Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
A condition in which one or more of the arches of the foot have flattened out.
A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.
Plantar declination of the foot.
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.
The forepart of the foot including the metatarsals and the TOES.
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
The part of the foot between the tarsa and the TOES.
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe.
A bone fixation technique using an external fixator (FIXATORS, EXTERNAL) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. The method was devised by the Russian orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921-1992). (From Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1992 Summer;52(1):1)
A bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion.
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth.
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.
The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.
Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.
A condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from TENOSYNOVITIS to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, FLATFOOT deformity. Pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ANKLE, hindfoot, and midfoot. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults.
Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body.
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
Abnormalities of the nose acquired after birth from injury or disease.
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
The articulations extending from the ANKLE distally to the TOES. These include the ANKLE JOINT; TARSAL JOINTS; METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT; and TOE JOINT.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence.
Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.
Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
Developmental bone diseases are a category of skeletal disorders that arise from disturbances in the normal growth and development of bones, including abnormalities in size, shape, structure, or composition, which can lead to various musculoskeletal impairments and deformities.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
'Shoes' are not a medical term, but an item of footwear designed to provide protection, support, and comfort to the feet during various activities, although ill-fitting or inappropriate shoes can contribute to various foot conditions such as blisters, corns, calluses, and orthopedic issues.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.
The articulation between a metatarsal bone (METATARSAL BONES) and a phalanx.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
An inward slant of the thigh in which the knees are close together and the ankles far apart. Genu valgum can develop due to skeletal and joint dysplasias (e.g., OSTEOARTHRITIS; HURLER SYNDROME); and malnutrition (e.g., RICKETS; FLUORIDE POISONING).
Rigid or flexible appliances used to maintain in position a displaced or movable part or to keep in place and protect an injured part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward. When referring to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
The innermost digit of the foot in PRIMATES.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Subtalar arthrodesis with correction of deformity after fractures of the os calcis. (1/101)

We have reviewed the long-term results of 22 patients (23 fusions) with fractures of the os calcis, who had subtalar arthrodesis with correction of the deformity between 1975 and 1991. The mean follow-up was nine years (5 to 20). All patients were evaluated according to a modified foot score. A radiological assessment was used in which linear and angular variables were measured including the fibulocalcaneal abutment, the height of the heel and fat pad, the angle of the arch and the lateral talocalcaneal and the lateral talar declination angles. The technique used restores the normal relationship between the hindfoot and midfoot and corrects the height of the heel. This leads to better biomechanical balance of the neighbouring joints and gives a favourable clinical outcome. The modified foot score showed a good or excellent result in 51% of the feet. Residual complaints were mostly due to problems with the soft tissues. Subjectively, an excellent or good score was achieved in 78% of the cases. After statistical analysis, except for the height of the heel and the degenerative changes in the calcaneocuboid joint, no significant difference was found in the measured variables between the operated and the contralateral side.  (+info)

I.v. regional diamorphine for analgesia after foot surgery. (2/101)

Opioids administered to peripheral tissues can have significant analgesic effects in doses which would not be effective centrally. We have assessed the effects of regional diamorphine 2.5 mg i.v. in 14 patients undergoing surgical correction of bilateral arthritic foot deformities in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Patients acted as their own controls as only one foot received the active drug. Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and wound tenderness were measured over 72 h. Diamorphine did not improve median VAS area under the curve pain scores during the first 6 h after surgery (33 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 25-46) vs 24 (17-35)). It also did not effect wound hypersensitivity when tested at 72 h after surgery (95 (47-125) vs 90 (50-125) g). There were no significant adverse effects.  (+info)

Function after correction of a clawed great toe by a modified Robert Jones transfer. (3/101)

We carried out a cross-sectional study in 51 patients (81 feet) with a clawed hallux in association with a cavus foot after a modified Robert Jones tendon transfer. The mean follow-up was 42 months (9 to 88). In all feet, concomitant procedures had been undertaken, such as extension osteotomy of the first metatarsal and transfer of the tendon of the peroneus longus to peroneus brevis, to correct the underlying foot deformity. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically. The overall rate of patient satisfaction was 86%. The deformity of the hallux was corrected in 80 feet. Catching of the big toe when walking barefoot, transfer lesions and metatarsalgia, hallux flexus, hallux limitus and asymptomatic nonunion of the interphalangeal joint were the most frequent complications. Hallux limitus was more likely when elevation of the first ray occurred (p = 0.012). Additional transfer of the tendon of peroneus longus to peroneus brevis was a significant risk factor for elevation of the first metatarsal (p < 0.0001). The deforming force of extensor hallucis longus is effectively eliminated by the Jones transfer, but the mechanics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint are altered. The muscle balance and stability of the entire first ray should be taken into consideration in the management of clawed hallux.  (+info)

Selective lengthening of the proximal flexor tendon in the management of acquired claw toes. (4/101)

We report the management of the acquired claw-toe deformity in ten adults. Each patient developed a varying number of claw toes at a mean interval of six months after the time of injury. There was clinical evidence of an acute compartment syndrome in one case. The clawing occurred at the start of heel-rise in the stance phase of gait. At this stage the patients complained of increasing pain and pressure on the tips of the toes. The deformities were corrected by lengthening flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus alone or in combination. The presence of variable intertendinous digitations between the tendons of flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus means that in some cases release of flexor hallucis longus alone may correct clawing of lesser toes.  (+info)

Long-term results of tibialis posterior tendon transfer for drop-foot. (5/101)

Twelve patients with drop-foot secondary to sciatic or common peroneal nerve palsy treated with transfer of the tibialis posterior tendon were followed-up for a mean of 90 (24-300) months. In 10 patients the results were 'excellent' or 'good'. In 11 patients grade 4 or 5 power of dorsiflexion was achieved, although the torque, as measured with a Cybex II dynamometer, and generated by the transferred tendon, was only about 30% of the normal side. Seven patients were able to dorsiflex their foot to the neutral position and beyond. The results appeared to be better in men under 30 years of age with common peroneal palsies. A painful flatfoot acquired in adulthood does not appear to be a significant long-term complication despite the loss of a functioning tibialis posterior tendon.  (+info)

Calcaneo-valgus deformity. (6/101)

A discussion of the essential deformity in calcaneo-valgus feet develops a theme originally put forward in 1961 on the relapsed club foot (Evans 1961). Whereas in the normal foot the medial and lateral columns are about equal in length, in talipes equino-varus the lateral column is longer and in calcaneo-valgus shorter than the medial column. The suggestion is that in the treatment of both deformities the length of the columns be made equal. A method is described of treating calcaneo-valgus deformity by inserting cortical bone grafts taken from the tibia to elongate the anterior end of the calcaneus.  (+info)

The long-term results of resection arthroplasties of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in rheumatoid arthritis. (7/101)

We performed a retrospective study in 188 patients (254 feet) with rheumatoid arthritis and compared the late results of Keller's procedure with those of Hueter-Mayo's technique after 7.9 years. More than 60% of the Keller group and 30% of the Hueter-Mayo group were suffering from persistent metatarsalgia due to increased forefoot pressure as well as experiencing pain around the great toe. Plantar callosities, recurrent hallux valgus deformity, lack of plantar flexion and weakened push-off were more frequent after Keller's procedure.  (+info)

The foot in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. (8/101)

The feet of 200 consecutive admissions with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were studied. 104 were found to have pain or deformity. Clinical involvement of the joints was seen more often than radiological joint damage in the ankle, but the reverse was the case in the midtarsal joints. The metatarsophalangeal joints were involved most frequently both clinically and radiologically. Sixty per cent of the patients required modified shoes but only a third of these had received them. The need for more shoes is clear, and although this is a highly selected group of patients they were all under specialist care. The increased expenditure on special footwear would benefit the patient, firstly by improving ambulation, and secondly perhaps by reducing the number of operations necessary. Hallux valgus was very common and occurred with similar frequency to disease in the other metatarsophalangeal joints. Although not exclusive to rheumatoid arthritis, hallux valgus must have been caused for the most part by the rheumatoid arthritis and if so, then it is suggested that the provision of suitable shoes for patients may be less costly than subsequent surgical treatment.  (+info)

Acquired foot deformities refer to structural abnormalities of the foot that develop after birth, as opposed to congenital foot deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, neurological conditions, or complications from a medical condition like diabetes or arthritis.

Examples of acquired foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoe - A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Claw toe - A more severe form of hammertoe where the toe also curls under, forming a claw-like shape.
3. Mallet toe - A condition where the end joint of a toe is bent downward, causing it to resemble a mallet.
4. Bunions - A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often causing pain and difficulty wearing shoes.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette) - A similar condition to a bunion, but it occurs on the outside of the foot near the little toe joint.
6. Charcot foot - A severe deformity that can occur in people with diabetes or other neurological conditions, characterized by the collapse and dislocation of joints in the foot.
7. Cavus foot - A condition where the arch of the foot is excessively high, causing instability and increasing the risk of ankle injuries.
8. Flatfoot (pes planus) - A deformity where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
9. Pronation deformities - Abnormal rotation or tilting of the foot, often causing instability and increasing the risk of injury.

Treatment for acquired foot deformities varies depending on the severity and underlying cause but may include orthotics, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.

