Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Radioactive substances which act as pollutants. They include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Denmark" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
An 'accident' in a medical context often refers to an unintended event or harm that occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, resulting in injury or illness, and is typically not planned or intended.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'England' is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, cultural heritage, and contributions to medical science. However, in a medical context, it may refer to the location of a patient, healthcare provider, or research study, but it is not a term with a specific medical meaning.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Living facilities for humans.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
An absence from work permitted because of illness or the number of days per year for which an employer agrees to pay employees who are sick. (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981)
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A state in southeastern Australia. Its capital is Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and first settled at Botany Bay by marines and convicts in 1788. It was named by Captain Cook who thought its coastline resembled that of South Wales. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p840 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p377)
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place name and not a medical term, so it doesn't have a medical definition. It's the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, culture, and landmarks. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help answer those!
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Study subjects in COHORT STUDIES whose outcomes are unknown e.g., because they could not or did not wish to attend follow-up visits.(from Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed.)
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Scotland" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Scotland is one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, located in the northern part of Great Britain. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!
The period following a surgical operation.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
The ethical and/or legal obligation of a health provider or researcher to communicate with a former patient or research subject about advances in research relevant to a treatment or to a genetic or other diagnostic test provided earlier, or about proposed new uses of blood or tissue samples taken in the past for another purpose.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Follow-up of American Cancer Society Special Postdoctoral Research Fellowship recipients. (1/63688)

A follow-up study of the 44 recipients of American Cancer Society, Inc., Special Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from 1962 to 1973 revealed that 11 of 21 M.D. candidates obtained their second (Ph.D.) degree at the end of training. By contrast, all but one among the 23 Ph.D. candidates were awarded the second (M.D.) degree. A great majority of either group remain in active research, regardless of whether or not they obtained the second degree. A very high percentage of their research is cancer related.  (+info)

Superimposed histologic and genetic mapping of chromosome 9 in progression of human urinary bladder neoplasia: implications for a genetic model of multistep urothelial carcinogenesis and early detection of urinary bladder cancer. (2/63688)

The evolution of alterations on chromosome 9, including the putative tumor suppressor genes mapped to the 9p21-22 region (the MTS genes), was studied in relation to the progression of human urinary bladder neoplasia by using whole organ superimposed histologic and genetic mapping in cystectomy specimens and was verified in urinary bladder tumors of various pathogenetic subsets with longterm follow-up. The applicability of chromosome 9 allelic losses as non-invasive markers of urothelial neoplasia was tested on voided urine and/or bladder washings of patients with urinary bladder cancer. Although sequential multiple hits in the MTS locus were documented in the development of intraurothelial precursor lesions, the MTS genes do not seem to represent a major target for p21-23 deletions in bladder cancer. Two additional tumor suppressor genes involved in bladder neoplasia located distally and proximally to the MTS locus within p22-23 and p11-13 regions respectively were identified. Several distinct putative tumor suppressor gene loci within the q12-13, q21-22, and q34 regions were identified on the q arm. In particular, the pericentromeric q12-13 area may contain the critical tumor suppressor gene or genes for the development of early urothelial neoplasia. Allelic losses of chromosome 9 were associated with expansion of the abnormal urothelial clone which frequently involved large areas of urinary bladder mucosa. These losses could be found in a high proportion of urothelial tumors and in voided urine or bladder washing samples of nearly all patients with urinary bladder carcinoma.  (+info)

Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (3/63688)

AIM: To investigate morphological changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi and the duration of symptomatic relief after combination treatment with furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. METHODS: Four severely immunocompromised AIDS patients with symptomatic E bieneusi infection of the gut received an 18 day course of combined furazolidone and albendazole (500 + 800 mg daily). All patients were monitored for parasite shedding in stool by light microscopy at the end of treatment and monthly during follow up. At the end of treatment, duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from three patients were studied by transmission electron microscopy by two pathologists blind to the patients' treatment or clinical outcome. Duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from one of the patients two months after completion of treatment were also studied electronmicroscopically. RESULTS: All patients had long lasting symptomatic relief, with a major decrease--or transient absence--of spore shedding in stools from completion of treatment. After treatment, changes in faecal spores were persistently found by light microscopy in all cases, and there was evidence of both a substantial decrease in the parasite load and ultrastructural damage in the parasite in all biopsy specimens. The treatment was well tolerated, and no patient had clinical or parasitological relapse during follow up (up to 15 months). CONCLUSIONS: The long lasting symptomatic relief observed in all four treated patients correlated with the persistent decrease in parasite load both in tissue and in stool, and with the morphological changes observed in the life cycle of the protozoan. These data suggest that combined treatment with furazolidone and albendazole is active against E bieneusi and may result in lasting remission even in severely immunocompromised patients.  (+info)

Expression of extracellular matrix proteins in cervical squamous cell carcinoma--a clinicopathological study. (4/63688)

AIM: To evaluate the intracellular and peritumoral expression of matrix proteins in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix using immunohistochemistry. METHODS: 71 squamous cell carcinomas and 10 controls were stained for laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV. Cytoplasmic staining in tumour cells and peritumoral deposition of matrix proteins were evaluated. The association between staining results and patient age, tumour stage, histological grade, and survival was studied. RESULTS: Positive cytoplasmic staining for laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV was observed in 17 (23.9%), 27 (38%), and 10 (14.1%) cases, respectively. Staining for laminin was most pronounced in the invasive front of tumour islands, while for fibronectin and collagen IV it appeared to be diffuse. Peritumoral staining for laminin and collagen IV was detected in 12 cases (16.9%). Early stage (Ia1-Ia2) tumours were uniformly negative for all three proteins. Cytoplasmic staining for laminin correlated with positive staining for fibronectin and collagen IV, and with the presence of a peritumoral deposition of collagen IV and laminin. There was no correlation with any of the three markers between staining results and patient age, stage, grade, or survival. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of extracellular matrix proteins in some cervical squamous cell carcinomas might reflect the enhanced ability of these tumours to modify the peritumoral stroma. This ability seems to be absent in early stage tumours. The correlation between intracytoplasmic and peritumoral expression of matrix proteins supports the evidence of their synthesis by tumour cells. However, this property did not correlate with disease outcome in this study.  (+info)

Reproductive factors and fatal hip fractures. A Norwegian prospective study of 63,000 women. (5/63688)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of reproductive variables (age at menarche, menopause, first and last birth as well as parity, lactation, and abortions) on hip fracture mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study in Norway with more than 60,000 women followed up for 29 years. A total of 465 deaths as a result of hip fracture were recorded. MAIN RESULTS: Statistically significant linear relations (p < or = 0.02) were found between both age at menarche and length of reproductive period (defined as age at menopause to age at menarche) and the mortality of hip fractures in women aged less than 80. The death rate for women with a late menarche (> or = 17 years) was twice that of the women with relatively early menarche (< or = 13 years). Compared with women with less than 30 years between menopause and menarche, the mortality rate ratio in women with more than 38 reproductive years was 0.5. We also found an inverse relation with age at first birth. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports by hypothesis that an early menarche and a long reproductive period protect against hip fracture mortality. High age at first birth may also be protective.  (+info)

Reconstruction for chronic dysfunction of ileoanal pouches. (6/63688)

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective review was performed to determine the results after surgical reconstruction for chronic dysfunction of ileal pouch-anal procedures for ulcerative colitis and familial colonic polyposis at a university medical center. METHODS: During the 20-year period from 1978 to 1998, 601 patients underwent colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis, familial colonic polyposis, or Hirschsprung's disease. A J pouch was used for 351 patients, a lateral pouch for 221, an S pouch for 6, and a straight pull-through for 23. Acute complications after pouch construction have been detailed in previous publications and are not included in this study. Chronic pouch stasis with diarrhea, frequency, urgency, and soiling gradually became more severe in 164 patients (27.3%), associated with pouch enlargement, an elongated efferent limb, and obstruction to pouch outflow, largely related to the pouch configuration used during the authors' early clinical experience. These patients were sufficiently symptomatic to be considered for reconstruction (mean 68 months after IPAA). Transanal resection of an elongated IPAA spout was performed on 58 patients; abdominoperineal mobilization of the pouch with resection and tapering of the lower end (AP reconstruction) and ileoanal anastomosis on 83; pouch removal and new pouch construction on 7; and conversion of a straight pull-through to a pouch on 16. RESULTS: Good long-term results (mean 7.7 years) with improvement in symptoms occurred in 98% of transanal resections, 91.5% of AP reconstructions, 86% of new pouch constructions, and 100% of conversions of a straight pull-through to a pouch. The average number of bowel movements per 24 hours at 6 months was 4.8. Complications occurred in 11.6% of reconstructed patients. Five of the 164 patients (3.1%) required eventual pouch removal and permanent ileostomy. The high rate of pouch revision in this series of patients undergoing IPAA is due to a policy of aggressive correction when patients do not experience an optimal functional result, or have a progressive worsening of their status. CONCLUSIONS: Although occasionally a major undertaking, reconstruction of ileoanal pouches with progressive dysfunction due to large size or a long efferent limb has resulted in marked improvement in intestinal function in >93% of patients and has reduced the need for late pouch removal.  (+info)

Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. (7/63688)

