Fluorine
Fluorine Radioisotopes
Fluoroacetates
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
Calcium Fluoride
Fluorides
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Fluorocarbons
Wettability
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3-Deazauridine
Argon
Agave
Polyketides
Molecular Structure
Stainless Steel
Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
Radioisotopes
Structure-Activity Relationship
Isotope Labeling
A hyperstable collagen mimic. (1/608)
BACKGROUND: Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals. Each polypeptide chain of collagen is composed of repeats of the sequence: Gly-X-Y, where X and Y are often L-proline (Pro) and 4(R)-hydroxy-L-proline (Hyp) residues, respectively. These chains are wound into tight triple helices of great stability. The hydroxyl group of Hyp residues contributes much to this conformational stability. The existing paradigm is that this stability arises from interstrand hydrogen bonds mediated by bridging water molecules. This model was tested using chemical synthesis to replace Hyp residues with 4(R)-fluoro-L-proline (Flp) residues. The fluorine atom in Flp residues does not form hydrogen bonds but does elicit strong inductive effects. RESULTS: Replacing the Hyp residues in collagen with Flp residues greatly increases triple-helical stability. The free energy contributed by the fluorine atom in Flp residues is twice that of the hydroxyl group in Hyp residues. The stability of the Flp-containing triple helix far exceeds that of any untemplated collagen mimic of similar size. CONCLUSIONS: Bridging water molecules contribute little to collagen stability. Rather, collagen stability relies on previously unappreciated inductive effects. Collagen mimics containing fluorine or other appropriate electron-withdrawing substituents could be the basis of new biomaterials for restorative therapies. (+info)Binding of the transition state analog MgADP-fluoroaluminate to F1-ATPase. (2/608)
Escherichia coli F1-ATPase from mutant betaY331W was potently inhibited by fluoroaluminate plus MgADP but not by MgADP alone. beta-Trp-331 fluorescence was used to measure MgADP binding to catalytic sites. Fluoroaluminate induced a very large increase in MgADP binding affinity at catalytic site one, a smaller increase at site two, and no effect at site three. Mutation of either of the critical catalytic site residues beta-Lys-155 or beta-Glu-181 to Gln abolished the effects of fluoroaluminate on MgADP binding. The results indicate that the MgADP-fluoroaluminate complex is a transition state analog and independently demonstrate that residues beta-Lys-155 and (particularly) beta-Glu-181 are important for generation and stabilization of the catalytic transition state. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-inhibited enzyme, with 1% residual steady-state ATPase, showed normal transition state formation as judged by fluoroaluminate-induced MgADP binding affinity changes, consistent with a proposed mechanism by which dicyclohexylcarbodiimide prevents a conformational interaction between catalytic sites but does not affect the catalytic step per se. The fluorescence technique should prove valuable for future transition state studies of F1-ATPase. (+info)Carbocations in the synthesis of prostaglandins by the cyclooxygenase of PGH synthase? A radical departure! (3/608)
Evidence already available is used to demonstrate that although prostaglandin G/H synthase hydroxylates arachidonic acid through radical intermediates, it effects cyclizations through a carbocation center at C-10. This is produced following migration of H to the initial radical at C-13 and a 1epsilon oxidation. Under orbital symmetry control, the cyclizations can give only the ring size and trans stereochemistry actually observed. After cyclization, the H-shift reverses to take the sequence back into current radical theory for hydroxylation at C-15. Thus 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid cannot be cyclized, although it can be hydroxylated. Acetylation of Ser516 in the isoform synthase-2 is considered to oppose carbocation formation and/or H-migration and so prevent cyclizations while permitting hydroxylations; the associated inversion of chirality at C-15 can then readily be accommodated without the change in conformation required by other schemes. Suicide inhibition occurs when carbocations form stable bonds upon (thermal) contact with adjacent heteroatoms, etc. Because the cyclooxygenase and peroxidase functions operate simultaneously through the same heme, phenol acts as reducing cosubstrate for the cyclooxygenase, thus enabling it to promote PGG2 production and protect the enzyme from oxidative destruction. (+info)Alterations of intratumoral pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil in head and neck carcinoma during simultaneous radiochemotherapy. (4/608)
The kinetics of local drug uptake and metabolism of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been monitored by means of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 17 patients with neck tumors during concurrent radiochemotherapy. All of the patients underwent an accelerated hyperfractionated, concomitant-boost radiochemotherapy with 5-FU [600 or 1000 mg/m2 of body surface (b.s.)] and carboplatin (70 mg/m2 of b.s.). Serial 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained during and after the administration of 5-FU in a 15-T scanner with the use of a 5-cm diameter surface coil positioned on a cervical lymph node metastasis. Examinations were performed at day 1 of therapy and, in 13 patients, also after 43.5 Gy of irradiation at day 1 of the second chemotherapy cycle. Resonances of 5-FU and the catabolites 5,6-dihydro-5-fluorouracil (DHFU) and alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) were resolved in the tumor spectra. The median of the 5-FU and FBAL levels was significantly higher (more than 2-fold) at the second compared with the first examination, whereas the level of DHFU did not change. This effect could indicate an increased delivery of 5-FU into the interstitial space of the tumor in the course of the combined treatment, which would result in an enhanced exposure of the tumor cells to the drug. A potential mechanism for synergy between radio- and chemotherapy is discussed, but alternative mechanisms are also being considered. The findings indicate that a method is available to rationally address the design of dosing schedules in concurrent therapy regimens. (+info)Evidence that cytosolic phospholipase A2 is down-regulated by protein kinase C in intact human platelets stimulated with fluoroaluminate. (5/608)
