The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.
Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.
The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
The consumption of edible substances.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value of these possessions. Epidemiological studies suggest that hoarding occurs in 2-5% of the population and can lead to substantial distress and disability, as well as serious public health consequences.
The withholding of water in a structured experimental situation.
The selection of one food over another.
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Abstaining from all food.
A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.
The production and movement of food items from point of origin to use or consumption.
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
The family Phocidae, suborder PINNIPEDIA, order CARNIVORA, comprising the true seals. They lack external ears and are unable to use their hind flippers to walk. It includes over 18 species including the harp seal, probably the best known seal species in the world.
The absence of appropriate stimuli in the physical or social environment which are necessary for the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the individual.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, NUTRITIONAL VALUE, directions, warnings, and other relevant information.
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)
A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Acquired or learned food preferences.
Natural recurring desire for food. Alterations may be induced by APPETITE DEPRESSANTS or APPETITE STIMULANTS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The industry concerned with processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages.
Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
The absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. Language acquisition and language use are commonly used in assessing this concept.
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The strengthening of a conditioned response.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.
A non-medical term defined by the lay public as a food that has little or no preservatives, which has not undergone major processing, enrichment or refinement and which may be grown without pesticides. (from Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
Activities involved in ensuring the safety of FOOD including avoidance of bacterial and other contamination.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Prepared food that is ready to eat or partially prepared food that has a final preparation time of a few minutes or less.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.
FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Food derived from genetically modified organisms (ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED).
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of FOOD. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. PLANTS, which convert SOLAR ENERGY to food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.
The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.
Functions, equipment, and facilities concerned with the preparation and distribution of ready-to-eat food.
The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
Glucose in blood.
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.
Sexual activities of animals.
City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
Laws and regulations concerned with industrial processing and marketing of foods.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Food that has been prepared and stored in a way to prevent spoilage.

Modulation of estrogen action in the rat pituitary and mammary glands by dietary energy consumption. (1/1450)

We are investigating the mechanisms through which estrogens induce development of prolactin (PRL)-producing pituitary tumors and mammary carcinomas in rats and how these mechanisms are affected by dietary energy consumption. The hypothesis under examination is that dietary energy restriction inhibits tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive tissues by altering cellular responsiveness to estrogenic hormones. In the Fischer 344 (F344) rat strain, a 40% restriction of energy consumption virtually abolishes development of estrogen-induced pituitary tumors. Inhibition of pituitary tumorigenesis in the F344 strain by energy restriction results from modulation of estrogen regulation of cell survival, not cell proliferation. In contrast, energy restriction has no inhibitory effect on estrogen-induced pituitary tumor development in the ACI rat strain. However, energy restriction markedly inhibits induction of mammary carcinomas in female ACI rats treated with 17beta-estradiol. Data presented herein indicate that dietary energy restriction modulates the responsiveness of specific cell populations to estrogenic hormones and thereby inhibits estrogen-induced tumorigenesis in a manner specific to both rat strain and tissue.  (+info)

Lateral hypothalamic NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and/or NR2B mediate eating: immunochemical/behavioral evidence. (2/1450)

Cells within the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) are important in eating control. Glutamate or its analogs, kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), elicit intense eating when microinjected there, and, conversely, LHA-administered NMDA receptor antagonists suppress deprivation- and NMDA-elicited eating. The subunit composition of LHA NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) mediating feeding, however, has not yet been determined. Identifying this is important, because distinct second messengers/modulators may be activated by NMDA-Rs with differing compositions. To begin to address this, we detected LHA NR2A and NR2B subunits by immunoblotting and NR2B subunits by immunohistochemistry using subunit-specific antibodies. To help determine whether NMDA-Rs mediating feeding might contain these subunits, we conducted behavioral studies using LHA-administered ifenprodil, an antagonist selective for NR2A- and/or NR2B-containing NMDA-Rs at the doses we used (0.001-100 nmol). Ifenprodil maximally suppressed NMDA- and deprivation-elicited feeding by 63 and 39%, respectively, but failed to suppress KA-elicited eating, suggesting its actions were behaviorally specific. Collectively, these results suggest that LHA NMDA-Rs, some of which contribute to feeding control, are composed of NR2A and/or NR2B subunits, and implicate NR2A- and/or NR2B-linked signal transduction in feeding behavior.  (+info)

Effect of long-term food restriction on pituitary sensitivity to cLHRH-I in broiler breeder females. (3/1450)

The effect of long-term food restriction on the sensitivity of the pituitary to exogenously administered chicken luteinizing hormone releasing hormone I (cLHRH-I) was investigated in three groups of broiler breeder females fed ad libitum, fed a restricted quantity of food or fed a restricted quantity of food to obtain an intermediate body weight between those of the first two groups. At 16 weeks of age, basal FSH release was higher in ad libitum fed birds, culminating in ovarian development and subsequent oestradiol production by the small follicles. At this age, LH secretion was independent of ovarian feedback factors. In all groups, cLHRH-I was most active in releasing LH in intact and ovariectomized animals and, to a lesser extent, in releasing FSH in ovariectomized birds. At 39 weeks of age, basal FSH concentrations were similar among intact animals of all groups, whereas LH concentrations differed among groups, with higher values in the restricted birds. This food effect was enhanced in ovariectomized birds. Furthermore, the high response to cLHRH-I in the ovariectomized, restricted birds compared with the ad libitum, ovariectomized group suggests an improved sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In conclusion, birds fed ad libitum showed the highest responsiveness to ovarian factors and to cLHRH-I in releasing FSH in the period before sexual maturity. No effect of amount of feeding could be observed for LH. However, during the egg laying period, LH release by cLHRH-I was highly dependent on amount of feeding and on ovarian feedback regulation. This finding indicates that the amount of feeding can modify the sensitivity of the pituitary to cLHRH-I, and possibly to gonadal hormones, during the laying period.  (+info)

Expression of T lymphocyte p56(lck), a zinc-finger signal transduction protein, is elevated by dietary zinc deficiency and diet restriction in mice. (4/1450)

Compromised immune function is common to Zn deficiency, protein and energy malnutrition; however, the causative mechanisms at the molecular level have not been elucidated. The T lymphocyte signal transduction pathway contains several Zn-finger proteins, and it is possible that the in vivo functioning of these proteins could be affected by dietary deficiency of Zn and amino acids. Thus, the objective was to investigate the effects, on expression of the T lymphocyte signal transduction proteins p56(lck), phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) and protein kinase C (PKCalpha), of dietary Zn deficiency (ZnDF, < 1 mg Zn/kg diet) and protein-energy malnutrition syndromes [2% protein deficiency (LP), combined Zn and 2% protein deficiency (ZnDF+LP), and diet restriction (DR, body weight equal to ZnDF)] compared with control (C) mice. Indices of nutritional status and splenocyte counts were also determined. Based on serum albumin and liver lipid concentrations, the ZnDF+LP and LP groups had protein-type malnutrition, whereas the ZnDF and DR groups had energy-type malnutrition. For Western immunoblotting of the signal transduction proteins, mouse splenic T lymphocytes were isolated by immunocolumns. The expression of T lymphocyte p56(lck) was significantly elevated in the ZnDF+LP, ZnDF and DR groups compared to the C group. In contrast, the expression of PLCgamma1 and PKC was unaffected. There was a significant negative correlation between T lymphocyte p56(lck) expression and serum Zn (r= -0.65, P = 0.0007) or femur Zn (r = -0.73, P = 0.0001) concentrations. We propose that elevated T lymphocyte p56(lck) may contribute to altered thymoctye maturation, apoptosis and lymphopenia in Zn deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition syndromes.  (+info)

Interaction between genetic and dietary factors determines beta-cell function in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. (5/1450)

The gerbil Psammomys obesus develops nutrition-dependent diabetes. We studied the interaction between diet and diabetic predisposition for beta-cell function. A 4-day high-energy (HE) diet induced a 3-, 4-, and 1.5-fold increase in serum glucose, insulin, and triglycerides, respectively, in diabetes-prone (DP) but not diabetes-resistant (DR) P. obesus. Hyperglycemia and concurrent 90% depletion of islet immunoreactive insulin stores were partially corrected by an 18-h fast. In vitro early insulin response to glucose was blunted in both DR and DP perifused islets. The HE diet augmented early and late insulin response in DR islets, whereas in DP islets, secretion progressively declined. Dose-response studies showed a species-related increase in islet glucose sensitivity, further augmented in DP P. obesus by a HE diet, concomitant with a decreased threshold for glucose and a 55% reduction in maximal response. These changes were associated with a fourfold increase in glucose phosphorylation capacity in DP islets. There were no differences in islet glucokinase (GK) and hexokinase (HK) Km; however, GK Vmax was 3.7- to 4.6-fold higher in DP islets, and HK Vmax was augmented 3.7-fold by the HE diet in DP islets. We conclude that the insulin-resistant P. obesus has an inherent deficiency in insulin release. In the genetically predisposed P. obesus (DP), augmented islet glucose phosphorylation ability and diet-induced reduction of the glucose threshold for secretion may lead to inadequate insulin secretion and depletion of insulin stores in the presence of caloric abundance. Thus, genetic predisposition and beta-cell maladaptation to nutritional load seem to determine together the progression to overt diabetes in this species. It is hypothesized that similar events may occur in obese type 2 diabetic patients.  (+info)

Phosphate depletion in the rat: effect of bisphosphonates and the calcemic response to PTH. (6/1450)

BACKGROUND: The removal of phosphate from the diet of the growing rat rapidly produces hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and hypophosphaturia. Increased calcium efflux from bone has been shown to be the important cause of the hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. It has been proposed that the increased calcium efflux from bone is osteoclast mediated. Because bisphosphonates have been shown to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, this study was performed to determine whether bisphosphonate-induced inhibition of osteoclast function changed the biochemical and bone effects induced by phosphate depletion. METHODS: Four groups of pair-fed rats were studied: (a) low-phosphate diet (LPD; phosphate less than 0.05%), (b) LPD plus the administration of the bisphosphonate Pamidronate (APD; LPD + APD), (c) normal diet (ND, 0.6% phosphate), and (d) ND + APD. All diets contained 0.6% calcium. A high dose of APD was administered subcutaneously (0.8 mg/kg) two days before the start of the study diet and on days 2, 6, and 9 during the 11 days of the study diet. On day 10, a 24-hour urine was collected, and on day 11, rats were either sacrificed or received an additional APD dose before a 48-hour parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion (0.066 microgram/100 g/hr) via a subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pump. RESULTS: Serum and urinary calcium were greater in the LPD and LPD + APD groups than in the ND and ND + APD groups [serum, 11.12 +/- 0.34 and 11.57 +/- 0.45 vs. 9.49 +/- 0.17 and 9.48 +/- 0.15 mg/dl (mean +/- SE), P < 0.05; and urine, 8.78 +/- 2.74 and 16.30 +/- 4.68 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.09 and 0.67 +/- 0.28 mg/24 hr, P < 0.05]. Serum PTH and serum and urinary phosphorus were less in the LPD and LPD + APD than in the ND and ND + APD groups (P < 0.05). The calcemic response to PTH was less (P < 0.05) in the LPD and LPD + APD groups than in the ND group and was less (P = 0.05) in the LPD + APD than in the ND + APD group. Bone histology showed that phosphate depletion increased the osteoblast and osteoclast surface, and treatment with APD reduced the osteoblast surface (LPD vs. LPD + APD, 38 +/- 4 vs. 4 +/- 2%, P < 0.05, and ND vs. ND + APD, 20 +/- 2 vs. 5 +/- 2%, P < 0.05) and markedly altered osteoclast morphology by inducing cytoplasmic vacuoles. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Phosphate depletion induced hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria that were not reduced by APD administration. (b) The calcemic response to PTH was reduced in phosphate-depleted rats and was unaffected by APD administration in normal and phosphate-depleted rats, and (c) APD administration markedly changed bone histology without affecting the biochemical changes induced by phosphate depletion.  (+info)

