine}}+{\rm {1.61}}} Hence: F r u c t o s a m i n e = ( H b A 1 c − 1.61 ) × 58.82 {\displaystyle {\rm {Fructosamine ... fructosamine levels typically reflect albumin glycation. (Some fructosamine tests specifically quantify the glycation of ... In these cases, fructosamine measurement can be used as a marker of blood sugar levels, as its measurements are based on ...
"Entrez Gene: FN3K fructosamine 3 kinase". Delpierre G, Collard F, Fortpied J, Van Schaftingen E (August 2002). "Fructosamine 3- ... 2004). "Identification of fructosamine residues deglycated by fructosamine-3-kinase in human hemoglobin". J. Biol. Chem. 279 ( ... Conner JR, Beisswenger PJ, Szwergold BS (2004). "The expression of the genes for fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3- ... and distribution of fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1043: 824-36. ...
In molecular biology the fructosamine kinase family is a family of enzymes. This family includes eukaryotic fructosamine-3- ... However, several lines of evidence indicate that they may function as fructosamine-3-kinases (FN3K). First, they are similar to ... Armbruster DA (December 1987). "Fructosamine: structure, analysis, and clinical usefulness". Clin. Chem. 33 (12): 2153-63. doi: ... "A mammalian protein homologous to fructosamine-3-kinase is a ketosamine-3-kinase acting on psicosamines and ribulosamines but ...
... (EC 2.7.1.171, FN3K, fructosamine 3-kinase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:(protein)-N6-D- ... Protein-fructosamine+3-kinase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 2.7. ... Szwergold BS, Howell S, Beisswenger PJ (September 2001). "Human fructosamine-3-kinase: purification, sequencing, substrate ... and heterologous expression of a mammalian fructosamine-3-kinase". Diabetes. 49 (10): 1627-34. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.10.1627 ...
The alternative fructosamine test may be used in these circumstances and it also reflects an average of blood glucose levels ... fructosamine is favoured instead. Diabetes mellitus Hemoglobin A2 Prediabetes Proteopedia: Structure of glycated hemoglobin ...
Conner JR, Beisswenger PJ, Szwergold BS (2004). "The expression of the genes for fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3- ... and distribution of fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1043: 824-36. ... "Entrez Gene: FN3KRP fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein". Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). "Toward a ... 2005). "Fructosamine 3-kinase-related protein and deglycation in human erythrocytes". Biochem. J. 382 (Pt 1): 137-43. doi: ...
Fructosamine assay as a marker of glycemic control in Diabetics. Radio Diagnosis High resolution computed tomography in ...
3DG plays a central role in the development of diabetic complications via the action of fructosamine-3-kinase.[citation needed ... and heterologous expression of a mammalian fructosamine-3-kinase". Diabetes. 49 (10): 1627-34. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.10.1627 ...
In these individuals, an alternative test called "fructosamine level" can be used. It measures the degree of glycation (glucose ...
... hepatic enzymes and fructosamine levels in type2 diabetic patients". Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 13 (1): 29. ...
... (EC 2.7.1.172, FN3KRP, FN3K-related protein, FN3K-RP, ketosamine 3-kinase 2, fructosamine-3- ... "A mammalian protein homologous to fructosamine-3-kinase is a ketosamine-3-kinase acting on psicosamines and ribulosamines but ... "Mapping of the ATP-binding domain of human fructosamine 3-kinase-related protein by affinity labelling with 5'-[p-( ...
This spike, however, will not affect the cat's blood fructosamine levels, which are therefore often a better measure of overall ...
Homozygous mutant female adults had a significant increase in circulating levels of fructosamine, while mutants of both sexes ...
An example is the family of fructosamines which are recognized by fructosamine-3-kinase, which may trigger the degradation of ... advanced glycation end-products (though the true clinical significance of this pathway is unclear). Fructosamine itself, the ...
... and the Glycated Proteins Fructosamine and Glycated Albumin". Diabetes Spectrum. 25 (3): 141-148. doi:10.2337/diaspect.25.3.141 ...
5-AG values are useful to fill the gap and offer complementary information to HbA1c and fructosamine tests. The role of 1,5-AG ...