We reported that protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors increase the release of arachidonic acid induced by fluoroaluminate (AlF4-), an unspecific G-protein activator, in intact human platelets. Now we demonstrate that this effect is independent of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and that AlF4(-)-induced release of AA is abolished by BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, even in the presence of GF 109203X, a specific and potent PKC inhibitor. This compound also blocks the liberation of the secretory phospholipase A2 in the extracellular medium, indicating that this enzyme is not involved in the potentiation of arachidonic acid by PKC inhibitors. On the other hand, the latter effect is completely abolished by treatment of platelets with AACOCF3, a specific inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). These observations indicate that cPLA2 is responsible for the AlF4(-)-induced release of arachidonic acid by a mechanism that is down-regulated by PKC. (+info)[18F]-labeled 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose: synthesis and preliminary biodistribution data. (6/608)
A cyclotron target system for the production of anhydrous [18F] fluoride ion has been developed and used for the synthesis of carrier-free [18F]-3-deoxy-3fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG). The synthesis is sufficiently rapid and efficient to allow production of usable amounts of 3-FDG with a 6-MeV cyclotron. Preliminary animal studies show that 3-FDG is in fact a glucose analog. (+info)Synthesis of substituted 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. (7/608)
The reaction of 5-substituted uracils with fluorine in acetic acid and other solvents and the following treatment with different alcohols yielded the corresponding 5-fluoro-5,6-substituted-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. Thymine gave 5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-alkoxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. 5-Halogeno uracils and 5-nitrol uracil were converted into 5-fluoro-5-halogeno-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyramidines and the 5-nitroanalogue, respectively. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry. (+info)A facile synthesis of 5-(perfluoroalkyl)-pyrimidines. (8/608)
In the paper a synthetic two stage procedure is described for the preparation of perfluoroalkylated derivatives of uracil and its nucleosides. Using copper bronze a perfluoroalkyl-copper-complex is formed from perfluoralkyl iodides in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMSO, and under inert conditions. The reaction of this complex with uracil, uridine and 2-deoxyuridine leads to the corresponding 5-substituted perfluoralkyl derivatives. It is shown by mass spectra that the substitution always takes place at the 5-position of the pyrimidine. The chemical and physical properties of the formed compounds are described. (+info)Fluorine is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element that is often discussed in the context of dental health. Here's a brief scientific/chemical definition:
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements. Fluorine is never found in its free state in nature, but it is abundant in minerals such as fluorspar (calcium fluoride).
In dental health, fluoride, which is a compound containing fluorine, is used to help prevent tooth decay. It can be found in many water supplies, some foods, and various dental products like toothpaste and mouthwash. Fluoride works by strengthening the enamel on teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks that can lead to cavities.
Fluorine compounds are chemical substances that contain fluorine, the most electronegative and reactive of all elements, as an integral part of their molecular structure. Fluorine is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table and readily forms compounds with many other elements.
Fluoride is the most common form of fluorine compound found in nature, existing as an ion (F-) in minerals such as fluorspar (calcium fluoride, CaF2) and cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride, Na3AlF6). Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the crystal structure of tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attack by bacteria, which is why fluoride is often added to drinking water and dental products.
Other examples of fluorine compounds include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluoric acid (HF), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Fluorine compounds have a wide range of applications, including use as refrigerants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, and materials for the semiconductor industry. However, some fluorine compounds can be highly toxic or reactive, so they must be handled with care.
Halogenation is a general term used in chemistry and biochemistry, including medical contexts, to refer to the process of introducing a halogen atom into a molecule. Halogens are a group of non-metallic elements that include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
In medical terms, halogenation is often discussed in the context of pharmaceuticals or biological molecules. For example, the halogenation of aromatic compounds can increase their lipophilicity, which can affect their ability to cross cell membranes and interact with biological targets. This can be useful in drug design and development, as modifying a lead compound's halogenation pattern may enhance its therapeutic potential or alter its pharmacokinetic properties.
However, it is essential to note that halogenation can also impact the safety and toxicity profiles of compounds. Therefore, understanding the effects of halogenation on a molecule's structure and function is crucial in drug design and development processes.
Fluorine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes or variants of the chemical element Fluorine (F, atomic number 9). These radioisotopes have an unstable nucleus that emits radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Examples of Fluorine radioisotopes include Fluorine-18 and Fluorine-19.
Fluorine-18 is a positron-emitting radionuclide with a half-life of approximately 110 minutes, making it useful for medical imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans. It is commonly used in the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a radiopharmaceutical that can be used to detect cancer and other metabolic disorders.
Fluorine-19, on the other hand, is a stable isotope of Fluorine and does not emit radiation. However, it can be enriched and used as a non-radioactive tracer in medical research and diagnostic applications.
Fluoroacetates are organic compounds that contain a fluorine atom and an acetic acid group. The most well-known and notorious compound in this family is sodium fluoroacetate, also known as 1080 or compound 1080, which is a potent metabolic poison. It works by interfering with the citric acid cycle, a critical process that generates energy in cells. Specifically, fluoroacetates are converted into fluorocitrate, which inhibits an enzyme called aconitase, leading to disruption of cellular metabolism and ultimately cell death.
