Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
Neoplasms located in the space between the vertebral PERIOSTEUM and DURA MATER surrounding the SPINAL CORD. Tumors in this location are most often metastatic in origin and may cause neurologic deficits by mass effect on the spinal cord or nerve roots or by interfering with blood supply to the spinal cord.
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The last bone in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN in tailless primates considered to be a vestigial tail-bone consisting of three to five fused VERTEBRAE.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
Numeric or quantitative entities, descriptions, properties, relationships, operations, and events.
Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by HEADACHE which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); NAUSEA; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Circumscribed collections of suppurative material occurring in the spinal or intracranial EPIDURAL SPACE. The majority of epidural abscesses occur in the spinal canal and are associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a vertebral body; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include local and radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, URINARY INCONTINENCE, and FECAL INCONTINENCE. Cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a cranial bone, SINUSITIS, or OTITIS MEDIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p710 and pp1240-1; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Aug;65(2):209-12)
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, and originate from cells within the spinal structure or spread to the spine from other parts of the body (metastatic).
Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.
Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
A widely used local anesthetic agent.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

Extradural inflammation associated with annular tears: demonstration with gadolinium-enhanced lumbar spine MRI. (1/328)

Annular tears are manifest on MRI as the high-intensity zone (HIZ) or as annular enhancement. Patients with annular tears may experience low back pain with radiation into the lower limb in the absence of nerve root compression. Inflammation of nerve roots from leak of degenerative nuclear material through full-thickness annular tears is a proposed mechanism for such leg pain. The aim of this study is to illustrate the appearance of extradural enhancement adjacent to annular tears in patients being investigated for low back pain with radiation into the lower limb(s). Sagittal T1- and T2-weighted spin echo and axial T1-weighted spin echo sequences were obtained in eight patients being investigated for low back and leg pain. In all patients, the T1-weighted sequences were repeated following intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA). Annular tears were identified at 12 sites in eight patients. Extradural inflammation appeared as a region of intermediate signal intensity replacing the fat between the posterior disc margin and the theca, which enhanced following Gd-DTPA. The inflammatory change was always associated with an annular tear, and in four cases directly involved the nerve root. Enhancement of the nerve root was seen in two cases. The findings may be relevant in the diagnosis of chemical radiculopathy secondary to inflammation at the site of an annular leak from a degenerating disc.  (+info)

Recurrent spinal epidural metastases: a prospective study with a complete follow up. (2/328)

OBJECTIVES: Prospective studies with a complete follow up in patients with spinal epidural metastases (SEM) are rare, so little is known of the incidence and relevance of recurrent spinal epidural metastases (RSEM). This prospective study was undertaken as a part of a previously started and extended prospective study to determine the occurrence and details of RSEM. METHODS: Patients with SEM of various primary malignancies were followed up until death. The diagnosis was confirmed after neurological examination by imaging studies visualising not only the clinically suspected level, but also as much of the spinal canal as possible. RESULTS: Recurrent spinal epidural metastases (RSEM) occurred in 21 of the 103 patients (20%) after a median interval of 7 months and, after treatment, a second recurrence occurred in 11 patients (11%), a third recurrence in two patients (2%), and a sixth recurrence in one patient (1%). RSEM developed about as often at the initial level (55%) as at a different level (45%), did not occur more often in patients with initially multiple SEM, but, not surprisingly, occurred much more often in patients with longer survival. About one half of the patients surviving 2 years, and nearly all patients surviving 3 years or longer developed RSEM. Ambulatory state could be preserved in most patients, even after their second recurrence. CONCLUSION: RSEM are common and even several episodes of RSEM in the same patient are not rare. Patients with SEM who survive long enough have a high risk of RSEM and prompt treatment of RSEM to maintain the ambulatory state of the patient is valuable.  (+info)

Cervical epidural lipoblastomatosis: changing MR appearance after chemotherapy. (3/328)

Lipoblastomatosis is a locally infiltrative tumor of embryonic fat. We describe the MR appearance of cervical lipoblastomatosis with epidural extension. The initial MR study showed features of a soft-tissue mass; a subsequent MR examination, performed after chemotherapy, depicted the lesion as a typical lipoma of high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and of intermediate signal on T2-weighted sequences.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of epidurally delivered sustained-release encapsulated morphine in dogs. (4/328)

