Fetal Weight
Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Body Weight
Birth Weight
Pregnancy
Fetus
Gestational Age
Fetal Growth Retardation
Placenta
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Fetal Macrosomia
Biometry
Pregnancy, Animal
Umbilical Arteries
Anthropometry
Maternal-Fetal Exchange
Fetal Nutrition Disorders
Amniotic Fluid
Fetal Monitoring
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
Fetal Resorption
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Uterus
Pregnancy Outcome
Placental Circulation
Oligohydramnios
Reproducibility of Results
Fetal Viability
Crown-Rump Length
Parietal Bone
Predictive Value of Tests
Pregnancy, Prolonged
Pregnancy in Diabetics
Sheep
Polyhydramnios
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
Prospective Studies
Parity
Ultrasonography
Reference Values
Placental Insufficiency
Pregnancy Complications
Fetal Blood
Fetal Heart
Twins
Sensitivity and Specificity
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Pregnancy, High-Risk
Swine
Regression Analysis
Administration of growth hormone or IGF-I to pregnant rats on a reduced diet throughout pregnancy does not prevent fetal intrauterine growth retardation and elevated blood pressure in adult offspring. (1/309)
Increasing evidence from human epidemiological studies suggests that poor growth before birth is associated with postnatal growth retardation and the development of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. We have shown previously that nutritional deprivation in the pregnant rat leads to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), postnatal growth failure, changes in the endocrine parameters of the somatotrophic axis, and to increased blood pressure in later life. In the present study, we investigated whether administration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or bovine growth hormone (GH) during pregnancy could prevent IUGR and/or alter long-term outcome. Dams from day 1 of pregnancy throughout gestation received a diet of ad libitum available food or a restricted dietary intake of 30% of ad libitum fed dams. From day 10 of gestation, dams were treated for 10 days with three times daily subcutaneous injections of saline (100 microl), IGF-I (2 micrograms/g body weight) or GH (2 micrograms/g body weight). Maternal weight gain was significantly increased (P<0.001) in ad libitum fed dams treated with GH, (98.9+/-4.73 g) compared with the IGF-I (80.5+/-2.17 g) and saline-treated (70.7+/-2.65 g) groups. There was a small increase in maternal weight gain (P<0.06) in 30% ad libitum fed dams following GH (16.3+/-2.47 g) and IGF-I (15.8+/-1.97 g) treatment compared with saline (9.2+/-1.96 g). Whole spleen, kidney and carcass weights were significantly (P<0.05) increased in ad libitum fed and 30% ad libitum fed dams with GH treatment. Circulating IGF-I was significantly increased (P<0.001) in ad libitum fed dams with both IGF-I (369.6+/-32.33 ng/ml) and GH (457.9+/-33.32 ng/ml) compared with saline treatment (211.7+/-14.02 ng/ml), and with GH (223.4+/-23.72 ng/ml) compared with saline treatment (112.0+/-7.33 ng/ml) in 30% ad libitum fed dams. Circulating GH binding protein (GHBP) levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in GH-treated (299.1+/-51.54 ng/ml) compared with saline-treated (503.9+/-62.43 ng/ml) ad libitum fed dams, but were not altered in 30% ad libitum fed dams. There was no significant effect of either IGF-I or GH treatment on fetal weight, placental weight, fetal organ weights or circulating IGF-I levels in both ad libitum fed and 30% ad libitum fed fetuses. Offspring of 30% ad libitum fed dams remained significantly growth retarded postnatally and showed elevated blood pressure in later life. The increased maternal weight gain following IGF-I or GH administration, without an effect on fetal and placental weights, suggests a modification in the mode of maternal nutrient repartitioning during mid to late pregnancy at the expense of the fetus. (+info)Abundance of leptin mRNA in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal body weight. (2/309)
Leptin mRNA was measured in adipose tissue of fetal sheep by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Abundance of leptin mRNA relative to b-actin mRNA in fetal perirenal adipose tissue increased (P<0.02) with gestation, being higher at 144 d (0.73 +/- 0. 10, n=5) than at 90-91 d (0.40 +/- 0.08, n=6) or 125 d (0.40 +/- 0. 04, n=5) gestation (term approximately 147- 150 d). There was a positive relationship between relative abundance of leptin mRNA (y) and fetal body weight (x)between 90 and 144 d gestation (r 2 =0.27, P<0.01). The slope of the linear dependence of leptin mRNA on fetal weight was 15-fold greater (P<0.001) at 90-91d (y = 2.81x - 1.1, n=6, r 2 =0.71, P<0.025) than between 125-144 d gestation (y = 0.195x - 0.15, n=16, r 2 =0.39, P<0.01). Thus the leptin synthetic capacity of fetal adipose tissue appears to increase in late gestation but this is accompanied by constraint of its sensitivity to fetal body weight. We hypothesise that leptin synthesis in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal nutrient supply and growth rate. (+info)Adaptation of pancreatic islet B-cells during the last third of pregnancy: regulation of B-cell function and proliferation by lactogenic hormones in rats. (3/309)
In rodents, placental lactogen (PL)-I is considered to be the first trigger to enhance pancreatic islet B-cell function, and after its secretion is diminished at mid-pregnancy, PL-II takes over this role. However, little information is available on the regulation of islet B-cell function and proliferation by lactogenic hormones during the last third of pregnancy. This was the focus of the present study using rats in which pregnancy was forcibly prolonged. This rat possesses unique characteristics in that PL-I is re-secreted during the prolonged period of pregnancy and the peak concentrations in maternal circulation are comparable with those observed during mid-pregnancy in normal-pregnancy rats. Pregnancy was prolonged by successive administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (30IU/rat, s.c. on day 12) and human chorionic gonadotropin (10IU/rat, i.v. on day 14). When the insulin secretory responses to 10mmol/l glucose in islets obtained from normal-pregnancy and prolonged-pregnancy rats were tested, each insulin secretory response correlated well with the values of plasma lactogenic activity throughout the period of pregnancy and lactation. Examination of B-cell proliferation in normal-pregnancy rats showed that 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into dividing B-cells reached a maximum on day 15 and then decreased markedly towards term. No increase in B-cell proliferation was observed on day 19 when plasma lactogenic activity reached the maximum. In prolonged-pregnancy rats, BrdU incorporation also continued to decrease as observed in normal-pregnancy rats after day 15, and then no enhancement in B-cell proliferation was observed even when the plasma lactogenic activity, including re-secreted PL-I, reached maximum. These results suggest that, in the last third of pregnancy, B-cell proliferation is no longer stimulated by lactogenic hormones in contrast to the insulin secretory response which is sustained. (+info)Protective effects of garlic juice against embryotoxicity of methylmercuric chloride administered to pregnant Fischer 344 rats. (4/309)
In order to investigate the beneficial effects of 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg Korean garlic juice against the embryotoxicity of 20 mg/kg methylmercury chloride (MMC, CH3HgCl), pregnant Fisher 344 rats were simultaneously orally administered on day 7 of gestation. On day 20 of gestation the dams were laparotomized under ether anesthesia, and the fetuses were removed and examined for toxicity of methylmercury. Garlic juice depressed the toxicity in terms of some parameters. In the case of simultaneous treatment with 0.1 g/kg garlic juice and MMC, rates of increase were 17.5% in maternal body weight, 13.2% and 41.9% in fetal and litters' weight respectively, and 37.0% in fetal survival rate. Decreasing rates were 10.0% in maternal death rate, and 6.9% and 31.3% in pre- and post-implantation loss respectively. Decreasing rates of mercury levels in dams were 67.2% in liver, 57.6% in brain, 47.2% in kidney, 42.1% in spleen and 40.9% in blood. As well, decreasing rates of mercury level in fetuses were 54.9% in all body burden, 55.9% in liver, 46.7% in kidney and 37% in brain, respectively. The number of fetal ossification centers were reduced by 23.8% to 58.0% following simultaneous treatment with 1.0 g/kg garlic juice. These findings indicated that garlic juice effectively inhibited the embryotoxicity of methylmercury in pregnant Fischer 344 rats. (+info)Abundance of leptin mRNA in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal body weight. (5/309)
