A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.
Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.
Phenanthridines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of two benzene rings fused to a pyridine ring, which have been extensively studied for their biological activities, including antimalarial, antibacterial, and antitumor properties.
3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.
Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.
Acridines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of a planar, unsaturated ring system, which have been widely used in chemotherapy and have also found applications in dye industries and fluorescence microscopy.
A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor that plays a role in pain sensation signaling and regulation of inflammatory processes.
A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.
A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.

A single membrane-embedded negative charge is critical for recognizing positively charged drugs by the Escherichia coli multidrug resistance protein MdfA. (1/1027)

The nature of the broad substrate specificity phenomenon, as manifested by multidrug resistance proteins, is not yet understood. In the Escherichia coli multidrug transporter, MdfA, the hydrophobicity profile and PhoA fusion analysis have so far identified only one membrane-embedded charged amino acid residue (E26). In order to determine whether this negatively charged residue may play a role in multidrug recognition, we evaluated the expression and function of MdfA constructs mutated at this position. Replacing E26 with the positively charged residue lysine abolished the multidrug resistance activity against positively charged drugs, but retained chloramphenicol efflux and resistance. In contrast, when the negative charge was preserved in a mutant with aspartate instead of E26, chloramphenicol recognition and transport were drastically inhibited; however, the mutant exhibited almost wild-type multidrug resistance activity against lipophilic cations. These results suggest that although the negative charge at position 26 is not essential for active transport, it dictates the multidrug resistance character of MdfA. We show that such a negative charge is also found in other drug resistance transporters, and its possible significance regarding multidrug resistance is discussed.  (+info)

H5 Histone and DNA-relaxing enzyme of chicken erythrocytes. Interaction with superhelical DNA. (2/1027)

The interaction of closed circular duplex DNA with the lysine-rich H5 histone fraction of avian erythrocytes has been studied. H5, like H1 histone, interacts preferentially with superhelical DNA. The extent of interaction increases with increasing negative or positive superhelicity. Salt-extracted lysine-rich histones show the same specificity for interaction with superhelices as do acid-extracted preparations. Chicken erythrocyte nuclei contain DNA-relaxing enzyme. This enzyme is extracted from the nuclei at lower salt concentrations than those required to extract H1 and H5 histones and is, therefore, probably a function of a protein distinct from H1 and H5 histones.  (+info)

All 16 centromere DNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae show DNA curvature. (3/1027)

All 16 centromere DNA regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae including 90 bp framing sequences on either side were cloned. These 300 bp long centromere regions were analysed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found to display a reduced mobility indicative of DNA curvature. The degree of curvature is centromere dependent. The experimental data were confirmed by computer analysis of the 3-dimensional structure of the CEN DNAs. Altogether these data provide further evidence for a model for budding yeast centromeres in which CEN DNA structure could be important for the assembly, activity and/or regulation of the centromere protein-DNA complex.  (+info)

Conformational state of DNA in chromatin subunits. Circular dichroism, melting, and ethidium bromide binding analysis. (4/1027)

This study compares some physical properties of DNA in native chromatin and mono-, di-, trinucleosomes obtained after mild micrococcal nuclease digestion. Melting curves and derivatives are shown to be very similar from one sample to another although a shift from 79 to 82 degrees C is observed between the mainly monophasic peak of multimers and chromatin. Careful analysis of the positive band of the circular dichroism spectra shows the appearance of a shoulder at 275nm, the intensity of which increases from the mono- to the di- and trinucleosome. This shoulder is maximum for native chromatin. At the same time binding isotherms of ethidium - bromide are characterized by two highly fluorescent binding sites for all the samples but the product KN of the apparent binding constant of the higher affinity binding sites by the apparent number of those sites increases from the mono- to the di- and trinucleosome. There again the valus is maximum for native chromatin. Such results strongly suggest that the native state of chromatin requires something more than the indefinite repeat of an elementary subunit.  (+info)

The effect of mannitol versus dimethyl thiourea at attenuating ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to skeletal muscle. (5/1027)

OBJECTIVE: Mannitol is used as a treatment for skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in humans, despite the fact that its effectiveness in vivo is still disputed. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of mannitol in attenuating I/R injury at the microcirculatory level. METHODS: The study was designed as an experimental study with male Wistar rats. The main outcome measures were intravital microscopy, which was used to measure capillary perfusion, capillary and venular red blood cell velocity (VRBC), and leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat hind limb before and after ischemia. In addition, tissue injury was assessed during reperfusion with the fluorescent vital dyes bisbenzimide and ethidium bromide. Dimethyl thiourea (DMTU), a highly effective therapeutic agent of experimental I/R injury, was used as a positive control. RESULTS: No-flow ischemia (2 hour) resulted in a 40% drop in capillary perfusion, a decline in capillary and venular VRBC, and increased leukocyte venular adherence and tissue infiltration. Tissue injury increased to a constant level during reperfusion. Mannitol attenuated capillary malperfusion during the first 60 minutes of reperfusion and prevented a decline in capillary VRBC. However, mannitol did not reduce tissue injury or leukocyte adherence and infiltration during reperfusion. By comparison, DMTU not only prevented the perfusion deficits and the increases in leukocyte venular adherence and tissue infiltration but significantly reduced the magnitude of tissue injury. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mannitol may be of limited value for the prevention of early reperfusion-induced injury after no-flow ischemia in skeletal muscle. By comparison, DMTU was highly efficacious by not only reducing microvascular perfusion deficits but by also reducing leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the incidence of cellular injury.  (+info)