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the epidural effects of a multivesicular liposome-based sustained-release preparation of morphine (C0401) on behavior and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and serum kinetics of morphine. METHODS: Beagle dogs were prepared with lumbar epidural catheters with subcutaneous injection ports and lumbar intrathecal catheters. Each dog (n = 6) received the following by the epidural route: 5 mg/3 ml morphine sulfate in saline (MS-5), 10 mg/3 ml C0401 (C0401-10), and 30 mg/3 ml C0401 (C0401-30). Behavioral and physiologic parameters and nociceptive responses (skin twitch latency) were evaluated, and morphine concentrations were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and serum. RESULTS: All morphine treatments blocked the skin twitch response. Time to onset was 1.3 +/- 0.3 h for C0401-30; 2.6 +/- 0.6 h for C0401-10; and 0.4 +/- 0.2 h for MS-5. Duration of action was 62 +/- 0.3 h for C0401-30; 27 +/- 2 h for MS-5. All treatments produced a modest reduction in arousal, muscle tone, and coordination, with the duration of the C0401-30 preparation being longer lasting. Respiratory rate was mildly depressed by all treatments, and moderate hypotension was noted. Time to peak cerebrospinal fluid morphine concentration was 11 h for C0401-30; 3 h for C0401-10; and 5 min for MS-5. Peak lumbar cerebrospinal fluid level was 34,992 +/- 5,578 ng/ml for MS-5; 14,483 +/- 3,438 ng/ml for C0401-30; and 10,730 +/- 2,888 ng/ml for C0401-10. Morphine mean residence time in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid was 0.8 +/- 0.1 h for MS-5; 8.9 +/- 1.0 h for C0401-30. DISCUSSION: Kinetics studies showed that multivesicular liposome sequestration results in a restrained and persistent release of morphine from the epidural space. This extended release corresponded with an extended duration of analgesia without an attendant increase in the incidence of side effects.  (+info)

Epidurography and therapeutic epidural injections: technical considerations and experience with 5334 cases. (5/328)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Even in experienced hands, blind epidural steroid injections result in inaccurate needle placement in up to 30% of cases. The use of fluoroscopy and radiologic contrast material provides confirmation of accurate needle placement within the epidural space. We describe our technique and experience with contrast epidurography and therapeutic epidural steroid injections, and review the frequency of systemic and neurologic complications. METHODS: Epidural steroid injections were performed in 5489 consecutive outpatients over a period of 5 1/2 years by three procedural neuroradiologists. In 155 cases (2.8%), the injections were done without contrast material owing to either confirmed or suspected allergy. The remaining 5334 injections were performed after epidurography through the same needle. Patients and referring clinicians were instructed to contact us first regarding complications or any problem potentially related to the injection. In addition, the referring clinicians' offices were instructed to contact us regarding any conceivable procedure-related complications. RESULTS: Only 10 patients in the entire series required either oral (n = 5) or intravenous (n = 5) sedation. Four complications (0.07%) required either transport to an emergency room (n = 2) or hospitalization (n = 2). None of the complications required surgical intervention, and all were self-limited with regard to symptoms and imaging manifestations. Fluoroscopic needle placement and epidurography provided visual confirmation of accurate needle placement, distribution of the injectate, and depiction of epidural space disease. CONCLUSION: Epidurography in conjunction with epidural steroid injections provides for safe and accurate therapeutic injection and is associated with an exceedingly low frequency of untoward sequelae. It can be performed safely on an outpatient basis and does not require sedation or special monitoring.  (+info)

Cervical epidural rhabdomyosarcoma with a leukemia-like presentation in an aged patient--case report. (6/328)

A 77-year-old female presented with rhabdomyosarcoma manifesting as leukemia-like indications. Neuroimagings detected cervical and paravertebral masses. Immunohistochemical study of the surgically excised mass lesion from the cervical spine established the correct diagnosis. This leukemia-like presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma requires a multidisciplinary approach to establish the correct diagnosis and treatment.  (+info)