Leptin mRNA was measured in adipose tissue of fetal sheep by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Abundance of leptin mRNA relative to beta-actin mRNA in fetal perirenal adipose tissue increased (P<0.02) with gestation, being higher at 144 d (0.73+/-0. 10, n=5) than at 90-91 d (0.40 +/- 0.08, n=6) or 125 d (0.40 +/- 0. 04, n=5) gestation (term approximately 147- 150 d). There was a positive relationship between relative abundance of leptin mRNA (y) and fetal body weight (x) between 90 and 144 d gestation (r(2) =0.27, P<0.01). The slope of the linear dependence of leptin mRNA on fetal weight was 15-fold greater (P<0.001) at 90-91d (y = 2.81x - 1.1, n=6, r(2) =0.71, P<0.025) than between 125-144 d gestation (y = 0.195x - 0.15, n=16, r(2) =0.39, P<0.01). Thus the leptin synthetic capacity of fetal adipose tissue appears to increase in late gestation but this is accompanied by constraint of its sensitivity to fetal body weight. We hypothesise that leptin synthesis in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal nutrient supply and growth rate. (+info)Estimation of fetal weight: mean value from multiple formulas. (6/309)
Mean fetal weight value from multiple formulas was compared to fetal weight from single formulas. Data were collected on 975 fetuses who had estimation of fetal weight by ultrasonography within 1 week before birth. Improvement in estimation of fetal weight occurred using either the mean value of multiple formulas or the Hadlock BPD/FL/AC, in comparison to fetal volume, BPD/AC, or FL/AC. BPD/FL/AC appeared to provide the best estimate of true weight in terms of overall accuracy and in terms of not showing a trend in either overestimating or underestimating true weight. (+info)Preimplantation access to maternal insulin and albumin increases fetal growth rate in mice. (7/309)
Provision of the maternal factors, albumin and/or insulin to embryos in vitro restores preimplantation morphological development and cell proliferation to that seen in vivo. The hypothesis that the preimplantation effects of insulin or albumin would be reflected in increased fetal growth rate was examined. Two-cell embryos were cultured 48-50 h in medium supplemented with 0.17 micromol/l, 15 micromol/l albumin or 0.17 micromol/l insulin and the resultant blastocysts transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. Fetal and placental mass and skeletal development were determined at E19 or E20 (day 19 or 20 of embryonic development). Preimplantation access to insulin or albumin increased fetal growth by 4-6%. Combining insulin and albumin did not produce a further increment in fetal growth. The fetal growth achieved by providing preimplantation access to insulin, albumin or both was equivalent to that of in-vivo developed blastocysts. The conclusions are that: (i) preimplantation access to maternal insulin and albumin is required for normal fetal growth rates in the mouse and (ii) the increments in inner cell mass cell number and metabolic rates induced by insulin (and possibly albumin) reflect a requirement for maternal growth factors during preimplantation stages to optimize fetal development. (+info)A mouse model for valproate teratogenicity: parental effects, homeotic transformations, and altered HOX expression. (8/309)
Valproate (VPA) is one of several effective anti-epileptic and mood-stabilizing drugs, many of which are also potent teratogens in humans and several other mammalian species. Variable teratogenicity among inbred strains of laboratory mice suggests that genetic factors influence susceptibility. While studying the genetic basis for VPA teratogenicity in mice, we discovered that parental factors influence fetal susceptibility to induced malformations. Detailed examination of these malformations revealed that many were homeotic transformations. To test whether VPA, like retinoic acid (RA), alters HOX expression, pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells were treated with VPA or RA and Hox expression assessed. Altered expression of specific Hox genes may thus account for the homeotic transformations and other malformations found in VPA-treated fetuses. (+info)Fetal weight is the calculated weight of a fetus during pregnancy, typically estimated through ultrasound measurements. It is a crucial indicator of fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy. The weight is determined by measuring various parameters such as the head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, which are then used in conjunction with specific formulas to estimate the fetal weight. Regular monitoring of fetal weight helps healthcare providers assess fetal health, identify potential growth restrictions or abnormalities, and determine appropriate delivery timing. Low fetal weight can indicate intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), while high fetal weight might suggest macrosomia, both of which may require specialized care and management.
Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:
1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.
Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.
Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.
During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.
Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.
Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.
Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.
Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.
Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).
Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.
It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.
Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.
The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.
Fetal macrosomia is a medical condition where the fetus in the womb is significantly larger than normal. While there is no consensus on an exact weight that defines macrosomia, it is generally defined as a fetus with an estimated weight of 4,000 grams (8 pounds 13 ounces) or more at birth.
Fetal macrosomia can be caused by several factors, including maternal diabetes, post-term pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and prior history of macrosomic infants. Macrosomic infants are at an increased risk for complications during labor and delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, and hypoglycemia.
It is important for healthcare providers to monitor fetal growth carefully during pregnancy, particularly in women who have risk factors for macrosomia. Regular prenatal care, including ultrasound measurements of the fetus, can help identify cases of fetal macrosomia and allow for appropriate management and delivery planning.
Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.
It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.
Biometry, also known as biometrics, is the scientific study of measurements and statistical analysis of living organisms. In a medical context, biometry is often used to refer to the measurement and analysis of physical characteristics or features of the human body, such as height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and other physiological variables. These measurements can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring disease progression, and research.
In addition to physical measurements, biometry may also refer to the use of statistical methods to analyze biological data, such as genetic information or medical images. This type of analysis can help researchers and clinicians identify patterns and trends in large datasets, and make predictions about health outcomes or treatment responses.
Overall, biometry is an important tool in modern medicine, as it allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions based on data and evidence.
Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:
* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.
Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.
Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.