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of re-resection, transarterial oily chemoembolization (TOCE), or percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) in selected patients with intrahepatic recurrent HCC. The overall results of a treatment strategy combining these modalities have not been fully evaluated, and the prognostic factors determining survival in these patients remain to be clarified. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-four patients who underwent curative resection for HCC were followed for intrahepatic recurrence, which was treated aggressively with a strategy including different modalities. Survival results after recurrence and from initial hepatectomy were analyzed, and prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis using 27 clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients (43%) with intrahepatic recurrence were treated with re-resection (11), TOCE (71), PEIT (6), systemic chemotherapy (8) or conservatively (9). The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates from the time of recurrence were 65.5%, 34.9%, and 19.7%, respectively, and from the time of initial hepatectomy were 78.4%, 47.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. The re-resection group had the best survival, followed by the TOCE group. Multivariate analysis revealed Child's B or C grading, serum albumin < or = 40 g/l, multiple recurrent tumors, recurrence < or = 1 year after hepatectomy, and concurrent extrahepatic recurrence to be independent adverse prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment with a multimodality strategy could result in prolonged survival in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection for HCC. Prognosis was determined by the liver function status, interval to recurrence, number of recurrent tumors, any concurrent extrahepatic recurrence, and type of treatment.  (+info)

Serum triglyceride: a possible risk factor for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. (8/63688)

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the relationship between ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins. METHODS: A cohort of 21 520 men, aged 35-64 years, was recruited from men attending the British United Provident Association (BUPA) clinic in London for a routine medical examination in 1975-1982. Smoking habits, weight, height and blood pressure were recorded at entry. Lipids and apolipoproteins were measured in stored serum samples from the 30 men who subsequently died of ruptured AAA and 150 matched controls. RESULTS: Triglyceride was strongly related to risk of ruptured AAA. In univariate analyses the risk in men on the 90th centile of the distribution relative to the risk in men on the 10th (RO10-90) was 12 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 3.8-37) for triglyceride, 5.5 (95% CI: 1.8-17) for apolipoprotein B (apoB) (the protein component of low density lipoprotein [LDL]), 0.15 (95% CI : 0.04-0.56) for apo A1 (the protein component of high density lipoprotein [HDL]), 3.7 (95% CI: 1.4-9.4) for body mass index and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.1-8.5) for systolic blood pressure. Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) was not a significant risk factor (RO10-90 = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.6-3.0). In multivariate analysis triglyceride retained its strong association. CONCLUSION: Triglyceride appears to be a strong risk factor for ruptured AAA, although further studies are required to clarify this. If this and other associations are cause and effect, then changing the distribution of risk factors in the population (by many people stopping smoking and adopting a lower saturated fat diet and by lowering blood pressure) could achieve an important reduction in mortality from ruptured AAA.  (+info)

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Silicate cement is not typically used as a medical definition, but rather in the field of construction materials and concrete technology. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Silicate cement, also known as alkali-activated cement or soluble silicate cement, is a type of binding agent produced through the reaction of an alkali source (such as sodium hydroxide or sodium silicate) with silica-rich materials like fly ash, slag, or metakaolin. This process forms a complex network of silicate chains, which provide high strength, durability, and resistance to aggressive environments compared to traditional Portland cement. Although not directly used in medical applications, it can be found in some construction materials that may have indirect medical relevance, such as dental impressions, restorative materials, or construction of healthcare facilities.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

Radioactive pollutants are defined as any harmful radioactive substances that are discharged into the environment and pose risks to human health and the ecosystem. These pollutants can be in the form of gases, liquids, or solids and can contaminate air, water, and soil. They originate from various sources such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial operations, and military activities.

Radioactive pollutants emit ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to living cells and DNA, leading to genetic mutations, cancer, and other health problems. Exposure to high levels of radioactivity can result in acute radiation sickness, including symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Long-term exposure to low levels of radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases over time.

Radioactive pollutants can also have negative impacts on the environment, contaminating soil and water and reducing biodiversity in affected areas. They can persist in the environment for long periods, making it difficult to clean up and remediate contaminated sites. Therefore, proper management and regulation of radioactive materials are essential to prevent their release into the environment and protect public health and the environment.

I'm not sure I understand your question. "Denmark" is a country located in Northern Europe, and it is not a medical term or concept. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, and it consists of the Jutland peninsula and several islands in the Baltic Sea. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen.

If you are looking for information about a medical condition that may be associated with Denmark, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I would be happy to help you with more specific information if I can.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

An "accident" is an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury. In medical terms, an accident refers to an unplanned occurrence resulting in harm or injury to a person's body, which may require medical attention. Accidents can happen due to various reasons such as human error, mechanical failure, or environmental factors.

Examples of accidents that may require medical attention include:

1. Traffic accidents: These can result in injuries such as fractures, head trauma, and soft tissue injuries.
2. Workplace accidents: These can include falls, machinery malfunctions, or exposure to hazardous substances, resulting in injuries or illnesses.
3. Home accidents: These can include burns, cuts, falls, or poisoning, which may require medical treatment.
4. Sports accidents: These can result in injuries such as sprains, strains, fractures, or concussions.
5. Recreational accidents: These can occur during activities such as swimming, hiking, or biking and may result in injuries such as drowning, falls, or trauma.

Preventing accidents is crucial to maintaining good health and safety. This can be achieved through education, awareness, and the implementation of safety measures in various settings such as homes, workplaces, and roads.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

In the context of medicine, growth generally refers to the increase in size or mass of an organism or a specific part of the body over time. This can be quantified through various methods such as measuring height, weight, or the dimensions of particular organs or tissues. In children, normal growth is typically assessed using growth charts that plot measurements like height and weight against age to determine whether a child's growth is following a typical pattern.

Growth can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, hormonal regulation, and overall health status. Abnormalities in growth patterns may indicate underlying medical conditions or developmental disorders that require further evaluation and treatment.

"Sick leave" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the context of employment and human resources. It refers to the time off from work that an employee is allowed to take due to illness or injury, for which they may still receive payment. The specific policies regarding sick leave, such as how much time is granted and whether it is paid or unpaid, can vary based on the employer's policies, labor laws, and collective bargaining agreements.

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, called myelin, leading to damage and scarring (sclerosis). This results in disrupted communication between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a variety of neurological symptoms that can vary widely from person to person.

The term "multiple" refers to the numerous areas of scarring that occur throughout the CNS in this condition. The progression, severity, and specific symptoms of MS are unpredictable and may include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, difficulty with balance and coordination, cognitive impairment, and mood changes. There is currently no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, modify the course of the disease, and improve quality of life for those affected.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

"Body height" is a measure of the vertical length of a person's body from the top of their head to the bottom of their feet. It is typically measured in units such as centimeters (cm) or inches (in). In medical settings, body height is often used as a basic anthropometric measurement to assess overall health status, growth and development, nutritional status, and aging-related changes.

There are different methods for measuring body height, but the most common one involves having the person stand upright against a vertical surface (such as a wall or a stadiometer) with their heels, buttocks, shoulders, and head touching the surface. The measurement is taken at the point where the top of the person's head meets the surface.

Body height can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, nutrition, health status, and environmental conditions. Changes in body height over time can provide important insights into a person's health trajectory and potential health risks. For example, a significant decrease in body height may indicate bone loss or spinal compression, while a rapid increase in height during childhood or adolescence may suggest optimal growth and development.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by persistent inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and subsequent damage to the articular cartilage and bone. The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically targeting the synovial membrane lining the joint capsule. This results in swelling, pain, warmth, and stiffness in affected joints, often most severely in the hands and feet.

RA can also have extra-articular manifestations, affecting other organs such as the lungs, heart, skin, eyes, and blood vessels. The exact cause of RA remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing rheumatoid arthritis to prevent joint damage, disability, and systemic complications.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "social class" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a sociological concept that refers to the grouping of individuals in a society based on their shared economic and social positions. This can include factors such as income, education, occupation, and wealth.

However, social class can have an impact on health outcomes and access to healthcare. For example, people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to experience chronic diseases, mental health disorders, and have limited access to quality healthcare services compared to those in higher socioeconomic groups. This relationship is often referred to as the "social determinants of health."

Cerebrovascular disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain. These disorders can be caused by narrowing, blockage, or rupture of the blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The most common types of cerebrovascular disorders include:

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts, causing a lack of oxygen and nutrients to reach brain cells. This can lead to permanent damage or death of brain tissue.
2. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, often by a blood clot. Symptoms may last only a few minutes to a few hours and typically resolve on their own. However, a TIA is a serious warning sign that a full-blown stroke may occur in the future.
3. Aneurysm: An aneurysm is a weakened or bulging area in the wall of a blood vessel. If left untreated, an aneurysm can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
4. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An AVM is a tangled mass of abnormal blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. This can lead to bleeding in the brain or stroke.
5. Carotid stenosis: Carotid stenosis occurs when the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This can increase the risk of stroke.
6. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This condition occurs when the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply blood to the back of the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, and difficulty swallowing.