Paravertebral arteriovenous malformations with epidural drainage: clinical spectrum, imaging features, and results of treatment. (7/328)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the spine or spinal cord can be characterized as spinal cord AVMs, spinal cord and dural arteriovenous fistulas, and AVMs occurring outside the dura but draining into the epidural veins. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical spectrum, imaging features, and results of treatment of paravertebral arteriovenous malformations (PVAVMs) with epidural drainage. METHODS: The clinical records and images of 10 patients with PVAVMs were analyzed retrospectively for clinical presentation, MR findings, angioarchitecture, pathophysiology, treatment efficacy, and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Seven patients had myelopathy. The MR findings for three of these patients showed spinal cord hyperintensity on T2-weighted sequences and prominent perimedullary vessels. Angiography, performed in two of the three patients, showed evidence of reflux into the perimedullary veins from the PVAVMs. Each of these two patients underwent surgical clipping of the radicular vein leading to the perimedullary veins. In three of the seven patients, there were large epidural veins compressing the cord. Angiography performed in these patients showed large PVAVMs with multiple feeders, which were treated by a combination of transarterial and transvenous embolization. One of the seven patients had an associated spinal cord arteriovenous malformation. In three patients with incidental PVAVMs, cure was achieved by using a combination of coils and liquid adhesives by the endovascular route. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of PVAVMs is variable, and symptomatic lesions are the result of compression by epidural veins or of congestive myelopathy. A clear understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology is necessary to plan treatment. Endovascular techniques are capable of curing the malformation, alleviating the symptoms, or both in a significant proportion of these lesions.  (+info)

Lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cysts: diagnostic and indication for surgery. (8/328)

No critical discussion of the indication for the surgical treatment of lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cysts is found in the literature. Therefore, we want to compare the results in patients with operative and conservative treatment to define standards for a good surgical result. Over a period of 9 years, we operated on eight patients with a lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cyst and treated eight others conservatively. Only three of the operated patients experienced a postoperative relief of pain, but none was symptom free. The only one with continuing success had a preoperative history of 1 year only. MRI scans without contrast agent were misinterpreted in one included and one excluded case. The results of conservative treatment were nearly the same as those of operative treatment. MRI is the best diagnostic tool, but a variety of sequences must be used. Patients with a short pain history and a clear neurological deficit profited most from surgery. Patients with slight and not clearly related uncharacteristic symptoms should be excluded from surgery.  (+info)

The epidural space is the potential space located outside the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). This space runs the entire length of the spinal canal and contains fatty tissue, blood vessels, and nerve roots. It is often used as a route for administering anesthesia during childbirth or surgery, as well as for pain management in certain medical conditions. The injection of medications into this space is called an epidural block.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

In the context of medicine, "needles" are thin, sharp, and typically hollow instruments used in various medical procedures to introduce or remove fluids from the body, administer medications, or perform diagnostic tests. They consist of a small-gauge metal tube with a sharp point on one end and a hub on the other, where a syringe is attached.

There are different types of needles, including:

1. Hypodermic needles: These are used for injections, such as intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or intravenous (IV) injections, to deliver medications directly into the body. They come in various sizes and lengths depending on the type of injection and the patient's age and weight.
2. Blood collection needles: These are used for drawing blood samples for diagnostic tests. They have a special vacuum-assisted design that allows them to easily penetrate veins and collect the required amount of blood.
3. Surgical needles: These are used in surgeries for suturing (stitching) wounds or tissues together. They are typically curved and made from stainless steel, with a triangular or reverse cutting point to facilitate easy penetration through tissues.
4. Acupuncture needles: These are thin, solid needles used in traditional Chinese medicine for acupuncture therapy. They are inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing.

It is essential to follow proper infection control procedures when handling and disposing of needles to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases.

Epidural injection is a medical procedure where a medication is injected into the epidural space of the spine. The epidural space is the area between the outer covering of the spinal cord (dura mater) and the vertebral column. This procedure is typically used to provide analgesia (pain relief) or anesthesia for surgical procedures, labor and delivery, or chronic pain management.