Fructosamine testing provides information about blood glucose control for an approximate 2- to 4-week period, while GHb tests ... Other diagnostic tests to determine the level of diabetic control are fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (GHb) blood tests ...
... vertebral fusion and had clinical chemistry abnormalities including hypoalbuminemia and decreased circulating fructosamine ...
Examples include: Fructosamine (based upon fructose) Galactosamine (based upon galactose) Glucosamine (based upon glucose) ...
... fructosamine, triglycerides, insulin and glucagon. In a significant point during the study, FGF-21 administration also led to ...
MeSH D09.067.342.300 - fructosamine MeSH D09.067.342.356 - galactosamine MeSH D09.067.342.356.050 - acetylgalactosamine MeSH ...
... protein-fructosamine 3-kinase EC 2.7.1.172: protein-ribulosamine 3-kinase EC 2.7.1.173: nicotinate riboside kinase EC 2.7.1.174 ...
It produced a statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine in obese patients with type 2 ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fructosamine. Fructosamine at Lab Tests Online Fructosamine: analyte monograph - The ... Fructosamine}}+{\rm {1.61}}} Hence: F r u c t o s a m i n e = ( H b A 1 c − 1.61 ) × 58.82 {\displaystyle {\rm {Fructosamine ... fructosamine levels typically reflect albumin glycation. (Some fructosamine tests specifically quantify the glycation of ... In these cases, fructosamine measurement can be used as a marker of blood sugar levels, as its measurements are based on ...
Colorimetric test for fructosamine (glycated protein) by reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium. CRL processes and reports results ...
A serum fructosamine (a glycated protein) level, similar to a hemoglobin A1c level, enables assessment of long-term glycemic ... The higher the fructosamine value, the poorer the degree of glycemia control. A trend from high to normal fructosamine levels ... 4] HbA1c and fructosamine are highly correlated. The relationship between the fructosamine level and the HbA1c level can be ... encoded search term (Fructosamine) and Fructosamine What to Read Next on Medscape ...
A serum fructosamine (a glycated protein) level, similar to a hemoglobin A1c level, enables assessment of long-term glycemic ... The higher the fructosamine value, the poorer the degree of glycemia control. A trend from high to normal fructosamine levels ... 4] HbA1c and fructosamine are highly correlated. The relationship between the fructosamine level and the HbA1c level can be ... encoded search term (Fructosamine) and Fructosamine What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Book Fructosamine Test Test in Bareilly from Thyrocare @ Rs 300, Free Home Sample Collection, Certified Labs and Online Reports ... Thyrocare Fructosamine Test Book Now, Pay Later You will get a payment link in 2 hours. You can make the payment online or pay ... The fructosamine test is usually used as a substitute for the hemoglobin A1c test. However, Your doctor may prescribe this test ... The target of the fructosamine test is to measure the glucose in your serum or plasma. This test is not supposed to be ...
... fructosamine and HbA1c. Discrimination of subjects with and without diabetes across the range of fructosamine levels was good ( ... Fructosamine is closely associated with HbA1c and glucose respectively and may be a useful biomarker of hyperglycaemia and ... Fructosamine is a glycemic biomarker which may be useful for indication and control of diabetes respectively. ... Fructosamine is a useful indicator of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies - Cross- ...
Fructosamine is measured by obtaining a blood sample from your pet. Serum is extracted from the sample, and submitted to a ... Fructosamine alone is not sufficient to regulate a diabetic dog or cat. It is, however, an excellent tool to determine whether ... Fructosamine is formed in dogs and cats (and peoples) livers by combining the protein albumin with a molecule of glucose. ... Fructosamine measurement in healthy, non-diabetic dogs and cats, as well as pets under good control of their diabetes, should ...
Serum glucose (P = 0.0001) and fructosamine (P = 0.0001) concentrations significantly decreased from week 0 to week 16 in both ... Insulin doses were adjusted as needed to resolve clinical signs and lower serum fructosamine concentrations. ... CBC, urinalysis, serum chemistry panel, fructosamine concentration and thyroxine concentration were determined on initial ... examination, and a complete blood count, serum chemistry panel, urinalysis and serum fructosamine concentration were repeated ...