Fluoroacetates have been used as rodenticides and pesticides, but their use is highly regulated due to their high toxicity to non-target species, including humans. Exposure to fluoroacetates can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, seizures, and cardiac arrest, and can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Fluorinated hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain fluorine and carbon atoms. These compounds can be classified into two main groups: fluorocarbons (which consist only of fluorine and carbon) and fluorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons (which contain hydrogen in addition to fluorine and carbon).
Fluorocarbons are further divided into three categories: fully fluorinated compounds (perfluorocarbons, PFCs), partially fluorinated compounds (hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These compounds have been widely used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishing agents, and cleaning solvents due to their chemical stability, low toxicity, and non-flammability.
Fluorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen atoms. Examples include fluorinated alcohols, ethers, amines, and halogenated compounds. These compounds have a wide range of applications in industry, medicine, and research due to their unique chemical properties.
It is important to note that some fluorinated hydrocarbons can contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming, making it essential to regulate their use and production.
Calcium fluoride is an inorganic compound that is represented by the chemical formula CaF2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is insoluble in water. Calcium fluoride is commonly found in nature as the mineral fluorite.
In the medical field, calcium fluoride is not used as a therapeutic agent. However, fluoride, which is a component of calcium fluoride, has been added to community water supplies and toothpaste to help prevent dental caries or tooth decay. Fluoride works by strengthening the enamel of teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks that can lead to cavities.
It's worth noting that excessive exposure to fluoride can lead to a condition called fluorosis, which can cause mottling and discoloration of tooth enamel. Therefore, it's important to consume fluoride in moderation and follow recommended guidelines for its use.
Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.
During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.
There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fluorocarbons" are not typically associated with medical definitions. Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to fluorine atoms. They are often used in a variety of applications including refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and in the manufacturing of Teflon and other non-stick coatings.
If you have any medical terms or concepts you'd like me to define or explain, please let me know!
"Wettability" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a term that is more commonly used in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science to describe how well a liquid spreads on a solid surface. In other words, it refers to the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, which can have implications for various medical applications such as the design of medical devices or the study of biological surfaces. However, it is not a term that would typically be used in a clinical medical context.
Sodium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaF. Medically, it is commonly used as a dental treatment to prevent tooth decay, as it is absorbed into the structure of teeth and helps to harden the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria. It can also reduce the ability of bacteria to produce acid. Sodium fluoride is often found in toothpastes, mouth rinses, and various dental treatments. However, excessive consumption can lead to dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis, which cause changes in bone structure and might negatively affect health.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) is not typically considered a medical definition, but it is a term used in physical and analytical chemistry. However, I can provide a definition for you:
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) is a technique used to study the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and solids by irradiating them with photons (usually from a laser or a synchrotron light source) and measuring the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons. The technique provides information about the energy levels of the electrons in the sample, which can be used to determine its chemical composition, bonding, and electronic structure. PES is a valuable tool in surface science, materials research, and environmental analysis.
3-Deazauridine is a chemical compound that is an analog of the nucleoside uridine. In this case, the nitrogen atom at the 3 position of the uracil ring has been replaced with a carbon atom. This modification can affect the way the molecule is processed in cells and can be used in research to study various biological processes. It's important to note that 3-Deazauridine itself does not have any specific medical definition or application, but it might be used in certain biochemical or pharmacological studies.
Argon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonreactive noble gas that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere. It is chemically inert and is extracted from air by fractional distillation. Argon is used in various applications such as illumination, welding, and as a shielding gas in manufacturing processes.
In medical terms, argon is not commonly used as a therapeutic agent or medication. However, it has been used in some medical procedures such as argon laser therapy for the treatment of certain eye conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. In these procedures, an argon laser is used to seal off leaking blood vessels or destroy abnormal tissue in the eye.
Overall, while argon has important uses in medical procedures, it is not a medication or therapeutic agent that is commonly administered directly to patients.
'Agave' is a genus of plants, primarily found in hot and dry regions of the Americas. It is not a medical term or concept. Agave plants are known for their rosette-shaped arrangement of stiff, sharp leaves, and many species produce a tall flowering stalk after several years of growth. Some agave species are cultivated for the production of various products, such as tequila, a distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant (Agave tequilana), and agave nectar or syrup, derived from several different species.
While not directly related to medical terminology, it is worth noting that some agave species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions, wounds, or digestive issues. However, these uses are not well-studied and should not be considered a substitute for evidence-based modern medical treatments.
Polyketides are a diverse group of natural compounds that are synthesized biochemically through the condensation of acetate or propionate units. They are produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants, and have a wide range of biological activities, such as antibiotic, antifungal, anticancer, and immunosuppressant properties. Polyketides can be classified into several types based on the number of carbonyl groups, the length of the carbon chain, and the presence or absence of cyclization. They are synthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are large enzyme complexes that share similarities with fatty acid synthases (FASs). Polyketides have attracted significant interest in drug discovery due to their structural diversity and potential therapeutic applications.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stainless Steel" is not a medical term. It is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium content by mass, and usually contains nickel as well. The chromium forms a passive film that protects the metal from corrosion and staining. Stainless steel is widely used in various industries including medicine, for example, in medical equipment and surgical instruments due to its resistance to rust and corrosion.
Hydrolyzable tannins are a type of tannin that can be broken down or hydrolyzed by water or weak acids into simpler components. They are polyphenolic compounds that can be found in various plants, including fruits, nuts, bark, and leaves. Hydrolyzable tannins are made up of a central core of glucose or other sugars, which are esterified with phenolic acids such as gallic acid or ellagic acid.