Cerebrovascular disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Risk factors for these conditions include age, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and family history. Treatment may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of further complications.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New South Wales" is not a medical term. It's actually the name of the largest state in Australia, known for its diverse landscapes and wildlife. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Medical survival rate is a statistical measure used to determine the percentage of patients who are still alive for a specific period of time after their diagnosis or treatment for a certain condition or disease. It is often expressed as a five-year survival rate, which refers to the proportion of people who are alive five years after their diagnosis. Survival rates can be affected by many factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, the effectiveness of treatment, and other health conditions that the patient may have. It is important to note that survival rates are statistical estimates and do not necessarily predict an individual patient's prognosis.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Health status is a term used to describe the overall condition of an individual's health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. It is often assessed through various measures such as medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reported health assessments. Health status can be used to identify health disparities, track changes in population health over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place and not a medical term or condition. It is the capital city and largest metropolitan area in both England and the United Kingdom. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

"Lost to Follow-Up" is a term used in medical research and clinical settings to describe a participant or patient who drops out of a study or stops receiving medical care, making it difficult or impossible to collect further data on their outcomes or progress. This can introduce bias and limit the generalizability of research findings. The specific criteria for defining "Lost to Follow-Up" may vary depending on the context and the nature of the study or clinical program.

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of time to event data. It is used to estimate the time it takes for a certain event of interest to occur, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure. The event of interest is called the "failure" event, and survival analysis estimates the probability of not experiencing the failure event until a certain point in time, also known as the "survival" probability.

Survival analysis can provide important information about the effectiveness of treatments, the prognosis of patients, and the identification of risk factors associated with the event of interest. It can handle censored data, which is common in medical research where some participants may drop out or be lost to follow-up before the event of interest occurs.

Survival analysis typically involves estimating the survival function, which describes the probability of surviving beyond a certain time point, as well as hazard functions, which describe the instantaneous rate of failure at a given time point. Other important concepts in survival analysis include median survival times, restricted mean survival times, and various statistical tests to compare survival curves between groups.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Scotland" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Postoperative care refers to the comprehensive medical treatment and nursing attention provided to a patient following a surgical procedure. The goal of postoperative care is to facilitate the patient's recovery, prevent complications, manage pain, ensure proper healing of the incision site, and maintain overall health and well-being until the patient can resume their normal activities.

This type of care includes monitoring vital signs, managing pain through medication or other techniques, ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition, helping the patient with breathing exercises to prevent lung complications, encouraging mobility to prevent blood clots, monitoring for signs of infection or other complications, administering prescribed medications, providing wound care, and educating the patient about postoperative care instructions.

The duration of postoperative care can vary depending on the type and complexity of the surgical procedure, as well as the individual patient's needs and overall health status. It may be provided in a hospital setting, an outpatient surgery center, or in the patient's home, depending on the level of care required.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

The "duty to recontact" is not a formal medical term, but rather a concept that refers to the ethical obligation of healthcare providers to inform and follow up with their patients if new information becomes available that may affect their previous medical diagnoses or treatments. This duty arises from the principle of respect for autonomy, which requires healthcare providers to involve their patients in decision-making about their care based on complete and accurate information.

In some cases, new research or clinical guidelines may emerge that call into question a previous diagnosis or treatment recommendation. In such situations, healthcare providers may have a duty to recontact their patients to inform them of the new information and discuss any necessary changes to their care plan. The specifics of this duty may vary depending on factors such as the significance of the new information, the potential risks and benefits of different treatment options, and the patient's individual circumstances and preferences. Ultimately, the goal of the duty to recontact is to ensure that patients receive the best possible care based on current medical knowledge and standards.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Epidemiologic methods are systematic approaches used to investigate and understand the distribution, determinants, and outcomes of health-related events or diseases in a population. These methods are applied to study the patterns of disease occurrence and transmission, identify risk factors and causes, and evaluate interventions for prevention and control. The core components of epidemiologic methods include:

1. Descriptive Epidemiology: This involves the systematic collection and analysis of data on the who, what, when, and where of health events to describe their distribution in a population. It includes measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity rates, as well as geographic and temporal patterns.

2. Analytical Epidemiology: This involves the use of statistical methods to examine associations between potential risk factors and health outcomes. It includes observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and experimental studies (randomized controlled trials). The goal is to identify causal relationships and quantify the strength of associations.

3. Experimental Epidemiology: This involves the design and implementation of interventions or experiments to test hypotheses about disease prevention and control. It includes randomized controlled trials, community trials, and other experimental study designs.

4. Surveillance and Monitoring: This involves ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data for early detection, tracking, and response to health events or diseases.

5. Ethical Considerations: Epidemiologic studies must adhere to ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm to study participants.

Overall, epidemiologic methods provide a framework for investigating and understanding the complex interplay between host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to the occurrence of health-related events or diseases in populations.

Patient compliance, also known as medication adherence or patient adherence, refers to the degree to which a patient's behavior matches the agreed-upon recommendations from their healthcare provider. This includes taking medications as prescribed (including the correct dosage, frequency, and duration), following dietary restrictions, making lifestyle changes, and attending follow-up appointments. Poor patient compliance can negatively impact treatment outcomes and lead to worsening of symptoms, increased healthcare costs, and development of drug-resistant strains in the case of antibiotics. It is a significant challenge in healthcare and efforts are being made to improve patient education, communication, and support to enhance compliance.

Laser therapy, also known as phototherapy or laser photobiomodulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and decrease inflammation. It works by promoting the increase of cellular metabolism, blood flow, and tissue regeneration through the process of photobiomodulation.

The therapy can be used on patients suffering from a variety of acute and chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and wound healing complications. The wavelength and intensity of the laser light are precisely controlled to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

During the procedure, the laser or LED device is placed directly on the skin over the area of injury or discomfort. The non-ionizing light penetrates the tissue without causing heat or damage, interacting with chromophores in the cells to initiate a series of photochemical reactions. This results in increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of transcription factors that lead to improved cellular function and reduced pain.

In summary, laser therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment option for various medical conditions, providing patients with an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

The chemical industry is a broad term that refers to the companies and organizations involved in the production or transformation of raw materials or intermediates into various chemical products. These products can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. The chemical industry includes businesses that produce basic chemicals, such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and industrial gases, as well as those that manufacture specialty chemicals, such as dyestuffs, flavors, fragrances, and advanced materials. Additionally, the chemical industry encompasses companies that provide services related to the research, development, testing, and distribution of chemical products.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

Long-term care (LTC) is a term used to describe various medical and support services that are required by individuals who need assistance with activities of daily living (such as bathing, dressing, using the toilet) or who have chronic health conditions that require ongoing supervision and care. LTC can be provided in a variety of settings, including nursing homes, assisted living facilities, adult day care centers, and private homes.

The goal of LTC is to help individuals maintain their independence and quality of life for as long as possible, while also ensuring that they receive the necessary medical and support services to meet their needs. LTC can be provided on a short-term or long-term basis, depending on the individual's needs and circumstances.

LTC is often required by older adults who have physical or cognitive limitations, but it can also be needed by people of any age who have disabilities or chronic illnesses that require ongoing care. LTC services may include nursing care, therapy (such as occupational, physical, or speech therapy), personal care (such as help with bathing and dressing), and social activities.

LTC is typically not covered by traditional health insurance plans, but it may be covered by long-term care insurance policies, Medicaid, or other government programs. It's important to plan for LTC needs well in advance, as the cost of care can be significant and can have a major impact on an individual's financial resources.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Ethamsylate is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as anti-fibrinolytics. It works by helping to prevent the breakdown of blood clots and promoting the healing of damaged blood vessels. Ethamsylate is often used in the treatment of conditions associated with bleeding, such as menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) and various types of hemorrhage (severe bleeding).

The chemical name for Ethamsylate is diethylammonium 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonate. It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken two to three times a day, depending on the severity of the condition being treated. As with any medication, it's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking Ethamsylate.

While Ethamsylate can be effective in treating certain types of bleeding, it is not without potential side effects. Common side effects may include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as allergic reactions, kidney damage, or changes in blood pressure may occur. If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking Ethamsylate, it's important to contact your healthcare provider right away.

Proportional hazards models are a type of statistical analysis used in medical research to investigate the relationship between covariates (predictor variables) and survival times. The most common application of proportional hazards models is in the Cox regression model, which is named after its developer, Sir David Cox.

In a proportional hazards model, the hazard rate or risk of an event occurring at a given time is assumed to be proportional to the hazard rate of a reference group, after adjusting for the covariates. This means that the ratio of the hazard rates between any two individuals remains constant over time, regardless of their survival times.

Mathematically, the hazard function h(t) at time t for an individual with a set of covariates X can be expressed as:

h(t|X) = h0(t) \* exp(β1X1 + β2X2 + ... + βpXp)

where h0(t) is the baseline hazard function, X1, X2, ..., Xp are the covariates, and β1, β2, ..., βp are the regression coefficients that represent the effect of each covariate on the hazard rate.

The assumption of proportionality is crucial in the interpretation of the results from a Cox regression model. If the assumption is violated, then the estimated regression coefficients may be biased and misleading. Therefore, it is important to test for the proportional hazards assumption before interpreting the results of a Cox regression analysis.

A feasibility study is a preliminary investigation or analysis conducted to determine the viability of a proposed project, program, or product. In the medical field, feasibility studies are often conducted before implementing new treatments, procedures, equipment, or facilities. These studies help to assess the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed intervention, as well as its potential benefits and risks.