No loss of sst receptors gene expression in advanced stages of colorectal cancer. (6/1027)

As demonstrated by several studies, the pan-inhibitory peptide somatostatin (SS) is implicated in a large variety of physiological processes in the gastrointestinal tractus. SS inhibits hormonal and gastric acid secretions, and decreases gastric and intestinal motility, mesenteric blood flow and intestinal absorption. In vitro and in vivo studies showed also that the antiproliferative potency of SS analogs may be a target to improve the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Here we report the expression profile of the five SS receptor subtypes (hsst1-5) mRNAs in a large set of tumoral and normal colon. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we showed that hsst5, hsst1 and hsst2 mRNA subtypes were the most frequently expressed hsst mRNA subtypes in normal and pathological colon. Interestingly, we found that the frequency of hsst5 mRNA expression in the left colon was significantly higher in tumors than in normal samples: 81. 2% (13/16) and 36.4% (4/11) respectively (0.025>P>0.01, chi2 test with Yates' correction). We did not find any influence of Dukes' stage on hsst mRNAs expression. Of interest, no loss of hsst2 and hsst5 mRNA expression in advanced stages was noted. Some differences in the frequency of expression of hsst mRNAs according to the origin of the tissue (left or right colon) were evident. The expression of hsst5 and hsst2 mRNA in advanced colorectal carcinoma associated with the development of new SS analogs boost the relevance of colorectal cancer treatment by somatostatin analogs.  (+info)

Reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis and necrosis in bovine corneal endothelial cells. (7/1027)

PURPOSE: The loss of corneal endothelial cells associated with aging and possibly other causes has been speculated to be related to exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The current study was conducted to investigate, by use of photosensitizers, the underlying mechanisms involved in the death of bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCENs) caused by ROS. METHODS: BCEN cells in primary culture were treated with a photosensitizer (riboflavin or rose bengal) with light exposure. The patterns of cell damage and death were assessed using an acridine orange-ethidium bromide differential staining method, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity was assayed by mitochondrial function using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) testing. Antioxidants, including catalase, L-histidine, salicylic acid, and superoxide dismutase, were used to determine the types of ROS involved. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was examined by fluorescent immunocytochemistry with anti-p65 antibody. RESULTS: Light-irradiated riboflavin or rose bengal resulted in a significant decrease in viability of BCEN cells. Chromosomal condensation and fragmentation were observed in apoptotic cells, and membrane lysis and damage of cell ultrastructures were observed in necrotic cells. Riboflavin induced apoptosis at 30 minutes and thereafter and induced necrosis after 2 hours. Rose bengal was shown to cause similar effects within half the time required for the effects of riboflavin. Catalase and salicylic acid were found to provide protection for BCENs from cytotoxic effects of riboflavin, and L-histidine was found to protect BCENs from cytotoxicity induced by rose bengal. Kinetic studies using immunocytochemistry showed that NF-kappaB was translocated into the nucleus within 15 minutes and 30 minutes after treatment with rose bengal and riboflavin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The cytotoxic effects of photo-irradiated riboflavin and rose bengal are shown to be mediated by two distinct but parallel pathways, one leading to apoptosis and the other to necrosis. Possible involvement of NF-kappaB in cell death is suggested. These findings provide potential leads for future investigation into the molecular mechanisms of loss of corneal endothelial cells related to aging, oxidative stress, and possibly other similar causes.  (+info)

Differential chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to ganciclovir treatment following adenovirus-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene transfer. (8/1027)

The development of resistance to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents that cause DNA damage is a major problem for the treatment of breast and other cancers. The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays a direct role in the signaling of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and p53 gene mutations have been correlated with increased resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene transfer followed by ganciclovir (GCV) treatment is a novel tumor ablation strategy that has shown good success in a variety of experimental tumor models. However, GCV cytotoxicity is believed to be mediated by DNA damage-induced apoptosis, and the relationship between p53 gene status, p53-mediated apoptosis, and the sensitivity of human tumors to HSV-tk/GCV treatment has not been firmly established. To address this issue, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of adenovirus-mediated HSV-tk gene transfer and GCV treatment in two human breast cancer cell lines: MCF-7 cells, which express wild-type p53, and MDA-MB-468 cells, which express high levels of a mutant p53 (273 Arg-His). Treating MCF-7 cells with AdHSV-tk/GCV led to the predicted increase in endogenous p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 protein levels, and apoptosis was observed in a significant proportion of the target cell population. However, treating MDA-MB-468 cells under the same conditions resulted in a much stronger apoptotic response in the absence of induction in p21WAF1/CIP1 protein levels. This latter result suggested that HSV-tk/GCV treatment can activate a strong p53-independent apoptotic response in tumor cells that lack functional p53. To confirm this observation, four additional human breast cancer cell lines expressing mutant p53 were examined. Although a significant degree of variability in GCV chemosensitivity was observed in these cell lines, all displayed a greater reduction in cell viability than MCF-7 or normal mammary cells treated under the same conditions. These results suggest that endogenous p53 status does not correlate with chemosensitivity to HSV-tk/GCV treatment. Furthermore, evidence for a p53-independent apoptotic response serves to extend the potential of this therapeutic strategy to tumors that express mutant p53 and that may have developed resistance to conventional genotoxic agents.  (+info)

Ethidium is a fluorescent, intercalating compound that is often used in molecular biology to stain DNA. When ethidium bromide, a common form of ethidium, binds to DNA, it causes the DNA to fluoresce brightly under ultraviolet light. This property makes it useful for visualizing DNA bands on gels, such as agarose or polyacrylamide gels, during techniques like gel electrophoresis.