The injection usually contains a local anesthetic and/or a steroid medication, which can help reduce inflammation and swelling in the affected area. The medication is delivered through a thin needle that is inserted into the epidural space using the guidance of fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Epidural injections are commonly used to treat various types of pain, including lower back pain, leg pain (sciatica), and neck pain. They can also be used to diagnose the source of pain by injecting a local anesthetic to numb the area and determine if it is the cause of the pain.

While epidural injections are generally safe, they do carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or allergic reactions to the medication. It's important to discuss these risks with your healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

The ligamentum flavum is a pair of elastic bands of tissue located in the spine. They connect the laminae, which are parts of the vertebral arch, from one vertebra to the next in the spine. These ligaments help maintain the stability and alignment of the vertebral column, allowing for a limited range of movement while preventing excessive motion that could cause injury. The elasticity of the ligamentum flavum also facilitates the return of the spinal column to its normal position after flexion.

These ligaments are named "flavum" because they have a yellowish color due to their high elastin content. They play an essential role in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots from damage during movements of the spine. Any degeneration, thickening, or calcification of the ligamentum flavum may lead to conditions such as spinal stenosis, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

Epidural neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the epidural space, which is the area between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the spinal cord) and the vertebral column. These tumors can be either primary, originating directly from the cells in the epidural space, or secondary, resulting from the spread (metastasis) of cancerous cells from other parts of the body.

Epidural neoplasms can cause various symptoms due to the compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots. These symptoms may include localized back pain, radiating pain, sensory changes, motor weakness, and autonomic dysfunction. The diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy for histopathological examination to confirm the type and grade of the tumor. Treatment options depend on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and size of the tumor, and the type and extent of neurological deficits. Treatment may involve surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Lipomatosis is a medical term that refers to a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of fatty tumors (lipomas) in various parts of the body. These lipomas are benign, soft, and rubbery masses made up of adipose or fatty tissue. Unlike isolated lipomas, which occur as solitary lumps under the skin, lipomatosis is a more widespread condition where multiple lipomas develop in a diffuse pattern, affecting a particular region or area of the body.

There are different types of lipomatosis, including:

1. Diffuse Lipomatosis: This type involves the growth of numerous small lipomas distributed throughout the subcutaneous tissue, giving the affected area a doughy feel and appearance.
2. Adiposis Dolorosa or Dercum's Disease: A rare condition characterized by painful and tender lipomas typically found in the trunk, arms, and legs. It primarily affects middle-aged women and can be accompanied by other systemic symptoms like fatigue, memory problems, and depression.
3. Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis (MSL) or Madelung's Disease: This condition predominantly affects middle-aged men, particularly those with a history of alcohol abuse. It is characterized by the growth of large, symmetrical lipomas around the neck, shoulders, and upper trunk, leading to a "horse collar" appearance.
4. Familial Multiple Lipomatosis: An inherited condition where multiple benign fatty tumors develop in various parts of the body, usually appearing during adulthood. It tends to run in families with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Treatment for lipomatosis typically involves surgical removal of the lipomas if they cause discomfort, limit mobility, or negatively impact a person's appearance. Regular monitoring and follow-up appointments with healthcare professionals are essential to ensure that no malignant changes occur in the lipomas over time.

Radiculopathy is a medical term that refers to the condition where there is damage or disturbance in the nerve roots as they exit the spinal column. These nerve roots, also known as radicles, can become damaged due to various reasons such as compression, inflammation, or injury, leading to a range of symptoms.

Radiculopathy may occur in any part of the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When the nerve roots in the cervical region are affected, it can result in symptoms such as neck pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or fingers. On the other hand, when the nerve roots in the lumbar region are affected, it can cause lower back pain, leg pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs or feet.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage to the nerve roots. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own with rest and conservative treatment. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as physical therapy, medication, or surgery may be necessary to alleviate the symptoms and prevent further damage.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the small triangular bone at the bottom of the spine in humans and other primates. It is formed by the fusion of several small vertebrae and serves to attach muscles and ligaments in the pelvic region. The coccyx can be a source of pain and discomfort if it is injured or becomes inflamed.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