Feasibility studies in healthcare typically involve several steps:

1. Problem identification: Clearly define the problem that the proposed project, program, or product aims to address.
2. Objectives setting: Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives for the study.
3. Literature review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research and best practices related to the proposed intervention.
4. Methodology development: Design a methodology for data collection and analysis that will help answer the research questions and achieve the study's objectives.
5. Resource assessment: Evaluate the availability and adequacy of resources, including personnel, time, and finances, required to carry out the proposed intervention.
6. Risk assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the implementation of the proposed intervention and develop strategies to mitigate them.
7. Cost-benefit analysis: Estimate the costs and benefits of the proposed intervention, including direct and indirect costs, as well as short-term and long-term benefits.
8. Stakeholder engagement: Engage relevant stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, administrators, and policymakers, to gather their input and support for the proposed intervention.
9. Decision-making: Based on the findings of the feasibility study, make an informed decision about whether or not to proceed with the proposed project, program, or product.

Feasibility studies are essential in healthcare as they help ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively, and that interventions are evidence-based, safe, and beneficial for patients.

Local neoplasm recurrence is the return or regrowth of a tumor in the same location where it was originally removed or treated. This means that cancer cells have survived the initial treatment and started to grow again in the same area. It's essential to monitor and detect any local recurrence as early as possible, as it can affect the prognosis and may require additional treatment.

A medical audit is a systematic review and evaluation of the quality of medical care against established standards to see if it is being delivered efficiently, effectively, and equitably. It is a quality improvement process that aims to improve patient care and outcomes by identifying gaps between actual and desired practice, and implementing changes to close those gaps. Medical audits can focus on various aspects of healthcare delivery, including diagnosis, treatment, medication use, and follow-up care. The ultimate goal of medical audits is to ensure that patients receive the best possible care based on current evidence and best practices.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