An Evaluation of Fructosamine Estimation in Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. P. F. Hughes, M. Agarwal, P. Newman, J ... An Evaluation of Fructosamine Estimation in Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. / Hughes, P. F.; Agarwal, M.; Newman, ... An Evaluation of Fructosamine Estimation in Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. In: Diabetic Medicine. 1995 ; Vol. 12 ... keywords = "Fructosamine, Gestational diabetes, Screening",. author = "Hughes, {P. F.} and M. Agarwal and P. Newman and J. ...
The Fructosamine test is a blood test that measures the level of glycated serum proteins, which includes albumin, globulins, ... Decrease quantity for Fructosamine Test (Average Blood Sugar Level Over Past 2 to 3 Weeks) Increase quantity for Fructosamine ... Fructosamine Test (Average Blood Sugar Level Over Past 2 to 3 Weeks). Fructosamine Test (Average Blood Sugar Level Over Past 2 ... Fructosamine Test (Average Blood Sugar Level Over Past 2 to 3 Weeks) opens full screen video in same window. ...
Canine: n = 86, clinically healthy, fasted adult dogs of various.. Feline: n = 40, clinically healthy, fasted adult cats of various breeds.. Bovine: n = 60, clinically healthy cows, 50% first lactation, all 30-150 d in milk, from 10 Ontario dairy farms.. Bovine metabolic profiles: See AHL LabNote 4, Nutritional and metabolic profile testing of dairy cows, updated March 2015.. Equine: n = 102, clinically healthy, mature horses of various breeds. Serum amyloid A reference intervals were determined from 50 clinically healthy horses from 25 farms. Serum iron determined from 49 clinically healthy horses.. Porcine: n = 40, clinically healthy, mature sows.. Ovine: n = 47, clinically healthy sheep, various ages.. Caprine: n = 37, clinically healthy dairy goats representing Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen, and Nubian breeds.. Ferrets: n = 69, clinically healthy ferrets, various ages.. Coagulation. Canine: n = 22, feline n = 51, equine n = 52, bovine n = 28 clinically healthy adult animals of various ...
Maternal fructosamine levels at the time of delivery were higher in women with stillbirth compared with women with live birth. ... Mean fructosamine levels were significantly higher in women with a stillbirth than in women with a live birth after adjustment ... Optimal thresholds of fructosamine to discriminate stillbirth and live birth. RESULTS:. A total of 529 women with a stillbirth ... Maternal serum fructosamine levels and stillbirth: a case-control study of the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network.. ...
Correlation of serum fructosamine, erythrocyte Na + -K + ATPase and glutathione peroxidase with HbA1c levels ...
Fructosamine A fructosamine test system is a device intended for the quantitative in vitro determination of glycated protein ( ... fructosamine) concentration in human serum or plasma.. Fructosamine is a mid-term indicator of diabetic control as it can ... Due to the shorter time span of fructosamine, it is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of medication changes and to ...
Fructosamine. Phosphorus (Inorganic). Bilirubin. Gamma - GT Potassium. Calcium. GLDH Ranbut (Hydroxybutyrate). Chloride. ...
Fructosamine; Glucose; Glutamine dehydrogenase; Iron; Lipase; Magnesium; Microprotein; Phosphate; Potassium; Protein - Total; ...
Glycated Albumin Correlates with Time-in-Range Better than HbA1c or Fructosamine. June 01, 2023 ...
Measurement of fructosamine in cats can be helpful to distinguish stress-induced hyperglycemia from diabetes. In dogs, ... Measurement of serum fructosamine can assist in differentiating between stress-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. In ... cases of stress-induced hyperglycemia, the fructosamine concentrations are normal. In all cases, a search should be made for ...
Serum fructosamine, serum glycated albumin and serum glycated β-lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and ... Fructosamine and glycated albumin and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and death. Circulation. 2015;132:269-277. ... Fructosamine and glycated albumin for risk stratification and prediction of incident diabetes and microvascular complications: ... FRA = fructosamine. GA = glycated albumin. Hb = hemoglobin. HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin. HGI = hemoglobin glycation index. IgG ...
13] Also in such cases, glycated albumin or fructosamine may be a good alternative. ...