When hydrolyzable tannins come into contact with water or weak acids, they undergo hydrolysis, breaking down the ester bonds that link the phenolic acids to the sugar core. This results in the formation of various phenolic compounds, including gallic acid and ellagic acid, as well as sugars.
Hydrolyzable tannins have a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They are also known to have potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, they can also have negative effects on human health, particularly when consumed in large quantities, as they can interfere with the absorption of nutrients and cause digestive problems.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is a type of mass spectrometry used for the analysis of solid surfaces. It is based on the emission of secondary ions generated by bombarding the sample surface with a focused primary ion beam. The emitted secondary ions are then analyzed according to their mass-to-charge ratio, providing information about the elemental and isotopic composition of the sample surface at a very high spatial resolution (down to a few nanometers).
SIMS can be used for various applications, such as the analysis of inorganic and organic materials, including polymers, biomaterials, and semiconductors. It is also commonly used for depth profiling, which allows for the measurement of elemental concentration as a function of depth below the sample surface.
The primary ion beam can be made up of various elements, such as oxygen, cesium, gallium, or gold, and the choice of primary ions depends on the specific application and the type of information required from the analysis. The most common SIMS techniques are dynamic SIMS (DSIMS) and static SIMS (SSIMS), which differ in the primary ion dose used for the analysis and the resulting level of surface damage.
Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.
Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.
It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.
Magnesium compounds refer to substances that contain magnesium (an essential mineral) combined with other elements. These compounds are formed when magnesium atoms chemically bond with atoms of other elements. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and it readily forms stable compounds with various elements due to its electron configuration.
Examples of magnesium compounds include:
1. Magnesium oxide (MgO): Also known as magnesia, it is formed by combining magnesium with oxygen. It has a high melting point and is used in various applications such as refractory materials, chemical production, and agricultural purposes.
2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2): Often called milk of magnesia, it is a common antacid and laxative. It is formed by combining magnesium with hydroxide ions.
3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with chlorine gas. It has various uses, including as a de-icing agent, a component in fertilizers, and a mineral supplement.
4. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4): Also known as Epsom salts, it is formed by combining magnesium with sulfur and oxygen. It is used as a bath salt, a laxative, and a fertilizer.
5. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide. It has various uses, including as a fire retardant, a food additive, and a dietary supplement.
These are just a few examples of the many different magnesium compounds that exist. Each compound has its unique properties and applications based on the elements it is combined with.
A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.
By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Isotope labeling is a scientific technique used in the field of medicine, particularly in molecular biology, chemistry, and pharmacology. It involves replacing one or more atoms in a molecule with a radioactive or stable isotope of the same element. This modified molecule can then be traced and analyzed to study its structure, function, metabolism, or interaction with other molecules within biological systems.
Radioisotope labeling uses unstable radioactive isotopes that emit radiation, allowing for detection and quantification of the labeled molecule using various imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This approach is particularly useful in tracking the distribution and metabolism of drugs, hormones, or other biomolecules in living organisms.
Stable isotope labeling, on the other hand, employs non-radioactive isotopes that do not emit radiation. These isotopes have different atomic masses compared to their natural counterparts and can be detected using mass spectrometry. Stable isotope labeling is often used in metabolic studies, protein turnover analysis, or for identifying the origin of specific molecules within complex biological samples.
In summary, isotope labeling is a versatile tool in medical research that enables researchers to investigate various aspects of molecular behavior and interactions within biological systems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help. Could you please clarify your question?
Fluorine
Fluorine etching
Fluorine deficiency
Fluorine nitrate
Fluorine azide
Fluorine cycle
Fluorine perchlorate
Fluorine compounds
Fluorine-18
Phases of fluorine
Isotopes of fluorine
History of fluorine
Carbon-fluorine bond
Fluorine absorption dating
Covalent radius of fluorine
Biological aspects of fluorine
Origin and occurrence of fluorine
International Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry
European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry
Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Fluorous chemistry
Hydrogen fluoride
Nuclear reprocessing
Fluoropolymer
Oxygen fluoride
Chromium pentafluoride
List of alternative nonmetal classes
Tetrafluoroberyllate
Fluoride
Fluoroform
Fluorine - Wikipedia
Fluorine
Fluorine
fluorine-19 atom (CHEBI:36940)
Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Fabulous-Fluorine
Fluorine: Revision history - Citizendium
WebElements Periodic Table » Fluorine » radii of atoms and ions
Global Elemental Fluorine Consumption Market Archives - Article Rich
RCSB PDB - 3IPN: Crystal Structure of fluorine and methyl modified collagen: (mepFlpgly)7
Sample of the element Fluorine in the Periodic Table
Sample of the element Fluorine in the Periodic Table
Sample of the element Fluorine in the Periodic Table
Halogens - Fluorine - Fluoride, Chemically, Isotope, and Uranium - JRank Articles
flourine - definition and meaning
Global Fluorine Market - 2023-2030
fluorine molecular entity - Ontology Browser - Rat Genome Database
Fluorine (F) 18 Isotope Decay Calculator | Calculate Radioactivity in Minerals
Note: The ... Fluorine (F) 18 Radioactive Isotope Decay Calculator. Online radioactive decay calculator that allows you to find out the ... Online radioactive decay calculator that allows you to find out the radioactivity decay in Fluorine (F) 18. Note: The ... radioactivity decay in Fluorine (F) 18. Note: The calculation of radioactivity in minerals is based on certain assumptions. ...