Growth hormone promotes somatic and skeletal muscle growth recovery in rats following chronic protein-energy malnutrition. (7/1450)

The efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) and/or a diet enriched in protein and energy to improve growth recovery following prolonged malnutrition was examined in male rats food-restricted from birth until 120 d of age. At d 121, restricted rats were randomly assigned to recovery groups receiving either a control or enriched diet with or without daily subcutaneous injections of GH. Rats were killed after 16 or 47 d of recovery. At d 16, GH treatment stimulated liver, heart, plantaris, soleus, carcass and body weight gain and inhibited fat gain when compared to recovery controls. Rats receiving GH also exhibited the highest serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and total muscle protein. At d 47, GH effects on body and muscle recovery were minimal, and differences among recovery groups in serum IGF-I concentration and total muscle protein were no longer present. Consumption of an enriched diet increased fat pad and liver mass, but did not promote muscle recovery. There were no differences among treatment groups in skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA levels at d 16 or 47. In summary, GH had positive effects on somatic and skeletal muscle growth early in the recovery process, possibly via endocrine IGF-I-stimulated protein accretion. In contrast, the enriched diet promoted fat deposition with no impact on skeletal muscle growth recovery.  (+info)

Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of leghorn hens. (8/1450)

Leghorn hens over 50 weeks of age were assigned to two treatment groups designated as either unmolted controls or molted. A forced molt was induced by a 9-day feed withdrawal, and each hen was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella enteritidis organisms on day 4 of feed withdrawal. On days 4 and 9 of molt, the numbers of lactobacilli and the concentrations of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids in the crops decreased while crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. S. enteritidis crop and cecal colonization, in addition to spleen and liver invasion, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. The invasive phenotype of Salmonella spp. is complex and requires several virulence genes which are regulated by the transcriptional activator HilA. Samples of the crop contents from the molted and unmolted birds were pooled separately, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. The sterile crop contents were then used to measure the expression of hilA. By using a lacZY transcriptional fusion to the hilA gene in S. enteritidis, we found that hilA expression was 1.6- to 2.1-fold higher in the crop contents from molted birds than in those from control birds in vitro. The results of the study suggest that the changes in the microenvironment of the crop caused by feed deprivation are important regulators of S. enteritidis survival and influence the susceptibility of molted hens to S. enteritidis infections. Furthermore, our in vitro results on the expression of hilA suggest that the change in crop environment during feed withdrawal has the potential to significantly affect virulence by increasing the expression of genes necessary for intestinal invasion.  (+info)

Food deprivation is not a medical term per se, but it is used in the field of nutrition and psychology. It generally refers to the deliberate withholding of food for a prolonged period, leading to a state of undernutrition or malnutrition. This can occur due to various reasons such as famine, starvation, anorexia nervosa, or as a result of certain medical treatments or conditions. Prolonged food deprivation can have serious consequences on physical health, including weight loss, muscle wasting, organ damage, and decreased immune function, as well as psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

A medical definition of 'food' would be:

"Substances consumed by living organisms, usually in the form of meals, which contain necessary nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These substances are broken down during digestion to provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions."

It's important to note that while this is a medical definition, it also aligns with common understanding of what food is.

Sleep deprivation is a condition that occurs when an individual fails to get sufficient quality sleep or the recommended amount of sleep, typically 7-9 hours for adults. This can lead to various physical and mental health issues. It can be acute, lasting for one night or a few days, or chronic, persisting over a longer period.

The consequences of sleep deprivation include:

1. Fatigue and lack of energy
2. Difficulty concentrating or remembering things
3. Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
4. Weakened immune system
5. Increased appetite and potential weight gain
6. Higher risk of accidents due to decreased reaction time
7. Health problems like high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease over time

Sleep deprivation can be caused by various factors, including stress, shift work, sleep disorders like insomnia or sleep apnea, poor sleep hygiene, and certain medications. It's essential to address the underlying causes of sleep deprivation to ensure proper rest and overall well-being.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Obsessive Hoarding, also known as Hoarding Disorder, is defined in the medical field as a persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This results in an accumulation of items that fill up and clutter living areas to the point where they become difficult to use. The hoarding behavior causes significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. It is also often associated with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and anxiety.

Water deprivation is a condition that occurs when an individual is deliberately or unintentionally not given access to adequate water for a prolonged period. This can lead to dehydration, which is the excessive loss of body water and electrolytes. In severe cases, water deprivation can result in serious health complications, including seizures, kidney damage, brain damage, coma, and even death. It's important to note that water is essential for many bodily functions, including maintaining blood pressure, regulating body temperature, and removing waste products from the body. Therefore, it's crucial to stay hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water each day.

Food preferences are personal likes or dislikes towards certain types of food or drinks, which can be influenced by various factors such as cultural background, individual experiences, taste, texture, smell, appearance, and psychological factors. Food preferences can also be shaped by dietary habits, nutritional needs, health conditions, and medication requirements. They play a significant role in shaping an individual's dietary choices and overall eating behavior, which can have implications for their nutritional status, growth, development, and long-term health outcomes.

Starvation is a severe form of malnutrition, characterized by insufficient intake of calories and nutrients to meet the body's energy requirements. This leads to a catabolic state where the body begins to break down its own tissues for energy, resulting in significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Prolonged starvation can also lead to serious medical complications such as organ failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death. It is typically caused by a lack of access to food due to poverty, famine, or other social or economic factors, but can also be a result of severe eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.

Fasting is defined in medical terms as the abstinence from food or drink for a period of time. This practice is often recommended before certain medical tests or procedures, as it helps to ensure that the results are not affected by recent eating or drinking.

In some cases, fasting may also be used as a therapeutic intervention, such as in the management of seizures or other neurological conditions. Fasting can help to lower blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have a variety of health benefits. However, it is important to note that prolonged fasting can also have negative effects on the body, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In these contexts, fasting is often seen as a way to purify the mind and body, to focus on spiritual practices, or to express devotion or mourning.

"Phodopus" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic genus that includes several species of small rodents commonly known as hamsters. The most common species within this genus are the Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) and the Djungarian or Russian winter white hamster (Phodopus sungorus). These hamsters are often kept as pets and may be involved in biomedical research. However, they are not typically associated with medical conditions or treatments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Food Supply" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a more general term related to the availability and distribution of food. However, in a broader public health context, "food supply" can refer to the overall system and infrastructure that provides food to a population, including agricultural practices, food processing, distribution, and accessibility. Ensuring a safe and adequate food supply is an important aspect of public health and preventive medicine.

Sensory deprivation, also known as perceptual isolation or sensory restriction, refers to the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. This can include limiting input from sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. The goal is to limit a person's sensory experiences in order to study the effects on cognition, perception, and behavior.

In a clinical context, sensory deprivation can occur as a result of certain medical conditions or treatments, such as blindness, deafness, or pharmacological interventions that affect sensory processing. Prolonged sensory deprivation can lead to significant psychological and physiological effects, including hallucinations, delusions, and decreased cognitive function.

It's important to note that sensory deprivation should not be confused with meditation or relaxation techniques that involve reducing external stimuli in a controlled manner to promote relaxation and focus.

The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:

1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Earless seals, also known as true seals or Phocidae, are a family of marine mammals that lack external ears. They have a streamlined body adapted for fast swimming, and their hind limbs are modified into flippers, which they use to move through the water. Earless seals have small ear holes on the sides of their heads, but they do not have an outer ear flap like other mammals. Instead, their middle and inner ears are well-developed for hearing underwater. They are found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and there are 18 species of earless seals, including the harbor seal, gray seal, and leopard seal.

Psychosocial deprivation is not strictly defined within the field of medicine, but it is a term used in the social sciences and healthcare to refer to the lack or absence of experiences, relationships, resources, and environmental conditions that are essential for psychological and social growth, development, and well-being. It can result from various factors such as poverty, neglect, abuse, separation from caregivers, social isolation, or living in a dysfunctional environment.

Prolonged psychosocial deprivation can lead to significant impairments in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social functioning, which may manifest as developmental delays, learning disabilities, mental health disorders, attachment issues, and poor quality of life. Healthcare professionals, particularly those working in mental health, often consider psychosocial factors when assessing and treating individuals to ensure comprehensive care that addresses both medical and environmental needs.

Energy metabolism is the process by which living organisms produce and consume energy to maintain life. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert nutrients from food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The process of energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of nutrients to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.

There are three main stages of energy metabolism: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria and involves the further breakdown of pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of energy metabolism and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and other electron carriers to oxygen, which generates a proton gradient across the membrane. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, producing the majority of the cell's energy.

Overall, energy metabolism is a complex and essential process that allows organisms to grow, reproduce, and maintain their bodily functions. Disruptions in energy metabolism can lead to various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Food labeling is the practice of providing written information about the characteristics and contents of food products, typically on the packaging or container in which they are sold. In a medical context, accurate and clear food labeling is essential for individuals with dietary restrictions due to medical conditions such as food allergies, intolerances, or chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes).