Litter size is a term used in veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to breeding of animals. It refers to the number of offspring that are born to an animal during one pregnancy. For example, in the case of dogs or cats, it would be the number of kittens or puppies born in a single litter. The size of the litter can vary widely depending on the species, breed, age, and health status of the parent animals.
"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).
The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.
It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.
Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.
The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.
Anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves the systematic measurement and analysis of various physical characteristics, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and other body measurements. These measurements are used in a variety of fields, including medicine, ergonomics, forensics, and fashion design, to assess health status, fitness level, or to design products and environments that fit the human body. In a medical context, anthropometry is often used to assess growth and development, health status, and disease risk factors in individuals and populations.
Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.
The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.
Fetal nutrition disorders refer to conditions that occur when a fetus fails to receive adequate nutrients for proper growth and development during pregnancy. This can result from various factors, such as maternal malnutrition, placental insufficiency, or genetic abnormalities. Some examples of fetal nutrition disorders include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA), and birth defects related to nutrient deficiencies. These conditions can lead to a range of complications, including premature birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and long-term health problems. It is essential to monitor fetal growth and nutrition during pregnancy to identify and manage these disorders early on.
Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.
Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:
1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.
Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.
Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.
There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.
Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.
The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.
During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.
Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.
Fetal resorption, also known as fetal demise or intrauterine fetal death, is a medical term that refers to the absorption of a nonviable fetus by the mother's body after its death in utero. This process typically occurs before the 20th week of gestation and may go unnoticed if it happens early in pregnancy.
During fetal resorption, the fetal tissue is broken down and absorbed by the mother's body, leaving no visible remains of the fetus. The placenta and other surrounding tissues may still be present, but they often undergo changes as well. In some cases, a small amount of fetal tissue may be expelled from the uterus during the resorption process.
The causes of fetal resorption can vary, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, and environmental factors. It is essential to seek medical attention if a woman suspects fetal resorption or experiences any unusual symptoms during pregnancy, such as vaginal bleeding or decreased fetal movement, to ensure proper diagnosis and management.
"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.
Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:
1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.
It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.
The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.
The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.
Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:
1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.
Twin pregnancy refers to a type of multiple pregnancy where a woman is carrying two fetuses simultaneously. There are two types of twin pregnancies: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monoygotic twins occur when a single fertilized egg (zygote) splits and develops into two separate embryos, resulting in identical twins who share the same genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to non-identical twins who have their own unique genetic material.
Twin pregnancies are associated with higher risks of complications compared to singleton pregnancies, including preterm labor, low birth weight, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. Close monitoring by healthcare providers is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the twins.
Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.
In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.
On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.
Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.
Oligohydramnios is a medical condition that refers to an abnormally low amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. The amniotic fluid is essential for the protection and development of the fetus, including lung maturation and joint mobility. Oligohydramnios is often diagnosed through ultrasound measurements of the pocket depth of the amniotic fluid and is defined as an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single deepest pocket (SDP) of less than 2 cm after 24 weeks of gestation.
The condition can be caused by various factors, such as fetal growth restriction, maternal high blood pressure, placental insufficiency, rupture of membranes, and genetic disorders. Oligohydramnios may increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, including preterm labor, fetal distress, and stillbirth. The management of oligohydramnios depends on the underlying cause and gestational age, and may include close monitoring, delivery, or treatment of the underlying condition.
Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.
In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.
The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.
The abdomen refers to the portion of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. It is a musculo-fascial cavity containing the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity is divided into several regions and quadrants for medical description and examination purposes. These include the upper and lower abdomen, as well as nine quadrants formed by the intersection of the midline and a horizontal line drawn at the level of the umbilicus (navel).
The major organs located within the abdominal cavity include:
1. Stomach - muscular organ responsible for initial digestion of food
2. Small intestine - long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs
3. Large intestine - consists of the colon and rectum; absorbs water and stores waste products
4. Liver - largest internal organ, involved in protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism
5. Pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin
6. Spleen - filters blood and removes old red blood cells
7. Kidneys - pair of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
8. Adrenal glands - sit atop each kidney, produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response
The abdomen is an essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste materials, as well as various metabolic processes.
Fetal viability is the point in pregnancy at which a fetus is considered capable of surviving outside the uterus, given appropriate medical support. Although there is no precise gestational age that defines fetal viability, it is generally considered to occur between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. At this stage, the fetus has developed sufficient lung maturity and body weight, and the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity significantly decreases. However, the exact definition of fetal viability may vary depending on regional standards, medical facilities, and individual clinical assessments.
Crown-rump length (CRL) is a medical measurement used in obstetrics to estimate the age of a developing fetus. It refers to the length from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump). This measurement is typically taken during an ultrasound examination in the first trimester of pregnancy, between 8 and 13 weeks of gestation.
The CRL is used to calculate the estimated due date and to monitor fetal growth and development. It can also help identify potential issues or abnormalities in fetal development. As the pregnancy progresses, other measurements such as head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length are used to assess fetal growth and development.
The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.
The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.
The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.
Teratogens are substances, such as certain medications, chemicals, or infectious agents, that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in the developing fetus when a woman is exposed to them during pregnancy. They can interfere with the normal development of the fetus and lead to a range of problems, including physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, and sensory impairments. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco smoke, some prescription medications, and infections like rubella (German measles). It is important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant to avoid exposure to known teratogens as much as possible.
Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, is a medical condition defined as a pregnancy that continues beyond 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is important to note that this definition is based on the estimated date of delivery and not the actual conception date. Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and the fetus, including stillbirth, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, and difficulty during labor and delivery. Therefore, healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women who reach 41 weeks of gestation to ensure timely delivery if necessary.
'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:
1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Polyhydramnios is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid in the sac surrounding the fetus during pregnancy, typically defined as an amniotic fluid index (AFI) greater than 24 cm or a single deepest pocket (SDP) measurement of more than 8 cm. It occurs in approximately 1-2% of pregnancies and can be associated with various maternal, fetal, and genetic conditions. If left untreated, polyhydramnios may increase the risk of premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, and other pregnancy complications. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome.
Small for Gestational Age (SGA) is a term used in pediatrics to describe newborn infants who are smaller in size than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is typically defined as a baby whose weight is below the 10th percentile for its gestational age. SGA can be further classified into two categories: constitutionally small (also known as physiologically small) and pathologically small. Constitutionally small infants are those who are genetically predisposed to being smaller, while pathologically small infants have a growth restriction due to factors such as placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, or chromosomal abnormalities.
It is important to note that SGA is not the same as premature birth. Premature babies are those born before 37 weeks of gestation, regardless of their size. However, a baby can be both premature and SGA.
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.
In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.
Parity is typically categorized as follows:
* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.
In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.
In the context of human anatomy, the thigh is the part of the lower limb that extends from the hip to the knee. It is the upper and largest portion of the leg and is primarily composed of the femur bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, as well as several muscles including the quadriceps femoris (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), and adductors (inner thigh). The major blood vessels and nerves that supply the lower limb also pass through the thigh.
Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.
Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.
Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.
The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.
It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.
Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.
The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.
Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.
Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.
The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.
Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.
Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:
1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.
It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.
Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.
Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.
Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.
Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.
The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.
The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.
The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.
In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.
Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:
1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.
Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.
High-risk pregnancy is a term used to describe a situation where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or in the postpartum period. These risks may be due to pre-existing medical conditions in the mother, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Other factors that can contribute to a high-risk pregnancy include advanced maternal age (35 years and older), obesity, multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.), fetal growth restriction, placental issues, and a history of previous pregnancy complications or preterm labor.
High-risk pregnancies require specialized care and monitoring by healthcare professionals, often involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, perinatologists, and neonatologists. Regular prenatal care, frequent checkups, ultrasound monitoring, and sometimes additional testing and interventions may be necessary to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.
Cell-free fetal DNA
Fetal pig
Gelada
Hawthorne Works
Leopold's maneuvers
Antepartum bleeding
Hawthorne effect
Postterm pregnancy
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
Michelle Lampl
Scleroderma
Topiramate
Ethanol metabolism
Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy
Prenatal testing
Nilam Sawhney
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
Prenatal development
Hypertensive disease of pregnancy
Reticulon 4
Cephalometry
Learning disability
Pregnancy over age 50
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act
Emperor tamarin
Microbial toxin
Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1
Early pregnancy bleeding
Cigarette
Low birth weight
TPK1
Gestational age
Birth weight and subsequent cholesterol levels: exploration of the 'fetal origins' hypothesis
Social influences on birth weight | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
Fetal Weight Percentile Calculator | Fetal Growth
Updated birth weight centiles for England and Wales | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
Effects of epigenetic modulatory drugs on fetal alcohol induced changes in pituitary D2R mRNA levels, protein levels, pituitary...
Correlation Between Maternal Weight Gain in Each Trimester and Fetal Growth According to Pre-pregnancy Maternal Body Mass Index...
Ovarian Stimulation Does Not Affect Fetal Birth Weight - reporting from 23rd Annual Conference of the European Society of Human...
Unconditional and conditional standards for fetal abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight in an ethnic Chinese...
Effects of very low birth weights on fetal and neonatal mortality rates in Alabama.
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 1991
Maternal and Infant Care Settings and Smoking Cessation | Smoking and Tobacco Use | CDC
Associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth: Findings...
Correction: The World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts: A Multinational Longitudinal Study of Ultrasound Biometric...
Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors<...
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Ultrasonography
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Fetal Weight Calculator - Fetal Weight by Week - Pregnancy Tools
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Pregnancy Outcomes According to Gestational Age at Time of Infection -...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: MedlinePlus
Preeclampsia: Practice Essentials, Overview, Pathophysiology
Prediction of fetal weight by ultrasound: The contribution of additional examiners<...
Fetal ovarian cyst: 2- and 3-dimensional ultrasound as a new diagnostic method to rule out ovarian torsion
RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Lithium exposure during pregnancy increases fetal growth
Cell-free fetal DNA - Wikipedia
Maternal Obesity and Western-Style Diet Impair Fetal and Juvenile Offspring Skeletal Muscle Insulin-Stimulated Glucose...
Severe early onset pre-eclampsia: prognostic value of ultrasound and Doppler assessment | Journal of Perinatology
Abdominal circumference10
- Associations with trajectories of estimated fetal weight (EFW) and individual fetal parameters (head circumference, femur length [FL], and abdominal circumference [AC]) from 12-16 to 40 weeks' gestation were analysed using multilevel fractional polynomial models. (plos.org)
- We analysed data from 8,621 white European liveborn singletons from 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts to assess the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with the longitudinal growth of different fetal parameters (weight, head circumference, femur length, and abdominal circumference). (plos.org)
- ACOG describes 4 biometric measures to be used to generate an estimated fetal weight: biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length. (medscape.com)
- In order to calculate fetal weight, you will need the AC and BPD measurement (the abdominal circumference and diameter of your baby's head). (happychildren.life)
- Design: Three experienced sonographers independently measured fetal biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length in 39 fetuses at term. (tau.ac.il)
- Fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and transcerebellar diameter were measured by ultrasound at 18-22 weeks of gestation. (eur.nl)
- Campbell S, Thomas A. Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdominal circumference ratio in the assessment of fetal growth retardation. (ijrcog.org)
- Campbell S, Wilkin D. Ultrasonic measurement of the fetal abdominal circumference in estimation of fetal weight. (ijrcog.org)
- Objective 1: Multilevel models and fractional polynomials were employed for the modelling of fetal weight, head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC) growth. (bl.uk)
- Calculations are based on the 4 common fetal measurements, biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), and abdominal circumference (AC). (babymed.com)
Impaired fetal growth2
- These findings suggest that impaired fetal growth does not have effects on blood cholesterol levels that would have a material impact on vascular disease risk. (nih.gov)
- These findings reinforce the importance of smoking cessation advice in preconception and antenatal care and show that smoking reduction can lower the risk of impaired fetal growth in women who struggle to quit. (plos.org)
Ultrasound21
- The World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts: A Multinational Longitudinal Study of Ultrasound Biometric Measurements and Estimated Fetal Weight. (omnicalculator.com)
- Our BPD, HC, AC, and FL calculator uses all the necessary ultrasound fetal measurements to compute your child's weight at a given week of the pregnancy. (omnicalculator.com)
- These two explanations are based on an Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW) calculations that use the ultrasound technique to evaluate a baby's weight inside its mother's uterus. (omnicalculator.com)
- We analysed data from 8,621 European liveborn singletons in 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts (the Generation R Study, the Netherlands 2002-2006 [ n = 4,682]) and the Born in Bradford study, United Kingdom 2007-2010 [ n = 3,939]) with fetal ultrasound and birth anthropometric measures, parental smoking during pregnancy, and maternal genetic data. (plos.org)