Fluorine NMR and molecular interactions, ANR PROFLUOR | IGBMC
CLI & GUI v0.18.1.0 'Fluorine Fermi' & Ledger Monero App v1.8.0 released (scheduled protocol upgrade to take place on August 13...
Diagnostic usefulness of fluorine-18-alpha-methyltyrosine positron emission tomography in combination with 18F...
Water | Free Full-Text | Fluorine-Rich Shallow Groundwater in Weigan River Basin (Xinjiang): Enrichment Factors and Spatial...
New fluorine-free grease barrier from FOLBB - Pro Carton
Microfluidics-Based Reactors for Safe Fluorinations Using Elemental Fluorine
| CHIMIA
Effect of Fluorine and Phosphorus on the UV-Excited Fluorescence in Germania-Doped Silica Optical Fiber Preforms - Nokia Bell...
The Role of Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Evaluating the Response to Treatment in Patients...
View the image Fluorine et Blende - Elmwood (USA)
Managing AFFF Impacts to Subsurface Environments and Assessment of Commercially Available Fluorine-Free Foams
Fluorine | Gas Encyclopedia Air LiquideAtoms11
- Fluorine atoms have nine electrons, one fewer than neon, and electron configuration 1s22s22p5: two electrons in a filled inner shell and seven in an outer shell requiring one more to be filled. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorine's first ionization energy is third-highest among all elements, behind helium and neon, which complicates the removal of electrons from neutral fluorine atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorine atoms have a small covalent radius of around 60 picometers, similar to those of its period neighbors oxygen and neon. (wikipedia.org)
- this, along with high electronegativity, accounts for fluorine's easy dissociation, high reactivity, and strong bonds to non-fluorine atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the best-known fluorine-containing materials is polytetrafluoroethylene, an organic polymer containing only carbon and fluorine atoms invented by the DuPont company. (nature.com)
- Polytetrafluoroethylene exhibits high thermal and chemical stability, low dielectric constant, high insulation property, high water and oil repellency, and non-adhesive property, all of which are caused by fluorine atoms, and is used extensively in our society. (nature.com)
- Fluorine atoms have 9 electrons and the shell structure is 2.7. (webelements.com)
- Fluorine is the most electronegative and called the highest degree of oxidation of atoms in the periodic table, and therefore it is less susceptible to oxidation cleavage fluoropolymer. (eosmedchem.com)
- As said, Organic Fluorine is the most electronegative element of all elements, hence the overall property of a given molecule can be changed to a great extent by introducing fluorine atoms. (eosmedchem.com)
- The resulting molecule that is formed is F2 , and its Lewis structure is F. Gaining an octet of valence electrons: Two fluorine atoms are able to share an electron pair, which becomes a covalent bond. (topfuturepoint.com)
- The bonding in F2 is pure covalent, with the bonding electrons being shared equally between the two fluorine atoms. (topfuturepoint.com)
Positron emission t1
- Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals in both clinical and preclinical research. (nih.gov)
Compounds11
- Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. (wikipedia.org)
- Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. (wikipedia.org)
- Organofluorine compounds often persist in the environment due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bond. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorine and hydrogen fluoride are used to make certain chemical compounds. (cdc.gov)
- Compounds of fluorine with noble gases such as xenon, radon, and krypton are known. (webelements.com)
- Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of fluorine where known. (webelements.com)
- Fluorides are properly defined as binary compounds or salts of fluorine and another element. (cdc.gov)
- PFAS are manmade, heat-resistant compounds composed of carbon-fluorine bonds, which are among the strongest bonds in chemistry. (nih.gov)
- Up until now Fluorine, the most reactive chemical known, was thought only to exist as part of chemical compounds such as fluorite. (themunicheye.com)
- Our in-depth knowledge of fluorine along with other compounds helps us in designing manufacturing processes that control the product's quality attributes, ensuring the product meets its quality target product profile. (eosmedchem.com)
- Fluorides are compounds that combine the element fluorine with another substance, usually a metal. (cancer.org)
Liquid fluorine3
- to prevent passivation from the formation of metal fluoride layers, most other metals such as aluminium and iron must be powdered, and noble metals require pure fluorine gas at 300-450 °C (575-850 °F). Some solid nonmetals (sulfur, phosphorus) react vigorously in liquid fluorine. (wikipedia.org)
- Reasonably safe handling techniques for fluorine are now available and one can transport liquid fluorine by the ton. (webelements.com)
- Decontamination of large liquid fluorine spills. (cdc.gov)
Periodic Table2
- Fluorine is the most chemically reactive element on the periodic table. (wustl.edu)
- Fluorine is the most reactive element in the periodic table due to its unique small nucleus and relatively low number of shells and electrons. (breakingatom.com)
Pure fluorine gas1
- Scientists from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) report on the existence of pure Fluorine gas, inside a mineral called antozonite. (themunicheye.com)
Structure of fluorine2
- The solid state structure of fluorine is: monoclinic. (webelements.com)
- The role of electronegativity also is significant in the structure of fluorine nitrate. (knowpia.com)
Electronegativity4
- Fluorine, the element with the highest electronegativity and low electric polarizability, can produce a variety of characteristics, including specific adsorption sites for molecules as well as flexibility to the host materials. (nature.com)
- A fluorine atom has discriminating characteristics, the highest electronegativity and small electric polarizability, which causes the development of a variety of unique characteristics, such as low boiling point, fluorous phase, selective gas absorbability, hydrophobicity and high chemical stability, in fluorine-containing molecules/materials. (nature.com)
