Fetal macrosomia. Medical search

A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.

The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.

The weight of the FETUS in utero. It is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.

Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.

A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the political domination and influence of ancient Rome, bringing to the conquered people the Roman civilization and culture from 753 B.C. to the beginning of the imperial rule under Augustus in 27 B.C. The early city built on seven hills grew to conquer Sicily, Sardinia, Carthage, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Greece, Asia Minor, etc., and extended ultimately from Mesopotamia to the Atlantic. Roman medicine was almost entirely in Greek hands, but Rome, with its superior water system, remains a model of sanitation and hygiene. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed pp196-99; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, pp107-120)

Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.

The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.

An infant born at or after 42 weeks of gestation.

A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.

A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.

Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, in the FETUS in utero.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.

Pre-conception diabetes care in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1/228)

Prospective studies of pre-conception diabetes care have confirmed its positive impact on the incidence of malformations by improving glycaemic control. Less information is available on the impact of pre-conception care on maternal and neonatal morbidity. This audit addresses its impact on timing and mode of delivery, incidence of macrosomia and rate of admission to neonatal unit care in addition to sociodemographic factors which may influence attendance at such a service. Attenders were more likely to be in a stable relationship and be non-smokers. They were more likely to book for antenatal care earlier and with a lower glycated haemoglobin. There were no early deliveries (i.e. < 30 weeks) or small for gestational age (SGA) babies in those who attended for pre-conception care and no neonatal deaths. Admission to NNU care was reduced by 50% in those who attended for pre-conception care. Although the rate of macrosomia was reduced, there was no impact on the Caesarian section rate. A pre-conception diabetes clinic may have a positive impact on neonatal morbidity. (+info)

Effects of overexpression of human GLUT4 gene on maternal diabetes and fetal growth in spontaneous gestational diabetic C57BLKS/J Lepr(db/+) mice. (2/228)

During gestation, heterozygous C57BLKS/J-Lepr(db/+) mice develop spontaneous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and the newborn fetuses are macrosomic compared with offspring from wild-type (+/+) mothers. To investigate the effects of the leptin receptor mutation on maternal metabolism and fetal growth during pregnancy, we studied +/+, db/+, and db/+ transgenic mice that overexpress the human GLUT4 gene two- to three-fold (db/+TG6). During pregnancy, fasting plasma glucose and hepatic glucose production were twofold greater in db/+ than +/+ mice, despite similar insulin levels. In skeletal muscle, insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation was decreased in pregnant +/+ mice, and even more so in db/+ mice: insulin receptor beta (IR-beta), +/+ 34%, db/+ 57% decrease, P<0.05; insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), +/+ 44%, db/+ 61% decrease, P<0.05; and phosphoinositol (PI) 3-kinase (p85alpha), +/+ 33%, db/+ 65% decrease, P<0.05. Overexpression of GLUT4 in db/+TG6 mice markedly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, by 250%, and increased IRbeta, IRS-1, and p85alpha phosphorylation twofold, despite no change in concentration of these proteins. Plasma leptin concentration increased 40-fold during pregnancy, from 2.2+/-0.5 to 92+/-11 ng/ml and 3.6+/-0.1 to 178+/-34 ng/ml in +/+ and db/+ mice, respectively (P<0.01), but was increased to only 23+/-3 ng/ml in pregnant db/+TG6 mice (P<0.001). Maternal fat mass and energy intake were greater in db/+ mice, and fat mass was reduced by GLUT4 overexpression, independent of food intake. Fetal body weight was increased by 8.1 and 7.9% in db/+ and db/+TG6 mothers, respectively (P<0.05), regardless of fetal genotype, whereas fetuses from db/+TG8 mothers (four- to fivefold overexpression) weighed significantly less compared with pups from +/+ or db/+ mothers (P<0.05). These results suggest that the single mutant db allele effects susceptibility to GDM through abnormalities in insulin receptor signaling, defective insulin secretion, and greater nutrient availability. GLUT4 overexpression markedly improves insulin-signaling in GDM, resulting in increased insulin secretion and improved glycemic control. However, maternal hyperglycemia appears not to be the sole cause of fetal macrosomia. These data suggest that GDM is associated with defects in insulin receptor signaling in maternal skeletal muscle, and this may be an important factor provoking maternal and fetal perinatal complications. (+info)

Human placental nitric oxide synthase activity is not altered in diabetes. (3/228)

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein and mRNA have been identified and calcium-dependent NOS activity has been measured in human placentae during normal pregnancy. Recently, mRNA and protein for the inducible isoform of NOS have been detected in placentae of women with gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether calcium-independent (ciNOS) and/or total (tNOS) NOS activities were increased in placentae obtained after vaginal delivery or Caesarean section from women assigned to the following groups according to standard obstetric criteria: gestational diabetes, diabetes before pregnancy and non-diabetic controls. tNOS and ciNOS were assessed by measuring the conversion of [3H]L-arginine to [3H]L-citrulline in the three groups. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) and maximum velocities of reaction (Vmax) were calculated using Lineweaver-Burk analysis for tNOS. There were no significant differences in either ciNOS, Vmax or Km values between any of the three groups (normal, ciNOS 12.7+/-1.6%, Vmax 16.6+/-3.3 pmol.min-1.mg-1 protein, Km 15.30+/-2.6 micromol/l; gestational diabetes, ciNOS 15.4+/-1.4%, Vmax 14.8+/-5.2 pmol.min-1. mg-1 protein, Km 10.5+/-1.7 micromol/l; diabetes before pregnancy, ciNOS 13.4+/-1.1%, Vmax 14.9+/-3.4 pmol.min-1.mg-1 protein, Km 17. 7+/-2.2 micromol/l). The presence of macrosomia did not affect tNOS activity in those with diabetes before pregnancy, and glycosylated haemoglobin levels measured between weeks 27 and 39 were not correlated with ciNOS activity. The results from the present study do not provide evidence for increased placental tNOS or ciNOS activities in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes or diabetes present before pregnancy. (+info)

Screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy. (4/228)

BACKGROUND: Antenatal weight estimations have limited sensitivity and specificity for the detection of macrosomia. The objective of our study was to examine the screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for the intrapartum detection of fetal macrosomia in a non-diabetic population at term. STUDY DESIGN: Intrapartum sonographic measurements were performed in 178 well-dated gravidas at 37-41 weeks' gestation with negative glucose tolerance screens. The biparietal diameter, femur length (FL), abdominal circumference and subcutaneous tissue width of the thigh (SCT) were determined. Subsequently, predictions for macrosomia (actual birth weights above the 90th centile) were made using varying cut-off points of the examined parameters or estimated fetal weights. RESULTS: Macrosomia occurred in 27 newborns (15.1%). The SCT/FL ratio was independent of gestational age (r = -0.017). Maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age and the ratio of male-to-female infants were similar in pregnancies resulting in appropriate-for-gestational-age and macrosomic infants (NS). There was no difference in the SCT/FL ratio between these groups (p = 0.067; 99% power to detect 2 standard deviation differences). Comparison of screening efficacy by the univariate z score for the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (theta) revealed that the abdominal circumference had the best sensitivity-specificity trade-off (theta = 0.8843; p < 0.0001 for comparison with SCT/FL ROC curve), followed by weight estimations based on the Hadlock formula (theta = 0.8773; p < 0.0005), the Shepard formula (theta = 0.8606; p < 0.0001), subcutaneous tissue thickness alone (theta = 0.6872; p < 0.01) and the SCT/FL ratio (theta = 0.6303). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the SCT/FL ratio is a poor sonographic predictor of fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy and does not improve fetal weight estimations by conventional sonographic parameters. (+info)

Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes. (5/228)

OBJECTIVE: To present the results of early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), to determine predictive factors for subsequent diabetes, and to investigate the association of postpartum glucose tolerance with other components of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 788 women were evaluated 3-6 months after a GDM pregnancy. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, BMI, and body fat distribution were assessed. Clinical and obstetric history, baseline variables at the diagnosis of GDM, metabolic control during pregnancy, and index pregnancy outcome were compared in women with diabetes and women without diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA] criteria) after pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain independent predictors of subsequent diabetes. Correlation coefficients were assessed between postpartum glucose tolerance and lipid levels, blood pressure, BMI, and body fat distribution. RESULTS: According to ADA criteria, 588 (74.6%) women were normal, 46 (5.8%) had impaired fasting glucose, 82 (10.4%) had impaired glucose tolerance, 29 (3.7%) had both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, and 43 (5.4%) had diabetes. Prepregnancy obesity, recurrence of GDM, gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, glucose values in the 100-g OGTT, number of abnormal values in the 100-g OGTT, fasting C-peptide levels in pregnancy, C-peptide/glucose score in pregnancy, insulin requirement in pregnancy, 3rd trimester HbA1c levels, and macrosomia differed significantly in women with subsequent diabetes. Independent predictors of postpartum diabetes were prepregnancy obesity, C-peptide/glucose score during pregnancy, and the number of abnormal values in the 100-g diagnostic OGTT. The area under the postpartum glucose curve was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Low C-peptide/glucose score during pregnancy together with prepregnancy obesity and severity of GDM (number of abnormal values in the 100-g diagnostic OGTT) are independent predictors of subsequent diabetes. Our data suggest that regardless of obesity and severity of GDM, a beta-cell defect increases the risk of postpartum diabetes. The association of postpartum glucose tolerance with triglyceride levels, blood pressure, obesity, and regional distribution of body fat suggests that postpartum glucose intolerance anticipates a high-risk cardiovascular profile that comprises other risk factors besides diabetes. (+info)

What is the significance of macrosomia? (6/228)

This commentary/review briefly considers the diverse criteria recommended for classification of overweight infants. Macrosomia continues to be a vexing problem for both obstetricians and pediatricians. Among the various techniques possible for use in assessing body composition, none are more practical than body weight relative to gestational age. The criteria for normative data from large populations are reviewed. The stringent definition, i.e., exceeding +2 SD of an appropriate normative population, is reaffirmed. Using these criteria, infants of diabetic mothers showed a significant relationship of body weight to fetal hyperinsulinemia. (+info)

Are conventional targets for metabolic control sufficient to prevent fetal macrosomia during diabetic pregnancy? (7/228)

We report the case of a 26 year-old woman, with an uncomplicated type 1 IDDM of 17 yr duration followed for her first pregnancy. At conception, HbA1c (measured by HPLC) was 6.5% and fructosamine was 280 u.mol.l (normal range below 285). During the follow-up, 15-days-interval frutosamine never exceeded the normal range and HbA1c values were under 6.5% excepted in the third trimester (7.0 +/- 0.8%) coinciding with a bad control of the 2 hours post-prandial blood glucose. A fetal macrosomy was discovered at 34 weeks of gestation and a heavy-for-date 4680 g baby was delivered by caesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation. Our case report outlines again the need to achieve the recommended target of metabolic control for the diabetic pregnant woman (blood preprandial glucose: 3.9-5.6 mM; post-prandial 2 h < 6.7 mM) specially during the third trimester of pregnancy. The use of computer databases might be helpful for precise monitoring during this narrow window period. (+info)

Time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin, lipids and tissue lipase activities in macrosomic offspring of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. (8/228)

The aim of this investigation was to determine the time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin and lipid levels, as well as lipid and protein content and lipolytic activities in insulin target organs (liver, adipose tissue and muscle), in macrosomic offspring of streptozotocin-induced mildly hyperglycaemic rats. Food intake and nutritional efficiency were also evaluated. Mild hyperglycaemia in pregnant rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) on day 5 of gestation. Control pregnant rats were injected with citrate buffer. At birth, macrosomic pups (birth weight >1.7 S.D. greater than the mean value for the control pups) had higher serum insulin, glucose and lipid levels than control pups. These macrosomic rats maintained accelerated postnatal growth combined with high adipose tissue weight up to 12 weeks of age. These rats were not hyperphagic; however, they had higher food efficiency and fat storage capacity with higher adipocyte lipoprotein lipase activity, which contributed to persisting obesity. Hepatic lipase activity was increased in macrosomic rats at all ages. Moreover, macrosomia was associated with metabolic disturbances that varied according to age and sex. After 1 month, several alterations observed at birth had disappeared. Serum glucose, insulin and lipid levels in male and female macrosomic rats became similar to those of their respective controls. At 2 months of age, hepatic and serum triacylglycerol levels were higher in macrosomic females than in controls. By 3 months, macrosomic rats (both males and females) had developed insulin resistance with hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, and higher serum and hepatic lipids. In conclusion, macrosomia was associated with alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism through to adulthood. It should be considered as an important potential risk factor for obesity and its metabolic complications. (+info)

Fetal macrosomia is a medical condition where the fetus in the womb is significantly larger than normal. While there is no consensus on an exact weight that defines macrosomia, it is generally defined as a fetus with an estimated weight of 4,000 grams (8 pounds 13 ounces) or more at birth.

Fetal macrosomia can be caused by several factors, including maternal diabetes, post-term pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and prior history of macrosomic infants. Macrosomic infants are at an increased risk for complications during labor and delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, and hypoglycemia.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor fetal growth carefully during pregnancy, particularly in women who have risk factors for macrosomia. Regular prenatal care, including ultrasound measurements of the fetus, can help identify cases of fetal macrosomia and allow for appropriate management and delivery planning.

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Fetal weight is the calculated weight of a fetus during pregnancy, typically estimated through ultrasound measurements. It is a crucial indicator of fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy. The weight is determined by measuring various parameters such as the head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, which are then used in conjunction with specific formulas to estimate the fetal weight. Regular monitoring of fetal weight helps healthcare providers assess fetal health, identify potential growth restrictions or abnormalities, and determine appropriate delivery timing. Low fetal weight can indicate intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), while high fetal weight might suggest macrosomia, both of which may require specialized care and management.

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. The condition usually develops around the 24th week of gestation and is caused by the body's inability to produce enough insulin to meet the increased demands of pregnancy.

Gestational diabetes typically resolves after delivery, but women who have had gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. It is important for women with gestational diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels during pregnancy to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Management of gestational diabetes may include lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and exercise, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels and potentially using insulin or other medications to control blood sugar levels. Regular prenatal care is essential for women with gestational diabetes to ensure that their blood sugar levels are properly managed and to monitor the growth and development of the fetus.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Roman World" is not a medical term. It may refer to the geographical area, culture, or time period associated with the ancient Roman Empire. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

A postmature infant is a newborn who is delivered at or after 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation. These infants are also known as "post-term" or "post-dates." At this stage, the placenta may not function optimally, leading to potential issues such as decreased fetal movement, meconium staining of amniotic fluid, and low birth weight. Postmature infants may require close monitoring and evaluation after delivery to ensure their well-being.

Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, is a medical condition defined as a pregnancy that continues beyond 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is important to note that this definition is based on the estimated date of delivery and not the actual conception date. Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and the fetus, including stillbirth, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, and difficulty during labor and delivery. Therefore, healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women who reach 41 weeks of gestation to ensure timely delivery if necessary.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) is a medical condition that occurs in newborns when meconium, which is the first stool of an infant, is present in the amniotic fluid and is breathed into the lungs around the time of delivery. This can cause respiratory distress, pneumonia, and in severe cases, persistent pulmonary hypertension and death.

The meconium can be inhaled into the lungs before, during, or after birth, and it can block the airways, causing a lack of oxygen to the lungs and other organs. This can lead to several complications such as infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissue.

MAS is more likely to occur in babies who are born past their due date or those who experience fetal distress during labor and delivery. Treatment for MAS may include oxygen therapy, suctioning of the airways, antibiotics, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

Fetal nutrition disorders refer to conditions that occur when a fetus fails to receive adequate nutrients for proper growth and development during pregnancy. This can result from various factors, such as maternal malnutrition, placental insufficiency, or genetic abnormalities. Some examples of fetal nutrition disorders include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA), and birth defects related to nutrient deficiencies. These conditions can lead to a range of complications, including premature birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and long-term health problems. It is essential to monitor fetal growth and nutrition during pregnancy to identify and manage these disorders early on.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn infant, typically within the first 48 hours of life. It is composed of materials ingested during fetal development, including intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo (fine hair), amniotic fluid, mucus, bile, and water. The color of meconium is usually greenish-black, and its consistency can range from a thick paste to a liquid. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid can occur when the fetus has passed meconium while still in the uterus, which may indicate fetal distress and requires careful medical attention during delivery.

"Fetal macrosomia - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 21 May 2019. Marsh, Kelly G. April 2013. "An Exploration of ... They are also more likely to have babies with macrosomia than Filipino moms. Out of all births from 2007 to 2014 this group is ... The Refaluwasch in the CNMI have a high rate of macrosomia which is where the infant is born abnormally large. Another name for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_people

Macrosomia - Excessive birth weight, estimated fetal weight of ≥ 4.5 kg. It can further increase the risk of prolonged labor ... Nonstress test (NST) is a type of electronic fetal monitoring that uses a cardiotocograph to monitor fetal heartbeat, fetal ... fetal movement, fetal breathing, fetal muscle tone, and the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. A score of 2 points ... When it is used correctly, it can quickly measure the fetal heart rate. The baseline of fetal heart rate is typically between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy

... fetal macrosomia, and maternal obesity. Risk factors: Age >35 Short in stature Small or abnormal pelvis More than 42 weeks ... "Fetal Dystocia: Abnormalities and Complications of Labor and Delivery: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2007-11-28. Murray ... gestation High estimated fetal weight Maternal diabetes (2-4 fold increase in risk) Factors which increase the risk/are warning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia

Risk factors include fetal macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, and prolonged labor. Prevention consists of administering oxytocin ( ... Abnormal fetal heart tracing suggests that the fetus's heart rate has slowed during labor due to head compression, cord ... If the abnormal fetal heart rate persists, and uterine tachysystole continues, tocolytic remedies, such as terbutaline, may be ... Afterward, if beneficial and uterine tone has returned to baseline and fetal status is stable, oxytocin as a labor augmenting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_delivery

Silasi, Michelle (2018-01-01). "Fetal Macrosomia". Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care: 460-462.e1. doi:10.1016/B978-0- ... Diagnosing fetal macrosomia cannot be performed until after birth, as evaluating a baby's weight in the womb may be inaccurate ... "Fetal macrosomia - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2021-09-15. Beta J, Khan N, Khalil A, Fiolna M, Ramadan G, ... LGA and fetal macrosomia associated with poor glycemic control can be prevented by effective blood glucose management below a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age

This would result in an increased risk of fetal macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia. The blood glucose concentration in humans ... Many factors, including maternal, placental, and fetal factors, contribute to the cause of impaired fetal growth. There are ... Fetal stage is from 9 weeks to term. During this period of time, the embryo develops rapidly and becomes a fetus. Pregnancy ... Another way to estimate fetal size is to look at the mother's weight gain. How much weight the mother gains can be used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition

Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, fetal obesity (macrosomia), polyhydramnios ... Fetal complications include preterm delivery, low birth weight, and death. Increasing rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome ... Thyroid disease in pregnancy can, if uncorrected, cause adverse effects on fetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious ... Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy confers an increased rate of fetal death in utero and spontaneous abortion ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy

Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, foetal obesity (macrosomia), polyhydramnios ... This can be obtained via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Foetal haematocrit for the assessment of foetal ... Foetal distress where the foetus is getting compromised in the uterine environment. Shoulder dystocia where one of the foetus' ... Fetal lung maturity is associated with how much surfactant the fetus is producing. Reduced production of surfactant indicates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics

Risk factors for fetal birth injury include fetal macrosomia (big baby), maternal obesity, the need for instrumental delivery, ... More invasive monitoring can involve a fetal scalp electrode to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and/or ... similar to a Doppler fetal monitor, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the ... as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

Risk factors for fetal birth injury include fetal macrosomia (big baby), maternal obesity, the need for instrumental delivery, ... Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but brachial plexus injury may lead to Erb's palsy or Klumpke's ... Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or ... A nuchal cord is a complication that occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetal neck. Perinatal asphyxia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication

Uterine distention caused by things like more than one fetus present, polyhydramnios, fetal macrosomia, uterine fibroids, ... Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review. 22 (4): 247-264. doi:10.1017/S0965539511000143. ISSN 0965-5395. S2CID 73750918. McDonald S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_atony

... the baby will produce more of its own insulin to cover its mother's higher blood sugar level which can cause fetal macrosomia. ... ISBN 978-1-884804-86-1. Calkins, Kara; Sherin Devaskar (2011). "Fetal Origins of Adult Disease". Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc ... which can lead to fetal complications during the second and third trimester). Since this period is when many of the major ... and macrosomia. Pregestational diabetes does not, however, increase the likelihood of diseases due to chromosomal alterations ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy

... fetal growth retardation MeSH C13.703.277.390 - fetal hypoxia MeSH C13.703.277.570 - fetal macrosomia MeSH C13.703.277.677 - ... fetal macrosomia MeSH C13.703.243.300 - fetal resorption MeSH C13.703.277.030 - chorioamnionitis MeSH C13.703.277.060 - ... fetal macrosomia MeSH C13.703.733.536 - pregnancy, abdominal MeSH C13.703.733.703 - pregnancy, tubal MeSH C13.703.824.500 - ... erythroblastosis, fetal MeSH C13.703.277.060.480 - hydrops fetalis MeSH C13.703.277.080 - fetal alcohol syndrome MeSH C13.703. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C13)

... fetal ascites, macrosomia and Wilms' tumor Nephrocalcinosis Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Nephrolithiasis type 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(N)

... fetal macrosomia MeSH C23.888.144.243 - body weight changes MeSH C23.888.144.243.926 - weight gain MeSH C23.888.144.243.963 - ... fetal death MeSH C23.550.260.460.260 - fetal resorption MeSH C23.550.288.500 - syndrome MeSH C23.550.291.125 - acute disease ... fetal growth retardation MeSH C23.550.414.300 - blood loss, surgical MeSH C23.550.414.625 - ecchymosis MeSH C23.550.414.712 - ... fetal weight MeSH C23.888.144.699 - overweight MeSH C23.888.144.699.500 - obesity MeSH C23.888.144.699.500.500 - obesity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C23)