- With that in mind, in my second pregnancy, I calculated the baby's weight on my own after each ultrasound, because the ultrasound reports that I get only showed BPD, HC, AC, and FL measurements and not what a fetal weight was. (happychildren.life)
- Environmental phenol associations with ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth. (cdc.gov)
- and 3) ultrasound estimates of fetal weight from two time points in combination with birth weight. (cdc.gov)
- These associations were observed in models that included repeated ultrasound estimates of fetal weight during gestation as well. (cdc.gov)
- Fetal ovarian cysts can be suspected when an ultrasound scan shows intra-abdominal structures in female fetuses in the presence of normal bowel and urinary structures. (degruyter.com)
- applied an inversion mode for studying the relationship, size, and course of fluid collections in fetuses in the absence and presence of malformations, including fetal ovarian cysts, demonstrating the additional informative role of 3-D ultrasound [11]. (degruyter.com)
- We report a case of fetal ovarian cyst using 3-D ultrasound in order to show how a better definition of the relationship between the ovary containing the cyst and its peduncle can be obtained and to introduce 3-D ultrasound as a method to rule out adnexal torsion when a fetal ovarian cyst is present. (degruyter.com)
- Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, we included all singleton pregnancies of women using lithium and referred for advanced fetal ultrasound scanning between 1994 and 2018 to the University Medical Centers in Leiden and Rotterdam, the Netherlands (n=119). (eur.nl)
- The aim of this study was to assess the fetal weight in term pregnancies by various methods- Dare's formula, Johnson's formula and Hadlock's formula using ultrasound, and to compare the methods after knowing the actual weight of the baby after birth. (ijrcog.org)
- Whenever the Facility is available, Ultrasound is the best method for birth weight assessment. (ijrcog.org)
- Clinical and patient estimation of fetal weight vs. ultrasound estimation. (ijrcog.org)
- Nzeh DA, Rimmer S, Moore WMO, Hunt L. Prediction of Birth weight by fetal ultrasound biometry. (ijrcog.org)
- Njoku C, Emechebe C, Odusolu P, Abeshi S, Chukwu C, Ekabua J. Determination of accuracy of fetal weight using ultrasound and clinical fetal weight estimations in Calabar South, South Nigeria. (ijrcog.org)
- Serum placental GH concentrations were measured by a highly specific immunoradiometric assay, and fetal size was measured by ultrasound. (regsj.dk)
- This estimated fetal weight calculator will calculate percentiles as well as the estimated fetal weights based ultrasound data and on many published formulas. (babymed.com)
- Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often secondary to placental dysfunction and is suspected prenatally based on biometric or circulatory abnormalities detected on ultrasound. (unboundmedicine.com)
- 10th centile) with that of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG)-endorsed Delphi consensus criteria for late FGR for delivery of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant at term, emergency Cesarean section (CS) for non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS), perinatal mortality and composite severe neonatal morbidity. (unboundmedicine.com)
Restriction9
- We measured the height, pre-pregnant body weight, and maternal body weight of women with twin pregnancies and evaluated the relationship between the maternal weight gain at each trimester and fetal growth restriction according to pre-pregnancy body mass index. (researchsquare.com)
- Moreover, unlike in singleton pregnancies, twin pregnancy mothers have a higher likelihood of weight gain and pregnancy-related complications, such as fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes (3, 4). (researchsquare.com)
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant birth weight, but evidence on critical exposure windows and timing of fetal growth restriction is limited. (plos.org)
- The importance of smoking cessation in early pregnancy and the extent to which fetal growth restriction can be prevented or minimised by lowering cigarette consumption in women who find quitting difficult is also uncertain. (plos.org)
- In most cases of fetal growth restriction, the transcerebellar diameter appears to be spared and can be used as an unbiased measure of gestational age. (medscape.com)
- Dare's formula is an inexpensive method for screening for fetal growth restriction. (ijrcog.org)
- Both heterogeneity and tissue specialization of immune cells may hold the key to understanding the pathophysiology of some important pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage and fetal growth restriction (FGR), which is defined as the failure of the fetus to achieve its genetically determined growth potential. (elifesciences.org)
- Gestational weight gain and dietary energy, iron, and choline intake predict severity of fetal alcohol growth restriction in a prospective birth cohort. (cabi.org)
- OBJECTIVE: To quantify the risks of mortality, morbidity and postnatal characteristics associated with extreme preterm fetal growth restriction (EP-FGR). (lu.se)
Pregnancy39
- Especially in normal weight pregnant women, the heavier the weight of the newborn babies as the second trimester of pregnancy weight gain, the less significant the weight gain in the first trimester of pregnancy and fetal growth. (researchsquare.com)
- In twin pregnancy, regardless of the pre-pregnant body mass index, maternal weight gain affected fetal growth. (researchsquare.com)
- Furthermore, weight gain in the second trimester of pregnancy is considered a powerful indicator of fetal growth, especially in normal weight pregnancies. (researchsquare.com)
- In singleton pregnancy, some studies have shown that proper weight gain during pregnancy is associated with obstetric prognosis. (researchsquare.com)
- Many researchers have suggested criteria for appropriate weight gain during pregnancy based on the maternal pre-pregnancy weight (8, 9). (researchsquare.com)
- In twin pregnancy, proper maternal weight gain during pregnancy is associated with pregnancy-related complications and neonatal outcomes, as in singleton pregnancy (10-12). (researchsquare.com)
- If the mother is tall, and the maternal weight gain during pregnancy is appropriate, maternal weight gain can predict fetal growth. (researchsquare.com)
- The Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council in 1990 and 2009, respectively, presented criteria for adequate weight gain in twin pregnancy (3, 13). (researchsquare.com)
- However, determining the correlation between maternal weight gain and gestational age of pregnancy was difficult, as it focused on the total weight gain during the entire pregnancy period. (researchsquare.com)
- Therefore, presenting appropriate weight gain values during pregnancy according to the trimester of pregnancy will help prevent and predict SGA. (researchsquare.com)
- This study sought to investigate the relationship between fetal growth and maternal weight gain according to the trimester of twin pregnancy. (researchsquare.com)
- Here we investigate the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth by triangulating evidence from 3 analytical approaches to strengthen causal inference. (plos.org)
- The fetal growth trajectory in women who quit smoking in early pregnancy was similar to that of non-smokers, except for a shorter FL and greater AC around 36-40 weeks' gestation. (plos.org)
- A consistent linear dose-dependent association of maternal smoking with fetal growth was observed from the early second trimester onwards, while no major growth deficit was found in women who quit smoking early in pregnancy except for a shorter FL during late gestation. (plos.org)
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant birth weight. (plos.org)
- Maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy causes small reductions in birth weight and research suggests it may cause preterm delivery. (cdc.gov)
- Smoking cessation during pregnancy reduces the effects of smoking on fetal growth. (cdc.gov)
- Cessation early in pregnancy eliminates the adverse effects of smoking on fetal growth. (cdc.gov)
- Therefore, I will only state briefly how fetal weight increase during pregnancy here. (happychildren.life)
- At 13 weeks of pregnancy , when all the organs are already formed in the fetus, the fetal weight should be about 23 g or 0,8 ounces . (happychildren.life)