Standardized food labeling guidelines help consumers make informed decisions about the foods they consume, allowing them to avoid potential health risks and maintain a balanced diet. Components of food labels often include:

1. Product identity: The name of the food product and its intended use.
2. Net quantity declaration: The amount of the food product contained in the package, expressed in both metric and customary units (e.g., grams or ounces).
3. Ingredient list: A comprehensive list of all ingredients included in the food product, arranged in descending order by weight. This is particularly important for individuals with food allergies or intolerances, as it allows them to identify and avoid specific allergens (e.g., milk, eggs, peanuts).
4. Nutrition facts panel: A standardized format presenting the nutritional content of the food product per serving, including information on calories, total fat, saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, and various vitamins and minerals.
5. Nutrient content claims: Voluntary statements made by manufacturers regarding the level of a nutrient in a food product (e.g., "low fat," "high fiber"). These claims must adhere to strict guidelines established by regulatory bodies to ensure accuracy and consistency.
6. Health claims: Statements linking a specific food or food component to a reduced risk of a particular disease or health-related condition (e.g., "a diet rich in whole grains may reduce the risk of heart disease"). Like nutrient content claims, health claims are subject to strict regulatory oversight.
7. Special dietary statements: Labeling statements indicating that a food product is suitable for specific dietary uses or restrictions (e.g., "gluten-free," "kosher," "vegan"). These statements help consumers with special dietary needs quickly identify appropriate food options.
8. Allergen labeling: Mandatory identification of the presence of any of the eight major food allergens (milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans) in a food product. This information must be clearly displayed in the ingredient list or as a separate "contains" statement.
9. Warning statements: Required labeling of specific health risks associated with the consumption of certain food products (e.g., "consuming raw or undercooked meats, poultry, seafood, shellfish, or eggs may increase your risk of foodborne illness").
10. Country of origin labeling: Identification of the country where a food product was produced, grown, or packaged. This information helps consumers make informed decisions about their food purchases based on factors such as quality, safety, and environmental concerns.

"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.

The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced and released by adipocytes, which are the fat cells in our body. It plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite by sending signals to the brain when the body has had enough food. This helps control body weight by suppressing hunger and increasing energy expenditure. Leptin also influences various metabolic processes, including glucose homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and immune response. Defects in leptin signaling can lead to obesity and other metabolic disorders.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

The arcuate nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus in the brain. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including appetite, satiety, and reproductive hormones. The arcuate nucleus contains two main types of neurons: those that produce neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein, which stimulate feeding and reduce energy expenditure; and those that produce pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. These neurons communicate with other parts of the brain to help maintain energy balance and reproductive function.

Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland in many animals, including humans. It is a type of glucocorticoid steroid hormone that plays an important role in the body's response to stress, immune function, metabolism, and regulation of inflammation. Corticosterone helps to regulate the balance of sodium and potassium in the body and also plays a role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. It is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in rodents, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in humans and other primates.

The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) is a collection of neurons located in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates various autonomic and endocrine functions. The VMN plays an essential role in regulating several physiological processes, including feeding behavior, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. It contains neurons that are sensitive to changes in nutrient status, such as leptin and insulin levels, and helps to integrate this information with other signals to modulate food intake and energy expenditure. Additionally, the VMN has been implicated in the regulation of various emotional and motivational states, including anxiety, fear, and reward processing.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

"Food habits" refer to the established patterns or behaviors that individuals develop in relation to their food choices and eating behaviors. These habits can include preferences for certain types of foods, meal timing, portion sizes, and dining experiences. Food habits are influenced by a variety of factors including cultural background, personal beliefs, taste preferences, social norms, and economic resources. They can have significant impacts on an individual's nutritional status, overall health, and quality of life.

It is important to note that while "food habits" may not be a formal medical term, it is often used in the context of nutrition and public health research and interventions to describe the behaviors related to food choices and eating patterns.

Appetite is the desire to eat or drink something, which is often driven by feelings of hunger or thirst. It is a complex process that involves both physiological and psychological factors. Physiologically, appetite is influenced by the body's need for energy and nutrients, as well as various hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger and satiety signals in the brain. Psychologically, appetite can be affected by emotions, mood, stress levels, and social factors such as the sight or smell of food.

In medical terms, a loss of appetite is often referred to as anorexia, which can be caused by various factors such as illness, medication, infection, or psychological conditions like depression. On the other hand, an excessive or abnormal appetite is known as polyphagia and can be a symptom of certain medical conditions such as diabetes or hyperthyroidism.

It's important to note that while "anorexia" is a medical term used to describe loss of appetite, it should not be confused with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, which is a serious mental health condition characterized by restrictive eating, distorted body image, and fear of gaining weight.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Food Industry" is not a term that has a medical definition. The food industry is a broad category that includes businesses involved in the production, processing, packaging, distribution, and sale of food products. This can include farms, fisheries, manufacturers of food products, grocery stores, restaurants, and more.

If you have any questions related to nutrition or dietary habits and their impact on health, I would be happy to help provide information based on medical knowledge.

Neuropeptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to neuropeptides, which are small signaling molecules made up of short chains of amino acids. These receptors play an important role in the nervous system by mediating the effects of neuropeptides on various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, pain perception, and hormone release.

Neuropeptide receptors are typically composed of seven transmembrane domains and are classified into several families based on their structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptide receptor families include the opioid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors.

When a neuropeptide binds to its specific receptor, it activates a signaling pathway within the cell that leads to various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme function. Overall, the activation of neuropeptide receptors helps to regulate many important functions in the body, including mood, appetite, and pain sensation.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

"Cultural deprivation" is a term that was previously used in sociology and social work to describe the idea that some individuals or groups may be at a disadvantage due to their lack of exposure to dominant cultural values, customs, and behaviors. This concept has been criticized for its deficit-based perspective and oversimplification of complex social issues.

In medical contexts, the term "cultural competence" is more commonly used to describe the ability of healthcare providers to understand, respect, and respond to the cultural differences of their patients. Cultural competence involves recognizing and addressing power imbalances, communication barriers, and other factors that may affect healthcare access and outcomes for individuals from diverse backgrounds.

It's important to note that cultural competence is not just about acquiring knowledge about different cultures, but also about developing skills and attitudes that promote respectful and effective communication and care. This includes self-awareness of one's own biases and assumptions, flexibility in adapting to different cultural contexts, and a commitment to ongoing learning and improvement.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter and neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, which includes peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. NPY plays important roles in various physiological functions such as energy balance, feeding behavior, stress response, anxiety, memory, and cardiovascular regulation. It is involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neural development. NPY is synthesized from a larger precursor protein called prepro-NPY, which is post-translationally processed to generate the mature NPY peptide. The NPY system has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as obesity, depression, anxiety disorders, hypertension, and drug addiction.

Ghrelin is a hormone primarily produced and released by the stomach with some production in the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. It is often referred to as the "hunger hormone" because it stimulates appetite, promotes food intake, and contributes to the regulation of energy balance.

Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after eating. In addition to its role in regulating appetite and meal initiation, ghrelin also has other functions, such as modulating glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, gastric motility, and cardiovascular function. Its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is found in various tissues throughout the body, indicating its wide range of physiological roles.

"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.

Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.

It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.

Food hypersensitivity is an umbrella term that encompasses both immunologic and non-immunologic adverse reactions to food. It is also known as "food allergy" or "food intolerance." Food hypersensitivity occurs when the body's immune system or digestive system reacts negatively to a particular food or food component.

Immunologic food hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as a food allergy, involves an immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon ingestion of the offending food, IgE antibodies bind to the food antigens and trigger the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as hives, swelling, itching, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.

Non-immunologic food hypersensitivity, on the other hand, does not involve the immune system. Instead, it is caused by various mechanisms, including enzyme deficiencies, pharmacological reactions, and metabolic disorders. Examples of non-immunologic food hypersensitivities include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and histamine intolerance.

It's important to note that the term "food hypersensitivity" is often used interchangeably with "food allergy," but it has a broader definition that includes both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

The Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus (PVN) is a nucleus in the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that regulates various autonomic functions and homeostatic processes. The PVN plays a crucial role in the regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress, as well as the control of fluid and electrolyte balance, cardiovascular function, and energy balance.

The PVN is composed of several subdivisions, including the magnocellular and parvocellular divisions. The magnocellular neurons produce and release two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone), into the circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. These neuropeptides play important roles in social behavior, reproduction, and fluid balance.

The parvocellular neurons, on the other hand, project to various brain regions and the pituitary gland, where they release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is responsible for the stress response. The PVN also contains neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a key neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the HPA axis and the stress response.

Overall, the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus is an essential component of the brain's regulatory systems that help maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. Dysfunction of the PVN has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and mood disorders.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.

Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.

There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, either reinforcing or punishing the behavior. It was first described by B.F. Skinner and involves an association between a response (behavior) and a consequence (either reward or punishment). There are two types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, in which a desirable consequence follows a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again; and negative reinforcement, in which a undesirable consequence is removed following a desired behavior, also increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

For example, if a child cleans their room (response) and their parent gives them praise or a treat (positive reinforcement), the child is more likely to clean their room again in the future. If a child is buckling their seatbelt in the car (response) and the annoying buzzer stops (negative reinforcement), the child is more likely to buckle their seatbelt in the future.

It's important to note that operant conditioning is a form of learning, not motivation. The behavior is modified by its consequences, regardless of the individual's internal state or intentions.

There is no standard medical definition for "health food" as it can be subjective and may vary. However, health food generally refers to foods that are considered beneficial to one's health due to their high nutritional value or low levels of unhealthy components such as added sugars, saturated fats, and artificial ingredients.

These foods often include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Some people may also consider certain fortified or functional foods, such as those with added vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients, to be health foods. However, it's important to note that the term "health food" is not strictly regulated, so claims about the health benefits of certain foods should be evaluated critically and supported by scientific evidence.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a type of connective tissue that is composed mainly of adipocytes (fat cells). It is found throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the abdominal cavity, beneath the skin, and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Adipose tissue serves several important functions in the body. One of its primary roles is to store energy in the form of fat, which can be mobilized and used as an energy source during periods of fasting or exercise. Adipose tissue also provides insulation and cushioning for the body, and produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, appetite, and reproductive function.

There are two main types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is the more common form and is responsible for storing energy as fat. BAT, on the other hand, contains a higher number of mitochondria and is involved in heat production and energy expenditure.

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue can lead to obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of various health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

Food safety is the scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Food safety often involves keeping food at low temperatures to prevent bacterial growth and toxin production. It can also include practices such as washing hands and surfaces well and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. Additionally, proper cooking and pasteurization can kill bacteria that may be present in food.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines food safety as "the assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared or eaten according to its intended use." Food safety is important for everyone, but particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

In summary, food safety refers to the proper handling, preparation, and storage of food in order to prevent foodborne illness and ensure that it is safe for consumption.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Fast food is a type of food that is prepared and served quickly, often at a restaurant or food stand. Fast food dishes are typically simple, consisting of pre-cooked ingredients that are assembled and heated quickly, allowing for a short service time. Common examples of fast food include hamburgers, hot dogs, sandwiches, fried chicken, fries, and pizza.

Fast food has become popular due to its convenience, affordability, and widespread availability. However, it is often high in calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar, making it a contributor to obesity and other health problems when consumed regularly. Public health organizations recommend limiting the consumption of fast food and opting for healthier options whenever possible.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

Dietary fats, also known as fatty acids, are a major nutrient that the body needs for energy and various functions. They are an essential component of cell membranes and hormones, and they help the body absorb certain vitamins. There are several types of dietary fats:

1. Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese, as well as tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. Consuming a high amount of saturated fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and can be further divided into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats, found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, and nuts, can help lower levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol while maintaining levels of healthy HDL cholesterol. Polyunsaturated fats, found in foods such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have similar effects on cholesterol levels and also provide essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own.
3. Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to be solid at room temperature. They are often found in processed foods such as baked goods, fried foods, and snack foods. Consuming trans fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and lower levels of healthy HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.