Foot deformities refer to abnormal changes in the structure and/or alignment of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, or tendons in the foot, leading to a deviation from the normal shape and function of the foot. These deformities can occur in various parts of the foot, such as the toes, arch, heel, or ankle, and can result in pain, difficulty walking, and reduced mobility. Some common examples of foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoes: A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Mallet toes: A condition where the end joint of the toe is bent downward, creating a mallet-like shape.
3. Claw toes: A combination of both hammertoes and mallet toes, causing all three joints in the toe to bend abnormally.
4. Bunions: A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe, caused by the misalignment of the big toe joint.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette): A similar condition to a bunion but occurring on the outside of the foot, at the base of the little toe.
6. Flat feet (pes planus): A condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing or walking.
7. High arches (pes cavus): An excessively high arch that doesn't provide enough shock absorption and can lead to pain and instability.
8. Cavus foot: A condition characterized by a very high arch and tight heel cord, often leading to an imbalance in the foot structure and increased risk of ankle injuries.
9. Haglund's deformity: A bony enlargement on the back of the heel, which can cause pain and irritation when wearing shoes.
10. Charcot foot: A severe deformity that occurs due to nerve damage in the foot, leading to weakened bones, joint dislocations, and foot collapse.

Foot deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life) due to various factors such as injury, illness, poor footwear, or abnormal biomechanics. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and management are essential for maintaining foot health and preventing further complications.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Medical professionals define "flatfoot" or "pes planus" as a postural deformity in which the arch of the foot collapses, leading to the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. This condition can be classified as flexible (the arch reappears when the foot is not bearing weight) or rigid (the arch does not reappear). Flatfoot can result from various factors such as genetics, injury, aging, or certain medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and cerebral palsy. In some cases, flatfoot may not cause any symptoms or problems; however, in other instances, it can lead to pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking. Treatment options for flatfoot depend on the severity of the condition and associated symptoms and may include physical therapy, orthotics, bracing, or surgery.

Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital foot deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The affected foot appears to be turned inward and downward, resembling a club or a bowling pin. This condition usually affects one foot but can occur in both feet as well.

The cause of clubfoot is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Clubfoot is often diagnosed at birth or during routine prenatal ultrasound exams. Treatment for clubfoot typically involves nonsurgical methods such as stretching, casting, and bracing to gradually correct the position of the foot over time. In some cases, surgery may be required to release tight tendons and realign the bones in the foot and ankle.

If left untreated, clubfoot can lead to significant mobility issues and difficulty walking or participating in activities. However, with early intervention and consistent treatment, most children with clubfoot are able to lead active and normal lives.

Equinus deformity is a condition in which the ankle remains in a permanently plantarflexed position, meaning that the toes are pointing downward. This limitation in motion can occur in one or both feet and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Acquired equinus deformity can result from conditions such as cerebral palsy, stroke, trauma, or prolonged immobilization. The limited range of motion in the ankle can cause difficulty walking, pain, and abnormalities in gait. Treatment options for equinus deformity may include physical therapy, bracing, orthotic devices, or surgery.

Foot diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the foot, including its structures such as the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These conditions can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, numbness, difficulty walking, and skin changes. Examples of foot diseases include:

1. Plantar fasciitis: inflammation of the band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
2. Bunions: a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe.
3. Hammertoe: a deformity in which the toe is bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
4. Diabetic foot: a group of conditions that can occur in people with diabetes, including nerve damage, poor circulation, and increased risk of infection.
5. Athlete's foot: a fungal infection that affects the skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet.
6. Ingrown toenails: a condition where the corner or side of a toenail grows into the flesh of the toe.
7. Gout: a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often starting with the big toe.
8. Foot ulcers: open sores or wounds that can occur on the feet, especially in people with diabetes or poor circulation.
9. Morton's neuroma: a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the toes, causing pain and numbness.
10. Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Foot diseases can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and some may be prevented or managed with proper foot care, hygiene, and appropriate medical treatment.

The forefoot is the front part of the human foot that contains the toes and the associated bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. It is made up of five long bones called metatarsals and fourteen phalanges, which are the bones in the toes. The forefoot plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, balance, and propulsion during walking and running. The joints in the forefoot allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes, enabling us to maintain our footing on various surfaces and adapt to different terrain.

Neurogenic arthropathy is a joint disease that occurs as a result of nerve damage or dysfunction. Also known as Charcot joint, this condition is characterized by joint destruction and deformity due to the loss of sensation and proprioception, which normally help protect the joint from excessive stress and injury.

Neurogenic arthropathy often affects people with diabetes, syphilis, leprosy, spinal cord injuries, or other conditions that damage nerves. The damage impairs the ability to feel pain, temperature, and position, making it difficult for individuals to notice or respond to joint injuries. Over time, this can lead to joint degeneration, fractures, dislocations, and severe deformities if left untreated.

Treatment typically involves managing the underlying nerve condition, immobilizing the affected joint with a brace or cast, and in some cases, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged joints. Regular exercise, physical therapy, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.

There are three categories of tarsal bones:

1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.

2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.

3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.

Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.

The metatarsus is the region in the foot between the tarsal bones (which form the hindfoot and midfoot) and the phalanges (toes). It consists of five long bones called the metatarsals, which articulate with the tarsal bones proximally and the phalanges distally. The metatarsus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, support, and propulsion during walking and running. Any abnormalities or injuries to this region may result in various foot conditions, such as metatarsalgia, Morton's neuroma, or hammertoes.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

Hammertoe syndrome, also known as hammer toe, is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth smaller toes where they become permanently bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer. This condition can cause pain and difficulty walking, especially when wearing shoes that rub against the raised portion of the toe. Hammertoe syndrome can be caused by factors such as inherited foot type, arthritis, and muscle imbalance, and it can also result from wearing narrow or ill-fitting shoes for extended periods. Treatment options may include changes in footwear, orthotics, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.

The Ilizarov technique is a surgical method used for limb lengthening and reconstruction. It involves the use of an external fixation device, which consists of rings connected by adjustable rods and wires that are attached to the bone. This apparatus allows for gradual distraction (slow, steady stretching) of the bone, allowing new bone tissue to grow in the gap created by the distraction. The Ilizarov technique can be used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, bone deformities, and nonunions (failed healing of a fracture). It is named after its developer, Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov, a Soviet orthopedic surgeon.

Hallux limitus is a degenerative condition that affects the joint at the base of the big toe, also known as the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. It is characterized by stiffness and limited range of motion in the big toe, which can make it difficult to walk or participate in activities that require pushing off with the toes.

In hallux limitus, the cartilage in the MTP joint gradually wears away, leading to bone-on-bone contact and the formation of bone spurs. This can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joint. The condition is often caused by structural abnormalities, such as a long or elevated first metatarsal bone, or biomechanical issues that put excessive pressure on the MTP joint.

Hallux limitus can be treated with conservative measures such as shoe modifications, orthotics, physical therapy, and pain-relieving medications. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms and restore mobility to the joint.

Acquired joint deformities refer to structural changes in the alignment and shape of a joint that develop after birth, due to various causes such as injury, disease, or wear and tear. These deformities can affect the function and mobility of the joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Examples of conditions that can lead to acquired joint deformities include arthritis, infection, trauma, and nerve damage. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the deformity and alleviate symptoms.

Congenital hand deformities refer to physical abnormalities or malformations of the hand, wrist, and/or digits (fingers) that are present at birth. These deformities can result from genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. They may affect the bones, muscles, tendons, joints, and other structures in the hand, leading to varying degrees of impairment in function and appearance.

There are numerous types of congenital hand deformities, some of which include:

1. Polydactyly: The presence of extra digits on the hand, which can be fully formed or rudimentary.
2. Syndactyly: Webbing or fusion of two or more fingers, which may involve soft tissue only or bone as well.
3. Clinodactyly: A curved finger due to a sideways deviation of the fingertip, often affecting the little finger.
4. Camptodactyly: Permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically involving the proximal interphalangeal joint.
5. Trigger Finger/Thumb: A condition where a finger or thumb becomes locked in a bent position due to thickening and narrowing of the tendon sheath.
6. Radial Club Hand (Radial Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the radius bone, resulting in a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
7. Ulnar Club Hand (Ulnar Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the ulna bone, leading to a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
8. Cleidocranial Dysplasia: A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, resulting in underdeveloped or absent collarbones, dental abnormalities, and occasionally hand deformities.
9. Apert Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the fusion of fingers and toes (syndactyly) and other skeletal abnormalities.
10. Holt-Oram Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving heart defects and upper limb deformities, such as radial ray deficiency or thumb anomalies.

Treatment for hand deformities varies depending on the specific condition and severity. Options may include physical therapy, bracing, splinting, medications, or surgical intervention.

The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot that is located between the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones. It is called a "joint" because it allows for movement, specifically inversion and eversion, which are the movements that allow the foot to roll inward or outward. The subtalar joint plays an essential role in the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, helping to absorb shock during walking and running, and contributing to the stability of the foot during standing and walking. Issues with the subtalar joint can lead to various foot and ankle problems, such as flatfoot or chronic ankle instability.

A foot ulcer is a wound or sore on the foot that occurs most commonly in people with diabetes, but can also affect other individuals with poor circulation or nerve damage. These ulcers can be challenging to heal and are prone to infection, making it essential for individuals with foot ulcers to seek medical attention promptly.

Foot ulcers typically develop due to prolonged pressure on bony prominences of the foot, leading to breakdown of the skin and underlying tissues. The development of foot ulcers can be attributed to several factors, including:

1. Neuropathy (nerve damage): This condition causes a loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult for individuals to feel pain or discomfort associated with pressure points, leading to the formation of ulcers.
2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the lower extremities can impair wound healing and make the body more susceptible to infection.
3. Deformities: Structural foot abnormalities, such as bunions or hammertoes, can cause increased pressure on specific areas of the foot, increasing the risk of ulcer formation.
4. Poorly fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight, narrow, or ill-fitting can create friction and pressure points, contributing to the development of foot ulcers.
5. Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the feet can lead to the formation of ulcers, particularly in individuals with neuropathy who may not feel the initial pain associated with the injury.
6. Foot care neglect: Failure to inspect and care for the feet regularly can result in undetected wounds or sores that progress into ulcers.