- In this study, we sought to assess the association between maternal urinary phenol concentrations in pregnancy and fetal growth. (cdc.gov)
- Also in males, we noted inverse associations between average triclosan exposure over pregnancy and estimated fetal weight combined with birth weight in repeated measures models. (cdc.gov)
- In conclusion, we observed inverse associations between indicators of maternal phenol exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth, with several differences observed by sex. (cdc.gov)
- Drinking during pregnancy can cause a group of conditions called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). (medlineplus.gov)
- In the last decades, due to the advent and the widespread use of routine sonography during pregnancy, the detection of fetal ovarian cysts has increased considerably [7]. (degruyter.com)
- Background: Lithium is an effective treatment in pregnancy and postpartum for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder, but there is a lack of knowledge about the potential adverse impact on fetal development. (eur.nl)
- Furthermore, lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in birth weight of 142.43 grams (95% confidence interval: 58.01, 226.89), whereas it was associated with an average decrease of 1.41 weeks in gestational duration (95% confidence interval: −1.78, −1.05). (eur.nl)
- Conclusions: Lithium use during pregnancy was associated with increased fetal growth parameters at 18-22 weeks gestational age and increased birth weight. (eur.nl)
- 5 cm), polyhydramnios adverse pregnancy or fetal outcome. (who.int)
- Accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight in 840 women with different pregnancy complications prior to induction of labor. (ijrcog.org)
- Comparative study of various methods of fetal weight estimation at term pregnancy. (ijrcog.org)
- Placental GH is thought to be responsible for the rise in maternal IGF-I during pregnancy and is considered to be important for fetal growth. (regsj.dk)
- Conclusion Heart failure during pregnancy is associated with unfavourable fetal outcomes including prematurity and low birth weight. (bmj.com)
- Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal characteristics in early pregnancy and fetal growth (FG) and birth weight (BW). (uandes.cl)
- We excluded patients with chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, preexisting renal disease, urinary tract infection, intrauterine foetal death, multiple-foetus gestations, premature rupture of membrane, and postterm pregnancy from our study. (hindawi.com)
- Some studies have shown an association between hospitalization for asthma during pregnancy and low birth weight of the neonate, whereas in others there was no correlation between birth weight and acute asthmatic attacks during pregnancy. (aafp.org)
- Murphy and colleagues evaluated asthma exacerbations in 146 Australian women enrolled in a prospective cohort study of asthma to establish the rate of severe exacerbations during pregnancy and investigate the relationship between exacerbation rate and perinatal fetal outcomes. (aafp.org)
- No statistically significant differences were found in overall pregnancy outcomes between women who experienced a severe exacerbation of asthma during pregnancy and those who did not, although there was a trend toward lower neonate birth weight in women who had a severe exacerbation. (aafp.org)
- The study was too small to establish significant relationships between exacerbations of asthma and poor pregnancy outcomes, but it showed significantly reduced birth weight in male infants. (aafp.org)
Gestational9
- LGA - Large for Gestational Age babies exceed the 90th percentile of their Estimated Fetal Weight. (omnicalculator.com)
- Objectives Construct updated birth weight-for-gestational age centile charts for use in the UK and compare these to the currently used UK-WHO charts. (bmj.com)
- Main outcome measures Sex-specific birth weight-for-gestational age centiles. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions We have constructed and validated updated birth weight-for-gestational age centiles using a contemporary sample of births occurring in England and Wales. (bmj.com)
- The most common definition used is fetal weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age. (medscape.com)
- If the estimated fetal weight is below the 10th percentile for gestational age, they suggest that further evaluation be considered, such as amniotic fluid assessment and Doppler blood flow studies of the umbilical artery. (medscape.com)
- The BPD is used to estimate fetal weight and gestational age. (happychildren.life)
- As we can see, it is normal if a baby is born in the 39-40 gestational week, with a weight between 3000 and 3800 g. (happychildren.life)
- This was better than using the gestational age at recruitment or delivery, birth weight or any of the Doppler results. (nature.com)
Early fetal2
- Aims: To investigate the impact of lithium exposure on early fetal growth. (eur.nl)
- We further characterize in this study the proteomic architecture underlying the role of ADNF-9 against ethanol teratogenesis during early fetal brain development using liquid chromatography in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (biomedcentral.com)
Measures of fetal growth1
- The use of more direct measures of fetal growth may also enable the identification of relationships between patterns of fetal growth with patterns of postnatal growth, explicitly, whether periods of restricted or rapid growth lead to postnatal catch-up or down, respectively. (bl.uk)
Actual fetal weights5
- 10%) discrepancies between estimated and actual fetal weights. (tau.ac.il)
- 10%) discrepancies between the estimated and actual fetal weights were calculated for each examiner, and the contribution of additional examiners was analyzed. (tau.ac.il)
- Estimation by two examiners decreased the number of major discrepancies, and estimation by all three examiners further decreased by approximately 50% the number of major discrepancies between the estimated and actual fetal weights. (tau.ac.il)
- Conclusion: Measurements by multiple examiners changes only slightly the average number of discrepancies between estimated and actual fetal weights. (tau.ac.il)
- In general, about 2 in 3 actual fetal weights will be about 16% plus/minus the average. (babymed.com)
Pregnancies4
- Growth-restricted pregnancies are often complicated by a high rate of antepartum and intrapartum fetal distress and the need for cesarean delivery. (medscape.com)
- Fetal ovarian cysts have been associated with pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes, toxemia, and Rh isoimmunization, probably due to the increased production of hCG by the placenta and are rarely associated with other congenital anomalies [2, 4, 6, 12-14]. (degruyter.com)
- New evidence shows that cffDNA test failure rate is higher, fetal fraction (proportion of fetal versus maternal DNA in the maternal blood sample) is lower and PPV for trisomies 18, 13 and SCA is decreased in IVF pregnancies compared to those conceived spontaneously. (wikipedia.org)
- Raghuvanshi T, Pawar M, Patil A. Comparative study of fetal weight estimation by various methods among term pregnancies at rural tertiary care centre, Maharashtra. (ijrcog.org)
Placental6
- The etiology of fetal ovarian cysts is still unknown, although a linkage with fetal gonadotrophin stimulation derived from maternal estrogens or placental human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has been suggested. (degruyter.com)
- Fetal DNA is fragmented when placental microparticles are shed into the maternal blood circulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Placental GH correlated with fetal weight at approximately 28 wk gestation (P = 0.002) but did not predict birth weight at term. (regsj.dk)
- Our study supports the role of maternal placental GH in the regulation of fetal growth. (regsj.dk)
- Studies in humans have shown that men and women whose birth weights were at the lower end of the normal range, who were thin or short at birth, or who were small in relation to placental size have increased rates of coronary heart disease. (bmj.com)
- The macroscopic results indicated that the treatment of shorn not significantly increased the fetal and placental weights, and so little measures regarding placentomes. (usp.br)
Gestation4
- The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation, which leads to disproportionate fetal growth, programmes later coronary heart disease. (bmj.com)