In special cases, we also look at other measures such as fructosamine to approximate blood glucose levels." ...
The fructosamine test takes four minutes and a 15 microliter drop of blood. Blood glucose tests are essential, but they only ... The fructosamine test, which LXN calls GlucoProtein, has the advantage of measuring a shorter window than the hemoglobin A1c ... While fructosamine test variability is inherently greater than glucose test variability, the key is the trend. Another ... Right now the In Charge stores the most recent 200 glucose test results and 50 fructosamine test results with the date and time ...
Annual exam, FVRCP and rabies vaccines, fructosamine and glucose tests, urinalysis, and medical waste. $474. Now I dont know ...
In female rat sera, monellin administration at a dose of EDrat reduced fructosamine and cholesterol levels. Brazzein and ...
Can replace blood glucose curves, fructosamine, urine glucose monitoring, etc.. *Well tolerated with a few instances of ...
Brand-Miller et al. (Reference Brand-Miller, Hayne and Petocz31) reported a non-significant decrease in fructosamine in healthy ... The mean fasting levels of blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, HbA1c, fructosamine and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ... Serum and plasma samples for the determination of fructosamine, proinsulin, insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin, leptin, NEFA, ... fructosamine(Reference Opperman, Venter and Oosthuizen29, Reference Brand-Miller, Hayne and Petocz31) as well as HOMA-IR, ...
At 12-month follow-up, the significant difference between groups in mean CGM glucose and fructosamine were maintained (P , ... Glycemic outcomes of 6-month change in 5-h PPGR excursions, mean glucose levels (obtained from CGM), and fructosamine levels ( ... Secondary outcomes included FPG, HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fructosamine, mean glucose (CGM based), 5-h PPGR ... Advantages and pitfalls of fructosamine and glycated albumin in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes ...
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Random plasma glucose, serum fructosamine, and haemoglobin A1 while at work. RESULTS--Diabetic control ... serum fructosamine concentration before, 405 (SD 68); after, 481 (SD 90) mumol/l, p less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS--The control ...
  • On average, each change of 3.3 mmol (60 mg/dl) in average blood sugar levels will give rise to changes of 2% HbA1c and 75 µmol fructosamine values. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 4 ] HbA1c and fructosamine are highly correlated. (medscape.com)
  • Fructosamine can be also useful when the HbA1c measurement may be unreliable. (medscape.com)
  • With regard to the association between fructosamine and HbA1c Pearson linear correlation coefficients in the range of 0.67-0.75 were observed in fasting and non-fasting subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. (ntnu.no)
  • Analyses of glucose control in fasting patients with type 2 diabetes having all three biomarkers measured at three separate occasions within on average 290 days of the index examination showed similar trends over time for glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c. (ntnu.no)
  • Fructosamine is closely associated with HbA1c and glucose respectively and may be a useful biomarker of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies. (ntnu.no)
  • HbA1c in people, and fructosamine in both people and pets, are both designed to be a proportional proxy for a patient's glucose averages. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • The Fructosamine test is a highly accurate test for monitoring the average blood sugar level over a longer period than the HbA1c test, which only measures the average blood sugar level over the past three months. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • Association between glycated albumin, fructosamine, and HbA1c with neonatal outcomes in a prospective cohort of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. (medscape.org)
  • Since albumin is the most abundant protein in blood, fructosamine levels typically reflect albumin glycation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some fructosamine tests specifically quantify the glycation of albumin, or glycated serum albumin instead of all proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because albumin has a half-life of approximately 20 days, the plasma fructosamine concentration reflects relatively recent (1-2 week) changes in blood glucose. (wikipedia.org)
  • In these cases, fructosamine measurement can be used as a marker of blood sugar levels, as its measurements are based on albumin instead of hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, any condition that changes serum albumin (such as the nephrotic syndrome) will affect the fructosamine result. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 4 ] Reduction in serum albumin lowers the serum fructosamine value. (medscape.com)
  • Serum fructosamine is formed by nonenzymatic glycosylation of serum proteins, predominantly albumin. (medscape.com)
  • Albumin, the most common serum protein, typically accounts for 80% of all fructosamine. (medscape.com)