"Feminist Knowledge: Review Essay: GWS in South Africa". GWS Africa, Gender and Women's Studies for Africa's Transformation. ... Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life is an autobiographical book by Emma Mashinini. It was first published in 1989 by The ... "Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life: A South African Autobiography by Emma Mashinini". Publishers Weekly. 1 May 1991. ... Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life, Foreword by Jay Naidoo, 2012. Lewis, Desiree. " ...
Follow. Text.". Here and Now (CBLA-FM), October 22, 2013. Plenitude, Issue 4 (Spring 2014). Legal Resource Kit of the Canadian ... Syms's work for Rites included political and cultural analysis that was referenced in such books as The Lesbian and Gay Studies ... Follow. Text., an anthology of short stories about interactions through social media. His debut short story collection, Nothing ... Abelove H, Barale MA, Halperin DM, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. Routledge, 1993, page 43. Amis JM, Cornwell, BT, ...
The Follow. Archived January 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine MSN Movies. Hirshon, Nicholas (September 17, 2006). "Reel Study ... Whitaker studies yoga, has a black belt in kenpō and is a vegetarian. He also trains in eskrima, originally under Dan Inosanto ... In 2001, Whitaker had a small, uncredited role in the Wong Kar-wai-directed The Follow, one of five short films produced by BMW ... He later transferred to the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California to study opera as a tenor and was ...
Kamuf, P. (2005). "To Follow". Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. Vol. 16, pp. 3 (Fall 2005). Kamuf, P. (2004 ... Kamuf, P. (2007). "To Do Justice to 'Rousseau,' Irreducibly". Eighteenth-Century Studies. Vol. 40 (3), pp. 395-404. Kamuf, P. ( ... Kamuf, Peggy (2010). To Follow: The Wake of Jacques Derrida. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kamuf, Peggy (2005). Book ...
"Follow metalheads". BOA. Retrieved 21 June 2012. (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from ... Why wait? Join the best Graduate studied college in Bangalore and kick start your career wheel. Designed to suit the needs of ... 13°05′03″N 77°29′06″E / 13.084222°N 77.484917°E / 13.084222; 77.484917 Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies, or AIGS, is a ... The Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies (AIGS) was established in 2005 by Premnath Reddy, Chairman of the Acharya Group of ...
Follow the sun software development: New perspectives, conceptual foundation, and exploratory field study. In System Sciences, ... Follow the Sun can be traced back to the mid-1990s where IBM had the first global software team which was specifically set up ... Recent studies on FTS have moved to mathematical modeling of FTS. The research is focused on the issue of speed and the issues ... Follow the Sun (FTS), a sub-field of globally distributed software engineering (GDSE), is a type of global knowledge workflow ...
Westerman, Gwen Neil (2013). Follow the Blackbirds. American Indian Studies. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ...
Glass IB (1989). Alcohol halucinosis: a psychiatric enigma-2. Follow-up studies. Alcohol-Withdrawal Soyka M, Täschner B, ...
In 2009, the FDA released the follow-up study to the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics' report, which found lead was present in all ... "follow-up study". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019. " ... This study found an average of 1.11 ppm compared to the 1.07 ppm average in the 2009 study, while the highest amount of 7.19 ... The study found that 61 percent of lipsticks contained lead with levels up to 0.65 parts per million (ppm). The study raised ...
ISBN 0-8173-0410-X. Gaffney, Dennis (January 16, 2012). "Alabama Stoneware - A Jug-full of History , Follow the Stories , ... Salzman, Jack (May 25, 1990). American Studies: An Annotated Bibliography - Jack Salzman - Google Books. ISBN 9780521365598. ...
Drugs for human use; drug efficacy study implementation; follow-up notice". Fed Regist. 40 (25): 5384. FDA (March-April 1978 ... Some studies have found it to be effective up to 10 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. A 2021 study found ... One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation.81... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether ... A study by the WHO reported that use of a single tablet of 10 mg of mifepristone was an effective emergency contraceptive with ...
Le, Ha; Wu, Junming; Yu, Louis; Lynn, Melissa (2021). "A study on Channel Popularity in Twitch". arXiv:2111.05939 [cs.SI]. Zhao ... List of most-followed Facebook pages List of most-followed Instagram accounts List of most-followed TikTok accounts List of ... The distribution of followers across all of the streamers on Twitch follows the power law, and is a useful metric for assessing ... The following table lists the 50 most-followed channels on Twitch as of October 9, 2023[update], with each total rounded to the ...
Mostrous, Alexi (28 April 2014). "Who wants to be a billionaire? Follow this simple guide". The Times. Retrieved 5 February ... "SuperEntrepreneurs and how your country can get them". Centre for Policy Studies. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Branson, Richard ( ... A range of international media followed up on these initial reports. NBC quoted SuperEntrepreneurs: "The results indicate the ... SuperEntrepreneurs (2014). Center for Policy Studies. Co-authored by Tino Sanandaji. The Spending Plan (2015). Taxpayers ...
"Studies on the hyperactive child: VIII. Five-year follow-up." Archives of General Psychiatry 24, no. 5 (1971): 409-414. Werry, ... "Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders: a clinical and outcome study." Journal of the ...
More could follow suit". NBC Asian America. NBC News. Retrieved September 14, 2023. Yam, Kimmy (May 17, 2023). "DeSantis ... Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108692649. ISBN ... Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108692649. ISBN ... Naturalization laws vary, and some countries follow a rule of jus sanguinis. For example, Myanmar nationality law regards the ...
"Case Studies: Brooklyn Brewery". Milton Glaser Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-01. Acitelli, ... Williams, Lena (June 2, 1996). "Could the Dodgers Follow? Brewing Returns to Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04- ...
The most significant follow-up study published so far is the assessment of the NICHD trial participants at 6-7 years. Of the ... Long-term follow-up has yet to demonstrate show persisting benefit, but available data together with an imaging study nested in ... A follow-up study". Annals of Clinical Research. 1 (1): 40-49. PMID 5350770. Cordey R, Chiolero R, Miller JA (September 1973 ... What follows uses some of these data while trying to focus on the immature brain. Cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia results in reduced ...
A follow-up study". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 53 (6): 435-440. ISSN 0024-7758. PMID 18664062. Tommola, Päivi; ... In a study done in 2006, it was discovered that 93% of patients who had undergone the surgery recommended it for vulvar pain. ...
A study on the National Socialist technique of domination and the church struggle. Matthias Grünewald Verlag, Mainz 1971, ISBN ... Fleermann, Bastian: "...follow up to destruction". Wave of arrests and violence against political opponents in the spring of ... Studies in history, language and culture. Edited by Jörg Engelbrecht, Simone Frank, Christian Krumm and Holger Schmenk, 1/2010 ...
A follow-up study". Adv Neurol. 58: 145-50. PMID 1414617. Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, et al. (May 1993). "Reduced basal ... Twin studies show that 50 to 77% of identical twins share a TS diagnosis, while only 10 to 23% of fraternal twins do. But not ... Genetic epidemiology studies have shown that Tourette's is highly heritable, and 10 to 100 times more likely to be found among ... Genome-wide association studies were published in 2013 and 2015 in which no finding reached a threshold for significance. ...
1-24). Follow Through Publications. Glanville, R. (2013). Radical constructivism = second order cybernetics. Cybernetics and ... Studies in meaning 5: Perturbing the status quo in constructivist psychology. Pace University Press, New York: 64-90. Müller K ...
A short follow-up duration is appropriate for studying very severe cancers with poor prognoses, whereas a long follow-up ... Time-to-event studies must have sufficiently long follow-up durations to capture enough events to reveal meaningful patterns in ... Schemper and Terry L. Smith (1996). "A Note on Quantifying Follow-up in Studies of Failure Time". Elsevier (Department of ... In statistics, median follow-up is the median time between a specified event and the time when data on outcomes are gathered. ...
The lab is studying other globally important pathogens such as Zika virus. They also study innate immune factors and their role ... The Fred Hutch soon followed, bestowing their faculty mentoring award on Overbaugh in 2008. Resignation from leadership: In ... Overbaugh is best known for her translational approach to studying HIV transmission and pathogenesis and studies of how the ... Overbaugh also studied adaptive evolution. Her work with the Kenya research collaborative team also included expanding studies ...
"Studies in Intelligence Vol. 53, No. 2" (PDF). August 24, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2011. Retrieved ... Later, he witnesses her making a dead drop at Union Station and follows the mysterious agent who retrieves what Layla left ... Clark, Mike (January 30, 2003). "'Recruit' fails to follow through". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010 ... James Clayton is a prodigious programmer studying nonlinear cryptography[clarification needed] at MIT, collaborating with a ...
"Health Professionals Follow-Up Study". Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. ... The Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II, which have followed the health of over 100,000 nurses from 1976 to the ... The Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a similar study of over fifty thousand male health professionals seeking to connect ... The College Alcohol Study, which examines the causes of college binge drinking and approaches to prevention and harm reduction ...
A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or ... It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. Drafting statutes requires ... A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it ... Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in ...
Eikelenboom, Siem; Bruijn, Annebelle de (September 8, 2021). "Omstreden studies van Erasmus MC-onderzoeker met dna Oeigoeren ... worden teruggetrokken". Follow the Money (in Dutch). Retrieved December 12, 2021. "Technologie-overdracht aan China". Argos (in ...
... probably follow some pattern; but we have not studied them systematically. If a disyllabic root does not have a syllable with h ... We did not undertake any systematic study of Tiwa dialectal variation. There may well be other varieties, and it may be ... Two conventional rules have been followed in marking the falling tone: (1) monosyllabic roots having a falling tone are not ... that do not follow this rule. Some of them are: îni/hîni - Look here! ûya/hûya - Look there! îya - Interjection (of surprise) ...
The schools follow WB Board. The Heritage School, Bithika Pally, Rampurhat & St Pauls International School is a CBSE affiliated ... It is a co-educational school imparting studies in English. Pre Schools are Kidzee & Heritage Hurray. Gurukul Public School is ... The major schools for higher studies include Rampurhat Jitendralal Vidyabhavan, the best school in Birbhum district (estd. in ...
Aning, Jerome; Avendaño, Christine O. (30 December 2016). "Follow Rizal's lead, Filipinos told". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 30 ... Sumsky, Victor V. (2001). "The Prophet of Two Revolutions". Philippine Studies. 49 (2): 236-254. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42634628 ...
AbbVie recognises that it is important for research participants and their families to understand the outcome of their clinical, and the for the wider public to have trust in the research and its results. To support research transparency, AbbVie introduced a new template for lay summaries of their clinical trial results, ensuring they are written in plain language to be understandable to people without a medical or scientific background. You can access and read these plain language summaries on AbbVies website. ...
However, most are making it substantially more difficult to reject all tracking than to accept it, according to a new study ... Websites that operate in Europe are supposed to follow GDPR rules that let consumers to opt out of cookie-type tracking. ... Most websites dont follow European cookie consent laws, study shows. Just over one in ten sites conform to EU laws, according ... Websites that operate in Europe are supposed to follow GDPR rules that let consumers to opt out of cookie-type tracking. ...
... an update on the wine grapes sectors progress in implementing the ACCCs recommendations from our September 2019 market study ... an update on the wine grapes sectors progress in implementing the ACCCs recommendations from our September 2019 market study ...
... are conducting this study. The Calhoun County Health Department (CCHD) is helping with key parts of this study. The study is ... dibenzofurans in approximately 300 Anniston residents are the focus points of the study. Follow-up evaluation of health ... The approvals to conduct the study have been obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Centers for Disease ... You will be subject to the destination websites privacy policy when you follow the link. ...