Obstetrical analgesia refers to the use of medications or techniques to relieve pain during childbirth. The goal of obstetrical analgesia is to provide comfort and relaxation for the mother during labor and delivery while minimizing risks to both the mother and the baby. There are several methods of obstetrical analgesia, including:

1. Systemic opioids: These medications, such as morphine or fentanyl, can be given intravenously to help reduce the pain of contractions. However, they can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression in the mother and may also affect the baby's breathing and alertness at birth.
2. Regional anesthesia: This involves numbing a specific area of the body using local anesthetics. The two most common types of regional anesthesia used during childbirth are epidural and spinal anesthesia.

a. Epidural anesthesia: A catheter is inserted into the lower back, near the spinal cord, to deliver a continuous infusion of local anesthetic and sometimes opioids. This numbs the lower half of the body, reducing the pain of contractions and allowing for a more comfortable delivery. Epidural anesthesia can also be used for cesarean sections.

b. Spinal anesthesia: A single injection of local anesthetic is given into the spinal fluid, numbing the lower half of the body. This type of anesthesia is often used for cesarean sections and can also be used for vaginal deliveries in some cases.

3. Nitrous oxide: Also known as laughing gas, this colorless, odorless gas can be inhaled through a mask to help reduce anxiety and provide some pain relief during labor. It is not commonly used in the United States but is more popular in other countries.

When choosing an obstetrical analgesia method, it's essential to consider the potential benefits and risks for both the mother and the baby. Factors such as the mother's health, the progression of labor, and personal preferences should all be taken into account when making this decision. It is crucial to discuss these options with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate choice for each individual situation.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Tissue adhesions, also known as scar tissue adhesions, are abnormal bands of fibrous tissue that form between two or more internal organs, or between organs and the walls of the chest or abdominal cavity. These adhesions can develop after surgery, infection, injury, radiation, or prolonged inflammation. The fibrous bands can cause pain, restrict movement of the organs, and potentially lead to complications such as bowel obstruction. Treatment options for tissue adhesions may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the adhesions.

Fiber optic technology in the medical context refers to the use of thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic fibers that are designed to transmit light and images along their length. These fibers are used to create bundles, known as fiber optic cables, which can be used for various medical applications such as:

1. Illumination: Fiber optics can be used to deliver light to hard-to-reach areas during surgical procedures or diagnostic examinations.
2. Imaging: Fiber optics can transmit images from inside the body, enabling doctors to visualize internal structures and tissues. This is commonly used in medical imaging techniques such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, and laparoscopy.
3. Sensing: Fiber optic sensors can be used to measure various physiological parameters such as temperature, pressure, and strain within the body. These sensors can provide real-time data during surgical procedures or for monitoring patients' health status.

Fiber optic technology offers several advantages over traditional medical imaging techniques, including high resolution, flexibility, small diameter, and the ability to bend around corners without significant loss of image quality. Additionally, fiber optics are non-magnetic and can be used in MRI environments without causing interference.

Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:

1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.

The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mathematical Concepts" is not a medical term. Mathematical concepts refer to the building blocks and principles that form the foundation of mathematics as a discipline. These can include ideas such as numbers, operations, functions, geometry, algebra, calculus, and many others.

If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help!

Intracranial hypotension is a medical condition characterized by reduced pressure within the cranial cavity (the space containing brain and cerebrospinal fluid). This can occur due to several reasons, most commonly being a spontaneous or traumatic CSF leak (cerebrospinal fluid leak) from the dural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The decrease in CSF pressure can cause various symptoms such as headaches (often positional), nausea, vomiting, neck pain, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include bed rest, hydration, caffeine, epidural blood patch procedures, or surgical repair of CSF leaks.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Intervertebral disc displacement, also known as a slipped disc or herniated disc, is a medical condition where the inner, softer material (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures through its outer, tougher ring (annulus fibrosus). This can put pressure on nearby nerves and cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area, often in the lower back or neck. The displacement may also lead to inflammation and irritation of the surrounding spinal structures, further exacerbating the symptoms. The condition is typically caused by age-related wear and tear (degenerative disc disease) or sudden trauma.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

A blood patch, epidural is a medical procedure used to treat a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), which can occur after a lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia. During the procedure, a small amount of the patient's own blood is withdrawn and injected into the epidural space, forming a clot that seals the dural tear and alleviates the headache.