Features of post-maturity syndrome include oligohydramnios, meconium aspiration, macrosomia and fetal problems such as dry ... S. G. CLAYTON, M.S., F.R.C.O.G., s.\. "Foetal Distress in Post-maturity". 46. doi:10.1177/003591575304600207. {{cite journal ... If there are no maternal or fetal complications, labor can be induced after assessing the favorability of the cervix and ... In most cases, continued fetal growth between 39 and 43 wk gestation results in a macrosomic infant. However, sometimes the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-maturity_syndrome

... fetal macrosomia MeSH C19.246.267.960 - wolfram syndrome MeSH C19.246.300.500 - diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic MeSH C19.344. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C19)

... neoplasia Munchausen syndrome Myxedema coma Nateglinide Navajo neurohepatopathy Nephroblastomatosis-fetal ascites-macrosomia- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_hypoglycemia

Fetal Macrosomia in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes", Collegium Antropologicum 2009 Milinović D, Kalafatić D, Babić D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Milinović

... suspected fetal macrosomia at term (fetus greater than 4000-4500 grams in weight), gestation beyond 40 weeks, twin gestation, ... These include intravenous access (a cannula into the vein) and continuous fetal monitoring (cardiotocography or CTG monitoring ... and fetal and maternal death and may be life-threatening for mother and baby." Hysterectomy, estimated to be performed in 0.7 ... Maternal request for elective repeat CS after counselling Maternal or fetal reasons to avoid vaginal birth in current pregnancy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_after_previous_caesarean_section

It is characterized by polyhydramnios and fetal overgrowth, including macrocephaly, neonatal macrosomia, visceromegaly, ... The characteristic features include polyhydramnios, fetal overgrowth, including macrocephaly, neonatal macrosomia, ... Fetal overgrowth, particularly with an occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) greater than the 90th centile for gestational age, ... The disorder, also called renal hamartomas, nephroblastomatosis and fetal gigantism, has also been grouped with Renal cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlman_syndrome

Poorly managed maternal diabetes mellitus is linked to fetal macrosomia, increased risk of miscarriage, and defects in fetal ... During fetal development, the storage of glycogen is controlled by fetal glucocorticoids and placental lactogen. Fetal insulin ... Fetal cells contain a higher amount of insulin receptors in comparison to adults cells and fetal insulin receptors are not ... demonstrating a fetal response to amino acid exposure. As such, while the fetal pancreatic alpha and beta islet cells have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

... macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, fetal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission into the neonatal intensive care unit. The ... Gestational diabetes increases risk for further maternal and fetal complications such as development of pre-eclampsia, need for ... maternal or fetal mortality. Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy

... caesarean section may be performed if there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia ... Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal surfactant production and cause infant respiratory distress ... Risks to the baby include macrosomia (high birth weight), congenital heart and central nervous system abnormalities, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

Iniencephaly Intracranial teratoma Intrauterine growth retardation Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome Limb body wall complex Macrosomia ... Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or ... Ebstein's anomaly Ectopia cordis Encephalocele Endocardial cushion defect Esophageal atresia Exstrophy of the bladder Fetal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fetal_abnormalities

Nair M, Kumar B (7 April 2016). "Embryology for fetal medicine". In Kumar B, Alfirevic Z (eds.). Fetal Medicine. Cambridge ... Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, large for gestational age (macrosomia), ... At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply. At this stage, a fetus is about 30 mm (1.2 ... During continued fetal development, the early body systems, and structures that were established in the embryonic stage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy

A previous pregnancy which resulted in a child with a macrosomia (high birth weight: >90th centile or >4000 g (8 lbs 12.8 oz)) ... If the untreated gestational diabetes fetus is exposed to consistently higher glucose levels, this leads to increased fetal ... Babies born to mothers with poorly treated gestational diabetes are at increased risk of macrosomia, of having hypoglycemia ... The development of macrosomia can be evaluated during pregnancy by using sonography. Women who use insulin, with a history of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes

See Environmental toxins and fetal development. See Drugs in pregnancy. Genetic mutations can cause a wide variety of fetal ... Difficult labor may occur because the baby is abnormally large (macrosomia), because the mother's pelvis or birth canal is ... Brain damage may be caused by a number of factors, including fetal malformation due to genetic mutation or exposure to toxins, ... This can result in fetal distress or physical trauma to the child, especially broken clavicles and damage to the brachial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_injury

Uterine bleeding can also occur if parts of the placenta or fetal tissue remain stuck in the uterus after delivery. While ... The major risk factor (other than prior history of shoulder dystocia) is the baby being too large (macrosomia), which can ... "Fetal Dystocia - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved ... or parental/fetal complications. In the United States, 0.61% of all births happen in an unplanned setting. The percent is even ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_childbirth

... fetal macrosomia is used to describe a newborn whos much larger than average.A baby who is diagnosed as having fetal ... macrosomia weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams), regardless of his or her gestational age. About 9% of babies ... Fetal macrosomia may complicate vaginal delivery and can put the baby at risk of injury during birth. Fetal macrosomia also ... Possible maternal complications of fetal macrosomia might include:. *Labor problems. Fetal macrosomia can cause a baby to ...

https://www.sparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/fetal-macrosomia

If your newborn suffers from shoulder Fetal Macrosomia, contact our Minnesota birth injury lawyers for a free and confidential ... Minnesota Fetal Macrosomia Lawyer. The medical term for a large infant is fetal macrosomia. A child with fetal macrosomia is ... Risk Factors for Fetal Macrosomia. The most common risk factors for fetal macrosomia include:. *Diabetes in the mother, ... Complications Associated with Fetal Macrosomia. The most common complication associated with fetal macrosomia is complications ...

https://www.minnesotamalpracticeteam.com/minnesota-fetal-macrosomia-lawyer/

Before then, fetal and neonatal mortality rates were as high as 65%. ... fetal, and neonatal care for women with diabetes and their offspring. ... Fetal macrosomia. Fetal macrosomia (,90th percentile for gestational age or ,4000 g in the term infant) occurs in 15-45% of ... fetal hyperglycemia and fetal hypoxia is a strong stimulus for fetal erythropoietin production and subsequent increase in fetal ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974230-overview

... signifies fetal overgrowth effect of gestational diabetes. Maternal factors affect IDMs birth weight. Intrauterine growth ... Gestational diabetes alters fetal growth. Macrosomia, large for gestational age, signifies its fetal overgrowth effect. More ... Macrosomia is defined as a baby whose weight falls over 90th percentile for gestational age on fetal growth chart, or for ... 1. Low fetal parathyroid hormone levels during final phase of gestation.. .... 2. Persistent high levels of fetal Calcitonin.. ...

https://www.childhealth-explanation.com/macrosomia.html

Macrosomia: Maternal and Fetal Outcome. Saadiya Aziz Karim, M. Mastoor, A. J. Ahmed, O. Pasha, F. Qureshi, S. Akhtar, S. C. ... Macrosomia: Maternal and Fetal Outcome. / Karim, Saadiya Aziz; Mastoor, M.; Ahmed, A. J. et al. In: Asia‐Oceania Journal of ... Macrosomia: Maternal and Fetal Outcome. Asia‐Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 Mar;20(1):73-76. doi: 10.1111/ ... Macrosomia : Maternal and Fetal Outcome. In: Asia‐Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 ; Vol. 20, No. 1. pp. 73- ...

https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/macrosomia-maternal-and-fetal-outcome