Latter-day Peace Studies presents: Come, Follow Me Latter-day Peace Studies * * Religion & Spirituality ...
... ... A recently published study has suggested looking at the wild populations of a key bird species as a gauge for ecosystem health ... The study, published April 29 in the journal Global Ecology and Conservation, also found that three other species were good ... Forest restoration can fare better with human helping hand, study shows * From rat-ridden to reserve, Redonda is an island ...
Chain of Care for Patients who Have Attempted Suicide: a Follow-Up Study from Baerum, Norway This study tested the ... Aims: The present study followed up patients with panic disorder in order to assess the frequency of their suicidal behavior. ... This study reports the outcomes, during follow-up, of a low-cost postcard intervention in a Randomized Control Trial of ... An intervention and follow-up study following a suicide attempt in the emergency departments of four general hospitals in ...
There was a significant reduction in heel pain at the time of follow-up (average, 3 years) for both groups. Overall, 85% of ... A comparative retrospective study of 48 open heel spur surgeries and 20 endoscopic plantar fasciotomies was conducted involving ... Long-term follow-up of heel spur surgery. A 10-year retrospective study J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999 Feb;89(2):81-8. doi: ... There was a significant reduction in heel pain at the time of follow-up (average, 3 years) for both groups. Overall, 85% of ...
... we begin what ultimately will be a deep dive into the states ethnic studies industrial complex. ... Follow the Money: The ethnic studies racket in Minnesota. In this edition of Follow the Money™, we begin what ultimately will ... In this fourth part of our series on ethnic studies nonprofits in Minnesota, we Follow the Money™ flowing to a group called ... Follow the Money, ethnic studies racket, part 3: Unidos we stand. September 24, 2023 by Bill Glahn ...
We show that three factors combine to explain the mean excess sensitivity reported in studies estimating consumption Euler ... "Do Consumers Really Follow a Rule of Thumb? Three Thousand Estimates from 130 Studies Say "Probably Not"," Working Papers IES ... "Do Consumers Really Follow a Rule of Thumb? Three Thousand Estimates from 130 Studies Say Probably Not," HSE Working papers ... "Do Consumers Really Follow a Rule of Thumb? Three Thousand Estimates from 130 Studies Say Probably Not," Working Papers 2016/ ...
Contributors: PEV-deB designed the study, assessed the adverse events, designed the follow up study, aquired and analysed the ... Rate of recurrent collapse after vaccination with whole cell pertussis vaccine: follow up study BMJ 1998; 316 :902 doi:10.1136/ ... Rate of recurrent collapse after vaccination with whole cell pertussis vaccine: follow up study ... Rate of recurrent collapse after vaccination with whole cell pertussis vaccine: follow up study ...
... follow-up. Peer reviewed and up-to-date recommendations written by leading experts ... lab studies, imaging, procedures, prehospital care, emergency department care, prognosis, ...
Researchers followed participants from the Nurses Health Study, Nurses Health Study , and Health Professionals Follow-Up ... This study provides further evidence in support of increasing whole grain intake for the prevention of CHD in US populations. ... Study populations to assess the associations of whole grain intake with CHD risk. Data were taken from participants who did not ...
Study ID. Project Information. Starbase. Starbase Minnesota strives to increase the knowledge, skills, and interest of inner- ... These studies looks at the potential long-term impacts of participation. It examines high school students interest, motivation ...
ENRICH YOUR COME, FOLLOW ME STUDY with high-quality articles that are well researched, inspirational, and written by scholars, ... Home About Us Publications Conferences My Gospel Study Videos & Podcasts Submissions Add Home Screen Shortcut Add an RSC ... The scripture readings and lessons are displayed first, followed by recommended readings. ...
... according to a new womens health study by researchers at St. Michaels Hospital and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative ... Less than half of Ontario women with abnormal Pap tests receive recommended and potentially life-saving follow-up care, ... Less than 50 percent of women with abnormal paps receive follow-up care: study. August 19, 2009. ScienceBlog.com ... For more information on the POWER Study and its partners visit www.powerstudy.ca. Other findings from the study will be ...
Failures to Follow Infection Practices Have Placed More than 60,000 Patients at Risk for Hepatitis B and C ... CDC Study: Failures to Follow Infection Practices Have Placed More than 60,000 Patients at Risk for Hepatitis B and C. In the ... Patients were exposed to these potentially deadly diseases because health care personnel failed to follow basic infection ... because health care personnel in settings outside hospitals failed to follow basic infection control practices, according to a ...
We studied the feasibility and toxicity of escalating the doses of fractionated TBI above our previous prescription of 13.5 Gy ... Sobecks, R., Daugherty, C., Hallahan, D. et al. A dose escalation study of total body irradiation followed by high-dose ... A dose escalation study of total body irradiation followed by high-dose etoposide and allogeneic blood stem cell ... We studied the feasibility and toxicity of escalating the doses of fractionated TBI above our previous prescription of 13.5 Gy ...
Marga I. Weigel German Study Abroad Award * General Information and How to Apply ... Waterloo Centre for German Studies. Modern Languages Building, Room 104. 519-888-4567 ext. 43059. [email protected] ... If youre online, you can follow us on Twitter @UWaterlooWCGS or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/WaterlooCentreForGermanStudies ...
Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of spa therapy on quality of life and pain in ... To confirm the results of this study, there is a need for a randomized controlled trial comparing spa treatment with usual care ... and long-term follow-up and contributed to improving the quality of life in the domain of social relations and environment. ... 70 patients with generalized osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. Spa treatment lasted 3 weeks (15 days of treatment) and ...
INCLUDING FOLLOW-UP TO THE 1997 EVALUATION AND REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MACHEL STUDY I. INTRODUCTION ... Refugee Children and Adolescents, including Follow-up to the 1997 Evaluation and Report on Implementation of the Machel Study * ... The Machel Study Follow-up Strategy and IES evaluation are important benchmarks in UNHCRs continuing effort to provide more ... To address this problem, the Machel Study follow-up strategy recommended that the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)- ...
Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States BMJ 1996; 313 :84 doi: ... The health professionals follow up study began in 1986 when 51 529 health professionals aged 40 to 75 years completed a 131 ... Setting: The health professionals follow up study in the United States.. Subjects: 43 757 health professionals aged 40 to 75 ... Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States ...
... pylori eradication to revert precancerous lesions such as IM and atrophy after 1-year follow-up is questionable. ... Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastritis in relation to cagA: a prospective 1-year follow-up study ... The aim of this study was to investigate the role of H. pylori eradication on the course of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and ... Methods: In a large prospective study, the cagA status of H. pylori isolated from consecutive dyspeptic patients was related to ...
Learys Concord Prison Experiment: a 34-year follow-up study J Psychoactive Drugs 1998 30(4):419-26 ... The results of the follow-up study indicate that published claims of a treatment effect were erroneous. This follow-up study ... This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic ... This follow-up study involved a search through the state and federal criminal justice system records of 21 of the original 32 ...
Director, Software Studies Initiative , Professor, CUNY Graduate Center. Cicero Inacio da Silva. Software Studies Brazil. ... this definition as follows: A style space is a projection of quantified visual properties of images into a 2D plane. In the ... All projects and visualizations are created by members of Software Studies Initiative. (credits appear under the images on ... web developer at Katana; Researcher, Software Studies Initiative. Alise Tifentale. PhD candidate, Art History, The Graduate ...
The study now includes 494 patients, and will be complete when 503 are enrolled. Of the participants, 60% required ... Follow-up results of the RE-VERSE AD study presented at the 2016 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions in New Orleans ... Results of the RE-VERSE AD Study Confirm Idarucizumab Efficacy, Safety, at Follow-Up. November 15, 2016. Michael R. Page, ... As the RE-VERSE AD study was designed to include approximately 500 patients, these result mark near-completion of the study, ...
For the first follow up exposure survey, the personal eight hour full shift mean concentration of airborne 2-ME of the study ... For the second follow up exposure survey, the personal eight hour full shift mean concentration of airborne 2-ME of the study ... The objectives of this study were to follow up the 2-ME exposure (both airborne exposure of 2-ME and urinary MAA) and the ... Follow up study of haematological effects in workers exposed to 2-methoxyethanol ...
This study looked at 30 years of data on real-world stability of bipolar diagnoses, plus clinical characteristics associated ... Diagnostic Stability in Bipolar Disorder: A Follow-up Study in 130,000 Patient-Years. Fanny Cegla-Schvartzman, MDa; Santiago ... Recent studies predicting signs of suicide risk from social media using artificial intelli.... J Clin Psychiatry 2024;85(1): ... Results: 14,557 patients were diagnosed with BD for at least 1 evaluation and had at least 10 visits and 1 year of follow-up. ...
Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland Mira Meriluoto, Lea ... Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland. ... You will be subject to the destination websites privacy policy when you follow the link. ...
An observational retrospective study, 1-year follow-up, on 104 patients with OA (nodular osteoarthritis of the hand, erosive ... The purpose of the present study was to determine relationship between disease activity, systemic markers of cartilage ... This was an observational retrospective 1-year follow-up study. This study has considered patients who came to our hospital ... An observational retrospective study, 1-year follow-up, on 104 patients with OA (nodular osteoarthritis of the hand, erosive ...
  • However, to date, the results of a series of population-based cohort studies are inconclusive. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A comparative retrospective study of 48 open heel spur surgeries and 20 endoscopic plantar fasciotomies was conducted involving 59 patients over a 10-year period. (nih.gov)
  • An observational retrospective study, 1-year follow-up, on 104 patients with OA (nodular osteoarthritis of the hand, erosive osteoarthritis of the hand, EOA, osteoarthritis of the knee or hip) who were treated with GC or glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and collagen type II (GCC). (springer.com)
  • Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000-2014. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Self reported poor health and low educational level predictors for mortality: a population based follow up study of 39,156 people in Sweden. (bmj.com)
  • Working Papers IES 2016/15, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, revised Jul 2016. (repec.org)
  • Follow-up results of the RE-VERSE AD study presented at the 2016 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions in New Orleans, Louisiana, further confirm the efficacy and safety of idarucizumab (Praxbind) in patients who require dabigatran reversal. (ajmc.com)
  • Between May 2015 and February 2016, we collected clinical data from 100 patients with MMN, of whom 60 had participated in a nationwide cross-sectional cohort study in 2007. (nih.gov)
  • This study opened in October, 2018. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • Participants Men and women aged 40-43 years who participated in a national cardiovascular screening programme and who were followed from 1985 to 2018. (bmj.com)
  • According to a 2018 study from that center, a large minority of participants had late-stage HIV and suppressed immune systems. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Availab le at: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/dialogue_economic_operators_alcohol_production/en/ (accessed 9 November 2018). (who.int)
  • The findings are detailed in the report titled Cancer - the second to be released this year as part of the study. (scienceblog.com)
  • Other findings from the study will be released later this year. (scienceblog.com)
  • The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. (psychiatrist.com)
  • To describe the clinical, CSF, and radiologic findings and long-term follow-up in a cohort of patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and to determine possible prognostic factors for progression to MS. (neurology.org)
  • The findings from my study may foreshadow potential disparities if we don't have the necessary resources in place to promote follow-up care after an abnormal Pap test, similar to the disparities that we see in cervical cancer," she said during the virtual Association of Nurses in AIDS Care (ANAC) 2020 Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)