The blood patch procedure involves several steps:

1. The patient is typically placed in a lateral decubitus position (lying on their side) to widen the intervertebral space.
2. The area is cleaned and prepared for the injection, similar to other sterile procedures.
3. Using a local anesthetic, the skin and underlying tissues are numbed to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
4. A thin needle is inserted into the epidural space, usually at the same level as the original dural puncture.
5. Once the needle is in the correct position, a small amount of blood (usually around 10-20 mL) is drawn from a vein in the patient's arm.
6. The withdrawn blood is then slowly injected into the epidural space through the needle.
7. After the injection, the needle is removed, and the patient is monitored for any adverse reactions or complications.

The clot formed by the injected blood helps to seal the dural tear, preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from leaking into the epidural space and causing a headache. The blood patch procedure typically provides rapid relief from PDPH, with most patients experiencing significant improvement within 30 minutes to an hour after the injection. However, in some cases, multiple blood patches may be required to achieve complete resolution of the headache.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

An epidural abscess is a localized collection of pus (abscess) in the epidural space, which is the potential space between the dura mater (the outermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) and the vertebral column. The infection typically occurs as a result of bacterial invasion into this space and can cause compression of the spinal cord or nerves, leading to serious neurological deficits if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Epidural abscesses can occur in any part of the spine but are most commonly found in the lumbar region. They may develop as a complication of a nearby infection, such as a skin or soft tissue infection, or as a result of hematogenous spread (spread through the bloodstream) from a distant site of infection. Risk factors for developing an epidural abscess include diabetes, intravenous drug use, spinal surgery, and spinal instrumentation.

Symptoms of an epidural abscess may include back pain, fever, neck stiffness, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, along with laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of surgical drainage of the abscess and administration of antibiotics to eliminate the infection. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and prevent further neurological damage.

Spinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors found within the spinal column, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can originate in the spine itself, called primary spinal neoplasms, or they can spread to the spine from other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic spinal neoplasms. Spinal neoplasms can cause various symptoms, such as back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis, depending on their location and size. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent or minimize long-term complications and improve the patient's prognosis.

Caudal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting a local anesthetic into the caudal canal, which is the lower end of the spinal canal where it meets the tailbone or coccyx. This region contains nerve roots that provide sensation to the perineum, buttocks, and lower extremities.

Caudal anesthesia is typically administered through a single injection into the caudal space using a needle inserted through the sacrococcygeal ligament, which is a tough band of tissue that connects the sacrum (the triangular bone at the base of the spine) to the coccyx. Once the needle is in place, the anesthetic solution is injected into the caudal space, where it spreads to surround and numb the nearby nerve roots.

This type of anesthesia is often used for surgeries or procedures involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as hernia repairs, hemorrhoidectomies, or hip replacements. It can also be used to provide postoperative pain relief or to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the lower body.

As with any medical procedure, caudal anesthesia carries some risks and potential complications, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and accidental injection of the anesthetic into a blood vessel. However, these complications are rare when the procedure is performed by a trained and experienced anesthesiologist.

Cross-sectional anatomy refers to the study and visualization of the internal structures of the body as if they were cut along a plane, creating a two-dimensional image. This method allows for a detailed examination of the relationships between various organs, tissues, and structures that may not be as easily appreciated through traditional observation or examination.

In cross-sectional anatomy, different imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are used to create detailed images of the body's internal structures at various depths and planes. These images can help medical professionals diagnose conditions, plan treatments, and assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Cross-sectional anatomy is an important tool in modern medicine, as it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the human body than traditional gross anatomy alone. By allowing for a detailed examination of the internal structures of the body, cross-sectional anatomy can help medical professionals make more informed decisions about patient care.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.

Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.

Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramina (the openings through which nerves exit the spinal column), typically in the lower back (lumbar) or neck (cervical) regions. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected areas, often in the legs, arms, or hands. It's most commonly caused by age-related wear and tear, but can also be due to degenerative changes, herniated discs, tumors, or spinal injuries.