Foetal macrosomia: risk factors, maternal and foetal outcomes in NDjamena Mother and Child Hospital, Chad. Author(s): Gabkika ... Objective: To determine the incidence of foetal macrosomia and macrosomia-associated maternal and perinatal morbidity and ... Foetal macrosomia in diabetic mothers has been attributed to poor glucose control based on using blood sugar test or HbA1c. ... Fetal macrosomia: Risk factors and outcome: A study of the outcome concerning 100 cases ,4,500 gm. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod ...

http://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/may-2018/foetal-macrosomia-risk-factors-maternal-and-foetal-outcomes-in-ndjamena-mother-and-child-hospital-chad.html

Idiopathic polyhydramnios: Association with fetal macrosomia. / Sohaey, Roya; Nyberg, David A.; Sickler, G. Kimberly et al. In ... Idiopathic polyhydramnios: Association with fetal macrosomia. Roya Sohaey, David A. Nyberg, G. Kimberly Sickler, Michelle A. ... Sohaey, R, Nyberg, DA, Sickler, GK & Williams, MA 1994, Idiopathic polyhydramnios: Association with fetal macrosomia, ... Idiopathic polyhydramnios: Association with fetal macrosomia. RADIOLOGY. 1994 Feb;190(2):393-396. doi: 10.1148/radiology.190.2. ...

https://ohsu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/idiopathic-polyhydramnios-association-with-fetal-macrosomia-2

OBJECTIVES: Fetal macrosomia is defined as a fetus that is of large size for gestational age, i.e. equal to or greater than the ... Fetal macrosomia--an obstetricians nightmare?. Ahmed S, Romejko-Wolniewicz E, Zaręba-Szczudlik J, Czajkowski K. ... Ahmed S, Romejko-Wolniewicz E, Zaręba-Szczudlik J, Czajkowski K. Fetal macrosomia--an obstetricians nightmare? Neuro ... Fetal Macrosomia:epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Newborn, Male, Poland:epidemiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy ...

https://www.nel.edu/czajkowski-3950/

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia?source=search_result&search=macrosomia&selectedTitle=1~77

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy

What causes fetal macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?. Which fetal morbidities are associated with macrosomia in ... Various fetal biophysical tests can ensure that the fetus is well oxygenated, including fetal heart rate testing, fetal ... Surging maternal and fetal glucose levels are accompanied by episodic fetal hyperinsulinemia. Fetal hyperinsulinemia promotes ... including fetal heart rate testing, fetal movement assessment, ultrasonographic biophysical scoring, and fetal umbilical ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/127547-87362/what-is-the-risk-for-persistent-metabolic-dysfunction-in-women-with-a-history-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-gdm

Very small baby (fetal growth restriction) or very large baby (macrosomia). *Difficult labor or cesarean birth (C-section) ... Creasy and Resniks Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 12. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000598.htm

Maternal-Fetal Medicine Does prenatal identification of fetal macrosomia change management and outcome?. Dana Vitner, Inna ... Maternal-Fetal Medicine The increasing role of a retained placenta in postpartum blood loss: a cohort study. Hellen McKinnon ... Maternal-Fetal Medicine The effect of alpha lipoic acid on uterine wound healing after primary cesarean section: a triple-blind ... Maternal-Fetal Medicine Gestational age-specific risk of stillbirth during term pregnancy according to maternal age. Jeong Ha ...

https://www.springermedizin.de/archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics-3-2019/16509356

... fetal height, fetal weight, and prematurity; maternal related factors such as overly young and old maternal age, parity, poor ... Labor and delivery related factors including prolonged labor, fetal mal-presentation and mal-position, cesarean and ... fetal weight, and prematurity; maternal related factors such as overly young, poor maternal health, and pelvic anomalies ... Fetal related factors such as macrosomia, fetal height, fetal weight, and prematurity; maternal related factors such as overly ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2022.1052396/full

Phenotypes of fetal macrosomia and risk of stillbirth among term deliveries over the previous four decades. Birth. 2020 Jun;47( ... Trends in the incidence of fetal macrosomia and its phenotypes in the United States, 1971-2017. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020 Feb; ... Cesarean section and maternal-fetal mortality rates in Nigeria: An ecological lens into the last decade. Int J MCH AIDS. 2020;9 ... J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec 12;35(25):6638-6643. Epub 2021 May 23. PMID: 34024237. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1918669 ...

https://www.bcm.edu/departments/family-and-community-medicine/research/manuscripts

GDM significantly elevates the risk of macrosomia and risk of fetal injury during delivery. Children of mothers with GDM also ... Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(5):611-617. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar. ... Exercise in the prevention and treatment of maternal-fetal disease: a review of the literature. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006; ... Studies suggest that improvements in glucose control during GDM may reduce the risk of macrosomia and birth complications,61 ...

https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186890

Embryonic and Fetal Development, Developmental Biology, Fetal Macrosomia, Infant, Postmature, Candidiasis, Intensive Care Units ... Fetal Development, Prenatal Care, Cardiovascular Diseases, Ductus Arteriosus, Intensive Care Units, Neonatal, Enteral Nutrition ... Fetal Diseases, Infant, Newborn, Neonatology, Infant, Premature, Obstetric Labor, Premature, Premature Birth, Diagnostic ... Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome, Cerebrum, Growth and Development, Embryonic Development, ...

https://bvsalud.org/en/direve/?q=ginecologia+OR+neonatologia&filter=descriptor%3A%22Rec%C3%A9m-Nascido+Prematuro%22+AND+descriptor%3A%22Neonatolog%C3%ADa%22

Navigate your second trimester confidently with Kelsey-Seybolds expert guidance on fetal development, nutrition, and prenatal ... Difficulty obtaining accurate results from ultrasounds and fetal monitoring. *Fetal macrosomia- an abnormal extra growth ... Following an invasive procedure (amniocentesis, CVS, fetal blood sampling, or fetal surgery) ... Fetal growth and well-being will be monitored. Medication or insulin may be needed. Also, the severity of the condition must be ...

https://www.kelsey-seybold.com/medical-services-and-specialties/obgyn/my-pregnancy/by-trimester/second-trimester

single foetal death: MRI on surviving foetal brain 4 weeks after IUD. perform MCA PSV for foetal anaemia ... risks: previous dystocia, macrosomia, DM, obesity, slow labour, IOL, operative vaginal delivery ... Beta-blockers should not be used for the treatment of HTN, as they may inhibit foetal growth. When may they be used instead? [4 ... risks: foetal distress, amniotic fluid meconium aspiration, IUD, preterm birth. *ursodeoxycholic acid 1-2g/daily; alternatives ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/pregnancy-labour-10791801/packs/19119685

Fetal macrosomia remains a difficult obstetric problem with significant maternal, perinatal and neonatal consequences. There ...

https://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/wimj/vol-66-issue-2-2017

... the intervention was the use of fetal biometry on ultrasound to identify fetuses displaying signs of fetal macrosomia, and the ... Fetal and neonatal outcomes. The use of fetal biometry may make little or no difference to the incidence of neonatal ... Those pregnancies were subject to more stringent blood glucose targets than those without signs of fetal macrosomia. ... Fetal measurements for guiding the medical management of women with diabetes in pregnancy to improve outcomes for mother and ...

https://www.cochrane.org/CD012544/PREG_fetal-measurements-guiding-medical-management-women-diabetes-pregnancy-improve-outcomes-mother-and?fbclid=IwAR2kVvlG-ghl7o4fbdNwFTCyW2byuy_xN_vI6GoGzY2Ivgf_jAykbRe6ulA

... foetal macrosomia, uterine infection, arrest of descent and multiple gestation. Other risk factors may include; mediolateral ... Those symptoms could be increased urination because the kidneys are disposing of fetal metabolic waste as well as her own. ... 33 weeks gestation with complaints of abdominal pain for the past three days that had become more severe and absence of fetal ...