  • Who is conducting the study and who is the owner of the study findings? (who.int)
  • It is a three-year bachelor's degree program which can be followed up by a two-year master's degree program. (vfu.cz)
  • It also sends a signal to organizations and communities in other countries that Brazil respects the statutory rights of Indigenous People, says Torsten Krause, senior lecturer at Lund University Center for Sustainability Studies, LUCSUS. (lu.se)
  • Background: Studies on the effects of interventions in patients who have attempted suicide in China have not reported so far. (suicideinfo.ca)
  • Aims: To describe the basic situation surrounding the interventions and follow-up of patients who have attempted suicide and to determine whether the interventions would be effective in reducing repeat suicide attempts. (suicideinfo.ca)
  • Aims: The present study followed up patients with panic disorder in order to assess the frequency of their suicidal behavior. (suicideinfo.ca)
  • In the last decade, more than 60,000 patients in the United States were asked to get tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) because health care personnel in settings outside hospitals failed to follow basic infection control practices, according to a new study by the CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients were exposed to these potentially deadly diseases because health care personnel failed to follow basic infection control procedures and aseptic technique in injection safety. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of spa therapy on quality of life and pain in patients aged 60 years and older with osteoarthritis. (hindawi.com)
  • 70 patients with generalized osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. (hindawi.com)
  • Spa treatment reduced the level of pain in majority of the patients in short- and long-term follow-up and contributed to improving the quality of life in the domain of social relations and environment. (hindawi.com)
  • In a large prospective study, the cagA status of H. pylori isolated from consecutive dyspeptic patients was related to clinical outcome before and 1 year after successful eradication of H. pylori. (nih.gov)
  • The study now includes 494 patients, and will be complete when 503 are enrolled. (ajmc.com)
  • This follow-up analysis includes 494 patients, 60% (n = 285) of whom required anticoagulant reversal for serious bleeding episodes (group A), and the remaining 40% (n = 196) of whom required reversal to undergo an urgent medical procedure (group B). As the RE-VERSE AD study was designed to include approximately 500 patients, these result mark near-completion of the study, which will be published when 503 patients are accrued. (ajmc.com)
  • 14,557 patients were diagnosed with BD for at least 1 evaluation and had at least 10 visits and 1 year of follow-up. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Numerous studies have shown that chondrocytes also have tissue-specific antigens, which induce the introduction of antibodies in patients with cartilage grafts, as well as those with osteoarthritis (OA) [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Patients who had a lower Medical Research Council (MRC) sumscore and absence of 1 or more reflexes at the baseline visit showed a greater functional loss at follow-up ( p = 0.007 and p = 0.016). (nih.gov)
  • This study provides Class II evidence that lower MRC sumscore and the absence of reflexes predict a more progressive disease course in patients with MMN. (nih.gov)
  • Our study suggests that close imaging follow-up is adequate for patients with RS/RSL without associated atypia/malignancy on needle biopsy. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We previously reported in the PROTECT Study that 70% of type 2 diabetes patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy were unaware of having the latter condition. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In this study, patients with a HGG that has specific molecular features (wild-type for H3-K27, IDH and BRAF) will receive experimental therapy of veliparib (given by mouth) during radiation therapy, followed by veliparib in combination with temozolomide. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • The outcomes of patients on this study will be compared to other patients with clinically and molecularly similar HGG treated with temozolomide alone. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • AIM To examine the outcome of care for patients with glaucoma followed up by the hospital eye service compared with those followed up by community optometrists. (bmj.com)
  • METHODS A randomised study with patients allocated to follow up by the hospital eye service or community optometrists was carried out in the former county of Avon in south west England. (bmj.com)
  • 403 patients with established or suspected primary open angle glaucoma attending Bristol Eye Hospital and meeting defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied. (bmj.com)
  • After 2 years (a relatively short time in the life of a patient with glaucoma), there were no marked or statistically significant differences in outcome between patients followed up in the hospital eye service or by community optometrists. (bmj.com)
  • To examine N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) variability in plasma and urine samples of patients with stable heart failure (HF) during a 24-month follow-up. (bmj.com)
  • 74 clinically and functionally stable patients (NYHA class 2±0.5) out of 114 patients diagnosed with HF were followed up, and NT-proBNP plasma and urine levels were measured at baseline, 12 and 24 months. (bmj.com)
  • NT-proBNP plasma and urine levels show good stability in a 24-month follow-up of patients with stable heart failure. (bmj.com)
  • Thus, assessment of urinary and plasma NT-proBNP concentrations may be a useful tool for monitoring patients with HF during follow-up. (bmj.com)
  • Upon follow-up, 14 patients had developed clinically definite MS. Of the 26 patients with the final diagnosis of ADEM, two patients had died, nine had minor deficits, three had moderate deficits, and 12 patients had no remaining symptoms. (neurology.org)
  • Many patients initially diagnosed with ADEM develop clinically definite MS upon long-term follow-up. (neurology.org)
  • This is the first long-term observational study in IBD patients within the UK. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • Studies with an increased number of IBD patients under long-term follow up are ongoing. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • There were quite a few patients who had follow-up beyond 1000+ days," Wells told Medscape Medical News via email. (medscape.com)
  • All patients will be followed for 10-15 years. (cancercentrum.se)
  • The less intensive investigational follow- up in the SAMS-FU trial would reduce the healthcare resources allocated to this large group of patients if it replaced the Scandinavian Journal of Urology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by UMAS on 07/25/13 present standard schedule. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Long-term follow-up of heel spur surgery. (nih.gov)
  • These studies looks at the potential long-term impacts of participation. (wilder.org)
  • The POWER Study is funded by Echo: Improving Women's Health in Ontario, an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. (scienceblog.com)
  • This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. (erowid.org)
  • The goal of this clinical study is to learn more about the long-term safety, effectiveness and prolonged action of Kite study drugs, axicabtagene ciloleucel, brexucabtagene autoleucel, KITE-222, KITE-363, KITE-439, KITE-585, and KITE-718, in participants of Kite-sponsored interventional studies. (uclahealth.org)
  • The study benefits from long-term follow-up, prospective design, frequent follow-up during study periods, robust analyses and use of validated questionnaire instruments. (bmj.com)
  • 5 Studies with shorter term follow-up can only represent a compressed view of the long-term pain experience. (bmj.com)
  • However, long-term studies on PSCI are scarce and may be influenced by assessment methods and selection bias. (lu.se)
  • P663 Long-term follow up in IBD: 10-year observational study of a UK IBD cohort. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • This study will conduct a third wave of assessments to examine the long-term consequences of being directly exposed to 9/11 as a child (ages 0-17), including mental and physical health, subsequent adult development, role functioning, relationships, independence and parenting. (cdc.gov)
  • Infectious causes of peripheral facial nerve palsy in children-a retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with peripheral facial nerve palsy (pFP) with a focus on identifying infectious etiology and long-term outcome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Long-term follow-up revealed an associated lower risk of relapse in CNS infection -associated pFP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interpretation - Fewer than half of emergency department visits for a psychiatric reason in the post-partum period were followed by timely outpatient care, with social-determinants-of-health-based disparities in access to care. (ices.on.ca)
  • Researchers followed participants from the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study , and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study populations to assess the associations of whole grain intake with CHD risk. (harvard.edu)
  • Design Monthly data collection for 6 months at 7-year follow-up of participants in a prospective cohort study. (bmj.com)
  • The study was limited by loss to follow-up, meaning restricted number of participants for full analysis, but multiple imputation was used to investigate the implications of this. (bmj.com)
  • When Wells looked at how long participants had waited to undergo HRA, she found something that surprised her: although some participants underwent follow-up assessment in 17 days, for many, it took much longer. (medscape.com)
  • What's more, she discovered through the HPV knowledge questionnaire that many participants did not understand why they were having a follow-up appointment. (medscape.com)
  • To understand causes, trajectories and patterns of early and overt cardiometabolic disease manifestations, we will perform a combined clinical deep phenotyping and registry follow-up study of the now 50-80 years old Inter99 participants. (lu.se)
  • SAMS is a prospective, multicentre study of active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer. (cancercentrum.se)
  • It consists of a randomized part comparing standard rebiopsy and follow-up with an extensive initial rebiopsy coupled with less intensive follow-up and no further scheduled biopsies (SAMS-FU), as well as an observational part (SAMS-ObsQoL). (cancercentrum.se)
  • Background - Emergency department visits for a psychiatric reason in the post-partum period represent an acute need for mental health care at a crucial time, but little is known about the extent of timely outpatient follow-up after these visits or how individual and intersecting social determinants of health influence this outcome. (ices.on.ca)
  • Already in February 2023 we could announce that the so called "Beauty and grade study" by, at the time, PhD student Adrian Mehic at LUSEM (who in May completed his doctoral studies), reported to The Ethics Review Appeals Board, was withdrawn from further processing. (lu.se)
  • August 20, 2009 - Less than half of Ontario women with abnormal Pap tests receive recommended and potentially life-saving follow-up care, according to a new women's health study by researchers at St. Michael's Hospital and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES). (scienceblog.com)
  • To improve surveillance and treatment, we need a system that ensures all abnormal Pap tests are followed-up so that Ontario women can receive the best care possible," added Dr. Bierman, a researcher at ICES. (scienceblog.com)
  • The joint study titled POWER (the Project for an Ontario Women's Health Evidence-Based Report), from St. Michael's Hospital and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), is the first in the province to provide a comprehensive overview of women's health in relation to gender, income, education, ethnicity and geography. (scienceblog.com)
  • Methods - In this population-based cohort study, routinely collected health data from Ontario, Canada were accessed through ICES to identify all post-partum individuals whose sex was listed as female on their health card and who had attended an emergency department in Ontario before the COVID-19 pandemic for a psychiatric reason. (ices.on.ca)
  • One of the more controversial bills passed by the Minnesota Legislature in 2023 mandates that ethnic studies be embedded throughout the state's K-12 academic standards and benchmarks. (americanexperiment.org)
  • Now, in June 2023, this board also frees the study from all previous charges. (lu.se)
  • Assembling the Career Firefighter Health Study cohort: a methods overview. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: Follow-up process included institutional review board applications, data use agreements, state cancer registry linkages and vital status determination for the NIOSH firefighter cohort. (cdc.gov)
  • This study is aimed at improving the outcome for children with High Grade Glioma (HGG). (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • An analysis of covariance comparing method of follow up taking into account baseline measurements of outcome variables was carried out. (bmj.com)
  • The present study investigates 5-year data of a 2-year methotrexate (MTX) based tight control treatment (TC) strategy compared to conventional MTX-based treatment (CT) strategy, and the (added) predictive value of an early response (at 6 months) to treatment for 5-year outcome with respect to disease activity and radiographic progression. (bmj.com)