- In fluorine nitrate, the oxygen atom bridging nitrogen and fluorine is in a rare oxidation state of 0 due to its electronegativity being lower than that of fluorine but higher than that of nitrogen. (knowpia.com)
- What is the Electronegativity of Fluorine? (breakingatom.com)
Hydrogen fluoride14
- The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. (wikipedia.org)
- This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine. (cdc.gov)
- Hydrogen fluoride and fluorine are naturally-occurring gases that are very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
- What are fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine? (cdc.gov)
- Fluorine also combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen fluoride, a colorless gas. (cdc.gov)
- What happens to fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine when they enter the environment? (cdc.gov)
- How might I be exposed to fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine? (cdc.gov)
- How can fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine affect my health? (cdc.gov)
- How likely are fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
- How does fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine affect children? (cdc.gov)
- Fluorine may be recovered with difficulty as a highly reactive and corrosive pale yellow gas by electrolysis of hot molten mixtures (1:2) of potassium fluoride (KF) and hydrogen fluoride (HF). (webelements.com)
- You must also consider the fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine and the other chemicals you're exposed to and your age, effects of exposure presented in the toxicological sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health. (cdc.gov)
- Fluorides, water supplies and to a variety of dental products, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine have been found in including toothpastes and mouth rinses to prevent at least 188 of the 1,636 current or former NPL dental cavities. (cdc.gov)
- Calcium fluoride is the compound in the common fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine is found minerals fluorite and fluorspar. (cdc.gov)
Total fluorine1
- Such a comprehensive accounting exercise for the total fluorine mass budget has not been previously undertaken. (serdp-estcp.org)
Neutral fluorine1
- The ground state electronic configuration of neutral fluorine is [ He ]. (webelements.com)
Fluorides1
- INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 36 FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. (inchem.org)
Chlorine1
- These five toxic, non-metallic elements make up group 17 and consist of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (As). (breakingatom.com)
Group 173
- Fluorine is a Group 17 element. (webelements.com)
- Fluorine is a halogen gas located in Group 17 and has a wide number of uses due to its high reactivity. (breakingatom.com)
- Fluorine is in group 7 (sometimes called group VII or group 17). (topfuturepoint.com)
Henri Moissan2
- Only in 1886 did French chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine using low-temperature electrolysis, a process still employed for modern production. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorine was discovered by Henri Moissan in 1886 at France. (webelements.com)
Carbon8
- Amazingly, on a weight-for-weight basis this tape is over 75% fluorine (the other 25% is carbon). (theodoregray.com)
- There are two different carbon environments in the molecule, one with a proton and one with a fluorine attached to the carbon. (magritek.com)
- So naively, one would expect a proton-decoupled 13 C spectrum to consist of a singlet peak for the C-H and a doublet for the C-F, due to the fluorine-carbon coupling. (magritek.com)
- Schilling, JMR 47 (1982)) This is because of the strong and long-range fluorine-carbon couplings. (magritek.com)
- What we are observing in the 13 C-{ 1 H} spectrum is the 1-bond (242 Hz), 2-bond (17 Hz) and 4-bond (3.6 Hz) fluorine-carbon coupling. (magritek.com)
- Look for molecules where the 1D Fluorine tab entry is set to "yes" and open the 1D Carbon spectrum of that molecule. (magritek.com)
- A nonprecious metal electrocatalyst based on fluorine-doped tantalum carbide with an oxidative surface on graphitized carbon (TaCxFyOz/gC) is developed by using a simple one-pot in situ ion exchange and adsorption method, and the TaCxFyOz/gC shows superior performance and durability for methanol oxidation reaction and extreme tolerance to CO poisoning in acidic media. (edu.au)
- Fluorine Dot Diagram Electron Dot Diagram For Carbon Fluoride Wiring Diagrams Interval. (exatin.info)
Ionic form2
- Fluoride (the ionic form of fluorine) is widely distributed in nature. (msdmanuals.com)
- Water fluoridation is the deliberate addition of the natural trace element fluorine (in the ionic form as fluoride) into drinking water in accordance with scientific and dental guidelines (1-9). (cdc.gov)
Fluoride ion2
- Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion (in quantity) are highly toxic. (webelements.com)
- Fluorine , F , fluoride ion, F − (3 - 4 mg) - a beneficial poisonous element, essential for bone solidity. (lenanechet.com)
Hydrofluoric acid1
- It was not until 1813 that the scientist Humphry Davy isolated Fluorine in the lab after collaborating with a number of scientists on Hydrofluoric acid. (breakingatom.com)
Deficiency3
- A deficiency in fluorine can lead to weakened bones and teeth, making them more susceptible to damage and decay. (articleinsider.com)
- Estrogen deficiency aggravates fluorine ion-induced renal fibrosis via the TGF-B1/Smad signaling pathway in rats. (fluoridealert.org)
- To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of estrogen deficiency in fluorine ion (F - )-induced renal fibrosis , the models of F - exposure in ovary removed rats were established by drinking water with different doses of F - (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L) for 90 days. (fluoridealert.org)
20191
- Fluorine" Published on Dec 30, 2019. (breakingatom.com)
Organic4