It is recommended to limit intake of saturated and trans fats and to consume more unsaturated fats as part of a healthy diet.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Zucker" is not a standard medical term or abbreviation in human medicine. It seems to be an incorrect combination of two terms from the field of laboratory animal science.

1. "Rats" are commonly used laboratory animals.
2. "Zucker" is a surname and also refers to a strain of laboratory rats, specifically the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat, which is a model for studying type 2 diabetes mellitus.

If you have any questions related to human medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids (FFA), refer to fatty acid molecules that are not bound to glycerol in the form of triglycerides or other esters. In the bloodstream, NEFAs are transported while bound to albumin and can serve as a source of energy for peripheral tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, NEFA levels are tightly regulated by the body; however, elevated NEFA levels have been associated with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are a type of skeletal muscle fiber that are characterized by their rapid contraction and relaxation rates. These fibers have a larger diameter and contain a higher concentration of glycogen, which serves as a quick source of energy for muscle contractions. Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subcategories: type IIa and type IIb (or type IIx). Type IIa fibers have a moderate amount of mitochondria and can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, making them fatigue-resistant. Type IIb fibers, on the other hand, have fewer mitochondria and primarily use anaerobic metabolism, leading to faster fatigue. Fast-twitch fibers are typically used in activities that require quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

A reinforcement schedule is a concept in behavioral psychology that refers to the timing and pattern of rewards or reinforcements provided in response to certain behaviors. It is used to shape, maintain, or strengthen specific behaviors in individuals. There are several types of reinforcement schedules, including:

1. **Fixed Ratio (FR):** A reward is given after a fixed number of responses. For example, a salesperson might receive a bonus for every 10 sales they make.
2. **Variable Ratio (VR):** A reward is given after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule is commonly used in gambling, as the uncertainty of when a reward (winning) will occur keeps the individual engaged and motivated to continue the behavior.
3. **Fixed Interval (FI):** A reward is given after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reward, regardless of the number of responses during that time. For example, an employee might receive a paycheck every two weeks, regardless of how many tasks they completed during that period.
4. **Variable Interval (VI):** A reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed since the last reward, regardless of the number of responses during that time. This schedule can be observed in foraging behavior, where animals search for food at irregular intervals.
5. **Combined schedules:** Reinforcement schedules can also be combined to create more complex patterns, such as a fixed ratio followed by a variable interval (FR-VI) or a variable ratio followed by a fixed interval (VR-FI).

Understanding reinforcement schedules is essential for developing effective behavioral interventions in various settings, including healthcare, education, and rehabilitation.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Genetically modified (GM) food is defined as a type of food that has been produced using genetic engineering techniques to modify its genetic makeup. This process involves the insertion or deletion of specific genes into the DNA of the organism to achieve desired traits, such as improved nutritional content, resistance to pests or diseases, or increased yield.

Examples of GM foods include crops such as corn, soybeans, canola, and cotton that have been modified to express genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which confer resistance to certain herbicides or pesticides. Other examples include fruits and vegetables that have been engineered to produce longer shelf life, enhanced flavor, or improved nutritional content.

It is important to note that the safety and regulation of GM foods are subjects of ongoing debate and research. Some argue that GM foods offer significant benefits in terms of increased food production, reduced pesticide use, and improved nutrition, while others raise concerns about potential health risks, environmental impacts, and ethical considerations.

A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms. It is driven by the body's internal clock, which is primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain.

The circadian rhythm controls many aspects of human physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism. It helps to synchronize these processes with the external environment, particularly the day-night cycle caused by the rotation of the Earth.

Disruptions to the circadian rhythm can have negative effects on health, leading to conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and even increased risk of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Factors that can disrupt the circadian rhythm include shift work, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules, and exposure to artificial light at night.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "food chain" is not typically used in a medical context. It is a concept from ecology that describes the sequence of organisms through which food and energy pass as one organism eats another.

However, if you're referring to "food web" or "dietary intake," these terms might be more applicable in a medical context. For instance, dietary intake refers to what and how much a person consumes, which can have significant implications for their health. A food web, on the other hand, is a more complex network of relationships between different species that consume and are consumed by others, which can help researchers understand the impacts of changes in one species' population or behavior on others within an ecosystem.

If you meant to ask about something else, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I will do my best to provide a helpful answer!

Physiological stress is a response of the body to a demand or threat that disrupts homeostasis and activates the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This results in the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, heightened sensory perception, and increased alertness are some of the physiological changes that occur during this response. Chronic stress can have negative effects on various bodily functions, including the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.

"Food Services" in a medical context typically refers to the provision and delivery of food and nutrition services to patients in hospitals, clinics, or other healthcare facilities. This can include:

1. Nutrition assessment and care planning by registered dietitians.
2. Food preparation and meal service that meet the dietary needs and restrictions of patients.
3. Special diets for patients with specific medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, food allergies).
4. Enteral and parenteral nutrition support for patients who cannot eat or digest food normally.
5. Education for patients and their families about diet and nutrition.
6. Implementation of food safety and sanitation practices to prevent infection and ensure the quality of food.

The goal of food services in healthcare facilities is to promote optimal nutritional status, support recovery, and enhance patient satisfaction and well-being.

Body temperature is the measure of heat produced by the body. In humans, the normal body temperature range is typically between 97.8°F (36.5°C) and 99°F (37.2°C), with an average oral temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). Body temperature can be measured in various ways, including orally, rectally, axillary (under the arm), and temporally (on the forehead).

Maintaining a stable body temperature is crucial for proper bodily functions, as enzymes and other biological processes depend on specific temperature ranges. The hypothalamus region of the brain regulates body temperature through feedback mechanisms that involve shivering to produce heat and sweating to release heat. Fever is a common medical sign characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range, often as a response to infection or inflammation.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.

It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.

In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.

Lipid metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and utilizes lipids (fats) for various functions, such as energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone synthesis. This complex process involves several enzymes and pathways that regulate the digestion, absorption, transport, storage, and consumption of fats in the body.

The main types of lipids involved in metabolism include triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The breakdown of these lipids begins in the digestive system, where enzymes called lipases break down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, which is the main site of lipid metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acids may be further broken down for energy production or used to synthesize new lipids. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in specialized cells called adipocytes (fat cells) for later use. Cholesterol is also metabolized in the liver, where it may be used to synthesize bile acids, steroid hormones, and other important molecules.

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both. Proper diagnosis and management of lipid metabolism disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, exercise, and medication.

Maternal deprivation is a psychoanalytic term that refers to the lack of adequate emotional nurturing and care from a mother or primary caregiver during early childhood. It can also refer to the physical separation of a child from their mother shortly after birth, which can lead to attachment issues and developmental delays if not addressed promptly.

The concept of maternal deprivation was first introduced by British pediatrician and psychoanalyst John Bowlby in his 1951 book "Maternal Care and Mental Health." Bowlby argued that the early bond between a child and their mother is critical for healthy emotional and social development, and that prolonged separation or inadequate care can lead to serious psychological consequences.

It's important to note that maternal deprivation can also occur in cases where the mother is physically present but emotionally unavailable or neglectful, and that fathers, other family members, and caregivers can also play a critical role in providing emotional nurturing and support to children.

Sexual behavior in animals refers to a variety of behaviors related to reproduction and mating that occur between members of the same species. These behaviors can include courtship displays, mating rituals, and various physical acts. The specific forms of sexual behavior displayed by a given species are influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

In some animals, sexual behavior is closely tied to reproductive cycles and may only occur during certain times of the year or under specific conditions. In other species, sexual behavior may be more frequent and less closely tied to reproduction, serving instead as a means of social bonding or communication.

It's important to note that while humans are animals, the term "sexual behavior" is often used in a more specific sense to refer to sexual activities between human beings. The study of sexual behavior in animals is an important area of research within the field of animal behavior and can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human sexual behavior as well as the underlying mechanisms that drive it.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poverty Areas" is not a standard medical term or classification. However, in a broader social determinants of health context, poverty is recognized as a significant factor that can impact an individual's health outcomes and access to healthcare.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines poverty as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," which includes but is not limited to lack of income and economic opportunities. The WHO also acknowledges that poverty is a major cause of ill-health and premature death around the world.

If you are referring to a specific term or concept that goes by a different name, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

In the context of healthcare and medical psychology, motivation refers to the driving force behind an individual's goal-oriented behavior. It is the internal or external stimuli that initiate, direct, and sustain a person's actions towards achieving their desired outcomes. Motivation can be influenced by various factors such as biological needs, personal values, emotional states, and social contexts.

In clinical settings, healthcare professionals often assess patients' motivation to engage in treatment plans, adhere to medical recommendations, or make lifestyle changes necessary for improving their health status. Enhancing a patient's motivation can significantly impact their ability to manage chronic conditions, recover from illnesses, and maintain overall well-being. Various motivational interviewing techniques and interventions are employed by healthcare providers to foster intrinsic motivation and support patients in achieving their health goals.

"Food Legislation" refers to laws, regulations, and policies related to food production, distribution, labeling, safety, and marketing. These rules are designed to protect consumers from fraudulent or unsafe food practices, promote fair trade in the food industry, and ensure that food is produced and distributed in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Food legislation can cover a wide range of issues, including foodborne illness outbreaks, pesticide residues, organic farming, genetically modified foods, and nutrition labeling. Compliance with food legislation is typically enforced by government agencies, such as the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Androgen antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of androgens, which are hormones that contribute to male sexual development and characteristics. They work by binding to androgen receptors in cells, preventing the natural androgens from attaching and exerting their effects. This can be useful in treating conditions that are caused or worsened by androgens, such as prostate cancer, hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women), and acne. Examples of androgen antagonists include flutamide, bicalutamide, and spironolactone.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of different components that make up a person's body, including fat mass, lean muscle mass, bone mass, and total body water. It is an important measure of health and fitness, as changes in body composition can indicate shifts in overall health status. For example, an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean muscle mass can be indicative of poor nutrition, sedentary behavior, or certain medical conditions.

There are several methods for measuring body composition, including:

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This method uses low-level electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage based on the conductivity of different tissues.
2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This method uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density and body composition, including lean muscle mass and fat distribution.
3. Hydrostatic weighing: This method involves submerging a person in water and measuring their weight underwater to estimate body density and fat mass.
4. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP): This method uses air displacement to measure body volume and density, which can be used to estimate body composition.