It is important to note that ethidium bromide is a mutagen and should be handled with care. It can cause damage to DNA, which can lead to mutations, and it can also be harmful if inhaled or ingested. Therefore, appropriate safety precautions must be taken when working with this compound.

Intercalating agents are chemical substances that can be inserted between the stacked bases of DNA, creating a separation or "intercalation" of the base pairs. This property is often exploited in cancer chemotherapy, where intercalating agents like doxorubicin and daunorubicin are used to inhibit the replication and transcription of cancer cells by preventing the normal functioning of their DNA. However, these agents can also have toxic effects on normal cells, particularly those that divide rapidly, such as bone marrow and gut epithelial cells. Therefore, their use must be carefully monitored and balanced against their therapeutic benefits.

Phenanthridines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of a phenanthrene core (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon made up of three benzene rings) fused with a pyridine ring (a six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom). They have the chemical formula C12H9N.

Phenanthridines are important in medicinal chemistry because some of their derivatives exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Some well-known phenanthridine derivatives include the chemotherapeutic agents amsacrine and doxorubicin, which are used to treat various types of cancer.

It's worth noting that while phenanthridines have important medical applications, they can also be toxic or harmful if not handled properly. Therefore, it's essential to follow proper safety protocols when working with these compounds in a laboratory setting.

Acriflavine is an antiseptic and disinfectant substance that has been used in dermatology and veterinary medicine. Its chemical name is trypaflavine, and it is a mixture of basic dyes with the ability to interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Acriflavine has shown antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, although its use in human medicine has been limited due to its potential toxicity and staining effects on tissues. It is still used in some topical preparations for the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

Proflavine is an antimicrobial agent, specifically a type of dye known as an acridine dye. It is used primarily as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. Proflavine works by intercalating into DNA, which disrupts the structure of the DNA molecule and prevents bacterial replication.

It's important to note that proflavine has been largely replaced by other more effective and safer antimicrobial agents in clinical practice. It is still used in some research settings and for certain specific applications, such as staining tissues for microscopic examination.

Proflavine should be used with caution, as it can cause skin irritation and may have harmful effects if ingested or absorbed through the skin. As with any medication, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Acridines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that contain a nucleus of three fused benzene rings and a nitrogen atom. They have a wide range of applications, including in the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs. Some acridines also exhibit fluorescent properties and are used in research and diagnostic applications.

In medicine, some acridine derivatives have been found to intercalate with DNA, disrupting its structure and function, which can lead to the death of cancer cells. For example, the acridine derivative proflavin has been used as an antiseptic and in the treatment of certain types of cancer. However, many acridines also have toxic side effects, limiting their clinical use.

It is important to note that while acridines have potential therapeutic uses, they should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can cause harm if not used properly.

Purinergic P2X7 receptors are a type of ligand-gated ion channel that are activated by the binding of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the P2X7 receptor subunit. These receptors play important roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, pain perception, and cell death.

Upon activation of P2X7 receptors, there is an increase in membrane permeability to small cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+, which can lead to the depolarization of the cell membrane. Prolonged activation of these receptors can result in the formation of large pores that allow for the passage of larger molecules, including inflammatory mediators and even small proteins. This can ultimately lead to the induction of apoptosis or necrosis in certain cells.

P2X7 receptors are widely expressed in various tissues, including the brain, spinal cord, immune cells, and epithelial cells. In recent years, there has been growing interest in targeting P2X7 receptors for therapeutic purposes, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases and chronic pain.

Acridine Orange is a fluorescent dye commonly used in various scientific applications, particularly in the field of cytology and microbiology. Its chemical formula is C17H19N3O.

In medical terms, Acridine Orange is often used as a supravital stain to differentiate between live and dead cells or to identify bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in samples. It can also be used to detect abnormalities in DNA and RNA, making it useful in the identification of certain types of cancerous cells.

When exposed to ultraviolet light, Acridine Orange exhibits a green fluorescence when bound to double-stranded DNA and a red or orange-red fluorescence when bound to single-stranded RNA. This property makes it a valuable tool in the study of cell division, gene expression, and other biological processes that involve nucleic acids.

However, it is important to note that Acridine Orange can be toxic to living cells in high concentrations or with prolonged exposure, so it must be used carefully and in accordance with established safety protocols.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polydeoxyribonucleotides" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a made-up or very obscure term that combines "poly," meaning many, "deoxy," referring to the lack of a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon position in the ribose sugar, and "ribonucleotides," which are the building blocks of RNA.

If you meant "Polydeoxynucleotides" instead, it would refer to long, synthetic chains of deoxynucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. These chains can be used in various biochemical and biological research applications, such as studying enzyme mechanisms or constructing genetic circuits.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

Thioridazine is an antipsychotic medication that belongs to the class of phenothiazines. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought processes. Thioridazine is used to treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders associated with anxiety, agitation, or hostility.

It's important to note that thioridazine has been associated with serious side effects, including prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which can lead to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Therefore, its use is generally reserved for patients who have not responded to other antipsychotic medications or who cannot tolerate them. Thioridazine has been withdrawn from the market in many countries due to these safety concerns.

Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.

Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.

The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.

In medical terms, "bromides" refer to salts or compounds that contain bromine, a chemical element. Historically, potassium bromide was used as a sedative and anticonvulsant in the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, its use has largely been discontinued due to side effects such as neurotoxicity and kidney damage.