- The hypothesis states that coronary heart disease is associated with specific patterns of disproportionate fetal growth that result from fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation. (bmj.com)
- Small size at birth and disproportion in head size, length, and weight are markers of lack of nutrients or oxygen at particular stages of gestation. (bmj.com)
- prospective multicentre study of women diagnosed with EP-FGR (singleton, estimated fetal weight (EFW) <3rd percentile, <600 g, 20+0-26+6 weeks of gestation). (lu.se)
Estimates of fetal1
- However, little research utilising ultrasonically derived estimates of fetal growth has been conducted. (bl.uk)
Percentile4
- The Hadlock Method Is Superior to Newer Methods for the Prediction of the Birth Weight Percentile. (omnicalculator.com)
- Our fetal weight percentile calculator computes your child's growth and compares it to the general population . (omnicalculator.com)
- Follow the article below to discover fetal weight percentile chart by week , and details of our baby weight predictor calculator. (omnicalculator.com)
- How to use the fetal weight percentile calculator? (omnicalculator.com)
Individual fetal1
- Moreover, individual fetal brains were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Statistical differences in the amounts of proteins between the ALC and ALC/ADNF-9 groups resulted in a distinct data-clustering. (biomedcentral.com)
Cause fetal2
- Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. (nih.gov)
- Umbilical cord compression may cause fetal hypoxemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Utero2
- In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard. (omnicalculator.com)
- Knowledge of fetal weight in utero is vital for the obstetrician in deciding whether or not to deliver the fetus as well as in fixing the mode of delivery. (ijrcog.org)
Growth Retardation2
- Relevant studies published by September 30, 2004, were identified through literature searches using EMBASE and MEDLINE and MeSH heading search strategy (using terms such as birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal growth retardation and cholesterol, lipoprotein, lipid). (nih.gov)
- The reported success rate for all participants before the procedure to of term external cephalic version ranges exclude any contraindications [fetal abnor- from 41% to 77%, with a very low rever- mality, intrauterine growth retardation, pla- sion rate [ 6-8 ]. (who.int)
Intrauterine2
- Using maternal birth weight-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring blood pressure, indicating that the inverse birth weight-blood pressure association is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming. (bris.ac.uk)
- There is no standard treatment of fetal ovarian cysts, and their management varies widely among different centers, ranging from observation to intrauterine aspiration to neonatal surgery [2, 4, 6, 8, 12-14, 19]. (degruyter.com)
Perinatal mortality1
- The foetal complications and outcome parameters were birth weight, Apgar score at the time of birth and at five minutes, need of high dependency unit care, and perinatal mortality. (hindawi.com)
Biometric Measurements1
- Fetal biometric measurements were analyzed to obtain the source of differences in estimations among the examiners. (tau.ac.il)
Estimation6
- Observations included fetal weight estimation, growth pattern, amniotic fluid volume, appearance of the heart and bowel, pulsatility index of the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and ductus venosus. (nature.com)
- The initial fetal weight estimation with a cutoff weight of 1283 g provided the best correct prediction of major morbidity (83.2% overall accuracy, sensitivity 79.0%, specificity 88.2%, positive and negative predictive values of 89.1 and 77.6% respectively). (nature.com)
- The Intergrowth standards for Hadlock's estimation of fetal weight. (ox.ac.uk)
- Various clinical formulae like Johnson's formula & Dare's formula and USG are in use for fetal weight estimation. (ijrcog.org)
- Kurmanavicius J, Burkhardt T, Wisser J, Huch R. Ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation: accuracy of formulas and accuracy of examiners by birth weight from 500 to 5000 g. (ijrcog.org)
- Sowjanya R, Lavanya S. Comparative study of clinical assessment of fetal weight estimation using johnson's formula and ultrasonographic assessment using Hadlock's Formula at or near term. (ijrcog.org)
Abnormalities3
- Because growth-restricted fetuses have a high incidence of structural and genetic abnormalities, an ultrasonographic examination of fetal anatomy also is recommended. (medscape.com)
- People with fetal alcohol syndrome have facial abnormalities, including wide-set and narrow eyes, growth problems and nervous system abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
- From a diagnostic point of view, three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography has the potential to improve the visualization of fetal anatomy, including the recognition of structural abnormalities. (degruyter.com)
Outcomes2
- Birth weight variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. (bris.ac.uk)
- fetal outcomes, principally birth weight, also were examined. (aafp.org)
Amniotic fluid1
- During this scan the baby is measured to estimate fetal weight, amniotic fluid and fetal movement is assessed, and colour doppler examination of blood flow to the placenta and fetus may be measured. (fetalmedicine.com)
Mortality6
- Effects of very low birth weights on fetal and neonatal mortality rates in Alabama. (cdc.gov)
- Children born with low birth weight are at higher risk of mortality in the newborn period and of developing noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart conditions in adulthood. (who.int)
- Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants. (ijrcog.org)
- This multisystem disorder affects millions of women worldwide and is recognized as an important direct cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Indeed, maternal ILC2s promote fetal growth and protect against fetal mortality upon systemic endotoxin challenge. (elifesciences.org)
- In order to clarify the association of weight increase of the fetus in the act of shorn, and remembered that this fact decreases the rate of mortality at birth we tested twenty Merino australian sheep. (usp.br)
Birth weights1
- Medical, social, legislative and demographic changes since this time may likely mean these previous charts may not represent the distribution of birth weights in the UK. (bmj.com)
Investigate1
- This study was carried out in patients with preeclampsia to estimate the prevalence of maternal and foetal morbidity and to investigate the association between the amount of proteinuria measured by spot UPCR and maternofoetal outcome. (hindawi.com)
Significantly5
- In univariate analysis, fetal growth asymmetry and waveform analysis of all three fetal vessels significantly correlated with both end points. (nature.com)
- Despite these significant differences in size the pattern of growth for HC and weight was not significantly different between the two groups. (bl.uk)
- Bot h sexes had significantly decreased body weights and food consumption at 200 mg/kg. (fluoridealert.org)
- Relative (to bodyweight ) liver and kidney weights were significantly increased in females at 250 mg/kg. (fluoridealert.org)
- Subgroup analysis showed a significantly decreased birth weight in male neonates whose mothers had a severe exacerbation. (aafp.org)
Prediction1
- The most predictive single factor for the prediction of small neonates was weight gain during 24-28 weeks and 15-18 weeks, and the cutoff value was 6.2 kg. (researchsquare.com)
Parameters2
- Understanding when and which parameters of fetal growth are affected by different smoking behaviours is important for strengthening and focusing clinical and public health guidelines. (plos.org)
- Further, a possible effect on the hematopoietic system could be derived based on the minimal changes in hematology parameters and the slightly increased spleen weights in males. (europa.eu)
Fetuses4
- The authors regret to inform that the coding for fetal sex was incorrect, such that results observed among female fetuses are actually representative of results in male fetuses, and vice versa. (cdc.gov)
- We investigated the value and feasibility of single-direction diffusion-weighted imaging for the assessment of the fetal corpus callosum in 67 healthy fetuses and 26 fetuses with corpus callosum dysplasia. (ismrm.org)
- This evidence highlights the influence of maternal first trimester variables on fetuses with normal growth and the potential role of these variables in fetal programming. (uandes.cl)