Understanding body composition can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and fitness goals, as well as provide valuable information for healthcare providers in the management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

Preserved food, in a medical context, refers to food that has been treated or processed in order to inhibit spoilage and prolong its shelf life. This is typically achieved through methods such as canning, pickling, smoking, drying, or freezing. These processes work by reducing the moisture content, increasing acidity, or introducing chemicals that prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that can cause foodborne illness.

While preserved foods can be a valuable source of nutrition, especially in situations where fresh food is not available, it's important to note that some preservation methods can also introduce harmful substances, such as sodium nitrite in cured meats or acrylamide in fried or baked starchy foods. Therefore, preserved foods should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

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Causes of headaches may include dehydration; fatigue; sleep deprivation; stress; the effects of medications (overuse) and ... exercise and food. While mobile electronic diaries for smartphones are becoming increasingly common, a recent review found most ... recreational drugs, including withdrawal; viral infections; loud noises; head injury; rapid ingestion of a very cold food or ...
... and sleep deprivation are the side effects of excessive warmness. Some actions or consuming some food stuff can contribute to ... They should abstain from spices, pepper, spicy food, sweets, salty and deep fried food items. Instead they should eat food with ... although spicy foods are warmer and dryer than bitter and salty foods respectively. Sweetness is warm and wet and most food ... deep fried foods, tomato paste and sauces, and fast food; and instead they should consume high calories and low volume foods. ...
In rats, prolonged, complete sleep deprivation increased both food intake and energy expenditure with a net effect of weight ... Sleep deprivation can be used to disorientate abuse victims to help set them up for abusive control. Sleep deprivation can be ... Sleep deprivation is used to create a different time schedule pattern that is beyond a typical 24 hour day. Sleep deprivation ... Sleep deprivation, whether total or not, can induce significant anxiety and longer sleep deprivations tend to result in ...
... deprivation of sleep; deprivation of food and drink. The Court ruled that the five techniques used together and combined with ... "sensory deprivation" techniques, were not used in any cases other than the fourteen so indicated above. It emerges from the ...
Virtually all our sample were subject to: verbal abuse, humiliation and threats of injury; sleep and food deprivation; hooding ... The food is of poor quality and quantity, and detainees lose weight. During interrogation, detainees are exposed to threats, ... withholding food and blindfolding for long periods; insertion of bottles or sticks into anus; insertion of wire into penis; ... deprived of sleep and food, given cold showers and being forced to stand naked outside in rain at night. The first study of ...
He also practices food deprivation. He went to Ireland, his native country, in 1835, at the end of these years of ...
Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is measured using famine scales. Food loss ... Food prices affect producers and consumers of food. Price levels depend on the food production process, including food ... Food portal Drink portal Agriculture and Agronomy portal Bulk foods Beverages Food and Bioprocess Technology Food engineering ... Food, Inc., a 2009 documentary Food science Future food technology Industrial crop List of foods Lists of prepared foods ...
The alleged torture included beatings; threats of electrocution; deprivation of sleep, food and water; and being choked by a ...
Nonetheless, the poor experienced real deprivation). Food was donated to war-refugees in Spain. The nation did need to import ... While Ireland's food production was increasing, British food imports were falling; for example the UK imported 1,360,000 tons ... Although Ireland had a surplus of food, some foods were not grown in Ireland, as the climate was unsuitable. Only small plots ... When the war was over, she returned to Naples with a cargo of food, a gift from Ireland to war-ravaged Italy. Irish Hazel was ...
Malnutrition and food deprivation also occur. A number have depression and suicidal thoughts because of the trauma. Some are ...
... based on the observation that long-term sleep deprivation in rodents dramatically increases food intake and energy metabolism, ... Sleep deprivation then leads to a lack of energy. In order to make up for this lack of energy, many people use high- ... Sleep deprivation also increases orexin-A transmission. The orexin system may thus be more important in the regulation of ... Ghrelin is a short-term factor secreted by the stomach just before an expected meal, and strongly promotes food intake. Orexin- ...
Another common disciplinary measure was food deprivation. The children lived in fear and were deprived of all love and ...
Incentive size, food deprivation, and food preference. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1953. Effect of cortical implantation of ... In one situation, the wire mother held a bottle with food, and the cloth mother held no food. In the other situation, the cloth ... The monkeys overwhelmingly chose the cloth mother, with or without food, only visiting the wire mother that had food when ... Harlow, H.F. (1964). "Early social deprivation and later behavior in the monkey". In A.Abrams; H.H. Gurner; J.E.P. Tomal (eds ...
For example, food deprivation is a motivating operation; if a person is hungry, food is strongly reinforcing, but if a person ... For example, food deprivation changes the value of food, making it more reinforcing, and it also evokes learned behaviors that ... Likewise, food satiation reduces both the reinforcing effect of food and the probability of food-getting behaviors. Note that a ... Deprivation of food, water, sleep, activity, sex, or oxygen; becoming too warm or too cold; and increase of a painful stimulus ...
... deprivation of food, sleep, and use of toilet; rape and gang rape; asphyxiation; and threat, extortion, and termination of ... Practitioners of Falun Gong are forbidden to kill living things-including animals for the purpose of obtaining food-though they ...
Later the housefather finds the letter; The group will be punished with food deprivation. Wolfgang tries to steal tomatoes from ... for example by rationing the food or a smoking ban. He leaves it to the pupils to personally punish the "guilty one", and then ...
Hunger in History: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation. Blackwell. J.X. Kasperson and R.W. Kates, (eds.), 1990. Overcoming ... Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press. [runner-up for ... Climate Change and World Food Security special issue of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 4 No.1, March, 1994, pp. 1-88. Burton ... Hunger in the 1990s, a special issue of Food Policy, Vol.15, No. 4, pp. 273-368. Turner, B.L. II, Hyden G, and R.W. Kates (Eds ...
Fox FW (1982). Food from the veld. Delta Books. ISBN 978-0908387328. Media related to Gunnera at Wikimedia Commons Data related ... Chiu, W. L.; Peters, G. A.; Levieille, G.; Still, P. C.; Cousins, S.; Osborne, B.; Elhai, J. (2005). "Nitrogen Deprivation ... Leaves of this species are used in covering curanto (a traditional Chilean food). Gunnera perpensa is a source of traditional ...
The VCT can be done with food deprivation too. Before beginning the test animals must be acclimated to the cage and food ... If doing the VCT using food, animals must be trained to be able to pull the lever for the food dispenser and accept the pellet ... Water deprivation is 18 hours or water is provided for 1 hour a day for four days before beginning the test. Electrical shock ... If the shock the animals are receiving is too low, then animals might ignore the shock and continue to get food or water which ...
Zitron-Emanuel, Noa; Ganel, Tzvi (1 September 2018). "Food deprivation reduces the susceptibility to size-contrast illusions". ... Further testing showed that when chimpanzees were offered food on small and large plates, as they often picked the food on the ... Parrish & Beran (2014) found that chimpanzees would regularly select food platters that contained more food. ... In 2012, Ittersum and Wansink published a study that hinted to the Delboeuf illusion as a factor in increased food servings. ...
... humiliation and deprivation of food, education and healthcare. Details of the mistreatment and abuse that emerged in ... dental care unethical use as test subjects of experimental medication and drugs extreme physical hardship lack of healthy food ...
... and food deprivation resulting from lack of access to food in Mexico." According to the CONEVAL, the CNCH has reached 7.1 ... Food access: Food access refers to how easily the adequate supply of quality food can be accessed. Food stability: Food ... Food utilization: Food utilization refers to the way that the body physiologically uses the food. This is affected by both ... However, even when food supplies are sufficient, there can be food insecurity. Between 2003 and 2005, the total Mexican food ...
Food deprivation is another cue for spiders to disperse. Acute feeding stress, feeding history and age all influence how food ... The habitat chosen by the mother can affect ballooning behavior in offspring because of temperature, food availability, and ... deprivation influences tip-toe behavior. Increases in temperature are another cue for E. atra dispersal behavior. In late ...
The second failure was external: the US had withheld 2.2 million tonnes of food aid, as the then US Ambassador to Bangladesh ... Massachusetts: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain Sen, A. (1982). Poverty and famines: An essay and entitlement and deprivation. Oxford ... And by the time Bangladesh succumbed to the American pressure, and stopped jute exports to Cuba, the food aid in transit was " ... Baro, M. & Duebel F.T. (2006). Perspectives on vulnerability, famine and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Review of ...
Whereas previous studies linked this weight gain to disturbed endocrine parameters after sleep deprivation or restriction, ... Sleep Deprivation Selectively Upregulates an Amygdala-Hypothalamic Circuit Involved in Food Reward J Neurosci. 2019 Jan 30;39(5 ... We found that willingness to pay increased for food items only after sleep deprivation. fMRI data paralleled this behavioral ... Here, we tested the association between sleep deprivation and food cue processing in a repeated-measures crossover design using ...
The food deprivation has taken on a new twist. Rather than withholding food as a form of discipline, which is legally ... Escapes, Food. * Investigation Reveals "Black Market in Broad Daylight" for Prison Food, Feb. 1, 2023. Food/Commissary (Private ... Food Deprivation & Pink Clothing Imposed for Violating South Carolina Prison Rules Loaded on Jan. 15, 2008 by David Reutter ... Food deprivation is illegal according to Margaret Winter, associate director of the National Prison Project of the ACLU. ?I?ve ...
Food deprivation and acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats: effect of naltrexone and haloperidol.. J ... Food deprivation and acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats: effect of naltrexone and haloperidol.. J ... Food deprivation and acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats: effect of naltrexone and haloperidol.. J ... Food deprivation and acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats: effect of naltrexone and haloperidol. ...
3. Food shortage. Is there a world food shortage?. Where are there regional food shortages?. How common are country-level food ... Framework: Food shortage, food poverty, food deprivation. Links between levels of hunger. Why hunger matters. Organization of ... Food poverty related to conflict. Distribution of conflict-related food poverty. Food deprivation related to conflict. The ... Causes of deprivation. Measurement of food deprivation. Evidence. Conclusions. Notes. Works cited ...
Effects of partial and complete food deprivation on compensatory growth of juvenile soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis): ... By the end of the deprivation period, body lipid content showed a decreasing trend with increasing duration of food deprivation ... full food deprivation for 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. respectively; Partial deprivation by feeding with the equivalent of ... and full food deprivation could trigger a partially compensatory growth response, whereas partial deprivation failed to ...
A recent study offers more insight into the relationship between sleep deprivation and a risk of obesity. ... Newtons Daily Apple Blog , Sleep Deprivation Leads to Fatty Food Consumption. Sleep Deprivation Leads to Fatty Food ... Ever wonder why youre more likely to crave junk food after a poor nights sleep? A recent study has found that skipping just ... While the study only explored one night of sleep loss, it is likely that chronic partial sleep deprivation would affect the ...
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare neural indices of attention related to food motivation and energy intake in ... Subsequently, motivation for food was tested using electroencephalogram (EEG); participants completed a computerized passive- ... Conclusion: Compared to suggested levels of sleep, sleep restriction and obesity do not influence next day food motivation or ... After EEG testing, participants continued their normal routine but recorded all energy intake using weighed food scales. There ...