  • Because a half-life of serum albumin is 14-21 days, serum fructosamine generally reflects the state of glycemic control for the preceding 2-3 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • Fructosamine is formed in dogs' and cats' (and people's) livers by combining the protein albumin with a molecule of glucose. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • The Fructosamine test is a blood test that measures the level of glycated serum proteins, which includes albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, in the blood. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • Kalaria TR, Sirajwala HB, Gohel MG. Serum fructosamine, serum glycated albumin and serum glycated β-lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without microvascular complications. (medscape.org)
  • Fructosamine and glycated albumin for risk stratification and prediction of incident diabetes and microvascular complications: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. (medscape.org)
  • Fructosamine and glycated albumin and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and death. (medscape.org)
  • Fructosamine and glycated albumin tests estimate your average blood sugar levels over a 2-3 week period prior to the blood draw and testing of your blood. (term-life-online.com)
  • As other markers of glycemic control, serum glycated albumin (GA) and serum fructosamine are useful to reflect shorter-term glycemic control (∼2 weeks) ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Fructosamine reflects the glycemic control over the previous 1-2 weeks and has been correlated positively with serum albumin and serum total protein5. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fructosamine is a glycemic biomarker which may be useful for indication and control of diabetes respectively. (ntnu.no)
  • The fructosamine assay assesses glycemic control over the 2 to 4 weeks preceding the test. (health.am)
  • Dr. Fernandes' research evaluated the use of fructosamine as a marker of glycemic control in pregnant diabetic patients at the UVM Medical Center's Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic. (uvm.edu)
  • Fructosamine measurement in healthy, non-diabetic dogs and cats, as well as pets under good control of their diabetes, should be between 142 and 450. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • POPULATION All singleton stillbirths with known diabetes status and fructosamine measurement, and representative live birth controls. (bvsalud.org)
  • Measurement of fructosamine in cats can be helpful to distinguish stress-induced hyperglycemia from diabetes. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Measurement of fructosamine levels. (tamu.edu)
  • citation needed] Most commonly, fructosamine refers to a laboratory test for diabetes management that is rarely used in human clinical practice (simple blood glucose monitoring or hemoglobin A1c testing are preferred). (wikipedia.org)
  • In a similar way to hemoglobin A1c testing (which measures the glycation of hemoglobin), fructosamine testing determines the fraction of total serum proteins that have undergone glycation (the glycated serum proteins). (wikipedia.org)
  • The fructosamine test is usually used as a substitute for the hemoglobin A1c test. (diagnosticcentres.in)
  • Two measures of long-term blood sugar control hemoglobin A1c and fructosamine were also lower after 8 weeks. (dole.com)
  • Assessing the metabolic control of the patient has traditionally been done through testing of glycosylated hemoglobin, fructosamine, and glycoalbumin along with other criteria such as Body Mass Index, microalbuminuria and dyslipidemia 6-7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • CBC, urinalysis, serum chemistry panel, fructosamine concentration and thyroxine concentration were determined on initial examination, and a complete blood count, serum chemistry panel, urinalysis and serum fructosamine concentration were repeated every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • If glucose is present in your cat's urine, your veterinarian will want to determine your cat's blood glucose concentration and fructosamine concentration. (vcahospitals.com)
  • High levels of ascorbic acid interfere with the fructosamine assay. (medscape.com)
  • Another assay that can be used to determine long-term glucose control is the fructosamine test. (health.am)
  • The enzymatic assay is more specific and accurate in comparison to the current non-enzymatic NBT-based fructosamine test. (ga.com)
  • The normal range for fructosamine is 2.0 to 2.8 mmol/L. This test may become more widely used in the future, since at-home testing is now available. (health.am)
  • La présente étude transversale menée en 2010 et 2011 visait à mesurer la fréquence de la diminution de la tolérance au glucose et du diabète chez 127 sujets présentant une glycémie à jeun inférieure à 7,0 mmol/l et à mesurer la concordance entre différents critères diagnostiques standard. (who.int)
  • Fructosamine levels indicate the average level of blood glucose control over the past 2-3 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • The objective of the study was to evaluate fructosamine as an indicator of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in subjects with diabetes. (ntnu.no)