In modern medical language, "bromides" can also refer to something that is unoriginal, dull, or lacking in creativity, often used to describe ideas or expressions that are trite or clichéd. This usage comes from the fact that bromide salts were once commonly used as a sedative and were associated with a lack of excitement or energy.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and electrical charge. In this method, the sample is mixed with agarose gel, a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed, and then solidified in a horizontal slab-like format. An electric field is applied to the gel, causing the negatively charged DNA or RNA molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode. The smaller molecules move faster through the gel than the larger ones, resulting in their separation based on size. This technique is widely used in molecular biology and genetics research, as well as in diagnostic testing for various genetic disorders.

Fluorescence spectrometry is a type of analytical technique used to investigate the fluorescent properties of a sample. It involves the measurement of the intensity of light emitted by a substance when it absorbs light at a specific wavelength and then re-emits it at a longer wavelength. This process, known as fluorescence, occurs because the absorbed energy excites electrons in the molecules of the substance to higher energy states, and when these electrons return to their ground state, they release the excess energy as light.

Fluorescence spectrometry typically measures the emission spectrum of a sample, which is a plot of the intensity of emitted light versus the wavelength of emission. This technique can be used to identify and quantify the presence of specific fluorescent molecules in a sample, as well as to study their photophysical properties.

Fluorescence spectrometry has many applications in fields such as biochemistry, environmental science, and materials science. For example, it can be used to detect and measure the concentration of pollutants in water samples, to analyze the composition of complex biological mixtures, or to study the properties of fluorescent nanomaterials.

Circular DNA is a type of DNA molecule that forms a closed loop, rather than the linear double helix structure commonly associated with DNA. This type of DNA is found in some viruses, plasmids (small extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria), and mitochondria and chloroplasts (organelles found in plant and animal cells).

Circular DNA is characterized by the absence of telomeres, which are the protective caps found on linear chromosomes. Instead, circular DNA has a specific sequence where the two ends join together, known as the origin of replication and the replication terminus. This structure allows for the DNA to be replicated efficiently and compactly within the cell.

Because of its circular nature, circular DNA is more resistant to degradation by enzymes that cut linear DNA, making it more stable in certain environments. Additionally, the ability to easily manipulate and clone circular DNA has made it a valuable tool in molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Fluorescent dyes are substances that emit light upon excitation by absorbing light of a shorter wavelength. In a medical context, these dyes are often used in various diagnostic tests and procedures to highlight or mark certain structures or substances within the body. For example, fluorescent dyes may be used in imaging techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or fluorescence angiography to help visualize cells, tissues, or blood vessels. These dyes can also be used in flow cytometry to identify and sort specific types of cells. The choice of fluorescent dye depends on the specific application and the desired properties, such as excitation and emission spectra, quantum yield, and photostability.

"Poly dA-dT" is not a medical term, but rather a molecular biology term that refers to a synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule. It is composed of two complementary strands: one strand consists of repeated adenine (dA) nucleotides, while the other strand consists of repeated thymine (dT) nucleotides. The "poly" prefix indicates that multiple units of these nucleotides are linked together in a chain-like structure.

This type of synthetic DNA molecule is often used as a substrate for various molecular biology techniques, such as in vitro transcription or translation assays, where it serves as a template for the production of RNA or proteins. It can also be used to study the interactions between DNA and proteins, such as transcription factors, that bind specifically to certain nucleotide sequences.