RE: Why are retreats so ascetic? (sleep and food deprivation) (Answer) Posts: 104 Join Date: 8/1/11 Recent Posts ... RE: Why are retreats so ascetic? (sleep and food deprivation) Posts: 8 Join Date: 3/25/15 Recent Posts ... RE: Why are retreats so ascetic? (sleep and food deprivation) Posts: 286 Join Date: 4/28/12 Recent Posts ... RE: Why are retreats so ascetic? (sleep and food deprivation) Posts: 566 Join Date: 7/28/13 Recent Posts ...
Overeating; Food reward; Delayed reinforcement; Food deprivation; Skipping meals; Restraint breakdown; Obesity-related disease ... Effects of food consumed after self-deprivation might therefore reward extra eating in human beings, through brain mechanisms ... Our evidence over the last decade from a smooth-brained omnivore has been that food after deprivation rewards intake even when ... Food intake can be increased by learning to anticipate the omission of subsequent meals. We present here a new theory that such ...
Effects of food deprivation on sprint performance. There was no effect of food deprivation on sprint speed after 15 days, ... to food deprivation and re-feeding would reduce repeatability in sprint ability among individuals during food deprivation and ... while the food-deprived group was not fed. This duration of food deprivation resulted in a degree of mass loss among ... are especially vulnerable to degradation during food deprivation, with food-deprived fishes previously being observed to ...
Food as an investment - Preparing now for a food crisis. Antibiotic resistance explodes globally as corrupt, for-profit medical ... Inactivity is actually self-deprivation.. Are you depriving yourself?. Self-deprivation is a powerful psychological motive. In ... People who are not strangely attracted to self-deprivation actually fear inaction because they do not want to fail. Theyd much ... Familiarity with emptiness, failure and deprivation. It turns out that, when it comes right down to it, many of us prefer the ...
... around 55.3 percent of the female population in Mexico faced social deprivation due to a lack of access to social security, ... The second type of deprivation that Mexicans were most likely to face was food deprivation, as more than 20 percent of the ... Mexico: number of people suffering food deprivation by state 2018. *Mexico: socially vulnerable people 2014-2018, by language ... Basic Statistic Mexico: number of people suffering food deprivation by state 2018 ...
... concerns regarding prostate cancer progression have led to a renewed interest in the use of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation ( ... Sipuleucel-T is an immunotherapy that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved for use in asymptomatic or ... Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer * Sections Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate ... Table 1. Agents of Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy. *Table 2. Nonrandomized Trials of Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation ...
September 2013). "Acute sleep deprivation increases portion size and affects food choice in young men". ... In most literature, sleep deprivation is also noted as acute sleep deprivation or chronic partial sleep deprivation. Chronic ... A meta-analysis of several studies regarding sleep deprivation suggests that the effects of partial sleep deprivation are ... Acute sleep deprivation is more widely known as the situation in which one is awake for 24 hours or longer. From student ...
... single mothers may use food to offset the absence of fathers and material resources... ... In this study, respondents made a distinction between food for well being (starchy food, high-fat food, American fast food, ... In this study, the use of food to compensate for multiple deprivation was also more widely observed in families with low ... In contexts of fatherlessness and multiple deprivation, nutrition may not be the main priority taken into account when food ...
Food Deprivation at SeaWorld A Statement on Food Deprivation at SeaWorld Recently, the topic of killer whale food rationing & ... A Statement on Food Deprivation at SeaWorld Recently, the topic of killer whale food rationing & deprivation has made national ... These behaviors are taught utilizing food & sometimes deprivation.. Withholding food becomes deprivation when it is done in a ... 1. JJ: Does SeaWorld use food deprivation?. Food deprivation was a tool often used when I was a trainer. The concept is ...
By Jessica Currier Many observational and epidemiological studies have shown a connection between obesity and sleep deprivation ... With advertisements on television and kitchens stocked with food, it is hard to avoid exposure to food at night. If an ... In one study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers examined the effect on brain response to food ... Sleep deprivation has been shown to increase energy intake. In another study published in AJCN, researchers found that normal ...
In other words, food deprivation. Desperate and hungry, they begin to break and start performing the tricks. Because they know ... Training dolphins in captivity and food deprivation. The only way to train dolphins to perform pointless movements on command ... that this is the only way to get food. When they are not working, the dolphins are kept hungry. This often causes conflicts and ...
SupermarketsNail technician dumps rude client who moaned after spotting her doing food shopThe furious mum hit out at the ... The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) provides an in-depth study of various factors which contribute to deprivation ... A study into deprivation across Scotland has revealed the huge gap between different parts of South Lanarkshire. ... Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation reveals poverty divide in South Lanarkshire. Certain parts of Hamilton are in the top 20 ...
The prices of the high-caloric foods were then varied to determine if total sleep deprivation affects the flexibility of food ... Sleep Deprivation Linked To High Calorie Food Choices. There is more science supporting the fact that getting a good nights ... Researchers at Uppsala University investigated whether sleep deprivation may impair or alter an individuals food purchasing ... Sleep deprivation leads to increased blood levels of ghrelin, a hormone that increases hunger. However, there was no ...
This article reviews the physiological effects of sleep deprivation and describes how it affects labor and delivery practice. ... Misdiagnosed food allergy resulting in severe malnutrition in an infant. September 18, 2013. ... Sleep deprivation: implications for obstetric practice in the United States. Citation Text:. Clark SL. Sleep deprivation: ... Sleep deprivation: implications for obstetric practice in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(2):136.e1-4. doi: ...
In my blog on Monday I wrote about how different foods satisfy the appetite to different extents, and in particular how eating ... One common manifestation of this phenomenon is a tendency to drink a glass of wine, beer or short with mixer prior to food in ... Tips for curbing alcohol consumption without sacrifice or deprivation. By Dr John Briffa on 15 December 2010 in Healthy Eating ... We are always so concerned about the foods we eat that we tend to overlook beverages which we dink. In this article I will ...
Food Deprivation and Guilt: How to Stop It? is a post from Nautilus Plus. The Nautilus Plus blog aims to help people in their ... Food Deprivation and Guilt: How to Stop It?. January 21, 2013 - By Nautilus Plus ... Food Deprivation and Guilt: How to Stop It?. ... Sometimes, depriving ourselves from foods deemed too high in ... Are you the kind of person who thinks like this: "Im hungry, but I should not eat," "I want to eat this food, but I have to ...
Besides the bathing facilities, food and spa services are also offered.. Take a relaxing float.. Float sensory deprivation spas ... Developed in the 1950s by a neuropsychiatrist named John Lilly, floating sensory deprivation tanks are designed to help people ... serving a selection of Japanese-inspired food, sake, and cocktails. ...
Trehalose Inhibits Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Induced Autophagic Death in Dopaminergic SH-SY5Y Cells via Mitigation of ... Food Funct 2018;9(11):5682-96.. *Tanji K, Miki Y, Maruyama A, Mimura J, Matsumiya T, Mori F, et al. Trehalose intake induces ... oxygen-glucose deprivation model[13-15]. In this study, we established a SH-SY5Y oxygen-glucose deprivation model to study the ... oxygen and sugar deprivation) and experimental group (oxygen and sugar deprivation+trehalose). The proliferation activity, ...
Food and Drink (514) *Health and Wellness (151) *Humor and Cuteness (336) ... atelierchairdesignfurnituregothicseatingSensory Deprivationskullunusualvan lieshout. Post navigation. Previous PostCartoon of ... Sensory Deprivation Skull Chair by Atelier van Lieshout. May 3, 2011. rezpect Leave a comment ... 0 thoughts on "Sensory Deprivation Skull Chair by Atelier van Lieshout" * Tracy says: ...
Animals faced with food shortage or starvation sleep less;[8] conversely, animals subjected to total sleep deprivation for ... Everson CA, Bergmann BM, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: III: total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 1989;12:13-21. ... The studies from which this notion was drawn examined the effects of only 1 or 2 nights of acute total sleep deprivation. In ... The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism. Authors: Eve Van Cauter, PhD; Kristen Knutson, PhD; Rachel Leproult ...
"When you dont have the money to buy nutritional food, it trickles down to the kids eating processed food and the unhealthy ... A Vicious Cycle: Obesity, Sleep Deprivation Could Be Tied to Your Zip Code By Alicia Victoria Lozano • Published February 21, ... "What you dont see in [Mount Airy] is a lot of junk food," Bettigole said. "You dont see advertising or marketing for junk ... And then there is the actual cost of food.. Basciano, who lost 100 pounds since undergoing weight loss surgery, used to spend ...
Thanksgiving revolves around food, which includes cleanup of the feast. We feature kitchen hacks to make Thanksgiving cleanup ... Sleep deprivation impairs cognition. For many years, scientists have known that sleep deprivation reduces the ability to ... Can coffee or a nap make up for sleep deprivation? by: Kimberly Fenn Professor of Psychology, Michigan State University, The ... Sleep deprivation can seriously damage your body.. Research investigating the effect of sleep derivation on more complex types ...
Babysitters subject kids to torture, sleep and food deprivation over six-day period: Cops. ... The siblings were also deprived of food, water and sleep during their traumatic stay with the suspects, according to police. ...
  • Researchers say the study offers more insight into the relationship between sleep deprivation and risk of obesity. (drnewtons.com)
  • It certainly supports the link between sleep patterns and changes in food intake and subsequent obesity. (drnewtons.com)
  • Objective: Sleep deprivation has been proposed as a potential correlate of obesity, particularly influencing energy intake. (byu.edu)
  • Conclusion: Compared to suggested levels of sleep, sleep restriction and obesity do not influence next day food motivation or total next day energy intake. (byu.edu)
  • This food reward mechanism could be contributing to the failure of the dietary component of interventions on obesity within controlled trials of the management or prevention of disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. (figshare.com)
  • Is Obesity Linked to Sleep Deprivation? (nutrition.org)
  • Many observational and epidemiological studies have shown a connection between obesity and sleep deprivation in Americans. (nutrition.org)
  • The effect of neuronal activity to food stimuli, an increase in energy intake, and the effect on energy expenditure will be reviewed in relation to sleep deprivation and obesity. (nutrition.org)
  • The link between obesity and sleep deprivation could be a crucial understanding right now due to the alarming rates of obesity in our country. (nutrition.org)
  • One feasible explanation of why sleep deprivation increases obesity or weight gain is because of brain stimulation and the fact that individuals are awake longer and will be exposed to food stimuli. (nutrition.org)
  • Although eating unhealthy food without getting enough exercise spurs the risk of obesity. (themedguru.com)
  • Given the strong relationship between diet and health, and the limited availability of sources of nutritious food in many low-income and racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods, community nutrition environments may contribute to disparities in diet-related health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Supermarkets and large chain grocery stores tend to offer a variety of nutritious foods, and access to such stores is related to improved diet and reduced risk for obesity (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2), the Institute of Medicine (3), and the American Heart Association (4) have recognized food access as an important strategy to reduce the overall prevalence of obesity and improve public health. (cdc.gov)
  • 3. Relevant circulars to FE Colleges relating to obesity, food and nutrition and recommended levels of physical activity guidance updated as necessary. (who.int)
  • Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) is systemic therapy administered after the diagnosis of prostate cancer but before locoregional therapy such as radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiation. (medscape.com)
  • The role of preoperative androgen deprivation remains controversial, however. (medscape.com)