Foot ulcers are classified based on their depth, severity, and extent of tissue involvement. Proper assessment, treatment, and prevention strategies are crucial in managing foot ulcers and minimizing the risk of complications such as infection, gangrene, and amputation.

The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsal bones in the hindfoot to the phalanges in the forefoot. They are located between the tarsal and phalangeal bones and are responsible for forming the arch of the foot and transmitting weight-bearing forces during walking and running. The metatarsal bones are numbered 1 to 5, with the first metatarsal being the shortest and thickest, and the fifth metatarsal being the longest and thinnest. Each metatarsal bone has a base, shaft, and head, and they articulate with each other and with the surrounding bones through joints. Any injury or disorder affecting the metatarsal bones can cause pain and difficulty in walking or standing.

A tendon transfer is a surgical procedure where a healthy tendon is moved to rebalance or reinforce a muscle that has become weak or paralyzed due to injury, disease, or nerve damage. The transferred tendon attaches to the bone in a new position, allowing it to power a different movement or stabilize a joint. This procedure helps restore function and improve mobility in the affected area.

The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.

Osteogenesis, distraction refers to a surgical procedure and controlled rehabilitation process used in orthopedic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and neurosurgery to lengthen bones or correct bone deformities. The term "osteogenesis" means bone formation, while "distraction" refers to the gradual separation of bone segments.

In this procedure, a surgeon first cuts the bone (osteotomy) and then applies an external or internal distraction device that slowly moves apart the cut ends of the bone. Over time, new bone forms in the gap between the separated bone segments through a process called distraction osteogenesis. This results in increased bone length or correction of deformities.

Distraction osteogenesis is often used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, craniofacial deformities, and spinal deformities. The procedure requires careful planning, precise surgical technique, and close postoperative management to ensure optimal outcomes.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Acquired hand deformities refer to structural changes in the hand or fingers that occur after birth, as a result of injury, illness, or other external factors. These deformities can affect any part of the hand, including the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Common causes of acquired hand deformities include trauma, infection, degenerative diseases such as arthritis, tumors, and neurological conditions.

The symptoms of acquired hand deformities can vary depending on the severity and location of the deformity. They may include pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased range of motion, loss of function, and changes in appearance. Treatment for acquired hand deformities may involve a combination of medical interventions, such as medication, physical therapy, or splinting, as well as surgical procedures to correct the underlying structural problem. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms, improve function, and restore normal appearance and movement to the hand.

Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition that affects the posterior tibial tendon, which runs along the inside of the ankle and helps to support the arch of the foot. In PTTD, the tendon becomes inflamed, stretched or torn, leading to instability and sometimes flatfoot deformity.

The medical definition of PTTD is:

A progressive degenerative condition of the posterior tibial tendon, resulting in loss of its function as a stabilizer and support for the arch of the foot. This can lead to acquired flatfoot deformity, characterized by pain, swelling, and weakness along the inside of the ankle and foot. In advanced stages, the condition may cause difficulty walking or standing for prolonged periods, and may require surgical intervention.

Orthotic devices are custom-made or prefabricated appliances designed to align, support, prevent deformity, or improve the function of movable body parts. They are frequently used in the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as foot and ankle conditions, knee problems, spinal alignment issues, and hand or wrist ailments. These devices can be adjustable or non-adjustable and are typically made from materials like plastic, metal, leather, or fabric. They work by redistributing forces across joints, correcting alignment, preventing unwanted movements, or accommodating existing deformities. Examples of orthotic devices include ankle-foot orthoses, knee braces, back braces, wrist splints, and custom-made foot insoles.

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Acquired nose deformities refer to structural changes or abnormalities in the shape of the nose that occur after birth, as opposed to congenital deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, tumors, or surgical procedures. Depending on the severity and cause of the deformity, it may affect both the aesthetic appearance and functionality of the nose, potentially causing difficulty in breathing, sinus problems, or sleep apnea. Treatment options for acquired nose deformities may include minimally invasive procedures, such as fillers or laser surgery, or more extensive surgical interventions, such as rhinoplasty or septoplasty, to restore both form and function to the nose.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. CMT affects both motor and sensory nerves, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

The disease is named after the three physicians who first described it: Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Marie, and Howard Henry Tooth. CMT is characterized by its progressive nature, meaning symptoms typically worsen over time, although the rate of progression can vary significantly among individuals.

There are several types of CMT, classified based on their genetic causes and patterns of inheritance. The two most common forms are CMT1 and CMT2:

1. CMT1: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the myelin sheath, which insulates peripheral nerves and allows for efficient signal transmission. As a result, demyelination occurs, slowing down nerve impulses and causing muscle weakness, particularly in the lower limbs. Symptoms usually begin in childhood or adolescence and include foot drop, high arches, and hammertoes.
2. CMT2: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the axons, the nerve fibers that transmit signals within peripheral nerves. As a result, axonal degeneration occurs, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Symptoms usually begin in early adulthood and progress more slowly than CMT1. They primarily affect the lower limbs but can also involve the hands and arms.

Diagnosis of CMT typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, family history, nerve conduction studies, and genetic testing. While there is no cure for CMT, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining mobility and function through physical therapy, bracing, orthopedic surgery, and pain management.

Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.

Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.

Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:

1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.

These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.

The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.

'Foot bones,' also known as the tarsal and metatarsal bones, are the 26 bones that make up the foot in humans. The foot is divided into three parts: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.

The hindfoot contains two bones: the talus, which connects to the leg bone (tibia), and the calcaneus (heel bone). These bones form the ankle joint and heel.

The midfoot is made up of five irregularly shaped bones called the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones. These bones help form the arch of the foot and connect the hindfoot to the forefoot.

The forefoot contains the metatarsals (five long bones) and the phalanges (14 small bones). The metatarsals connect the midfoot to the toes, while the phalanges make up the toes themselves.

These bones work together to provide stability, support, and movement for the foot, allowing us to walk, run, and jump.

Congenital Lower Extremity Deformities refer to abnormal structures or development in the lower limbs (including thighs, legs, and feet) that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity, from mild differences in shape or position to severe defects that significantly limit mobility or function.

Congenital lower extremity deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. Some common examples include:

1. Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot): A deformity where the foot is turned inward and downward at birth.
2. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): A condition where the hip joint does not form properly, leading to instability or dislocation.
3. Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A rare condition where there is a deficiency or absence of the femur (thigh bone) or abnormal development of the hip joint.
4. Fibular Hemimelia: A congenital absence or shortening of the fibula bone, which can lead to foot and ankle deformities.
5. Tibial Hemimelia: A rare condition where there is a partial or complete absence of the tibia bone, leading to significant leg length discrepancies and joint instability.

Treatment for congenital lower extremity deformities can range from non-surgical interventions such as bracing, casting, or physical therapy to surgical procedures aimed at correcting the deformity and improving function.

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

"Foot joints" is a general term that refers to the various articulations or connections between the bones in the foot. There are several joints in the foot, including:

1. The ankle joint (tibiotalar joint): This is the joint between the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot.
2. The subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint): This is the joint between the talus bone and the calcaneus (heel) bone.
3. The calcaneocuboid joint: This is the joint between the calcaneus bone and the cuboid bone, which is one of the bones in the midfoot.
4. The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joint): These are the joints that connect the tarsal bones in the midfoot to the metatarsal bones in the forefoot.
5. The metatarsophalangeal joints: These are the joints between the metatarsal bones and the phalanges (toes) in the forefoot.
6. The interphalangeal joints: These are the joints between the phalanges within each toe.

Each of these foot joints plays a specific role in supporting the foot, absorbing shock, and allowing for movement and flexibility during walking and other activities.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

Hallux Valgus is a medical condition that affects the foot, specifically the big toe joint. It is characterized by the deviation of the big toe (hallux) towards the second toe, resulting in a prominent bump on the inner side of the foot at the base of the big toe. This bump is actually the metatarsal head of the first bone in the foot that becomes exposed due to the angulation.

The deformity can lead to pain, stiffness, and difficulty wearing shoes. In severe cases, it can also cause secondary arthritis in the joint. Hallux Valgus is more common in women than men and can be caused by genetic factors, foot shape, or ill-fitting shoes that put pressure on the big toe joint.

Bone lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and then gradually stretching the bone apart, allowing new bone to grow in its place. This process is also known as distraction osteogenesis. The goal of bone lengthening is to increase the length of a bone, either to improve function or to correct a deformity.

The procedure typically involves making an incision in the skin over the bone and using specialized tools to cut through the bone. Once the bone is cut, a device called an external fixator is attached to the bone on either side of the cut. The external fixator is then gradually adjusted over time to slowly stretch the bone apart, creating a gap between the two ends of the bone. As the bone is stretched, new bone tissue begins to grow in the space between the two ends, eventually filling in the gap and lengthening the bone.

Bone lengthening can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including limb length discrepancies, congenital deformities, and injuries that result in bone loss. It is typically performed by an orthopedic surgeon and may require several months of follow-up care to ensure proper healing and growth of the new bone tissue.

'Leg length inequality' (LLIS) is a condition where there is a discrepancy in the lengths of an individual's lower extremities, specifically the bones of the thigh (femur) and/or the leg (tibia/fibula). This discrepancy can be congenital or acquired due to various causes such as fractures, infections, or surgical procedures. The inequality can lead to functional scoliosis, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal issues. It is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, and may be treated with various methods including orthotics, shoe lifts, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.

Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:

1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.

Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.

Developmental bone diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of bones. These diseases are present at birth or develop during childhood and adolescence, when bones are growing rapidly. They can result from genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors such as poor nutrition.