... can be degraded chemically, or collected and incinerated. It is common for ethidium bromide waste below a ... Lowe, Derek (2016-04-18). "The Myth of Ethidium Bromide". In the Pipeline. Retrieved 2019-02-28. "Ethidium Bromide: Swap or Not ... ISBN 978-0-470-40753-0. "Application Note: Ethidium Bromide" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2014. Borst P (November 2005). "Ethidium ... but it is clear that ethidium bromide can cause mutations in mammalian and bacterial cells. Ethidium bromide is not regulated ...
An ethidium homodimer assay can be used to detect dead or dying cells. Ethidium homodimer is a membrane-impermeable fluorescent ... One reason for doing an ethidium homodimer assay instead of using a TUNEL assay to measure cell death is that ethidium ... Because of this, ethidium homodimer may enter those cells and bind to DNA within those cells. Because live cells don't have a ... After a cell sample has been stained with ethidium homodimer, the dead cells may be viewed and counted under a UV-light ...
Ethidium bromide). This method is useful for cases where concentration is too low to accurately assess with spectrophotometry ...
... is ethidium bromide (2,7-diamino-10-ethyl-9-phenylphenanthridiniumbromide).[citation needed] Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) is an ... "Ethidium Bromide - US". www.thermofisher.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11. "SYBR™ Green I Nucleic Acid Gel Stain - 10,000X concentrate ... Nucleic acids are commonly stained and detected using either ethidium bromide or SYBR Green dyes.[citation needed] The most ... common electrophoretic stain in agarose gel is ethidium bromide, however, SYBR green presents greater resolution and yield for ...
Ethidium bromide Tanner, N.Kyle; Cech, Thomas R. (1985). "Self-catalyzed cyclization of the intervening sequence RNA of ...
Ethidium bromide binds nucleic acid chains through the process of Intercalation. While Ethidium bromide is a popular stain it ... Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is a popular nucleic acid stain. EtBr allows one to easily visualize DNA or RNA on a gel as EtBr ... Singer VL, Lawlor TE, Yue S (1999). "Comparison of SYBR Green I nucleic acid gel stain mutagenicity and ethidium bromide ... ethidium bromide; or for either, silver stain), allowing visualization of the separated proteins, or processed further (e.g. ...
Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine.[citation needed] Mismatched base pairs can be generated by errors of DNA ...
The toxic effect of ethidium bromide (EtBr) on trypanosomas is caused by shift of their kinetoplastid DNA to Z-form. The shift ... "The killing of African trypanosomes by ethidium bromide". PLOS Pathogens. 6 (12): e1001226. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001226. ...
Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules; examples include ethidium bromide, acridines, daunomycin, and doxorubicin ...
Circular DNA are more strongly affected by ethidium bromide concentration than linear DNA if ethidium bromide is present in the ... The ethidium bromide fluoresces reddish-orange in the presence of DNA, since it has intercalated with the DNA. The DNA band can ... Increasing ethidium bromide intercalated into the DNA can change it from a negatively supercoiled molecule into a fully relaxed ... 2000). "Effect of ethidium bromide intercalation on DNA radiosensitivity". Int J Radiat Biol. 76 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1080/ ...
Examples of such dyes are ethidium bromide and propidium iodide. It is an isomer of acridine. Phenanthridine was discovered by ...
Ethidium bromide and variants were developed in the 1950s, and in 1994, fluorescent proteins or FPs were introduced. Green ... Ethidium bromide, fluorescein and green fluorescent protein are common tags. The most commonly labelled molecules are ...
Purewal AS (1991). "Nucleotide sequence of the ethidium efflux gene from Escherichia coli". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66 (2): 229- ... is Escherichia coli mvrC P23895 which prevents the incorporation of methyl viologen into cells and is involved in ethidium ...
However, as the molecule itself is quite a bit larger than ethidium bromide, it does not bind to the column of a gel extraction ... Thiazole Orange has been shown to be three to four times less mutagenic than ethidium bromide whereas SYBR Safe is four to five ... O'Neil, Casey S.; Beach, Jacie L.; Gruber, Todd D. (June 2018). "Thiazole orange as an everyday replacement for ethidium ... SYBR Safe is marketed as a safer alternative to ethidium bromide. ...
Viability assay Vital stain SYBR Green I Ethidium bromide "Propidium Iodide". Thermo Fisher Scientific. 2019-11-14. Retrieved ...
"Circular dichroism in ultraviolet of aminoacridines and ethidium bromide bound to {DNA}". Biopolymers. 10 (10): 1853-1863. doi: ...
Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in gel ... Ethidium bromide intercalates and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy ...
Development of ethidium-agarose electrophoresis (5) (for the separation of DNA topoisomers); proof that linear DNA molecules ...
One of the most common dyes used for markers is ethidium bromide. The range of a particular marker refers to variety of bands ...
as an improvement on ethidium monoazide (EMA). PMA provides better discrimination between live and dead bacteria because it is ... Nocker, Andreas; Ching-Ying Cheung, and Anne K. Camper (2006). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for ... Nocker, Andreas; Cheung, Ching-Ying; Camper, Anne K. (2006-11-01). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide ... Nocker, Andreas; Cheung, Ching-Ying; Camper, Anne K. (November 2006). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium ...
The degree of unwinding varies depending on the intercalator; for example, ethidium cation (the ionic form of ethidium bromide ... Intensively studied DNA intercalators include berberine, ethidium bromide, proflavine, daunomycin, doxorubicin, and thalidomide ... allowing the ethidium to move away from the hydrophilic (aqueous) environment surrounding the DNA and into the intercalation ...
Part V. Reactions of mitomycin C with DNA examined by ethidium fluorescence assay. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry. 54:2 110- ...
The ethidium bromide may be added to the agarose solution before it gels, or the DNA gel may be stained later after ... Ethidium bromide which intercalates into circular DNA can change the charge, length, as well as the superhelicity of the DNA ... When stained with ethidium bromide, the gel is viewed with an ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator. The UV light excites the ... DNA as well as RNA are normally visualized by staining with ethidium bromide, which intercalates into the major grooves of the ...