  • The advent of safe and reversible forms of androgen deprivation, such as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues and antiandrogens (AAs), has also contributed to enthusiasm for NADT. (medscape.com)
  • However, the NCCN notes that androgen deprivation therapy before, during, and/or after radiation prolongs survival in selected patients who are receiving radiation therapy only. (medscape.com)
  • However, a meta-analysis of the sequencing of androgen deprivation therapy with radiation therapy in localized prostate cancer concluded that adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy results in superior outcomes, compared with neoadjuvant or concurrent androgen deprivation therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Current concerns regarding prostate cancer progression have led to a renewed interest in the use of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation (NAD) therapy prior to radical prostatectomy ( RP ). (medscape.com)
  • However, the NCCN notes that androgen deprivation therapy before, during, and/or after radiation prolongs survival in selected radiation-managed patients. (medscape.com)
  • On the morning after one night of total sleep deprivation, as well as after one night of sleep, the researchers gave 14 normal-weight men a fixed budget (approximately $50). (goqii.com)
  • The prices of the high-caloric foods were then varied to determine if total sleep deprivation affects the flexibility of food purchasing. (goqii.com)
  • Everson CA, Bergmann BM, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: III: total sleep deprivation. (medscape.org)
  • In contexts of fatherlessness and multiple deprivation, nutrition may not be the main priority taken into account when food choices are made, because food becomes a social vehicle for meeting all kinds of needs, including social inclusion. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • The findings of this research study suggest that multiple deprivation and the absence of a biological father may have a considerable impact on children's eating habits, as mothers navigate choice-making around food with more than just nutrition and subsistence in mind. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) provides an in-depth study of various factors which contribute to deprivation. (dailyrecord.co.uk)
  • Effects of food consumed after self-deprivation might therefore reward extra eating in human beings, through brain mechanisms that could operate outside awareness. (figshare.com)
  • Inactivity is actually self-deprivation. (naturalnews.com)
  • Self-deprivation is a powerful psychological motive. (naturalnews.com)
  • People who are not strangely attracted to self-deprivation actually fear inaction because they do not want to fail. (naturalnews.com)
  • In 2018, around 55.3 percent of the female population in Mexico faced social deprivation due to a lack of access to social security, while 59.4 percent of the male population was considered vulnerable for the same reason. (statista.com)
  • Her research focuses on social deprivation and inequality. (lu.se)
  • Let's skip the downward spiral of a whole day (or week) filled with junk food, shall we? (popsugar.com)
  • Sleep deprivation impairs physical performance and response time, and the pain threshold is reduced," says Kline. (dailyburn.com)
  • Whereas previous studies linked this weight gain to disturbed endocrine parameters after sleep deprivation or restriction, neuroimaging studies revealed upregulated neural processing of food rewards after sleep loss in reward-processing areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, and insula. (nih.gov)
  • 1). With food being widely accessible, this could be one reason associated with weight gain during sleep restriction. (nutrition.org)
  • 1. St-Onge M, McReynolds A, Trivedi Z, Roberts A, Sy M, Hirsch J. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli . (nutrition.org)
  • Food intake can be increased by learning to anticipate the omission of subsequent meals. (figshare.com)
  • Our evidence over the last decade from a smooth-brained omnivore has been that food after deprivation rewards intake even when those reinforced ingestive responses occur long before the physiological signals from renewed assimilation. (figshare.com)
  • Food deprivation is not immediately effective as it usually takes at least a couple of days of reduced caloric intake before a whale becomes motivated by their growing hunger. (blogspot.com)
  • This study concluded that the restricted sleep group had a greater food intake and greater brain stimuli to areas that are linked with motivation and desire (1). (nutrition.org)
  • Sleep deprivation has been shown to increase energy intake. (nutrition.org)
  • In another study published in AJCN , researchers found that normal weight women had a significantly higher food intake, specifically in saturated fat, compared to men when sleep was restricted (2). (nutrition.org)
  • High levels of circulating estrogen across the menstrual cycle have been shown to influence energy intake, making food intake lowest during ovulation (3). (nutrition.org)
  • However, lack of adequate dietary intake of amino acids and proteins is a serious cause of malnutrition when food supplies are inadequate because of poverty, drought, floods, wars, and displacements of people as refugees. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, the sleep-deprived students were not aware of the extent to which sleep deprivation negatively affects their ability to complete cognitive tasks. (wikipedia.org)
  • This article reviews the physiological effects of sleep deprivation and describes how it affects labor and delivery practice. (ahrq.gov)
  • We used χ 2 tests to compare prevalences by municipal characteristics including population size, rurality, census region, median educational attainment, poverty prevalence, racial and ethnic population distribution, and low-income low-access to food (LILA) status. (cdc.gov)
  • The University's programme for Almedalen Week highlights the global challenges we are facing - such as air pollution and food poverty. (lu.se)
  • The other topics that will be taken up in the Almedalen tent, such as food poverty, are also complex. (lu.se)
  • Anna Angelin hopes that the panel will provide scope for food poverty in its discussions and provide a voice for those who receive food aid. (lu.se)
  • While the study only explored one night of sleep loss, it is likely that chronic partial sleep deprivation would affect the brain in a similar way. (drnewtons.com)
  • In most literature, sleep deprivation is also noted as acute sleep deprivation or chronic partial sleep deprivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic partial sleep deprivation is a form of sleep deprivation caused when students obtain some but still inadequate sleep. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results suggest that opportunities exist to improve food access through transportation, especially in smaller and Southern communities, which may improve diet quality and reduce chronic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, the term sleep deprivation can be defined as having a lack of sleep that does not support daytime awareness. (wikipedia.org)
  • The research work upon which this policy brief is based outlines the rationales underlying food choices in lower middle class South African households that are marked by the absence of a biological father and/or a lack of material resources. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • We demonstrate that increasing the thermal stability of these rhodopsins via a novel disulfide bond resulted in significantly less RD. Furthermore, T4K or T17M rhodopsins that were constitutively inactive (due to lack of the chromophore-binding site or dietary deprivation of the chromophore precursor vitamin A) induced less toxicity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Day time sleepiness, increased accidents, lack of focus, under performance on the work front and lack of concentration and increased sickness, fatigue and weight gain… sleep deprivation can cause these and much more in women. (targetwoman.com)
  • e.g. overcrowded, often unhygienic living and working places, physical and mental distress and deprivation due to lack of income, food and clean water. (who.int)
  • growth failure occurs because of environmental neglect (eg, lack of food), stimulus deprivation, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Partial deprivation by feeding with the equivalent of one per cent of mean body weight for 4 weeks and then the turtles in each group were fed to apparent satiation until the end of the 10-week experiment. (eurekamag.com)
  • The results indicated that the juvenile turtles subjected to starvation firstly consumed fat a their main energy source, and full food deprivation could trigger a partially compensatory growth response, whereas partial deprivation failed to introduce the compensatory response. (eurekamag.com)
  • Ever wonder why you're more likely to crave junk food after a poor night's sleep? (drnewtons.com)
  • Findings from a study published in the journal Nature Communications found that losing sleep can make you more likely to crave junk food rather than healthy food. (goqii.com)
  • Are you the kind of person who thinks like this: "I'm hungry, but I should not eat," "I want to eat this food, but I have to eat this one instead," or even "I don't want to eat this food, but I have to. (nautilusplus.com)
  • If you are thirsty and hungry after your dip, check out their restaurant and bar, serving a selection of Japanese-inspired food, sake, and cocktails. (bayarea.com)
  • Each fully food deprived group Showed significantly higher specific growth rate than the control during the first re-feeding week, but the final body weight of all food deprived groups did not exceed the control. (eurekamag.com)
  • By the end of the deprivation period, body lipid content showed a decreasing trend with increasing duration of food deprivation, while body ash and moisture contents showed a clear reverse trend: lipid content was significantly lower in each deprived group than the control, but ash content or moisture content was significantly higher than the control. (eurekamag.com)
  • Sleep-deprived men purchased significantly more calories (+9%) and grams (+18%) of food than they did after one night of sleep. (goqii.com)
  • Results from the study show that sleep deprivation significantly decreased activity in appetitive evaluation regions within the brain during food desirability choices, combined with increased activity in the amygdala. (goqii.com)
  • Cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (Sv) and hepatic venous blood flow (HVBF) were significantly reduced in food-deprived trout at 12C. (tamu.edu)
  • The availability of nutritious food and produce was better in stores in neighborhoods that had a higher percentage of white residents and a lower population density but did not differ significantly by neighborhood income. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute sleep deprivation is more widely known as the situation in which one is awake for 24 hours or longer. (wikipedia.org)
  • While many ectothermic species can withstand prolonged fasting without mortality, food deprivation may have sublethal effects of ecological importance, including reductions in locomotor ability. (biologists.com)
  • Inadequate sleep hygiene is one reason why college students experience sleep deprivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • After taking blood samples from 32 lean, healthy, human male participants, they underwent fMRI while performing a neuroeconomic, value-based decision-making task with snack food and trinket rewards following a full night of habitual sleep and a night of sleep deprivation in a repeated-measures crossover design. (nih.gov)
  • We found that des-acyl ghrelin concentrations were increased after sleep deprivation compared with habitual sleep. (nih.gov)
  • In one study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , researchers examined the effect on brain response to food stimuli in habitual and restricted sleep normal weight individuals (1). (nutrition.org)
  • To ascertain compensatory growth capability of juvenile soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis), the turtles with an average body weight of 9.56g were treated with one of the following regimes: full food deprivation for 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. (eurekamag.com)
  • Low income mothers care about providing nutritious, healthy meals to their children, yet they may adopt strategies that combine unhealthy foods with nutritionally healthy products to counter the nutritional deficiencies that are inevitable when food takes on compensatory roles. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • One aspect of neighborhood context that has received attention from public health researchers and advocates in recent years is the availability of food outlets and nutritious food, commonly referred to as the community nutrition environment (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Secondary objectives were to examine the availability of nutritious foods in small food stores across neighborhood sociodemographic contexts and test for inaccuracies in commercial database variables that could bias or misrepresent measures of nutritious food availability. (cdc.gov)
  • Transonic flow probes were therefore implanted around the ventral aorta and hepatic vein(s) to record baseline blood flows in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) previously held under two different feeding regimes (food-deprived or fed to satiation, 8-12 weeks). (tamu.edu)
  • Despite similar hunger ratings due to fasting in both conditions, participants were willing to spend more money on food items only after sleep deprivation. (nih.gov)