- In this review, we will introduce fluorine-functionalized metal-organic frameworks/porous coordination polymers that show unique and unprecedented structures, structural transformations, and gas and vapor adsorption/separation properties derived from the fluorine characteristics. (nature.com)
- The overall goal of this project is to assess and validate the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-related analytical tools with respect to their ability to provide information critical to overall PFAS mass discharge, perfluoroalkyl acid formation potential, and overall organic fluorine mass balance. (serdp-estcp.org)
- Thorough comparison of total PFAS and organic fluorine levels via PFAS analysis (target+suspect via liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry [LC-HRMS]), total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay, and extractable organic fluorine via combustion ion chromatography (EOF). (serdp-estcp.org)
- The organic fluorine compound is also known as fluorocarbon compound, which contains C-F bond in the molecular structure, such as tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 = CF2. (eosmedchem.com)
Abundance4
- Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in terrestrial abundance. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorine is a mineral that is found in abundance in the Earth's crust. (articleinsider.com)
- In this paper we set out to determine the fluorine abundance in a sample of 49 nearby, bright K giants for which we previously have determined the stellar parameters, as well as alpha abundances homogeneously from optical high-resolution spectra. (lu.se)
- The fluorine abundance is determined from a 2.3 μm HF molecular line observed with the spectrometer Phoenix. (lu.se)
Molecule3
- The atomic radius of fluorine is similar to the hydrogen at the same time, so the size of the molecule is not affected as much. (eosmedchem.com)
- Fluorine Nitrate is an inert molecule thought to play a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. (knowpia.com)
- The diatomic fluorine molecule (F2 ) has a shared pair of electrons. (topfuturepoint.com)
Electrons2
- When you create a Lewis structure for fluorine you will place seven "dots," or valence electrons, around the element symbol (F). Also read, What is the Lewis diagram for fluorine? (topfuturepoint.com)
- In HF, there is also a shared pair of bonding electrons, but the shared pair is drawn closer to the fluorine atom. (topfuturepoint.com)
Atomic2
- Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. (wikipedia.org)
- Only one isotope of fluorine occurs naturally, the stable isotope 19 F. The new isotope, 13 F, is four neutrons removed from the proton drip line, the boundary that delimits the zone beyond which atomic nuclei decay by the emission of a proton. (wustl.edu)
Compound4
- fluorine in a substance rather than the amount of a particular fluorine compound. (cdc.gov)
- These are the properties due to which fluorine compound is very popular in the pharmaceutical drugs industry and we ensure to supply quality and the right quantity of the chemicals. (eosmedchem.com)
- The use of fluorine compound intermediates has grown to become a key component for many industries, including - agrochemical to the pharmaceutical industries. (eosmedchem.com)
- Arsenic trifluoride [AsF3] is an inorganic compound of two elements: Arsenic and Fluorine. (laboratorynotes.com)
Foams2
- Synthetic Fluorine Free Foams - Are You Ready for the Next Big Change? (tft.com)
- This presentation described a two-year effort to assess the capabilities of environmentally friendly AFFF alternatives, including both traditional candidates such as fluorine-free foams and non-traditional options such as wetting agents and other water additives. (serdp-estcp.org)
Gaseous2
- Observations on personnel working with fluorine at a gaseous diffusion plant. (cdc.gov)
- Fluorine Nitrate is prepared through the agitation of fluorine in its gaseous form, which will bubble through nitric acid or solid KNO3. (knowpia.com)
Isotope4
- Nuclear scientists at Washington University discovered a new isotope of fluorine using the High Resolution Array at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. (wustl.edu)
- Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis reported the first observations of a new form of fluorine, the isotope 13 F, described March 30 in the journal Physical Review Letters . (wustl.edu)
- The new fluorine isotope, 13 F, is the most removed from the drip line. (wustl.edu)
- The new isotope of fluorine was created via a charge-exchange reaction with a beam of 13 O. (A neutron in the 13 O is removed and replaced by a proton. (wustl.edu)
Explosively2
- Hydrogen, like some of the alkali metals, reacts explosively with fluorine. (wikipedia.org)
- Since pure fluorine is violently, explosively dangerous and extremely difficult to store, this was my best fluorine sample for a long time (see below for some real elemental fluorine). (theodoregray.com)
Elemental form2
- However, fluoride-containing substances, including coal, the elemental form of fluorine, a pale yellow-green, minerals, and clays, when they are heated to high irritating gas with a sharp odor, is so chemically temperatures. (cdc.gov)
- But a special type of fluorite rock known as antozonite or "fetid fluorite", because of the intensive odor it emits when crushed, has now been confirmed to contain Fluorine in its elemental form. (themunicheye.com)
Body's2
- All these foods are rich in fluorine and provide many other essential nutrients that are vital for the body's overall health and wellbeing. (articleinsider.com)
- Most of the body's fluorine (F) is contained in bones and teeth. (msdmanuals.com)
Toxicity3
- Toxicity of fluorine short-term inhalation. (cdc.gov)
- A survey of the acute toxicity of elemental fluorine. (cdc.gov)
- Diagnosis of fluorine toxicity is based on symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
Salts1
- Fluorine forms salts with minerals in soil. (cdc.gov)
Uptake1
- Visceral adipose tissue phenotype and hypoadiponectinemia are associated with aortic Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients with familial dyslipidemias. (bvsalud.org)
Element3