Ethidium bromide's fluorescence is greatly enhanced when it binds to DNA, so this compound is very useful in visualising the ... Ethidium bromide can be toxic - a purportedly safer alternative is the dye SYBR Green. The DNA microarray. Immunology: An ... DNA detection: the compound ethidium bromide, when free to change its conformation in solution, has very little fluorescence. ...
... the compound ethidium bromide, in aqueous solution, has very little fluorescence, as it is quenched by water. Ethidium ... protected from quenching by water which is excluded from the local environment of the intercalated ethidium. Ethidium bromide ... Intercalated ethidium is in a hydrophobic environment when it is between the base pairs of the DNA, ...
"Screening of a Leptospira biflexa Mutant Library To Identify Genes Involved in Ethidium Bromide Tolerance". Applied and ...
Norwegian researchers suggest the use of Ethidium Monoazide, an azide form of Ethidium Bromide, which was used in other ... Nogva, Hege Karin; Drømtorp, Signe Marie; Nissen, Hilde; Rudi, Knut (2003-04-01). "Ethidium monoazide for DNA-based ... Nocker, Andreas; Cheung, Ching-Ying; Camper, Anne K. (2006-11-01). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide ...
The substance is marketed as a less toxic and more sensitive alternative to ethidium bromide. GelRed is sold as a solution in ... Ethidium bromide GelGreen SYBR Green I Gel electrophoresis Phenanthridine Molecular genetics US application 2010323453, Mao, ... GelRed structurally consists of two ethidium subunits that are bridged by a linear oxygenated spacer. GelRed is a fluorophore, ... and its optical properties are essentially identical to those of ethidium bromide. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it ...
Ethidium bromide, xylene, mercury, and formaldehyde have been identified as "worst offenders" which have alternatives. Solvents ...
Ethidium bromide GelRed SYBR Green I Agarose gel electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids Acridine orange US ... The substance is marketed as a less toxic and more sensitive alternative to ethidium bromide. GelGreen is sold as a solution in ...
Ethidium bromide can be degraded chemically, or collected and incinerated. It is common for ethidium bromide waste below a ... Lowe, Derek (2016-04-18). "The Myth of Ethidium Bromide". In the Pipeline. Retrieved 2019-02-28. "Ethidium Bromide: Swap or Not ... ISBN 978-0-470-40753-0. "Application Note: Ethidium Bromide" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2014. Borst P (November 2005). "Ethidium ... but it is clear that ethidium bromide can cause mutations in mammalian and bacterial cells. Ethidium bromide is not regulated ...
Dark Entries Records , 910 Larkin Street , San Francisco, CA 94109 , [email protected]. ...
The Andipa Gallery, Modern & Contemporary Art in London. Artists include Picasso, Matisse, Bacon, Hockney, Chagall and Miro alongside contemporary artists including Banksy, Slinkachu, Laura Keeble, David Birkin, Swoon and Beejoir. Andipa Gallery is a specialist dealer in modern and contemporary art from Matisse, Picasso and Warhol through to contemporary masters including Damien Hirst and Banksy. Based in Knightsbridge for the past 46 years, the gallery has a long established reputation of providing clients with a high level of service in a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere
Ethidium bromide intercalates between the bases of the DNA and induces supercoiling. ... Home FAQs If the DNA resulting from a Topoisomerase I reaction is run in an ethidium bromide gel and there seems to be no ... FAQ: If the DNA resulting from a Topoisomerase I reaction is run in an ethidium bromide gel and there seems to be no evidence ... After the gel is run, it can then be stained with ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA. The relaxed forms of the plasmid will ...
The ability to reversibly bind to DNA using ethidium bromide displacement assay was reported as apparanet DNA binding constant ...
... plus ethidium bromide, multichannel pipet compatible, 15.6 x 10 cm (tray size) ... 3% with ethidium bromide. 20 bp-1 kb. -. -. -. 1613030. 1613036. -. 1613062. TAE. 1% 200 bp-10 kb. 1613015. -. 1613057. -. -. - ... 3% with ethidium bromide. 20 bp-1 kb. -. -. -. -. -. -. 1613065. Note: A 3% ReadyAgarose gel is easier to handle and gives the ... Agarose Gels TAE with Ethidium Bromide Available Languages. Applies to catalog #s: 1613016, 1613018, 1613022, 1613024, 1613044 ...
Category: ethidium. CircRNA circ-ITCH improves renal inflammation and fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by ...
... Mutagenic chemicals, such as ethidium bromide, pose a threat to organic life due ... 7.19.1 Dry Ethidium Bromide Wastes, Including Gloves and Papers. 7.19.1 Dry Ethidium Bromide Wastes, Including Gloves and ... Ethidium bromide wastes that do not fluoresce are considered to be inactive and could be acceptable for drain or trash disposal ... Active ethidium bromide wastes may not be disposed of via the sanitary sewer or municipal trash without first being deactivated ...
... - Silent Flow release ... Ethidium Imply. Ethidium Imply is the culmination of many years ... Ethidium Imply - Malibu Dreams [SLNT036]. Often, we do not know what to say in specific situation. This album is the one of the ...
Ethidium Bromide staining of DNA by intercalation within the Nucleotide structure is a tried and tested method for the ...
Ethidium Bromiide offered by P C Chem, Mumbai, Maharashtra. ... Ethidium Bromiide 98%. Our range of products include ethidium ... CHEMICAL FORMULA : Ethidium Bromiide. CHEMICAL FORMULA : C21H20BrN3 ...
Ethidium bromide; gel electrophoresis. Bulk and Prepack available at Sigmaaldrich.com. ... Ethidium Bromide. Ethidium bromide is a well-known and widely used fluorescent dye in biotechnology research. ... Ethidium bromide intercalates double-stranded DNA and RNA and acts as a frameshift mutagen. It can also be used in conjunction ... Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is the most commonly used nucleic acid stain for PAGE or agarose gel electrophoresis. The fluorescence ...
Ethidium homodimer I solution. Synonym(s). : EtDi, EthD-1, Phenanthridinium, 5,5′-[1,2-ethanediylbis(imino-3,1-propanediyl)]bis ...
We have developed an inexpensive, rapid, and immediately accessible protocol to quantify PCR products, by measuring ethidium ... Ethidium bromide, Fluorescence, PCR, Quantification, Base Sequence, DNA, Ethidium, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Polymerase Chain ... Solid-phase plate-reader quantification of specific PCR products by measurement of band-specific ethidium bromide fluorescence. ... Solid-phase plate-reader quantification of specific PCR products by measurement of band-specific ethidium bromide fluorescence. ...
Ooplast-mediated developmental rescue of bovine oocytes exposed to ethidium bromide.. Authors: CHIARATTI, M. R.. FERREIRA, C. R ... To verify the role played by a dysfunction in the mitochondrial activity, bovine eggs were exposed to ethidium bromide, a drug ... However, a briefer treatment with ethidium bromide during the last 4?h of IVM led to partial arrest of preimplantation ... In spite of this developmental hindrance, transfer of normal ooplasm into ethidium bromide-treated oocytes resulted in a ...