Some examples of developmental bone diseases include:

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): Also known as brittle bone disease, OI is a genetic disorder that affects the body's production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy bones. People with OI have fragile bones that break easily and may also experience other symptoms such as blue sclerae (whites of the eyes), hearing loss, and joint laxity.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short limbs and a large head relative to their body size.
3. Rickets: A condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or an inability to absorb or use vitamin D properly. This leads to weak, soft bones that can bow or bend easily, particularly in children.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare bone disorder where normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
5. Scoliosis: An abnormal curvature of the spine that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While not strictly a developmental bone disease, scoliosis can be caused by various underlying conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Treatment for developmental bone diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment may include medication, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery to correct deformities and improve function. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor growth, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "shoes" are not a medical term. Shoes are items of footwear intended to protect and comfort the feet. They typically have a durable sole that provides protection from sharp objects, hot surfaces, and the effects of moisture. The upper part of a shoe can be made from various materials such as leather, plastic, or textiles, and is designed to provide coverage and support for the foot.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.

HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.

There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.

Acquired ear deformities refer to abnormal shapes or structures of the ear that result from injury, infection, inflammation, or other external factors after birth. These deformities can affect the appearance and function of the ear, causing symptoms such as hearing loss or discomfort. Examples of acquired ear deformities include:

1. Cauliflower ear: a condition characterized by swelling, thickening, and distortion of the ear caused by repeated trauma or injury to the ear cartilage.
2. Microtia: a congenital ear abnormality that can become worse over time due to infection, inflammation, or trauma, resulting in an underdeveloped or absent ear.
3. Macrotia: an abnormally large ear that may result from injury or other external factors.
4. Stenosis: a narrowing of the ear canal that can result from chronic inflammation, infection, or scarring.
5. Hematoma: a collection of blood in the ear tissue caused by trauma or injury, which can lead to deformity if not treated promptly.
6. Keloids: overgrowths of scar tissue that can form after injury or surgery and distort the shape of the ear.

Treatment for acquired ear deformities may include surgical reconstruction, splinting, or other interventions depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Foot dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the feet. These can include inflammatory conditions like eczema and psoriasis, infectious diseases such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis), fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections (like plantar warts caused by HPV), and autoimmune blistering disorders. Additionally, contact dermatitis from irritants or allergens can also affect the feet. Proper diagnosis is essential to determine the best course of treatment for each specific condition.

The metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is the joint in the foot where the metatarsal bones of the foot (the long bones behind the toes) connect with the proximal phalanges of the toes. It's a synovial joint, which means it's surrounded by a capsule containing synovial fluid to allow for smooth movement. The MTP joint is responsible for allowing the flexion and extension movements of the toes, and is important for maintaining balance and pushing off during walking and running. Issues with the MTP joint can lead to conditions such as hallux valgus (bunions) or hammertoe.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

A contracture, in a medical context, refers to the abnormal shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, which can result in limited mobility and deformity of joints. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as injury, prolonged immobilization, scarring, neurological disorders, or genetic conditions.

Contractures can cause significant impairment in daily activities and quality of life, making it difficult for individuals to perform routine tasks like dressing, bathing, or walking. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, casting, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the contracture.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Pectus Excavatum, commonly referred to as "Funnel Chest," is a congenital deformity of the chest wall where the sternum (breastbone) and rib cartilages grow inward, creating a sunken or caved-in appearance of the chest. This condition can vary in severity, from mild to severe, and may affect one's appearance, breathing, and overall health. In some cases, surgical intervention might be required to correct the deformity and improve related symptoms.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

"Genu valgum," also known as "knock-knee," is a condition where there is an excessive angle between the thighbone (femur) and the shinbone (tibia), causing the knees to touch or come close together while the ankles remain separated when standing with the feet and knees together. This abnormal alignment can lead to difficulty walking, running, and participating in certain activities, as well as potential long-term complications such as joint pain and osteoarthritis if not properly addressed. Genu valgum is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies such as X-rays, and treatment may include observation, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's age and overall health.

A splint is a device used to support, protect, and immobilize injured body parts, such as bones, joints, or muscles. It can be made from various materials like plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Splints are often used to keep the injured area in a stable position, reducing pain, swelling, and further damage while the injury heals. They come in different shapes and sizes, tailored to fit specific body parts and injuries. A splint can be adjustable or custom-made, depending on the patient's needs. It is essential to follow healthcare professionals' instructions for using and caring for a splint to ensure proper healing and prevent complications.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.

Pronation is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of human biomechanics and orthopedics. It refers to the normal motion that occurs in the subtalar joint of the foot, which allows the foot to adapt to various surfaces and absorb shock during walking or running.

During pronation, the arch of the foot collapses, and the heel rolls inward, causing the forefoot to rotate outward. This motion helps distribute the forces of impact evenly across the foot and lower limb, reducing stress on individual structures and providing stability during weight-bearing activities.

However, excessive pronation can lead to biomechanical issues and increase the risk of injuries such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints, and knee pain. Proper assessment and management of foot mechanics, including orthotics or physical therapy interventions, may be necessary to address excessive pronation and related conditions.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.

In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.

"Hallux" is a medical term that refers to the big toe or great toe, which is the first digit of the human foot. It is derived from Latin, where "hallus" means "big toe." In some contexts, specific pathologies or conditions related to the big toe may also be referred to as hallux issues, such as hallux valgus (a common foot deformity where the big toe drifts toward the second toe) or hallux rigidus (a form of degenerative arthritis that affects the big toe joint).

Orthopedic fixation devices are medical implants used in orthopedic surgery to provide stability and promote the healing of fractured or broken bones, as well as joints or spinal segments. These devices can be internal or external and include a variety of products such as:

1. Intramedullary nails: Long rods that are inserted into the center of a bone to stabilize fractures in long bones like the femur or tibia.
2. Plates and screws: Metal plates are attached to the surface of a bone with screws to hold the fragments together while they heal.
3. Screws: Used alone or in combination with other devices, they can be used to stabilize small fractures or to fix implants like total joint replacements.
4. Wires: Used to hold bone fragments together, often in conjunction with other devices.
5. External fixators: A external frame attached to the bones using pins or wires that is placed outside the skin to provide stability and alignment of fractured bones.
6. Spinal fixation devices: These include pedicle screws, rods, hooks, and plates used to stabilize spinal fractures or deformities.
7. Orthopedic staples: Small metal staples used to stabilize small bone fragments or for joint fusion.

The choice of orthopedic fixation device depends on the location and severity of the injury or condition being treated. The primary goal of these devices is to provide stability, promote healing, and restore function.

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse together the bones of a joint, in order to restrict its movement and provide stability. This procedure is typically performed when a joint has been severely damaged by injury, arthritis, or other conditions, and non-surgical treatments have failed to relieve symptoms such as pain and instability.

During the surgery, the cartilage that normally cushions the ends of the bones is removed, and the bones are realigned and held in place with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a solid fusion that restricts joint motion.

Arthrodesis can be performed on various joints throughout the body, including the spine, wrist, ankle, and knee. While this procedure can provide significant pain relief and improve function, it does limit the range of motion in the fused joint, which may impact mobility and daily activities. Therefore, arthrodesis is typically considered a last resort when other treatments have failed.