  • Sleep deprivation leads to increased blood levels of ghrelin, a hormone that increases hunger. (goqii.com)
  • Researchers at Uppsala University investigated whether sleep deprivation may impair or alter an individual's food purchasing choices based on its established tendency to impair higher-level thinking and to increase hunger. (goqii.com)
  • They hypothesised that sleep deprivation's impact on hunger and decision making would make for the 'perfect storm' with regard to shopping and food purchasing - leaving individuals hungrier and less capable of employing self-control and higher level decision making processes to avoid making impulsive, calorie-driven purchases. (goqii.com)
  • In my blog on Monday I wrote about how different foods satisfy the appetite to different extents, and in particular how eating a 'primal' or 'Paleolithic' diet appears to be effective for helping individuals avoid over-eating without undue hunger. (drbriffa.com)
  • In fact, having such restrictive thoughts reveals that we have a bigger response to external food stimuli, that is, our environment, the rules set by some diets, as well as our beliefs and those of our relatives… up to the point of completely forgetting our physiological needs and our hunger and satiety signals! (nautilusplus.com)
  • There are many possible solutions to combat sleep deprivation including improving bedroom environment, reducing exposure to blue light, and taking naps during the day. (wikipedia.org)
  • With advertisements on television and kitchens stocked with food, it is hard to avoid exposure to food at night. (nutrition.org)
  • A new study published in the journal Food Product Design, by Author Colin Chapman, MSc, of Uppsala University says that people who were deprived of one night's sleep purchased more calories and grams of food in a mock supermarket the following day. (goqii.com)
  • The dietitian deems it inappropriate to make an opportunistic brief intervention on food insecurity. (who.int)
  • The interactive effects of a gradual temperature decrease and long-term food deprivation on cardiac and hepatic blood flows in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (tamu.edu)
  • This study followed changes in the maximum sprint swimming performance of individual European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax , throughout 45 days of food deprivation and 30 days of re-feeding. (biologists.com)
  • A study into deprivation across Scotland has revealed the huge gap between different parts of South Lanarkshire. (dailyrecord.co.uk)
  • The goal of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of trehalose on the autophagy death of SHSY5Y cells induced by oxygen and sugar deprivation from the aspect of glycolysis. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Overall this study showed that food deprivation in rainbow trout reduced cardiac and hepatic blood flows. (tamu.edu)
  • The objective of this study was to determine whether data from 3 sources would yield a single, homogenous, healthful food store category that can be used to accurately characterize community nutrition environments for public health research. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary objective of this study was to examine the categorization of small food stores and determine whether data from 3 sources would yield a single homogenous healthful food store category. (cdc.gov)
  • This study is the first to examine municipal-level transportation supports for food access. (cdc.gov)
  • Sleep deprivation: implications for obstetric practice in the United States. (ahrq.gov)
  • An estimated 50 million and 70 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders or sleep deprivation, according to the Institute of Medicine. (today.com)
  • The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that 40 million Americans live in communities with poor access to food retailers such as supermarkets, and this burden is most heavily concentrated in rural, low-income, and racial and ethnic minority communities (5). (cdc.gov)
  • however, this increase did not correlate with food purchasing behavior. (goqii.com)
  • Scientists concluded that people who experience bouts of forced wakefulness - such as those in the military, truck drivers or medical personnel - may be prone to making more unhealthy food choices due to a related shift in brain activity. (drnewtons.com)
  • Fasting and starvation: Serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels are increased after approximately 3 days, rising to a plateau after 4 weeks of food deprivation. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, fMRI data paralleled this behavioral finding, revealing a food-reward-specific upregulation of hypothalamic valuation signals and amygdala-hypothalamic coupling after a single night of sleep deprivation. (nih.gov)
  • In some cases, the psychologic basis of nonorganic FTT seems similar to that which occurs in infants who are hospitalized for an extended period who develop depression secondary to stimulus deprivation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • More research is needed to guide the choice, the duration, and the schedule of hormone deprivation therapy and the impact of long-term hormone therapy with regard to toxicity and the patient's quality of life. (medscape.com)
  • We used a nationally representative sample of US municipalities with 1,000 or more persons from the 2014 National Survey of Community-Based Policy and Environmental Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living (N = 2,029) to assess 3 outcomes: public transit availability, consideration of food access in transportation planning, and presence of demand-responsive transportation (DRT). (cdc.gov)
  • We present here a new theory that such anticipatory eating depends on an associative process of instrumental reinforcement by the nutritional repletion that occurs when access to food is restored. (figshare.com)
  • What is the role of food in these households and how do mothers relate to nutritional recommendations? (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • When you don't have the money to buy nutritional food, it trickles down to the kids eating processed food and the unhealthy stuff," she said. (nbcphiladelphia.com)
  • The most important of the beneficial effects are increasing global and regional food supplies and increased nutritional quality of available foods. (cdc.gov)
  • 9. Food and nutrition initiatives increase nutritional knowledge, practical nutrition and food skills in a variety of voluntary, community and private Early Years settings, including parent/carer and toddler groups. (who.int)
  • 9. All schools meet the nutritional standards for lunches and 'other food and drinks' including breakfast clubs and vending machines. (who.int)
  • To evaluate community nutrition environments, researchers frequently use food store location and classification data from secondary data sources, such as proprietary commercial databases or business listings from public agencies (4). (cdc.gov)
  • The actual interface is at the gut barrier, where there needs to be an ideal homeostasis and selectivity mechanism to allow the absorption of healthy nutrients, but on the other hand prevent the penetration of harmful microbes, food antigens, and other proinflammatory factors and toxins. (medscape.com)
  • Human SH-SY5Y cells were divided into three groups includes control group (control), model group (oxygen and sugar deprivation) and experimental group (oxygen and sugar deprivation+trehalose). (ijpsonline.com)
  • Trehalose can reduce the damage of SH-SY5Y cells caused by oxygen and sugar deprivation. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Every person and situation is different, though the "rule of threes" gets at the desperate nature of what our bodies need: three minutes without oxygen, three days without water, three weeks without food. (businessinsider.com)
  • The important thing here is that these techniques require no conscious cutting back, hence no sense of sacrifice or deprivation. (drbriffa.com)
  • To address this ongoing debate between hormonal versus hedonic factors underlying sleep-loss-associated weight gain, we rigorously tested the association between sleep deprivation and food cue processing using high-resolution fMRI and assessment of hormones. (nih.gov)
  • Is There A Link Between Sleep Deprivation and Weight Gain? (goqii.com)
  • This change in brain activity is further associated with an increase in the desire for weight gain promoting high-calorie foods following sleep deprivation. (goqii.com)
  • Healthy food that supports weight loss can also be delicious ! (popsugar.com)
  • The concept is straightforward: Reduce the number of calories a whale gets over a period of time and that animal becomes increasingly food motivated. (blogspot.com)
  • We gave some of our participants the opportunity to nap for either 30 or 60 minutes during an overnight deprivation period between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. (wane.com)
  • After some initial research on sleep deprivation and false confessions , my students at Michigan State University's Sleep and Learning Lab and I wanted to see what interventions could reverse the negative effects of sleep deprivation. (wane.com)
  • I can see the value in how enforcing painful postures and some food deprivation might strengthen the will, but the sleep deprivation and exercise prohibition are harder to understand. (dharmaoverground.org)
  • Survival without food is even harder to define a limit. (businessinsider.com)
  • Promoting healthy food is a crucial public health priority for authorities in the country. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • With the analysis, it was possible to relate the prevalence of malnutrition with the processes of establishment of demand, taking into account that the privation of food may be paradoxically correlated to its refusal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sometimes, depriving ourselves from foods deemed too high in calories, too fat, or too sweet can make us overeat healthy foods to compensate for our cravings. (nautilusplus.com)
  • More recent approaches use combinations of characteristics included in commercial databases to categorize independent food stores as either "healthy" or "unhealthy" (14-16). (cdc.gov)
  • We assessed data from municipalities regarding food and transportation from the 2014 National Survey of Community-Based Policy and Environmental Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living. (cdc.gov)
  • This selfless attitude permeates all aspects of their lives, including food practices such as eating out or enjoying a meal without their children, which may be viewed as a transgression or even an act of neglect. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • Food deprivation was a tool often used when I was a trainer. (blogspot.com)
  • Food deprivation is a normal component of the training environment, at least while I was a trainer. (blogspot.com)
  • According to celebrity trainer Heidi Powell, anytime you deprive yourself of food , or of anything, "all you want is what you can't have! (popsugar.com)
  • This gives rise to a phenomenon whereby mothers' food practices and their children's food habits are in symbiosis. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • These low and lower-middle income populations do not have sufficient economic resources to ensure consistent access to quality food, yet high energy-, fat- and sugar-rich processed foods are in abundant supply in cities. (chaireunesco-adm.com)
  • But we all live precarious lives: ones not far from death if we lose access to simple things like water, food, or even sleep. (businessinsider.com)
  • Local governments can address access to food and transportation through policy and planning. (cdc.gov)
  • Of those with public transit, 33.8% considered food access in transportation planning. (cdc.gov)
  • Results suggest an opportunity to improve food access by using public transportation supports, especially in communities that have small populations, are rural, and are in the South. (cdc.gov)
  • Nevertheless, food access is still an issue across the US. (cdc.gov)
  • 14. Children and families have access to safe facilities for play and physical activity in their locality, particularly in areas of deprivation. (who.int)
  • Our results suggest that increased food valuation after sleep loss might be due to hedonic rather than hormonal mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • Inflammatory mechanisms which may play a role in the cardiovascular risk associated with sleep deprivation are elevated in sleep-deprived individuals. (targetwoman.com)
  • Sleep deprivation can seriously damage your body. (wane.com)
  • All performance animals (as opposed to exhibit animals) have carefully managed food base amounts to keep them interested in food & willing to perform . (blogspot.com)
  • It's common knowledge that consuming foods with large amounts of sugar may cause your blood sugar to spike. (vitacost.com)
  • If you have any condition that might be made worse by estrogen, avoid supplemental boron or high amounts of boron from foods. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Physically disturbing each fish at 12C and 5C showed that the performance capacity of the heart was not affected by food deprivation as the capacity to increase Q and Sv was not reduced in the food-deprived group. (tamu.edu)
  • Sampled small food stores yielded a heterogeneous group of stores in terms of store type and nutritious food options. (cdc.gov)
  • We hypothesized that most small food stores (defined as generating less than $1 million in annual sales) selected from a single industry category for grocery stores would represent a homogenous group of healthful food stores (ie, offer nutritious and fresh food items). (cdc.gov)