Design of an ethidium bromide control circuit supported by deep theoretical insight. Overview of attention for article ... Design of an ethidium bromide control circuit supported by deep theoretical insight ...
Ethidium Bromide Market SWOT Analysis, Business Growth Opportunities by 2032 , S … insightSLICE, a industry research firm ... www.insightslice.com/request-sample/249 The report estimates the overall global Ethidium Bromide industry size, share, trends ... published latest report on the "Ethidium Bromide Industry by size, by share, by trends, by application and forecast to 2032" ...
... unless it is oxidized by superoxide anions to the product ethidium (Eth). CD4+ or CD8+ cells from clinically asymptomatic HIV-1 ...
Esterases (Calcein AM); DNA (Ethidium Homodimer-1).. Image courtesy of Lance Rodenkirch at W.M Keck Laboratory for Biological ...
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Ethidium binding to DNA significantly enhanced its fluorescence making it a convenient probe to evaluate DNA binding of many ... Ethidium binding to DNA significantly enhanced its fluorescence making it a convenient probe to evaluate DNA binding of many ... The addition of a DNA binding agent induces a progressive decrease in fluorescence of ethidium due to its displacement from the ... 2-Phenylenediamine Schiffs Base Derivatives as New Potential DNA Intercalators Using Ethidium Bromide Competition Fluorescent ...
Nocker A, Cheung C-Y, Camper AK, "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. ... Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. dead bacteria by selective removal of ... Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. dead bacteria by selective removal of ... this chemical can be applied to a wide range of species across the bacterial kingdom presenting a major advantage over ethidium ...
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MULTIDRUG BINDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR QACR BOUND TO TWO DRUGS: ETHIDIUM AND PROFLAVINE ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MULTIDRUG BINDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR QACR BOUND TO TWO DRUGS: ETHIDIUM AND PROFLAVINE ...
Ethidium bromide is a well-known and widely used fluorescent dye in biotechnology research. ...
Ethidium bromide and acridine orange staining. The fluorescent DNA-binding dyes ethidium bromide and acridine orange were used ... Shown are micrographs of ethidium bromide/acridine orange-stained (A; magnification 400×) and TUNEL-stained (B; magnification ... Whereas acridine orange is membrane-permeable and stains living cells, ethidium homodimer cannot penetrate intact cellular ... agarose gel and stained by ethidium bromide. DNA fragments were analyzed with a fluorescence imager (Typhoon, Amersham ...
Ethidium bromides fluorescence is greatly enhanced when it binds to DNA, so this compound is very useful in visualizing the ... DNA detection: the compound ethidium bromide, when free to change its conformation in solution, has very little fluorescence. ... Ethidium bromide can be toxic; a safer alternative is the dye SYBR Green. ...
  • The binding affinity of the cationic nanoparticles with DNA could be evaluated by competitive binding with ethidium bromide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide's intense fluorescence after binding with DNA is probably not due to rigid stabilization of the phenyl moiety, because the phenyl ring has been shown to project outside the intercalated bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • As water is a highly efficient fluorescence quencher, the removal of these water molecules allows the ethidium to fluoresce. (wikipedia.org)
  • Solid-phase plate-reader quantification of specific PCR products by measurement of band-specific ethidium bromide fluorescence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have developed an inexpensive, rapid, and immediately accessible protocol to quantify PCR products, by measuring ethidium bromide fluorescence of PCR products excised from agarose gels. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ethidium binding to DNA significantly enhanced its fluorescence making it a convenient probe to evaluate DNA binding of many drugs. (irispublishers.com)
  • The addition of a DNA binding agent induces a progressive decrease in fluorescence of ethidium due to its displacement from the duplex. (irispublishers.com)
  • Ethidium bromide intercalates between the bases of the DNA and induces supercoiling. (neb.com)
  • Ethidium bromide intercalates double-stranded DNA and RNA and acts as a frameshift mutagen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Since ultraviolet light is harmful to eyes and skin, gels stained with ethidium bromide are usually viewed indirectly using an enclosed camera, with the fluorescent images recorded as photographs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium Bromide staining of DNA by intercalation within the Nucleotide structure is a tried and tested method for the visualisation of DNA in Agarose or Acrylamide gels under UV conditions. (severnbiotech.com)
  • After a series of successive cycles of amplification, the presence of double stranded DNA product was visualized on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. (cdc.gov)
  • To convert ethidium bromide (EtBr) to the physiologically inactive product 2-carboxybenzophenone, stir a solution of 34 mg of ethidium bromide in 100 mL of water (at room temperature) with 300 mL of household bleach for 2 hours. (cornell.edu)
  • Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is the most commonly used nucleic acid stain for PAGE or agarose gel electrophoresis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Ethidium bromide (or homidium bromide, chloride salt homidium chloride) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide has also been used extensively to reduce mitochondrial DNA copy number in proliferating cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a factor in ooplasmic insufficiency, bovine oocytes were exposed to ethidium bromide, an inhibitor of mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription, during in-vitro maturation (IVM). (embrapa.br)
  • To verify the role played by a dysfunction in the mitochondrial activity, bovine eggs were exposed to ethidium bromide, a drug commonly used to impair mitochondrial function. (embrapa.br)
  • citation needed] Ethidium bromide is commonly used to detect nucleic acids in molecular biology laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