A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. Such deformities can include hammer toe, club ... foot, flat feet, pes cavus, etc. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Congenital ...
Club foot or club feet is a congenital or acquired deformity. Club foot may also refer to: The Clubfoot, painting by Jusepe de ... USA Club Foot (song), by Kasabian Club Foot Orchestra, avant garde musical group Club foot (furniture), a form of foot used in ... furniture design Klub Foot, London live music club This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Club foot ... Ribera, now at the Louvre Club Foot, music venue in Austin, Texas, ...
No foot, no foal (2013) The Incidence of Acquired Flexural Deformity & Unilateral Club Foot in Thoroughbred Foals (2012) ... Farriery in the Treatment of Acquired Flexural Deformities (2008) Foot management in the foal and weanling (2003) Trimming and ... Effective farriery treatment for foals with acquired flexural deformity (1992) Curtis began recording his podcast The Hoof of ... Podiatry for flexural deformity in foals (2014) External and Radiographic Hoof Angles Differ in Thoroughbred Foals (2014) ...
... finger 736.2 Other acquired deformities of finger 736.7 Other acquired deformities of ankle and foot 736.8 Acquired deformities ... 738 Other acquired deformity 738.0 Acquired deformity of nose 738.1 Other acquired deformity of head 738.2 Acquired deformity ... Other acquired deformity of back or spine 738.6 Acquired deformity of pelvis 738.7 Cauliflower ear 738.8 Acquired deformity of ... 736.89 Other acquired deformity of other parts of limb Winged scapula 736.9 Acquired deformity, limb, unspec. 737 Curvature of ...
... of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. ... Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the ... moderate flat foot, and greater than 30° severe flat foot. Most flexible flat feet are asymptomatic, and do not cause pain. In ... Flat feet can also develop as an adult ("adult acquired flatfoot") due to injury, illness, unusual or prolonged stress to the ...
Congenital and acquired deformities include adult acquired flatfoot, non-neuromuscular foot deformity, diabetic foot disorders ... Techniques in Foot & Ankle Surgery The Foot & Ankle Journal - the first open access journal for podiatry and foot & ankle ... A patient may also be referred to a foot and ankle surgeon for the surgical care of nail problems and phalangeal deformities ( ... The last 50 years has shown high quality research into the etiology and management of foot and ankle deformities. Several ...
... cavoid foot, high-arched foot, and supinated foot type. Pes cavus is a multiplanar foot deformity characterised by an ... Pes cavus may be hereditary or acquired, and the underlying cause may be neurological, orthopedic, or neuromuscular. Pes cavus ... Arches of the foot Foot type En pointe Foot binding Rocker bottom foot Burns J. Landorf KB. Ryan MM. Crosbie J. Ouvrier RA. ... Foot with pes cavus (and os peroneum). The term pes cavus encompasses a broad spectrum of foot deformities. Three main types of ...
... congenital and acquired) of the hand, these include: Camptodactyly Clinodactyly Mallet finger Fracture Brachydactyly type A3 ( ... Myositis ossificans High-arched foot Genu valgus Congenital heart defect These are the syndromes associated with this ... Other isolated congenital deformities of the hand can occur alongside this deformity; one such instance is the family described ... Kirner's deformity, also known as dystelephangy, is an uncommon genetic hand malformation which is characterized by a radial ...
Ashmole, a collector in his own right, acquired the Tradescant Ark in 1659 and added it to his collection of astrological, ... His specialty was repairing congenital anomalies, cleft lip and palates, and club foot. He also collected medical oddities, ... which put special emphasis on paintings of people with interesting deformities, which remains largely intact as the Chamber of ... He also began to acquire other collections by gift or purchase. Herman Boerhaave gave him four volumes of plants from ...
In 2006, CURE acquired Oasis Hospital in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The hospital was established in 1960 by the American ... "What matters to children with lower limb deformities: an international qualitative study guiding the development of a new ... "Pediatric Foot Infections", Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections: Principles & Practice, Cham: Springer International ... CURE acquired the hospital in 2006. CURE International and True Sojourners entered into an agreement that transitioned the ...
... translated means Foot anthill. The first modern description of Madura foot was made in 1842 from Madurai (the city after which ... Destruction of deeper tissues, and deformity and loss of function in the affected limbs may occur in later stages. It tends to ... Pyrenochaeta mackinonii Pyrenochaeta romeroi Trichophyton rubrum Zopfia rosatii The disease is acquired by entry of the fungal ... The disease is most often observed at an advanced stage that exhibits extensive destruction of all bones of the foot. Rarely, a ...
Bone deformities in Rickets have a reasonable likelihood to correct over time, while this is not the case with Blount's disease ... Children who develop severe bowing before the age of 3 may be treated with knee ankle foot orthoses. However, bracing may fail ... it is today considered an acquired disease of the proximal tibial metaphysis rather than an epiphyseal dysplasia or ... Lower extremity deformities in Rickets can closely mimic those produced by Blount's disease. To differentiate between Rickets ...
... deformity of the hands and feet, and squamous cell carcinoma, among others. Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is most ... In the absence of mutations, however, an autoimmune response against type VII collagen can result in an acquired form of this ...
This includes the management of a wide variety of disorders, injuries, foot deformities, infections and local manifestations of ... Podiatric surgeons acquire comprehensive knowledge of related subjects including pharmacology, regional anaesthetic techniques ... Structural deformities, including bunions, hammertoes, flat feet, high arches, and bone spurs Heel pain Nerve entrapment Joint ... support worker Podiatry technician Podiatry hygienist Foot health professional Podiatric surgical nurse Foot hygienist Foot ...
... deformities, flat feet, heart disease, hernia, hysteria, poor eyesight, poor physical development, spinal curvature, vascular ... This was done by a Congressional amendment that added exclusion based on "'infection with the etiological agent for acquired ... The following chalk markings were used: B=back; C= conjunctivitis; CT= trachoma; E= eyes; F= face; Ft= feet; G= goiter; H= ...
His deformity is an illusion (except for a bifid thumb), achieved by donning a corset to bind and conceal his healthy arms. The ... Circus performer "Alonzo the armless", a Gypsy knife-thrower, appears as a double amputee, casting his knives with his feet. ... The reversion to an animalistic state in Browning's cinema functions as a way of acquiring raw power to be used as a means of ... The films suggest a man of humor and compassion who had a dark and melancholic fascination with physical deformity and with the ...
Daniel, with the lion at his feet, also stands out in the group and it is believed that, due to the perfection of its finish, ... In order to hide his deformity, he wore loose-fitting clothes and large hats that hid his face. He also began to prefer to work ... This entire set of ideas did not exist, at least not with the importance it acquired, during earlier periods, which excelled in ... However, testimonies of the time do not agree on the nature or extent of his deformities. John Bury [pt] says that the version ...
... and foot deformities. Affected individuals develop progressive optic nerve dysfunction starting later in childhood. HSP is ... Sadun, A (1998). "Acquired mitochondrial impairment as a cause of optic nerve disease". Transactions of the American ... Two key features may be helpful in distinguishing acquired from inherited optic neuropathies: absence of a family history and ... Optic neuropathies that are acquired can be the result of several processes. These include prolonged use of certain antibiotics ...
When he was eight years old, Kaline developed osteomyelitis and had two inches of bone removed from his left foot. The surgery ... In 1961, the Tigers acquired Bill Bruton from the Milwaukee Braves to play center field, allowing Kaline to move back to right ... left him with scarring and permanent deformity, but he was an outstanding pitcher in youth baseball. Kaline had learned to ... Kaline experienced pain in his left foot, the one that had been affected by osteomyelitis as a child, throughout the 1964 ...
B. pseudomallei rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used. The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/ ... bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur. Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic ... or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract ... There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis. Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to ...
This is used to bring the heel of the foot into varus deformity, and to prevent depression in the region of the head of the ... Thomas started his own practice at 24 Hardy Street, Liverpool and in 1866 he acquired 11 Nelson Street, Liverpool, enlarging ... The club foot would be rolled between the two shorter cylinders to forcibly correct it. The 'Thomas heel' is part of a shoe for ... "Thomas wrench for club foot". Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 19 November ...
All had serious disabilities, including missing or underdeveloped fingers and deformities of their feet. They alleged that ... 1997 in which Corby Borough Council was extensively negligent in its control and management of the sites which they acquired ... The chief executive gave a statement that if a causal link between the toxins and the limb deformities was ever proven he would ... Gibb, Frances (16 February 2009). "Children seek compensation over Corby steelworks 'deformities'". The Times. London. ...
American football players occasionally acquire this injury, and it most often occurs when the athlete's foot is plantar flexed ... There will be deformity of the midfoot and X-ray abnormalities should be obvious. Further, the nature of the injury will create ... The foot cannot be allowed to bear weight for a minimum of six weeks. Partial weight-bearing may then begin, with full weight ... A Lisfranc injury, also known as Lisfranc fracture, is an injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are ...
Her condition would become progressively worse and crippling over time, with deformities in both her hands and feet, and ... She acquired from her mother, Molly, a concern about social inequalities and a determination to do what she could to prevent ... which was based on data and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton ...
... with a foot drop deformity characteristic of a poliovirus infection. The mummy of Siptah - a ruler during the 19th Dynasty - ... This acquired immunity is only passed down to offspring temporarily, by antibodies in breast milk and other antibodies that ... Mahy BW (2005). "Introduction and history of foot-and-mouth disease virus". Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Current Topics in ... Foot-and-mouth disease is rarely fatal, but the economic losses incurred by outbreaks in sheep and cattle herds can be high. ...
May be acquired from imbalanced trimming methods over time that stimulate more stress on one side of foot. Chronic lameness may ... Bull neck is not considered a deformity. A long neck is one that is more than one third the length of the horse. Long necks are ... Mule Feet Horse has a narrow, oval foot with steep walls Mule feet are fairly common, usually seen in American Quarter Horses, ... A large foot with good cup to sole is ideal foot for any horse. There is less incidence of lameness, and it is associated with ...
Stephen acquired land for the abbey to develop to ensure its survival and ethic, the first land acquisition was Clos Vougeot. ... Here is a four-footed beast with a serpent's tail; there, a fish with a beast's head. Here again the forepart of a horse trails ... that comely deformity? To what purpose are those unclean apes, those fierce lions, those monstrous centaurs, those half-men, ... The Cistercians acquired a reputation in the difficult task of administering the building sites for abbeys and cathedrals. St. ...
Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who actively sought people with deformities to ... A caricaturist draws on (1) the natural characteristics of the subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired ... Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and Caricatura representations. with the footnote: When ...
Lo testimonia 'Il foot-ball e lo scopone', un celebre articolo pubblicato il 16 agosto 1918 sull'Avanti!. ["And you expect us ... By this time he had acquired an extensive knowledge of history and philosophy. At university, he had come into contact with the ... a form of tuberculosis that can cause deformity of the spine. Gramsci was also plagued by various internal disorders throughout ... as his adult height was less than 5 feet, and left him seriously hunchbacked. For decades, it was reported that his condition ...