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Ehlers-Danlos-Research-Paper-PCYXDYGHTWM

Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth and macrosomia related morbidity. ... Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for ... miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=4c1c212f-71a5-4dd3-81b2-cd9e2148774c

Obstructive dystocia from fetal macrosomia with or without secondary uterine inertia was the most common cause of dystocia in ... The cause of dystocia was determined for 8 rabbits and included fetal-maternal mismatch (n = 4), uterine inertia (2), fetal ... particularly when fetal-maternal mismatch is involved. ...

https://avmajournals.avma.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=Molly+D.+Murphy

The causes and effects of fetal macrosomia in mothers with type 1 diabetes (1 December, 2000) Free M Jolly, S Robinson ... Fetal macrosomia related to maternal poorly controlled type 1 diabetes strongly impairs serum lipoprotein concentrations and ...

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/53/12

Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity. ... Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c797ea5c-cab7-494b-9044-27eba0cfe40f

Poorly controlled diabetes increases fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia-related morbidity ... Wegovy: May cause fetal harm; advise patients to inform healthcare provider of known or suspected pregnancy; advise patients ... Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.. B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk ... Positive evidence of human fetal risk.. X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer ...

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/ozempic-rybelsus-wegovy-semaglutide-1000174

Fetal ascites, neonatal demise, macrosomia, characteristic facial features, visceromegaly, DD/ID. FBXW7 FBXW7-related Wilms ... In BWS: macrosomia, macroglossia, hemihyperplasia, visceromegaly, embryonal tumors (e.g., hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, ... Macrosomia, macroglossia. DD/ID, multiple congenital anomalies, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, gonadoblastoma, hepatocellular ... Histologic features can suggest a specific genetic cause including fetal rhabdomyomatous nephroblastoma or stromal (WT1), ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1294/

Macrosomia is related to perinatal complications and the term fetus increases its body mass approximately 150-200g per week. (medscape.com)
Early term or 39-week induction of labor can reduce rates of macrosomia compared with expectant management, and therefore may decrease the complications of macrosomia. (medscape.com)
Maternal risks in diabetic pregnancies are greatest in maternal and fetal complications. (nih.gov)
Fetal complications of maternal diabetes can be di- present in 15%-66% of women early in pregnancy, and vided into two major categories. (nih.gov)
Complications that the retinopathy frequently worsens during gestation, arise from the effects of maternal diabetes on early especially when severe background or proliferative fetal development (i.e., in the first trimester) include changes are present early on. (nih.gov)
The long-term impact nent fetal complications that can arise during the of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy and neph- second and third trimesters are stillbirth and ropathy in mothers is not known. (nih.gov)
OF CHILDBEARING AGE rates for diabetes during pregnancy or for the various maternal and fetal complications that can occur when diabetes and pregnancy coexist. (nih.gov)
Maternal overweight and obesity causes pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertension and preeclampsia and affects fetal growth. (karger.com)
Obesity is also associated with a marked increase in fetal/neonatal complications including stillbirths [ 5 ], neonatal deaths, neonatal intensive care unit admission, preterm births, and congenital abnormalities [ 6 ]. (karger.com)
Goal of therapy is to achieve maternal glucose levels that are as close to normal as possible in order to avoid fetal macrosomia and complications. (bmj.com)
besides, numerous studies have demonstrated that this growth of serum lipid profile has potentially other complications including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes (GDM), large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), macrosomia, intrahepatic cholestasis syndrome during pregnancy (ICP), and furtherly, cardiovascular disease and a greater likehood for HTG in the further future. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of GDM may reduce fetal exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia and decrease maternal and fetal complications (4,5). (who.int)
One of the most common complications in diabetic pregnancies is macrosomia. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, obese women who do become pregnant are at increased risk of miscarriage and obstetric complications including pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, fetal macrosomia, and neonatal and maternal mortality. (laparoscopic.md)
Excessive leanness and obesity are associated with different adverse pregnancy outcomes with major maternal and fetal complications. (lenus.ie)
It has been found that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation can be involved in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of maternal and fetal complications. (shsmu.edu.cn)
When they have this problem it is better to consult a gynecologist and she get the consent from the concerned doctor to reduce the blood sugar levels and to reduce the maternal and t eh fetal complications. (forbabies.contact)
So if there is high blood sugar levels, it may lead to fetal complications like the baby may grow more bigger. (forbabies.contact)
We advise such women to take a frequent small mean which contains less amount of carbohydrates and with due care the process of pregnancy will go comfortably without having any maternal or any fetal complications. (forbabies.contact)

A baby who is diagnosed as having fetal macrosomia weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams), regardless of his or her gestational age. (mayoclinic.org)
Fetal macrosomia is more likely if you had diabetes before pregnancy (pre-gestational diabetes) or if you develop diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). (mayoclinic.org)
Macrosomia is a birth weight above the 90th percentile corrected for gestational age and sex, or birth weight of 4000-4500 g. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
When describing growth, a fetus may be appropriate for gestational age (AGA), too small (SGA, sometimes confused with intra uterine growth restriction, IUGR) or too large (LGA), a condition often defined as macrosomia. (asum.com.au)
Etiologies for macrosomia include metabolic (maternal diabetes), genetic (various overgrowth syndromes such as Beckwith-Wiedemann), constitutional as well as maternal factors, such as obesity and excessive gestational weight gain. (asum.com.au)
Conclusion: Gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, increasing age and parity were the main risk factors for fetal macrosomia. (elsevierpure.com)
Increased fetal weight and adiposity at birth increases macrosomia and difficulties associated with delivery of large-for-gestational-age infants. (karger.com)
Using an NICHD Scandinavian Study that collected longitudinal ultrasound examination data during pregnancy, we estimate diagnostic accuracy parameters of estimated fetal weight (EFW) at various times during pregnancy in predicting large-for-gestational-age. (nih.gov)
9. Antenatal prediction of fetal macrosomia in pregnancies affected by maternal pre-gestational diabetes. (nih.gov)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pregnant women who were not screened for gestational diabetes mellitus and compare the maternal and fetal outcomes of women who had undergone GDM screening. (who.int)
In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of pregnant women who refused to attend a gestational diabetes screening test and compared their maternal and fetal outcomes with those who accepted a gestational diabetes screening test. (who.int)
However, gestational diabetes can result in fetal macrosomia even if blood glucose is kept nearly normal. (merckmanuals.com)
Adverse outcomes included large for gestational age (LGA), macrosomia, preterm birth, and cesarean delivery. (cdc.gov)
Fetal macrosomia has been defined in several different ways, including birth weight greater than 4000 g or 4500 g (8 lb 13 oz or 9 lb 15 oz) or greater than 90% for gestational age. (medscape.com)
In a secondary analysis of data from a randomized control trial on treatment versus non-treatment of mild gestational diabetics, Stuebe et al assessed the link between maternal BMI, glucose intolerance, and fetal and maternal risk factors. (medscape.com)
A condition of fetal overgrowth defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams, regardless of gestational age. (bvsalud.org)
Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy is associated with healthy gestational weight gain (GWG) and a reduced risk of developing gestational diabetes (GD), gestational hypertension (GHT) and fetal macrosomia. (biomedcentral.com)
The main outcome measures were Caesarean section delivery, preterm birth, neonatal death, stillbirth, Macrosomia, small for gestational age and large for gestational age. (lenus.ie)
In contrast, the risks of excessive weight gain include cesarean section deliveries, postpartum weight retention for the mother, large-for-gestational-age babies' macrosomia, and childhood overweight or obesity for the offspring. (jmedcasereportsimages.org)