  • As with most fluorescent compounds, ethidium bromide is aromatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide is a well-known and widely used fluorescent dye in biotechnology research. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Ethidium bromide has been used in a number of fluorimetric assays for nucleic acids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • There are alternatives to ethidium bromide which are advertised as being less dangerous and having better performance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore to check the result of a Topoisomerase I reaction, the products MUST be run in a gel without any ethidium bromide. (neb.com)
  • Our range of products include ethidium bromiide. (pcchem.net)
  • General information about Ethidium Bromide as well as a list of companies that offer detoxification products. (ucdavis.edu)
  • When ethidium bromide solutions of this dilute concentration are used, the product solution does not show excess mutagenicity over standards in the Ames test. (cornell.edu)
  • Un test d'amplification en chaîne par polymérase (PCR) multiplex a également été mis au point pour identifier les isolats, et il s'est avéré que cette autre solution constituait un test diagnostique rapide, sensible et précis. (who.int)
  • the second marker, hydroethidine (HE), is nonfluorescent, unless it is oxidized by superoxide anions to the product ethidium (Eth). (nih.gov)
  • By moving into this hydrophobic environment and away from the solvent, the ethidium cation is forced to shed any water molecules that were associated with it. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the DNA resulting from a Topoisomerase I reaction is run in an ethidium bromide gel and there seems to be no evidence of enzyme activity, what is the most probable explanation? (neb.com)
  • Although we were unable to confirm that mitochondria were the only ooplasm component affected by ethidium bromide, we provide evidence that cytoplasm transfer can completely rescue developmentally compromised oocytes. (embrapa.br)
  • We provide evidence that this chemical can be applied to a wide range of species across the bacterial kingdom presenting a major advantage over ethidium monoazide (EMA). (montana.edu)
  • An overview of Genetic Toxicology Micronucleus Mice study conclusions related to Ethidium bromide (1239-45-8). (nih.gov)
  • Ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA) are closely related membrane impermeant dyes that selectively penetrate cells with compromised membranes. (kl.ac.at)
  • Ethidium bromide (or homidium bromide, chloride salt homidium chloride) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide's intense fluorescence after binding with DNA is probably not due to rigid stabilization of the phenyl moiety, because the phenyl ring has been shown to project outside the intercalated bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide's product shelf-life is 2 years. (mygreenlab.org)
  • The extractor for ethidium bromide decontamination is a self-contained activated carbon extraction device for removing mutagenic ethidium bromide (EtBr) from electrophoresis buffers. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • As with most fluorescent compounds, ethidium bromide is aromatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA binding of benzophenanthridine compounds sanguinarine versus ethidium: Comparative binding and thermodynamic profile of intercalation. (springer.com)
  • citation needed] Ethidium bromide is commonly used to detect nucleic acids in molecular biology laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. (nih.gov)
  • C) Effect of increasing ethidium bromide concentration on the sedimentation rate of the nucleoids from your wild-type cells (0, 1.5 and 3.0 g/ml, respectively, from top to bottom). (researchensemble.com)
  • D) Variance in the sedimentation rates with increasing concentration of ethidium bromide for nucleoids from your wild-type, and strains, respectively, from top to bottom (CM735 and its and mutant derivatives, and the concentrations of ethidium bromide required to titrate their superhelicity mutation and hypersensitivity of the strain to the gyrase-inhibiting drug novobiocin (Weitao chromosome. (researchensemble.com)
  • The packaging that holds ethidium bromide must be disposed of in conjunction with your organization's hazardous waste disposal procedures. (mygreenlab.org)
  • Comparison of radiometric macrophage assay and fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide staining for evaluation of M. leprae viability. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic Toxicity Evaluation of Ethidium Bromide in Salmonella/E.coli Mutagenicity Test or Ames Test. (nih.gov)
  • In the present study we have evaluated the Fluorescein Diacetate/Ethidium Bromide (FDA/EB) staining technique to assess the viability of Mycobacterium leprae obtained from biopsies of leprosy patients under different periods of treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Staining tissue-derived Mycobacterium leprae with fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide. (nih.gov)
  • 1 kb DNA Ladder visualized by ethidium bromide staining on a 0.8% TAE agarose gel. (neb.com)
  • By moving into this hydrophobic environment and away from the solvent, the ethidium cation is forced to shed any water molecules that were associated with it. (wikipedia.org)
  • As water is a highly efficient fluorescence quencher, the removal of these water molecules allows the ethidium to fluoresce. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ethidium bromide manufacturer did not want to provide information on energy, water, or waste reductions at the manufacturing facility. (mygreenlab.org)
  • Because of their efforts, for example, ethidium bromide, a toxic chemical dye used to detect DNA and RNA, was replaced with a nontoxic alternative in many labs across the NIH. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] Ethidium bromide is also used during DNA fragment separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethidium bromide can be added to YPD media and used as an inhibitor for cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • An established avian fibroblast cell line (LSCC-H32) has been found to be inherently resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of ethidium bromide, when supplied with exogenous uridine. (nih.gov)
  • After long-term exposure to ethidium bromide (90 days), the cell population has been transferred to drug-free medium for 60 days, and then seeded at low cell density. (nih.gov)
  • We've used ethidium bromide titration for direct measurement from the adjustments in the bad supercoiling of chromosome due to mutations inactivating the cell routine features and and mutants were lower and higher, respectively, than for the wild-type mother or father, confirming these cell routine genes modulate the topology from the chromosome. (researchensemble.com)
  • Thermodynamic profiles of the DNA binding of benzophenanthridines sanguinarine and ethidium: A comparative study with sequence specific polynucleotides. (springer.com)
  • Ethidium bromide has been found to be carcinogenic and hazardous. (mygreenlab.org)