  • However, most are making it 'substantially more difficult' to reject all tracking than to accept it, according to a new study called Dark Patterns after the GDPR , by researchers from MIT, UCL and Aarhus University. (engadget.com)
  • Researchers from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) are conducting this study. (cdc.gov)
  • This follow-up study involved a search through the state and federal criminal justice system records of 21 of the original 32 subjects, as well as personal interviews with two of the subjects and three of the researchers: Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Gunther Weil. (erowid.org)
  • Even though the study already was peer reviewed, published in a well-regarded research journal and approved by senior researchers, it was accused of having been carried out in an incorrect manner. (lu.se)
  • Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, Capital Region, Denmark (H-20076231) and by the Danish Data Protection Agency through the Capital Region of Denmark's registration system (P-2020-1074). (lu.se)
  • The nature of the investigation or investigational use for which clinical study information is being submitted. (uclahealth.org)
  • Timely follow-up of abnormal results is essential for cancer screening to work appropriately. (scienceblog.com)
  • To confirm the results of this study, there is a need for a randomized controlled trial comparing spa treatment with usual care in the older population with osteoarthritis. (hindawi.com)
  • The results of the follow-up study indicate that published claims of a treatment effect were erroneous. (erowid.org)
  • Interim results of the RE-VERSE AD study were first published in a 2015 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine . (ajmc.com)
  • Haematological results of the second follow up examination six months later remained normal. (bmj.com)
  • Results Four clusters with different back pain trajectories at follow-up were identified: (1) no or occasional pain, (2) persistent mild pain, (3) fluctuating pain and (4) persistent severe pain. (bmj.com)
  • The results are limited by lack of information about the time between data collection periods and by loss to follow-up. (bmj.com)
  • The results suggest that variations in peptide concentrations exceeding 22% in plasma and 7% in urine in a 12-month follow-up and 25% and 9% in a 24-month follow-up may indicate pathophysiological changes. (bmj.com)
  • RESULTS: During follow up 2656 men and 1706 women died. (bmj.com)
  • When did the study begin and when the results will be out? (who.int)
  • Scientific research also suggests that additional aspects of health may be related to PCBs and other chemical exposures that we would also like to study in Anniston. (cdc.gov)
  • The Calhoun County Health Department (CCHD) is helping with key parts of this study. (cdc.gov)
  • Follow-up evaluation of health outcomes with continued emphasis on heart disease, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease and autoimmune disease will take advantage of the new design and statistical analyses options available as well as more comprehensive clinical tests (including extended lipid profiles, glycemic parameters, and cytokine measurements). (cdc.gov)
  • A recently published study has suggested looking at the wild populations of a key bird species as a gauge for ecosystem health in Borneo. (mongabay.com)
  • Objective: This study explored follow-up after hospitalization and emergency room (ER) use for mental health among youths and young adults with private insurance. (suicideinfo.ca)
  • At the time of follow up the children's health and development showed no particular anomalies. (bmj.com)
  • The health professionals follow up study in the United States. (bmj.com)
  • The health professionals follow up study began in 1986 when 51 529 health professionals aged 40 to 75 years completed a 131 item food frequency questionnaire and provided information about medical history, risk factors for heart disease, and dietary changes during the past 10 years. (bmj.com)
  • This longitudinal study conducted in community mental health centers reflects common diagnostic practices in outpatient settings over a 30-year period (130,000 patient-years). (psychiatrist.com)
  • The real world cost and health resource utilization associated to manic episodes: the MANACOR study. (psychiatrist.com)
  • The Center for Social and Health Innovation (CSHI) located at the MCI is currently carrying out several studies on the current COVID-19 situation. (mci.edu)
  • Aims We studied the health consequences of quitting smoking before age 43 by time since quitting, number of years smoked and cigarettes smoked per day. (bmj.com)
  • This study aimed to examine outpatient mental health care follow-up by a physician in the 30 days after an individual attended the emergency department for a psychiatric reason in the post-partum period and understand how social determinants of health affect who receives follow-up care. (ices.on.ca)
  • We used modified Poisson regression adjusting for the other social determinants of health, clinical, and health services characteristics to examine independent associations with follow-up, and conditional inference trees to explore how social determinants of health intersect with each other and with clinical and health services characteristics in relation to follow-up. (ices.on.ca)
  • The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health is funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. (alswh.org.au)
  • Background: Studies of World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed rescue/recovery work ers report the increased occurrence of health conditions after work at the WTC disaster site. (cdc.gov)
  • The data collected will have an important impact on studies of WTC rescue/recovery work , firefighting, and related health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health in Iraq are collaborating on a study to better understand the prevalence and factors associated with congenital birth defects (CBD) in the country. (who.int)
  • The ownership of the study lies with the Federal Ministry of Health, Iraq. (who.int)
  • The approval processes, the agreement on methodology and sample size and the geographical distribution of the study sample lies solely under the authority of the Ministry of Health. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization, being the technical advisor to the government of Iraq, is providing technical assistance on study design, methodology, data collection, data analysis and report writing. (who.int)
  • What mechanism is in place between the Ministry of Health and WHO for conducting the study? (who.int)
  • study is co-financed by the Ministry of Health Iraq and World Health Organization. (who.int)
  • The reason for looking at the congenital birth defects is the desire of the MOH Iraq to gather more evidence about congenital birth defects in the country in the wake of some increase noticed in the MOH Health Information Reports and few individual studies conducted in Iraq pointing towards an increase in the prevalence. (who.int)
  • The final diagnosis of ADEM or clinically definite MS was established upon follow-up examination after 8 to 137 months. (neurology.org)
  • In a recent review of back pain prognosis, only 1 of the 33 included studies had follow-up beyond a year. (bmj.com)
  • This E.D. TAB is the first report produced using data from the second round of data collection for the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a study of a nationally representative sample of children born in the year 2001. (ed.gov)
  • Age- and sex-matched non-stroke control subjects who had performed MMSE (but not MoCA) were recruited from the longitudinal population study "Good Ageing in Skåne. (lu.se)
  • Using the largest and most thoroughly characterized longitudinal cohort of 9/11 directly exposed children and their controls, this study is designed to provide the knowledge necessary to mitigate potential negative consequences and to improve well-being, as well as to increase understanding of what to intervene on to improve the lives of children exposed to other mass traumas in the future. (cdc.gov)
  • Cohort questionnaire study of men followed up for six years from 1986. (bmj.com)
  • 3 4 The only follow up study, which assessed a small series, was inconclusive about sequelae. (bmj.com)
  • In the incidental group, 14 underwent excision, 30 had imaging follow-up, and 10 were lost to follow-up. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the targeted group, 27 underwent excision, 11 had imaging follow-up, and 8 were lost to follow-up. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This study was designed as a follow up study ranging from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1993. (bmj.com)
  • Dear applicants for studies at the Veterinary University Brno, Starting September 2022, we will open a new degree program of Veterinary Assistance. (vfu.cz)
  • During the fall of 2022 the media coverage of a process surrounding a research study done at Department of Economics at LUSEM was intense. (lu.se)
  • This study provides further evidence in support of increasing whole grain intake for the prevention of CHD in US populations. (harvard.edu)
  • The aim of this study is to describe potential forms of COVID-19 and to be able to estimate the number of possible infected people in circumscribed populations, since tests are not currently available for everyone. (mci.edu)
  • 2 Two prospective studies estimated that the rate of collapse after vaccination was considerable (13 out of 35 284 and 9 out of 15 752). (bmj.com)
  • Although the rate of recurrent collapse after whole cell pertussis vaccine has not been studied, for over 30 years repeat doses of vaccine have been contraindicated in children who experience a collapse reaction. (bmj.com)
  • We studied the feasibility and toxicity of escalating the doses of fractionated TBI above our previous prescription of 13.5 Gy. (nature.com)
  • 11 In vivo studies have shown that equivalent doses of 2-ME and MAA are equally effective in causing adverse effects. (bmj.com)
  • Follow along as our students share moments of their lives while studying at the Faculty of Social Sciences' Graduate School. (lu.se)
  • Conclusions Most people with back pain appear to follow a particular pain trajectory over long time periods, and do not have frequently recurring or widely fluctuating patterns. (bmj.com)
  • The study about grading, beauty and discrimination was conducted by researcher Adrian Mehic. (lu.se)
  • The approvals to conduct the study have been obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (cdc.gov)
  • It took an average of 380 days for people who had received an abnormal anal Pap test result after having been diagnosed with HIV to undergo high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), which is recommended as follow-up. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to determine relationship between disease activity, systemic markers of cartilage degradation, urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type II collagen (uCTX-II), and bone degradation, urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen (uCTX-I), structural progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and potential therapeutic efficacy of type II collagen (COLLII) in combination with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (GC). (springer.com)
  • This study (clinical trial) is a therapeutic clinical trial. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • This 'dark pattern design' is where the study got its name. (engadget.com)
  • Design Prospective study. (bmj.com)
  • Since the design of the study and agreeing on the scientific methodology required inputs from the best experts in the world, it took almost 10 months to develop the methodology, subject it to pilot-testing and make amendments after the pilot testing. (who.int)
  • These studies are not open to everyone who meets the eligibility criteria, but only to people in that particular population, who are specifically invited to participate. (uclahealth.org)
  • There was a significant reduction in heel pain at the time of follow-up (average, 3 years) for both groups. (nih.gov)
  • Person-years at risk were calculated from the date of the interview until death, or for those who survived, until the end of the follow up period. (bmj.com)
  • A maximum of 38 years of follow-up gave rise to 163 deaths due to carcinoma of the pancreas. (aacrjournals.org)
  • 5.7-7.4 years of follow-up the disease-specific survival was 99% in all four cohorts. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Repeated analyses of ortho-substituted PCB congeners and new analyses of potentially more toxic coplanar PCBs and dioxins / dibenzofurans in approximately 300 Anniston residents are the focus points of the study. (cdc.gov)
  • Repeated analyses of all chemicals from the original study will be complemented by the measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals ( lead , mercury , cadmium , manganese , and selenium ). (cdc.gov)
  • We show that three factors combine to explain the mean excess sensitivity reported in studies estimating consumption Euler equations: the use of macro data, publication bias, and liquidity constraints. (repec.org)
  • This descriptive study used monthly data from vital statistics between March 2009 and December 2015. (suicideinfo.ca)
  • Four of the children were lost to follow up: two had moved abroad and the names of two were unknown. (bmj.com)
  • Few studies evaluated the effects of spa therapy on pain perception and quality of life in older people with osteoarthritis. (hindawi.com)
  • Wells had planned to primarily investigate the impact of psychosocial factors on wait time to follow-up, but none of those factors were associated with longer wait times. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the role of H. pylori eradication on the course of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and atrophy in relation to cagA. (nih.gov)