- Fluorine as fluoride (F - ) is probably an essential element for humans and certainly is for some molluscs. (webelements.com)
- that contain the element fluorine. (cdc.gov)
- Thus, what is the Lewis symbol for the element fluorine? (topfuturepoint.com)
Molecular2
- The relationship between the ionization potential and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in fluorine nitrate was determined to be large. (knowpia.com)
- Orbital Diagram For Fluorine Molecular Orbital Diagram For Bf3 Chemistry Stack Exchange. (exatin.info)
PFAS4
- Collected data will be used to assess the overall fluorine balances both within and downgradient of the AFFF source area, to determine how the analytical tools can be applied to assess potential and actual precursor transformation in the field, and to attain a preliminary assessment on the repeatability and accuracy of EOF and PFAS (suspect analytes) analyses over a wide range of PFAS and groundwater conditions. (serdp-estcp.org)
- This project also is expected to provide an improved quantitative understanding of PFAS and fluorine molar balances associated with AFFF source areas. (serdp-estcp.org)
- Led by Alexa May, Ph.D., of Weaver Labs , an SRP-funded small business, the team hypothesized that materials made of fluorine could take advantage of the attractive forces between fluorine bonds to adsorb and remove PFAS from water. (nih.gov)
- As we've covered previously, the Department of Defense (DoD) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have been investigating fluorine free foam (F3) replacements for currently used aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). (andersonkreiger.com)
Inert1
- Despite the molecule's inert nature, it is asserted by the 1996 study that fluorine nitrate may be the best possible reservoir species in the process of ozone depletion. (knowpia.com)
Electronegative1
- Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. (webelements.com)
Bones and teeth3
- Our body needs small amounts of fluorine to maintain healthy bones and teeth. (articleinsider.com)
- In addition to its role in maintaining healthy bones and teeth, fluorine also has industrial applications. (articleinsider.com)
- While consuming fluorine is essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth, overconsumption of fluorine can lead to some health risks. (articleinsider.com)
Recommended daily1
- The recommended daily intake of fluorine for adults is between 3-4 milligrams. (articleinsider.com)
Serum4
- Our objective is to develop an improved, optimized, simple, reproducible and clinically translatable method to label serum albumins with fluorine-18 for use as a blood pool imaging agent. (nih.gov)
- Final conjugation of the serum albumin with [18F] fluoronicotinic acid-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester in phosphate buffer, pH 9, for 20 min produced fluorine-18-radiolabeled albumins (rat & human). (nih.gov)
- Fluorine-18 labeling of serum albumins was successfully accomplished with a moderate overall radiochemical yield in a 90 minute synthesis time. (nih.gov)
- Participants underwent blood sampling for serum adipokine measurements and Fluorine -18 fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18F-FDG ) PET /CT imaging. (bvsalud.org)
Oxygen2
- Furthermore, we find a secondary behavior of fluorine with respect to oxygen, which is another evidence against the SNe II playing a large role in the production of fluorine in the solar neighborhood. (lu.se)
- In 1937, American chemist and biochemist Linus Pauling and one of his first graduate students, Lawrence O. Brockway, utilized electron diffraction intensities to determine the structure of the oxygen and fluorine bond perpendicular to the NO2 plane to be a non-planar structure. (knowpia.com)
Concentrations1
- However, it is important to handle fluorine with care, as it can be toxic in high concentrations. (articleinsider.com)
Reactions1
- Reactions of elemental fluorine with metals require varying conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Commercially2
- Fluorine is available commercially in cylinders but is very difficult to handle. (webelements.com)
- The goal of the program was to provide an "apples to apples" comparison of the capabilities of the AFFFs currently used by the DoD and commercially available fluorine-free alternatives. (serdp-estcp.org)
Reacts1
- Investors should monitor Navin Fluorine International stock price closely in the coming days and weeks to see how it reacts to the news. (livemint.com)
Fluorosis2
- However, it is important to note that excessive intake of fluorine can lead to fluorosis, a condition that causes discoloration and damage to teeth and bones. (articleinsider.com)
- Excess fluorine can accumulate in teeth and bones, causing fluorosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Pale2
- Fluorine is a naturally-occurring, pale yellow-green gas with a sharp odor. (cdc.gov)
- Fluorine (F) exists as a pale yellow gas with a pungent smell. (breakingatom.com)
Widely distributed1
- Fluorine is a naturally occurring, widely distributed are released into the air in wind-blown soil. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals1
- At EOS Med Chem, we provide you with excellent quality fluorine products along with other various chemicals based on efficient production processes. (eosmedchem.com)
Chemistry1
- Since the 1990s, fluorine nitrate has been studied as a critical factor of atmospheric chemistry. (knowpia.com)
Symbol1
- 2p 5 and the term symbol of fluorine is 2 P 3/2 . (webelements.com)
Detector3
Form1
- Industries such as aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, chemical production, energy generation and nuclear fuel processing all use fluorine in some form or another. (wjf.ca)
Mineral4
- Fluorine is a crucial mineral found in small amounts in our body. (articleinsider.com)
- Fluorine is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy teeth and bones. (articleinsider.com)
- Fluorine is an essential mineral that helps to strengthen teeth and bones. (articleinsider.com)
- Fluorine was first used in 1530 by the German scientist Georgisu Agricola who used the mineral Fluorspar, more commonly known as Calcium Fluoride to extract metals from their ores. (breakingatom.com)