The worldwide prevalence of fetal macrosomia is 0.5 % to 15 % of all pregnancies [5], [6]. (researchsquare.com)
Cesarean delivery to reduce the risk associated with macrosomia may place the mother at risk, and subsequent pregnancies are at risk of uterine dehiscence before or during the onset of labor. (medscape.com)
3. Recurrence of fetal macrosomia in non-diabetic pregnancies. (nih.gov)
This article defines macrosomia and reviews clinical and diagnostic modalities currently used to screen for pregnancies at the greatest risk for macrosomia with some degree of accuracy. (medscape.com)

It is currently challenging to predict fetal macrosomia before delivery which possess women to an increasing risk of sustaining adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. (researchsquare.com)
Assessing predictors of fetal macrosomia will enable early prediction and intervention of women with fetal macrosomia hence preventing further maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. (researchsquare.com)
Fetal macrosomia has been linked to adverse maternal fetal outcomes of worst is postpartum hemorrhage as the leading cause of maternal mortality and neonatal death [7], [13]. (researchsquare.com)
7 and fetal macrosomia were examined as secondary outcomes. (bepress.com)
7. Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study. (nih.gov)
8. The combined effect of maternal obesity and fetal macrosomia on pregnancy outcomes. (nih.gov)
15. Associated outcomes to fetal macrosomia: effect of maternal diabetes. (nih.gov)
The maternal and fetal outcomes of GDM patients were similar in both groups. (who.int)
Pregnant women with diabetes are at increased risk for several adverse maternal and infant outcomes including cesarean delivery, prolonged labor, maternal birth trauma, macrosomia, preterm birth, congenital anomalies, and fetal hypoxia (1,2). (cdc.gov)
This study assessed associations between an intervention including PA education by prenatal nurses and a PA prescription delivered by physicians and fetal and maternal outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
The inclusion of education and prescription of PA as part of routine prenatal care was associated with improvements in maternal and fetal health outcomes, including significantly lower odds of GWG, GHT and macrosomia. (biomedcentral.com)
20-38% of women with unexplained high MS-AFP (ie, in the absence of fetal abnormality) suffer adverse pregnancy outcomes (premature birth, preeclampsia, 2-4 x IUGR, 10 x perinatal mortality, 10 x placental abruption)! (radiologykey.com)

Genetic factors and maternal conditions such as obesity or diabetes can cause fetal macrosomia. (mayoclinic.org)
Fetal macrosomia is more likely to be a result of maternal diabetes, obesity or weight gain during pregnancy than other causes. (mayoclinic.org)
The obesity epidemic is a problem of global importance with a profound impact on maternal-fetal health. (karger.com)
Maternal obesity offers an altered genetic, hormonal and biochemical environment for the developing fetus/embryo and influences fetal growth and organ development. (karger.com)
6. Association between fetal macrosomia and risk of obesity in children under 3 years in Western China: a cohort study. (nih.gov)
25 years), multiparity, multiple pregnancy, family history of diabetes, pregnancy loss at second or third trimester, history of fetal macrosomia childbirth, history of GDM in a previous pregnancy, and overweight and obesity (3). (who.int)
Infants with macrosomia are at an increased risk for future metabolic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, perpetuating a cycle of poor health and chronic disease (8,9). (cdc.gov)
In general, poorly controlled diabetes, maternal obesity, and excessive maternal weight gain are all associated with macrosomia and have intermittent periods of hyperglycemia in common. (medscape.com)

Estimates indicate that as many as 3,695 cesarean deliveries in non-diabetic women and 443 cesarean deliveries in diabetic women must be performed to prevent a single permanent brachial plexus nerve injury in infants of estimated fetal weight greater than 4,500 g. (medscape.com)

A history of fetal macrosomia. (mayoclinic.org)

The review concluded that induction of labor in suspected fetal macrosomia does not reduce the risk of brachial plexus injury but does reduce birth weight, or the risk of skeletal injury and shoulder dystocia. (medscape.com)
Therefore, induction of labor for suspected macrosomia before 39 0/7 weeks of gestation is not recommended by ACOG owing to insufficient evidence that reducing the risk of shoulder dystocia outweighs the risks associated with early delivery. (medscape.com)
There are maternal and fetal risk factors: for example, increased incidence of cesarean deliveries and genital tract lacerations as well as shoulder dystocia. (asum.com.au)
90% of fetuses with macrosomia that are at risk for shoulder dystocia. (asum.com.au)
When Shoulder Dystocia occurs, the fetal head is delivered but the shoulders are not seen and are not being delivered with normal maneuvers. (midwife360.com)

To determine the incidence of foetal macrosomia and macrosomia-associated maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
Macrosomia is recognized as a cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality [4] . (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of macrosomia and macrosomia-associated maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality during a 6-months study at N'Djamena Mother and Child Hospital. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
Diabetes during pregnancy increases fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. (merckmanuals.com)

Macrosomia is often divided into three categories with different levels of risk: (1) 4000-4499 g, (2) 4500-4999 g, and (3) more than 5000 g. (medscape.com)

If these risk factors aren't present and fetal macrosomia is suspected, it's possible that your baby might have a rare medical condition that affects fetal growth. (mayoclinic.org)

this signifies the essential role of lipids to normal fetal development. (acc.org)
Vitamins and minerals are essential for normal fetal development. (jmedcasereportsimages.org)

Elective: Surgery for treatment of APH can be elective for cases of placenta previa or vasa previa with minimal pre-delivery bleeding and no evidence of fetal stress. (renalandurologynews.com)
If there is evidence of fetal compromise or oligohydramnios, delivery is required. (msdmanuals.com)

The increased rate of macrosomia in the offspring of pregnant women with diabetes and in congenital hyperinsulinaemia is mediated by increased foetal insulin secretion. (medscape.com)
The Refaluwasch in the CNMI have a high rate of macrosomia which is where the infant is born abnormally large. (wikipedia.org)

Macrosomia is associated with considerable neonatal and maternal morbidity. (medscape.com)

Women with a suspected large-for-dates fetus or a fetus with suspected macrosomia (birthweight greater than 4000 g) are at risk of operative birth or caesarean section. (nih.gov)
We assessed the in utero and neonatal role of two key regulators of pancreatic insulin secretion by studying birthweight and the incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes HNF4A (encoding HNF-4α) and HNF1A/TCF1 (encoding HNF-1α), and the effect of pancreatic deletion of Hnf4a on foetal and neonatal insulin secretion in mice. (medscape.com)
HNF4A mutations are associated with a considerable increase in birthweight and macrosomia, and are a novel cause of neonatal hypoglycaemia. (medscape.com)
This study establishes a key role for HNF4A in determining foetal birthweight, and uncovers an unanticipated feature of the natural history of HNF4A -deficient diabetes, with hyperinsulinaemia at birth evolving to decreased insulin secretion and diabetes later in life. (medscape.com)
[ 21 ] As a result of this animal study, we hypothesized that mutations in the human gene HNF4A might increase foetal insulin secretion and birthweight, and cause neonatal hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia. (medscape.com)
The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study found continuous relationships between increasing maternal glucose levels and risk of cesarean delivery, birthweight higher than the 90th percentile, neonatal hypoglycemia, and fetal hyperinsulinemia (10). (cdc.gov)