  • Since the fructosamine concentrations of people with well-controlled diabetes may overlap with those of people who are not diabetic, the fructosamine test is not useful as a screening test for diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Fructosamine alone is not sufficient to regulate a diabetic dog or cat. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • Insulin doses were adjusted as needed to resolve clinical signs and lower serum fructosamine concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • Serum glucose (P = 0.0001) and fructosamine (P = 0.0001) concentrations significantly decreased from week 0 to week 16 in both dietary groups. (nih.gov)
  • A second generation fructosamine test, corrected for total protein, has been evaluated as a practical alternative to glucose screening for GDM in a busy, multi‐ethnic antenatal clinic. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • A trend from high to normal fructosamine levels may indicate that changes to a person's treatment regimen are effective. (medscape.com)
  • Fructosamine is formed in proportion to glucose levels: pets with unregulated diabetes mellitus have high glucose levels and thus have high fructosamine levels. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • Maternal serum fructosamine levels and stillbirth: a case-control study of the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. (bvsalud.org)
  • To evaluate the association between maternal fructosamine levels at the time of delivery and stillbirth . (bvsalud.org)
  • Fructosamine levels in stillbirths and live births among groups were adjusted for potential confounding factors, including diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mean fructosamine levels were significantly higher in women with a stillbirth than in women with a live birth after adjustment (177 ± 3.05 versus 165 ± 2.89 µmol/L, P (bvsalud.org)
  • The difference in fructosamine levels between stillbirths and live births was greater among women with diabetes (194 ± 8.54 versus 162 ± 3.21 µmol/L), compared with women without diabetes (171 ± 2.50 versus 162 ± 2.56 µmol/L). The area under the curve ( AUC ) for fructosamine level and stillbirth was 0.634 (0.605-0.663) overall, 0.713 (0.624-0.802) with diabetes and 0.625 (0.595-0.656) with no diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Maternal fructosamine levels at the time of delivery were higher in women with stillbirth compared with women with live birth . (bvsalud.org)
  • TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Maternal serum fructosamine levels are higher in women with stillbirth than in women with live birth , especially in women with diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4 observed that glucosuric animals have normal serum levels of insulin, glucose, and fructosamine. (vin.com)
  • While a 500mg to 1,000mg bitter melon intake did not impact fructosamine levels, a 2,000mg daily intake significantly reduced fructosamine, but less effectively than metformin. (tigerfitness.com)
  • [6] Fructosamine provides insight on the blood glucose levels over the last two to three weeks. (tigerfitness.com)
  • MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Random plasma glucose, serum fructosamine, and haemoglobin A1 while at work. (bmj.com)
  • citation needed] In practice, fructosamine is rarely measured clinically (even in individuals with hemoglobinopathies or other red cell disorders) due to a number of pragmatic concerns. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, fructosamine is useful in people in certain circumstances (acute bleeding and hemodialysis patients) but is not used as a first-line tool. (reunioncelebrationvet.com)
  • An exception to this is pregnancy, where medication needs can change more rapidly and fructosamine may help provide closer short-term monitoring. (wikipedia.org)
  • The higher the fructosamine value, the poorer the degree of glycemia control. (medscape.com)
  • The February 1999 issue of Diabetes Wellness Letter reported on the forerunner of this meter in 'Better Control with Fructosamine. (mendosa.com)
  • Biologically, fructosamines are recognized by fructosamine-3-kinase, which may trigger the degradation of advanced glycation end-products (though the true clinical significance of this pathway is unclear). (wikipedia.org)
  • Many direct-to-consumer lab testing companies sell fructosamine tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, fructosamine has higher variability than A1c tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • The In Charge is the only meter marketed to people with diabetes that tests fructosamine as well as blood glucose. (mendosa.com)
  • Third, the overwhelming majority of studies in diabetes care are based on A1c measurements, which can make fructosamine results difficult to interpret. (wikipedia.org)
  • An increase in fructosamine in lab testing results usually means an increase in glucose in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The target of the fructosamine test is to measure the glucose in your serum or plasma. (diagnosticcentres.in)
  • Flow synthesis of a versatile fructosamine mimic and quenching studies of a fructose transport probe. (mpg.de)