He had a deformed right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital disorder. It was thicker and shorter than his left foot. ... He was rejected for military service in World War I because of this deformity. Goebbels was educated at a Gymnasium, where he ... The future would be secured by acquiring land, not through expropriation of the estates of the former nobility, but through ...
... is a congenital or acquired defect where one or both feet are rotated inward and downward. Congenital clubfoot is the ... Without appropriate treatment, the foot deformity will persist and lead to pain and impaired ability to walk, which can have a ... Without treatment the foot remains deformed and people walk on the sides or tops of their feet, which can cause calluses, foot ... The affected foot and leg may be smaller than the other, while in about half of cases, clubfoot affects both feet. Most of the ...
A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. Such deformities can include hammer toe, club ... foot, flat feet, pes cavus, etc. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Congenital ...
... hyperkeratotic papules of the skin that develop in response to excess pressure on the bony prominences of the feet and toes. ... Intrinsic factors include foot deformities (eg, hammer toe, bunion) [33] ; abnormal foot mechanics (acquired or hereditary); ... 2] Abnormal foot mechanics, foot deformities, high activity level, and more serious conditions such as peripheral neuropathy ... Deformity of the feet from underlying conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can contribute to clavus formation. [30] ...
The diagnosis code I have is M20.5X2 (Other deformities of toe(s) (acquired), left foot. My billing office sent it back to me ... Excludes1: acquired absence of fingers and toes (Z89.-). congenital absence of fingers and toes (Q71.3-, Q72.3-). congenital ...
F) Equinus deformity of foot, acquired;. (G) Cavovarus deformity, acquired;. (H) Adult acquired flatfoot (metatarsus adductus ... ii) Nonroutine foot care, such as, but not limited to treatment of:. (A) Flat feet;. (B) High arches (cavus foot);. (C) ... n) Foot care, unless the client meets criteria and conditions outlined in WAC 388-531-1300, as follows:. (i) Routine foot care ... "Sexually transmitted infection (STI)" - A disease or infection acquired as a result of sexual contact.. "TAKE CHARGE" - The ...
Casts, Surgical, Leprosy/rehabilitation, Foot Deformities, Acquired/rehabilitation, Foot Orthoses @font-face{font-family: ... Estudo da resistência medicamentosa do bacilo pela inoculação do M. Leprae em coxim plantar de camundongos (Mouse foot-pad test ... Mouse foot-pad test). Detalha etapas desde a coleta de biópsia, análise do material, contagem e cálculos de bacilos encontrados ... Hand Deformities/surgery, Leprosy/rehabilitation, Leprosy/surgery @font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight ...
The leg then develops a flexural deformity from the disuse, and the hoof changes shape as a result. An acquired club foot also ... Club Foot. A club foot is a term that describes a hoof with a foot axis of 60 degrees or more. This condition can be acquired ( ... it results from a congenital flexural deformity "contracture" of the deep digital flexor tendon. An acquired club foot often is ... Again, like toeing-in, an angular limb deformity such as a valgus (turned outward) deformity, can exacerbate the problem. The ...
... of a paediatric podiatrist should be acquired routinely to allow for timely detection and management of foot deformities. ... The effect of foot orthoses on standing foot posture and gait of young children with Down syndrome. NeuroRehabilitation 2001;16 ... The foot and DS. Pes planus (figure 2A) is common and was almost universal in our cohort (91%). Young people with pes planus ... Podiatric interventions and good footwear will help to encourage a more normal foot posture, in turn improving posture and ...
... who specialises in foot conditions at The Private Clinic, shares everything you need to know about bunions ... A congenital bunion is often a result of deformities from birth or inherited foot type. An acquired bunion is often a result of ... With your feet flat on the floor, point your toes as far as you can and then curl them back underneath the foot as far as they ... Then, while seated, roll a ball under the length of your foot for two or three minutes. If your foot isnt properly aligned or ...
Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity, Ankle and Foot Arthritis, Ankle… ... Sharkey, a Wisconsin native, came to North Austin Foot & Ankle Institute after working in the Chicago suburbs for five years. ... From Business: Podiatric Foot and Ankle Surgeon specializing in Achilles Tendonitis Rupture and Heel Pain, ...
"Deltoid-Spring Ligament Reconstruction in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity With Medial Peritalar Instability." Foot & Ankle ...
Foot surgery Orthopaedic surgery Sports injury Special clinical interests: All aspects of foot and ankle surgery - Deformity ... Acquired flat foot, Peroneal disorders. Sports injuries of the foot and ankle. Arthroscopic ankle surgery including ankle ... I specialise in foot and ankle problems, including bunions/hallux valgus, big toe arthritis, complex deformity corrections, ... These include fusion (arthrodesis) of foot and ankle joints, tendon and ligament repairs and reconstructions, deformity ...
The incidence of acquired flexural deformity and unilateral club foot (uneven feet) in thoroughbred foals (Non- ... Foot Growth.. 153. 1977. Stern, P.J.. Problems I have found in horses feet and methods of shoeing. ... Hoof Wall Thickness in Equine Feet: The Relevance to Foot Function.. 201. ... Hind Foot Geometry and Proportion.. 198. BALCHIN, P.. The Golden Ratio In Relation to Hoof Capsular ...
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction or adult acquired flat foot or progressive collapsing foot deformity?. 3rd July 2021 by ... Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction or adult acquired flat foot or progressive collapsing foot deformity? ... This terminology of progressive collapsing foot deformity is the name that seems to be being used more frequently in the most ... There is no doubt that there are some feet when the foot is up in the air that there is a full range of motion available at the ...
Deformity 738.9. *. foot (acquired) 736.70. *. cavovarus 736.75. *. congenital 754.59. *. congenital NEC 754.70. *. specified ... Home > 2013 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Congenital Anomalies 740-759 > Certain congenital musculoskeletal deformities 754- ...
A 45-year-old man with obesity presents with bilateral painful feet. The pain is specifically located on the inside ankle. What ... Radiographs of the feet are taken (Figures 1 and 2).. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity is a relatively common condition seen ... Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity is a relatively common condition seen by clinicians.1 In this case, the patient has started ... Adult acquired flatfoot deformity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022;30(1):e6-e16. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00008 ...
Claw foot is a deformity of the foot. The joint of the toe that is closest to the ankle is bent upward, and the other joints ... Claw foot is a deformity of the foot. The joint of the toe that is closest to the ankle is bent upward, and the other joints ... Claw foot is a deformity of the foot. The joint of the toe that is closest to the ankle is bent upward, and the other joints ... acquired). Claw toes may be caused by a nerve problem in the legs or a spinal cord problem or signs of arthritis. The cause is ...
... flexural and rotational deformities. Agreement between observers who graded the foals conformation was generally good, and a ... and flexural deformities (primarily club feet) were the most common acquired condition between birth and 6 months of age. ... Angular limb deformities were the most common abnormality during the first month (64% of all observed limb deviations) ... The authors concluded that moderate angular limb deformities may almost be considered normal physiological variations rather ...
... as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been ... Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and frequently resulting in irreversible deformities and ...
Acquired adult flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a progressive flattening of the arch of the foot that occurs as the posterior ... As the tendon progressively fails, deformity of the foot and ankle may occur. This deformity can include progressive flattening ... the foot and maintain the arch of the foot. This tendon plays a central role in maintaining the normal alignment of the foot ... Foot & Ankle. Orthopedic Surgeon. ​. Visit us at Carilion Clinic Foot & Ankle Click Here. ...
Adult Acquired Flat Foot Deformity. *Arthritis. *Bunions. *Cartilage Damage. *Fractures & Dislocaitons. Education & Training ... He is a member of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, and ...
The implants are used to treat bunions, hammertoes and other foot and ankle deformities, as well as hand and wrist deformities ... Actively involved in SBIR when the firm was much younger, in May 2016, Biomedical Enterprises was acquired DePuy Orthopaedics, ... providing a more complete solution for foot and ankle and hand and wrist specialists. BME was among the first U.S. ...
The useful aim is to correct the cavus deformity and to acquire a cellular, plantigrade, and well-balanced foot while avoiding ... Cavus foot deformity includes either a dorsiflexion deformity of the calcaneus or a forefoot plantarflexion deformity erectile ... Staged procedures, correcting deformity first and balancing muscle tissue at a later stage, could also be safer for the foot. ... The clinician locates the apex of the midfoot deformity and determines whether or not the foot is rigid or versatile. If ...
Foot Deformities, Acquired. Tendon Transfer. Osteotomy. Metatarsal Bones. Ankle Injuries. Bone Plates. Foot Injuries. Fracture ...
Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity (Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity): Clinical and Radiographic Diagnosis. Core ...
In patients with posterior tendon dysfunction and an associated flatfoot deformity (acquired adult flatfoot deformity) , it may ... acquired adult flatfoot deformity; accessory navicular Skills. Identify the surface anatomy of the tendons themselves, as well ... to address the associated foot deformity. Removing an accessory navicular and reattaching the tendon (Kidner procedure) may be ... Figure 6: The unopposed pull of the peroneus longus causes the classic deformity of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, namely, marked ...
Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a painful, progressive condition that occurs when the soft tissues of the foot are ... Foot deformities. Treating foot deformities, such as bunions, hammertoes, high arches or flatfeet, eliminates the high risk ... The foot muscles can return to their original position, so the foot will have to be monitored by a foot specialist. When ... to correct foot and ankle deformitiesOur foot and ankle doctors utilize diagnostic and treatment innovations to manage foot ...
Foot Deformities [C05.330]. *Foot Deformities, Acquired [C05.330.488]. *Hallux Rigidus [C05.330.488.310] ...
Foot and ankle deformity correction is the repair of the abnormality by restoring the normal alignment of the bones in the foot ... Acquired (due to injuries, neuro issues, muscular imbalances, infections, etc.). Foot and Ankle deformity correction is the ... What is Foot & Ankle Deformity Correction?. Foot and ankle deformity is the structural abnormality caused by misalignment of ... Indications for Foot & Ankle Deformity Correction. Notable indications for foot and ankle deformity correction can be:. * ...
Acquired (due to injuries, neuro issues, muscular imbalances, infections, etc.). Foot and Ankle deformity correction is the ... What is Foot & Ankle Deformity Correction?. Foot and ankle deformity is the structural abnormality caused by misalignment of ... Indications for Foot & Ankle Deformity Correction. Notable indications for foot and ankle deformity correction can be:. * ... Foot & Ankle Deformity Correction. Dr Rami Basatneh, D.P.M., Podiatrist/Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Mesquite, Sunnyvale, Forney, TX ...
Arthrodesis;BoneScrews;CerebralPalsy;Child;Female;FootDeformities,Acquired;FractureFixation,Internal;Humans;Male; ... subtalar extra-articular arthrodesis in the treatment of paralytic pes planovalgus and its value in the alignment of the foot. ...
  • Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity is a relatively common condition seen by clinicians.1 In this case, the patient has started to develop posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) as noted by the collapse of his medial arches and planovalgus deformity. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity is a relatively common condition seen by clinicians. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Acquired adult flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a progressive flattening of the arch of the foot that occurs as the posterior tibial tendon becomes insufficient. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired adult flatfoot deformity. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Sliding Calcaneus Osteotomy is an established procedure for treatment of an acquired adult flatfoot, to correct hindfoot valgus in case of deltoid ligament insufficiency, cavovarus foot deformity, osteochondral defects, and treatment of unicompartimental osteoarthritis. (ankleplatform.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is one of several terms to describe a painful, progressive flatfoot deformity in adults. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Other terms include posterior tibial tendon insufficiency and adult acquired flatfoot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The term adult acquired flatfoot is more appropriate because it allows a broader recognition of causative factors, not only limited to the posterior tibial tendon, an event where the posterior tibial tendon looses strength and function. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The adult acquired flatfoot is a progressive, symptomatic (painful) deformity resulting from gradual stretch (attenuation) of the tibialis posterior tendon as well as the ligaments that support the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • In the adult acquired flatfoot, pain occurs because soft tissues (tendons and ligaments) have been torn. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The painful, progressive adult acquired flatfoot affects women four times as frequently as men. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The adult acquired flatfoot, secondary to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, is diagnosed in a number of ways with no single test proven to be totally reliable. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • X-rays can be helpful but are not diagnostic of the adult acquired flatfoot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Both feet - the symptomatic and asymptomatic - will demonstrate a flatfoot deformity on x-ray. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • A rigid flatfoot deformity cannot be corrected passively beyond neutral, which is a distinguishable feature from a flexible deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Flatfoot, also known as "fallen arches" or Pes planus, is a deformity of the feet in which the arch that runs lengthwise along the sole of the foot collapses to the ground or is not formed at all. (greisbergmd.com)
  • Progressive pes planus (flatfoot) deformity in adults is a common entity that is encountered by orthopedic surgeons. (medscape.com)
  • The failure of one anatomic entity alone is unlikely to explain the clinical presentation of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD). (medscape.com)
  • Photographs from patient with adult-acquired flatfoot deformity show typical features of condition, demonstrated by abducted forefoot and valgus hindfoot. (medscape.com)
  • For information on related topics, see Acquired Flatfoot, Pes Cavus, and Pes Anserine Bursitis. (medscape.com)
  • Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) has received increased attention in the medical literature. (medscape.com)
  • however, the original description of using tendon transfer for the treatment of progressive flatfoot deformity is attributed to Goldner in 1974. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical presentation and progression and severity of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) can be extremely variable, although common presenting symptoms include a visible pes planus deformity, inability or pain upon attempts to perform a single-leg heel rise, pain along the course of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) and difficulty walking. (medscape.com)
  • I specialise in foot and ankle problems, including bunions/hallux valgus, big toe arthritis, complex deformity corrections, arthritis surgery, fusion (arthrodesis) and joint replacement - predominantly big toe joint and ankle replacement. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • The implants are used to treat bunions, hammertoes and other foot and ankle deformities, as well as hand and wrist deformities. (inknowvation.com)
  • Although an improper fit may contribute to the worsening of foot deformities such as bunions and hammer toes, which could be genetically acquired deformities. (roxburyfac.com)
  • Rheumatoid factor testing for deformities consistent with rheumatoid arthritis may be indicated. (medscape.com)
  • This problem may progress from early stages with pain along the posterior tibial tendon to advanced deformity and arthritis throughout the hindfoot and ankle. (doctorputnam.com)
  • This deformity can include progressive flattening of the arch, shifting of the heel so that it no longer is aligned underneath the rest of the leg, rotation and deformity of the forefoot, tightening of the heel cord, development of arthritis, and deformity of the ankle joint. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Treatment depends very much upon a patient's symptoms, functional goals, degree and specifics of deformity, and the presence of arthritis. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Later stage disease with either a rigidly fixed deformity or with arthritis is often treated with fusion procedures. (doctorputnam.com)
  • X-rays of the feet are not needed to diagnose hammertoe, but they may be useful to look for signs of some types of arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis) or other disorders that can cause hammertoe. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • It is also more common in those with arthritis in the foot or diabetes. (weebly.com)
  • Eventually, patients with adult acquired flat usual in infants, common in children and foot may develop severe arthritis in the foot uncommon in adults [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • acquired absence of fingers and toes ( Z89 . (aapc.com)
  • congenital absence of fingers and toes ( Q71.3 -, Q72.3 -) congenital deformities and malformations of fingers and toes ( Q66 . (aapc.com)
  • With your feet flat on the floor, point your toes as far as you can and then curl them back underneath the foot as far as they will go. (readersdigest.co.uk)
  • It is probably better to use the components of the Foot Posture index to put a number on the amount of forefoot abduction rather than just say too many toes. (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • Do you have any abnormal feelings or loss of feeling in your toes or feet? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reasons why you should opt for surgery are debilitating pain, chronic inflammation and swelling, deformity of the toes, stiffness of the toes, constant pain. (aksis.hr)
  • Digitus flexus is a common deformity that affects the second to fifth toes and causes pain when walking. (aksis.hr)
  • Hammertoe is a condition in which the toes of your feet become contracted into an upside-down "V" shape, causing pain, pressure and, often, corns and calluses. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • Most health care professionals can diagnose hammertoe simply by examining your toes and feet. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • And lastly, claw toes are a deformity where the entire toe grabs and involves the MPJ (metatarsal phalangeal joint) PIPJ and DIPJ. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • Collectively, these deformities are referred to as hammer toes. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • The deformity comes as a result of the shortening of muscles inside the toes because the toes become used to being in a bent position, prompting the muscles to fail to extend any further and become tightened and curbed. (weebly.com)
  • All four toe conditions may cause cramps in the toes, foot and leg due to the abnormal function of the tendons in the foot. (weebly.com)
  • The patient is then instructed to "raise up on the tip toes" of the affected foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • People born with club feet, flat feet, in-toeing (sometimes known as pigeon toes), and other abnormalities. (texasfootclinic.com)
  • If pain is associated with the condition, or if the arch does not form on standing on the toes, then X-rays are ordered to assess the severity of the deformity. (greisbergmd.com)
  • People who have fungal toenail infections often have a fungal skin infection on the foot, especially between the toes (commonly called athlete's foot , ringworm on the foot, or tinea pedis). (cdc.gov)
  • Radiographs of foot in patient with pes planus. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Moore has is particularly interested in the management of traumatic injuries and complex deformity involving the foot and ankle. (cuyunamed.org)
  • Angular limb deformities were the most common abnormality during the first month (64% of all observed limb deviations) and flexural deformities (primarily club feet) were the most common acquired condition between birth and 6 months of age. (americanfarriers.com)
  • The authors concluded that moderate angular limb deformities may almost be considered normal physiological variations rather than a disease in young horses. (americanfarriers.com)
  • A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even congenital or acquired deformities of the feet can provoke the development of mycosis. (stop-fungus-meds.com)
  • Hallux valgus is one of the most common foot deformities. (aksis.hr)
  • The diagnosis code I have is M20.5X2 (Other deformities of toe(s) (acquired), left foot. (aapc.com)
  • The location of pain, shape of the foot, flexibility of the hindfoot joints and gait all may help your physician make the diagnosis and also assess how advanced the problem is. (doctorputnam.com)
  • From athlete's foot to reconstructive surgery, you can trust the Kayal team to provide an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for the full spectrum of ailments that can affect the intricate and complex structures of the foot bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerve endings. (kayalortho.com)
  • The diagnosis was "a serious pronated flat foot transverse to the left" causing pain radiating up to the thigh and hip and causing recurrent falls with serious injury. (doctorsmedicalopinion.com)
  • Disior's anatomy-specific surgical modules will provide foot and ankle surgeons the objective data needed for the diagnosis and creation of patient-specific surgical plans, and assessment of patient outcomes. (disior.com)
  • The most accurate diagnosis is made by a skilled clinician utilizing observation and hands on evaluation of the foot and ankle. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • On exam of a rigid deformity forefoot pronation cannot be corrected passively with the heel in valgus. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Patients with rigid hindfoot valgus and forefoot abduction deformities require a fusion procedure, most commonly a triple arthrodesis. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot) and Other Foot Abnormalities Talipes equinovarus, sometimes called clubfoot, is characterized by plantar flexion, inward tilting of the heel (from the midline of the leg), and adduction of the forefoot (medial deviation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1 In this case, the patient has started to develop posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) as noted by the collapse of his medial arches and planovalgus deformity. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction occurs more commonly in patients who already have a flat foot for other reasons. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, a flat foot deformity, and a flexible hindfoot are candidates for tendon transfers, including posterior tibial tendon debridement and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon transfer or FDL tendon transfer to the navicular, spring ligament repair, calcaneal osteotomy, and Achilles lengthening. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • This tendon plays a central role in maintaining the normal alignment of the foot and also in enabling normal gait (walking). (doctorputnam.com)
  • Contraction of the tibialis posterior locks the joints of the midfoot during gait progression to create a rigid lever in the foot. (orthopaedia.com)
  • The most prevalent issues that children experience are gait disturbances, foot deformities and hip dysplasia. (gleneagles.com.my)
  • Conformational abnormalities were graded from mild to severe, and conditions recorded included angular, flexural and rotational deformities. (americanfarriers.com)
  • Digitus varus is a deformity of the little toe, which is why we usually use the full Latin name digitus quintus varus . (aksis.hr)
  • Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). (edu.au)
  • Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis) Athlete's foot is a dermatophyte (fungal) infection of the skin of the feet. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It actively inverts the foot and also plantar flexes the ankle, but its primary role is to support the medial arch of the foot. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Tibialis Posterior tendonitis presents as medial ankle and arch pain, worsened with prolonged standing and often in conjunction with a flat foot and prominent navicular bone on the medial aspect of the foot. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Plantar fasciitis, better known as heel pain or heel spur, is an overstrain syndrome that manifests itself as severe pain in the area of the lower part of the heel bone and/or along the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. (aksis.hr)
  • [ 10 ] A widely accepted classification system, proposed by Johnson in 1989 and modified by Myerson in 1997, clarified treatment recommendations on the basis of the severity of the PTT dysfunction and the adaptation of the foot to collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. (medscape.com)
  • Flat foot is a condition in which the foot about every aspect of the condition, from does not have a normal medial longitudi- etiology to treatment, as has flexible flat nal arch when standing [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • We specialize in the treatment of the sports injuries, arthritic disorders of the foot and ankle, reconstructive surgery and the diabetic limb. (texasfootclinic.com)
  • Sports or accidental injuries of the feet and ankles, particularly to the soft tissues, tendons, and bones. (texasfootclinic.com)
  • Overview of Nail Disorders Many disorders can affect the nails, including deformity and dystrophy, injuries, infections, and ingrown toenails. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over the past few decades, interest in the biomechanics and anatomic contributions to this deformity has led to greater insight into its etiology. (medscape.com)
  • Foot and ankle deformity is the structural abnormality caused by misalignment of the bones of the foot and ankle. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
  • Foot and Ankle deformity correction is the repair of the abnormality by restoring the normal alignment of the bones in the foot & ankle, surgically or non-surgically. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
  • In the early days of the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camps we spent a lot of time on the supination resistance test and the concept of supination resistance , as the concept was so new to so many, but as time went by less time was spent on it as the test has become so widely used and quite pervasive when it comes to prescribing foot orthotics. (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • This can cause abnormal foot biomechanics due to nerve and/or muscle damage. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • The usual cause is misalignment of the joint surfaces due to a genetic predisposition toward aberrant foot biomechanics and tendon contractures. (weebly.com)
  • Pizzano specializes in foot surgery, foot and ankle biomechanics, and diabetic foot care. (roxburyfac.com)
  • Careful observation may show a greater severity of deformity on the affected side. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • This "weakness" can lead to a range of symptoms from functional hallux limitus (and its compensations), increased risk for ankle sprains, lateral foot pain and maybe Achilles tendon pain. (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • In diagnosing an Achilles tendon rupture, a foot and ankle surgeon will ask questions about how and when the injury occurred, and whether the patient has previously injured the tendon or experienced similar symptoms. (kayalortho.com)
  • A tight Achilles tendon can develop and worsen the deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Others may experience foot pain, knee pain, (abducted), and the heel is rolled outward shin splints and pain in the achilles tendon. (who.int)
  • As the arch flattens, more stress is placed on the posterior tibial tendon and also on the ligaments on the inside of the foot and ankle. (doctorputnam.com)
  • In addition to tendons running across the ankle and foot joints, a number of ligaments span and stabilize these joints. (doctorputnam.com)
  • The bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons of your feet normally are well-balanced to distribute your body's weight while standing, walking and running. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • The deformity progresses or worsens because once the vital ligaments and posterior tibial tendon are lost, nothing can take their place to hold up the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • They or more severe factors such as rupture of were given a brief general medical exami- the ligaments or tendons in the foot [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • I had been well aware of the issue of Haglund's deformity and that it was a problem in the rigid ice skate and had treated a number over the years (and I grew up going ice skating a lot! (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • Stage III:The foot progresses to a rigid, non-movable flat foot deformity that is painful, primarily on the outside of the ankle. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Physical examination reveals a rigid flat foot deformity with tenderness along the posterior tibial tendon and pain with subtalar motion. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • Treatment largely depends on whether the flat foot deformity is rigid or flexible. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • [ 8 ] Radiographs of the feet in a weight-bearing position are useful for identifying bony prominences and the presence of underlying pathology contributing to foot pain. (medscape.com)
  • Patients often experience pain and/or deformity at the ankle or hindfoot. (doctorputnam.com)
  • You should consult a doctor if you notice any changes in your feet or feel pain in that area. (aksis.hr)
  • Plantar fasciitis (heel spur) - inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thin band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, causing pain in the heel and foot. (aksis.hr)
  • Due to this deviation, the inner part of the foot becomes more susceptible to constant mechanical irritation, which causes the formation of new bone and local inflammation, which is the main cause of pain in such a deformed foot. (aksis.hr)
  • The goal of the operation is to stop the pain and correct the deformity as much as possible. (aksis.hr)
  • A change occurs in one foot where the arch begins to flatten more than before, with pain and swelling developing on the inside of the ankle. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • We look forward to helping you get back to a lifestyle free of foot pain. (texasfootclinic.com)
  • A 61-year-old man presents to the office with chronic left foot pain. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
  • As it turns out incorrectly fitted footwear is the leading factor responsible for foot pain. (roxburyfac.com)
  • In 7 out of 8 scientific shoe fit studies there was a strong association between incorrectly fitted footwear and foot pain. (roxburyfac.com)
  • For most people this means suffering from occasional foot pain but for the diabetic population this can lead to foot ulcerations and infections. (roxburyfac.com)
  • If your foot isn't properly aligned or you have fallen arches , you can wear over-the-counter shoe insoles, or custom-made shoe or heel inserts a doctor prescribes. (readersdigest.co.uk)
  • Therefore, rupture or even stretching of this tendon can lead to flat feet. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Most flat feet are not painful, particularly those flat feet seen in children. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Most people who develop the condition already have flat feet. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • A person with flat feet has greater load placed on the posterior tibial tendon which is the main tendon unit supporting up the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • A 50-year-old female presented with bilateral flat feet for 20 years. (curvebeamai.com)
  • Flat foot is a common condition that can run in families. (greisbergmd.com)
  • In this condition, two or more bones of the foot join abnormally causing stiff and painful flat feet. (greisbergmd.com)
  • flat feet). (msdmanuals.com)
  • ABSTRACT This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for flat foot among 18-21-year-old male Saudi Arabian army recruits. (who.int)
  • A case-control logistic regression analysis of risk factors (104 cases and 412 controls) showed family history, wearing shoes during childhood, obesity and urban residence were significantly associated with flat foot. (who.int)
  • No associated complaints were reported among the cases and thus flexible flat foot does not seem to be a cause of any disability. (who.int)
  • This has resulted in part because there world, flat foot is associated with pronated is no long-term study of the natural history foot. (who.int)
  • The term "pronated" describes the po- of the untreated flexible flat foot [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • Some sition of the foot when it is flexed upward people have no problems with flat foot. (who.int)
  • The aim of this work was to determine foot, which can be separated into 2 main the prevalence of flat foot among male categories [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • Saudi Arabian army recruits and to identify genital flat foot, includes the completely the risk factors for flat foot in this group. (who.int)
  • asymptomatic, paediatric flexible flat foot, by far the most common form of congenital flat foot. (who.int)
  • Flat foot can lead to many unpleasant during childhood. (who.int)
  • Most cases of flat foot was made of the lower limbs by trained are caused by loose joint connections. (who.int)
  • This orthopaedic surgeons to record whether the develops with repetitive stress on the main participant had flat foot or not, and whether supporting tendon of the arch over a long the flat foot was unilateral or bilateral and period of time [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • The procedure, known as an osteotomy, is performed under general or regional (affecting only the leg or foot) anaesthesia. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
  • We practice a minimally invasive approach to your foot or ankle problem with surgery as the last option. (texasfootclinic.com)
  • Consider the deviations of the orthopedic structure of your foot when choosing shoes that are comfortable for you. (stop-fungus-meds.com)
  • The key point in talking about this case was that it was the right foot that was the painful one and the left one with that severe "overpronation" was not the problem one. (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • If the deformity is severe, surgery is recommended. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
  • In severe cases a mallet toe, trigger toe, claw toe or a hammer toe may create a downward pressure on the foot, which can result in hard skin and corns on the soles of the feet. (weebly.com)
  • In severe cases of hammertoe deformity a pin may be required to hold the toe in place and the surgeon may elect to fuse the bones in the toe. (weebly.com)
  • The Bauer Bump is a haglund's deformity that becomes painful in ice skates and Bauer are one of the most well known brands of ice skate, hence the term Bauer Bump . (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • A 45-year-old man with obesity presents with bilateral painful feet. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • The posterior tibial tendon serves to invert (roll inward) the foot and maintain the arch of the foot. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Your surgeon may advise on the use of custom-made orthotic devices that are worn inside shoes to support the arch of the foot. (greisbergmd.com)
  • And it's this nerve damage that underlies the gross pathology and deformity that we sometimes associate with leprosy. (cdc.gov)
  • There are a variety of conditions that involve the foot and ankle that require an orthopedic approach. (jerseyshorefootandlegcenter.com)
  • and his Fellowship in foot and ankle deformity correction at The Paley Orthopedic and Spine Institute in West Palm Beach, Fla. (cuyunamed.org)
  • The physical exam will most likely include extra attention to the feet and hands. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Procedures may include ligament and muscle lengthening, removal of the inflamed tendon lining, tendon transfers, cutting and realigning bones, placement of implants to realign the foot and joint fusions. (doctorputnam.com)
  • Other Medscape articles on ichthyosis include Hereditary and Acquired Ichthyosis Vulgaris , Lamellar Ichthyosis , X-Linked Ichthyosis , and Ichthyosis (ophthalmology focus). (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of tinea pedis include a build up of scale on the feet and sometimes redness and itching. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of foot deformities depends on the type of deformity and its cause. (aksis.hr)
  • Foot problems in diabetes People with diabetes mellitus have many serious long-term complications that affect many areas of the body, particularly the blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)