Risks associated with fetal macrosomia increase greatly when birth weight is more than 9 pounds, 15 ounces (4,500 grams). (mayoclinic.org)

Even though the risk of fetal and maternal morbidity increases with macrosomia, most deliveries of macrosomic infants are uncomplicated. (medscape.com)

Factors that predict macrosomia are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
Despite the identification and characterization of risk factors, no combination of these risk factors can predict macrosomia accurately enough to be used clinically. (medscape.com)

Fetal macrosomia may complicate vaginal delivery and can put the baby at risk of injury during birth. (mayoclinic.org)
Fetal macrosomia also puts the baby at increased risk of health problems after birth. (mayoclinic.org)
Many factors might increase the risk of fetal macrosomia - some you can control, but others you can't. (mayoclinic.org)
Gaining too much weight during pregnancy increases the risk of fetal macrosomia. (mayoclinic.org)
The risk of fetal macrosomia increases with each pregnancy. (mayoclinic.org)
If your pregnancy continues by more than two weeks past your due date, your baby is at increased risk of fetal macrosomia. (mayoclinic.org)
Objectives: To determine the risk factors predisposing to fetal macrosomia and assess the maternal and perinatal outcome in these patients. (elsevierpure.com)
Macrosomia increases the risk of birth and this form constitutes ~10% of cases of maternal trauma and has been associated with a long-term risk diabetes. (nih.gov)
Offspring of obese mothers are subject to an increased risk of fetal demise, congenital anomalies and disrupted growth patterns, causing an increase in perinatal mortality. (karger.com)
10. [Fetal macrosomia in Lubumbashi: risk factors and maternal and perinatal prognosis]. (nih.gov)
Previous studies have shown that prolonged fetal exposure to hyperglycemia during pregnancy not only could change neonatal metabolic profile at birth [2,3] but also might increase the risk for cryptorchidism in male offspring [4] . (researchgate.net)
A study, published in the journal Medicine in 2016, found that a low-glycemic diet reduced the risk of macrosomia by a significant amount. (livestrong.com)
The risk of macrosomia also varies with ethnicity. (medscape.com)
Even when controlled for diabetes, studies have demonstrated that Hispanic women have a higher risk of fetal macrosomia compared with white, African American, or Asian women. (medscape.com)
Overweight and obese women have a higher risk of macrosomia and Caesarean delivery and lower risk of preterm delivery. (lenus.ie)
Ultrasonic suspicion of fetal macrosomia was strongly predictive of the risk of delivering a large baby with the positive LRs (LR+) ranging from 7 to 12. (cam.ac.uk)
This disease can seriously affect the maternal and fetal health, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases in the postpartum period and the offsprings significantly increased. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Due to the variation of the minimum weight that defines macrosomia, reports of its incidence vary from 3% to 15% [4] . (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)

Se observa generalmente en la DIABETES GESTACIONAL, en el EMBARAZO PROLONGADO y en embarazos complicados por diabetes mellitus preexistente. (bvsalud.org)

Hyperglycemia in the fetus results in the stimulation of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, growth hormone, and other growth factors, which, in turn, stimulate fetal growth and deposition of fat and glycogen. (medscape.com)

It increases the incidence of fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity [ 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Fetal macrosomia poses health risks for you and your baby - both during pregnancy and after childbirth. (mayoclinic.org)
Decision making regarding delivery should be individualized to the patient, taking into account risks and benefits of both macrosomia and other delivery factors such as surgical risks, including implications for future childbearing, and the neonatal risks of early term delivery. (medscape.com)

Situación de crecimiento fetal excesivo definido como un PESO AL NACER superior a 4000 gramos, independientemente de la edad gestacional. (bvsalud.org)

To assess the effects of a policy of labour induction at or shortly before term (37 to 40 weeks) for suspected fetal macrosomia on the way of giving birth and maternal or perinatal morbidity. (nih.gov)
These births were recorded after every macrosomia birth so there were an equal number of mothers in each group. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
Data from birth certificates in the United macrosomia (an excessively large infant). (nih.gov)
5. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and macrosomia in a Canadian birth cohort. (nih.gov)
The term macrosomia is used to describe a newborn with an excessive birth weight. (medscape.com)
In the fetal period, from nine weeks after conception onwards, there begins the phase of rapid growth that continues until after birth. (bmj.com)

[ 2 ] In humans, foetal insulin secretion is one of the key determinants of foetal growth, acting mainly in the third trimester when the weight of the foetus increases greatly. (medscape.com)

Maternal, fetal, and neonatal consequences of macrosomia are also discussed, with specific attention to the potential etiology of macrosomia. (medscape.com)

The studied predictors of fetal macrosomia so far includes a previous history of delivering a macrosomic baby [10]. (researchsquare.com)

This is seen in pregnant women with diabetes when foetal sensing of maternal hyperglycemia drives insulin secretion, insulin-mediated growth, and subsequent macrosomia. (medscape.com)

2. Fetal macrosomia: obstetric outcome of 311 cases in UNTH, Enugu, Nigeria. (nih.gov)

The study aimed at assessing predictors of fetal macrosomia at Iringa Regional Referral hospital in Tanzania. (researchsquare.com)

Diseases6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Named Groups1

Pre-conception diabetes care in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1/228)

Effects of overexpression of human GLUT4 gene on maternal diabetes and fetal growth in spontaneous gestational diabetic C57BLKS/J Lepr(db/+) mice. (2/228)

Human placental nitric oxide synthase activity is not altered in diabetes. (3/228)

Screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy. (4/228)

Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes. (5/228)

What is the significance of macrosomia? (6/228)

Are conventional targets for metabolic control sufficient to prevent fetal macrosomia during diabetic pregnancy? (7/228)

Time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin, lipids and tissue lipase activities in macrosomic offspring of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. (8/228)

Fetal Macrosomia

Pregnancy in Diabetics

Fetal Weight

Diabetes, Gestational

Birth Weight

Pregnancy

Cesarean Section

Gestational Age

Infant, Newborn

Pregnancy Outcome

Ultrasonography, Prenatal

Roman World

Pregnancy Complications

Pregnancy Trimester, Third

Infant, Postmature

Pregnancy, Prolonged

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Fetal Nutrition Disorders

Encyclopedias as Topic

Meconium

Pre-conception diabetes care in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1/228)

Effects of overexpression of human GLUT4 gene on maternal diabetes and fetal growth in spontaneous gestational diabetic C57BLKS/J Lepr(db/+) mice. (2/228)

Human placental nitric oxide synthase activity is not altered in diabetes. (3/228)

Screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy. (4/228)

Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes. (5/228)

What is the significance of macrosomia? (6/228)

Are conventional targets for metabolic control sufficient to prevent fetal macrosomia during diabetic pregnancy? (7/228)

Time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin, lipids and tissue lipase activities in macrosomic offspring of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. (8/228)

Carolinian people

Postterm pregnancy

Shoulder dystocia

Vaginal delivery

Large for gestational age

Prenatal nutrition

Pre-existing disease in pregnancy

Obstetrics

Childbirth

Obstetric labor complication

Uterine atony

Diabetes and pregnancy

List of MeSH codes (C13)

List of diseases (N)

List of MeSH codes (C23)

Post-maturity syndrome

List of MeSH codes (C19)

List of causes of hypoglycemia

Darko Milinović

Delivery after previous caesarean section

Perlman syndrome

Development of the endocrine system

Endocrine system

Complications of pregnancy

Diabetes

List of fetal abnormalities

Pregnancy

Gestational diabetes

Birth injury

Emergency childbirth

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