- In terms of weight, Pakistani fetuses were approximately 2.25% lighter at 20 weeks, 4.13% at 30 weeks and 5.94% at 40 weeks. (bl.uk)
Prenatal5
- I have already written a lot about the development of a baby in the womb and fetal weight by week (visit Prenatal development stages and the Fetal Growth Chart . (happychildren.life)
- The question of malignancy plays virtually no role in prenatal diagnosis because fetal ovarian cysts are almost always functional and benign tumors [2]. (degruyter.com)
- A 33-year-old woman, gravid 1, para 0, was referred to our prenatal center for suspected fetal ovarian cyst. (degruyter.com)
- We hypothesized that ADNF-9 administered alongside prenatal alcohol exposure can prevent alcohol-induced growth deficit and apoptosis through several key proteins that are involved in fetal brain development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Animal models have demonstrated that maternal nutrition can alter fetal vulnerability to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). (cabi.org)
Baby's4
- Instead of giving us a precise number, they inform us about the range in which your baby's height or weight should fall. (omnicalculator.com)
- Now, the baby's weight is 750-850 g . (happychildren.life)
- If the pregnant mother enjoys cakes and baking too much, then her weight increases as does her baby's weight. (happychildren.life)
- The HC, AC, and FL measurements are then used to calculate an estimate of the baby's fetal weight ( EFW). (fetalmedicine.com)
Estimate1
- Similarly, the weighted estimate for the 11 studies was -1.89 mg/dL (-0.049 mmol/L) total cholesterol per kilogram birth weight compared with -0.69 mg/dL (-0.018 mmol/L) per kilogram for 47 studies that provided unpublished regression coefficients (heterogeneity P = .009). (nih.gov)
Infant2
- Effective interventions to reduce low birth weight should focus on adequate nutrition of girls throughout their reproductive life, but start with appropriate infant and young child feeding and continue with adequate nutrition in later childhood and adolescence. (who.int)
- 3) identify whether there is evidence of weight growth tracking between fetal and infant periods and determine whether patterns of fetal growth predict patterns of postnatal growth. (bl.uk)
Methods2
- A number of laboratory methods have been developed for cell-free fetal DNA screening for genetic defects have been developed. (wikipedia.org)
- Results vary in terms of accuracy with various methods employed for estimating the fetal weight. (ijrcog.org)
Objectives2
- The Fetal Medicine Centre actively supports the aims of the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) in terms of its research objectives. (fetalmedicine.com)
- Objectives: Our objectives were to examine whether fetal. (cabi.org)
Trimester1
- However, it is very difficult to determine the fetal weight in the first trimester because the fetus is still so small. (happychildren.life)
Measurements2
- Enter the measurements in the highlighted box above and then get the weight of your baby. (happychildren.life)
- The Hertfordshire records were maintained by health visitors and include measurements of growth in infancy as well as birth weight. (bmj.com)
Alcohol induced2
- Effects of epigenetic modulatory drugs on fetal alcohol induced changes in pituitary D2R mRNA levels, protein levels, pituitary weight and plasma PRL levels. (figshare.com)
- Administration of ADNF-9 prevented alcohol-induced reduction in fetal brain weight and alcohol-induced increases in cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnosis2
- Analysis of cffDNA may provide earlier diagnosis of fetal conditions than current techniques. (wikipedia.org)
- For the short-term outcome measures assessed in this study, the estimated fetal weight at the time of diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor in severe pre-eclampsia with some additional value of ductus venosus assessment. (nature.com)
Dystocia2
- Fetal dystocia is abnormal fetal size or position resulting in difficult delivery. (msdmanuals.com)
- Treatment depends on the reason for the fetal dystocia. (msdmanuals.com)
Findings1
- These findings provide information on potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ADNF-9 in the fetal alcohol exposure model. (biomedcentral.com)
Outcome2
- The most frequently studied vessel in Doppler velocimetry is the umbilical artery because of its accessibility and association with fetal outcome. (medscape.com)
- DESIGN: The EVERREST (Do e s v ascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy saf e ly imp r ove outcome in seve r e e arly-onset fetal growth re st riction? (lu.se)
Reductions2
Patterns1
- [ 14 ] Doppler velocimetry measures hemodynamic flow of major fetal vessels, allowing comparison of the flow indices and patterns of normal and IUGR cases. (medscape.com)
Prenatally1
- Label-free quantitative proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography in conjunction with a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system showed significant alteration of mitochondrial, cytosolic, nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins in fetal brains exposed prenatally to alcohol [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Infants2
- However, it often happens that infants who are born with a weight fewer than 3 kg or more than 4.5 kg don't have any health problems. (happychildren.life)
- The known differences in birth weight existing between South Asians and White British infants may also have implications for the assessment of neonatal health in these sub-groups when using a population derived birth weight chart, such as the UK-World Health Organisation (UK-WHO). (bl.uk)
Singleton1
- Although low fetal birth weight is associated with singleton babies born after in-vitro fertilisation, a new prospective study has demonstrated that this is not a result of ovarian stimulation. (audiomedica.com)
Clinical3
- This study demonstrated that the application of single-direction DWI is promising in fetal corpus callosum lesions and can be used in routine clinical examination. (ismrm.org)
- Limitations of clinical and sonographic estimates of birth weight: experience with 1,034 parturients. (ijrcog.org)
- Assessment of toxicity was based on clinical observations (including postdose observations), body weights, and food consumption. (europa.eu)
Fetus4
- Following fetal weight is important in making an image of the development of a fetus. (happychildren.life)
- Thus too low weight or overweight of a fetus may indicate the presence of health problems in its or mother's body. (happychildren.life)
- The weight of the fetus reaches 1100-1300 g . (happychildren.life)
- fetal movement over 40 minutes and External cephalic version is a procedure known rhesus blood group (women who in which the position of the fetus is were Rh-negative would need anti-D gam- changed from breech to cephalic presenta- ma globulin) were prerequisites for external tion. (who.int)
Hypothesis2
- Inverse associations between birth weight and subsequent blood cholesterol levels have been used to support the "fetal origins" hypothesis of the relevance of fetal nutrition to adult disease. (nih.gov)
- The programming of blood pressure, insulin responses to glucose, cholesterol metabolism, blood coagulation, and hormonal settings are all areas of active research.The BMJ's recent editorial on the fetal origins hypothesis stated that it rests only on the "very general" proposition that fetal undernutrition causes coronary heart disease. (bmj.com)
Complications3
- Various complications caused by fetal ovarian cysts have been described, such as compression of neighboring viscera, rupture of the cyst, hemorrhage, and adnexal torsion, causing ovarian loss [3, 12]. (degruyter.com)
- Both low birth weight and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with increased risk of newborn complications during labor and the puerperium. (ijrcog.org)
- The frequency of various maternal and foetal complications was between 14-53% and 22-92%, respectively. (hindawi.com)
Adverse1
- Based on the results of this study, the dose of 500 mg/kg/day is considered the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for pregnant females due to the slightly lower body-weight gain recorded at 1000 mg/kg/day compared to the Control group. (europa.eu)
Maternal genetic1
- We used structural equation modeling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects, then applied Mendelian randomization to illuminate causal pathways. (bris.ac.uk)