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, typically between the costal margin (bottom of the ribcage) and the gluteal folds (buttocks). It can be caused by several factors including strain or sprain of the muscles or ligaments, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other degenerative conditions affecting the spine. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp stabbing sensation and may be accompanied by stiffness, limited mobility, and radiating pain down the legs in some cases. Low back pain is often described as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (lasting between 6-12 weeks), or chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks).

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

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The anatomy of the epidural space is such that spinal epidural hematoma has a different presentation from intracranial epidural ... Spinal extradural haematoma or spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is bleeding into the epidural space in the spine. These may arise ... the epidural space contains loose fatty tissue and a network of large, thin-walled veins, referred to as the epidural venous ... The risk following epidural anaesthesia is difficult to quantify; estimates vary from 1 per 10,000 to 1 per 100,000 epidural ...
The epidural venous plexus is a network of interconnecting veins located in the anterior epidural space, in the outermost part ... "Anatomy of the Epidural Space" University of Washington Detlev Uhlenbrock, Dirk Brechtelsbauer "MR imaging of the spine and ...
It may also refer to: Epidural administration Epidural space Epidural venous plexus Epidural needle (Tuohy needle) Epidural ... The term epidural (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "on, upon" + dura mater) is an adjective referring to the epidural space, part of ... Epidural steroid injection Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) Epidural abscess Epidural haematoma This disambiguation ... The term is most commonly used to refer to epidural administration of analgesics and anesthetics. ...
ISBN 978-1-4160-4836-7. Racz, Gabor B.; Holubec, Jerry T. (1989). "Lysis of Adhesions in the Epidural Space". In Racz, Gabor B ... The procedure is somewhat similar to an epidural and is used when conventional methods have failed. The Racz procedure may ... In 1989, he developed epidural lysis of adhesions, sometimes referred to as percutaneous adhesiolysis, or simply the Racz ... In 1989, he developed epidural lysis of adhesions, a minimally invasive, percutaneous procedure also known as the "Racz ...
An epidural abscess refers to a collection of pus and infectious material located in the epidural space superficial to the dura ... where epidural space is larger and contains more fat tissue. SEAs are more common in males, and can occur in all ages, although ... A spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a collection of pus or inflammatory granulation between the dura mater and the vertebral ... Due to its location adjacent to brain or spinal cord, epidural abscesses have the potential to cause weakness, pain, and ...
It is a method for the identification of the epidural space, a potential space. As a needle is advanced through the ligamentum ... The identification of this space, allows subsequent administration of epidural anaesthesia, a technique used primarily for ... to the epidural space, with constant pressure applied to the piston of a syringe, loss of resistance occurs once the needle ... saline or air to identify the epidural space. The LORS technique is generally favoured due to the increased complication risk ...
... is a technique in which corticosteroids and a local anesthetic are injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord in ... "Multiple epidural steroid injections and body mass index linked with occurrence of epidural lipomatosis: a case series". BMC ... Epidural steroid injection for sciatica and spinal stenosis is of unclear effect. The evidence to support use in the cervical ... Another study found an increased odds of developing epidural lipomatosis, independent of body mass index (BMI) or other factors ...
The potential space between these two layers is known as the epidural space. The dura separates into two layers at dural ... An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, and is usually due to ...
The posterior (dorsal) root ganglion is situated within the IVF.: 425 The adipose tissue of the spinal epidural space extends ... Foramina can be occluded by arthritic degenerative changes and space-occupying lesions like tumors, metastases, and spinal disc ...
The spine most often is affected by metastatic disease involving the epidural space. This usually occurs as direct tumor spread ... 2. Spinal Cord Tumor Presentations Pain is the first symptom in >90% of patients presenting with epidural metastasis and occurs ... usually occur late in the course of epidural spinal cord compression but are seen in a small percentage of patients at ...
Epidural procedure, which contains additional information on identification of the epidural space Brooks W (April 1957). "An ... It was originally designed on the assumption that the pressure in the epidural space was negative. This device is no-longer ... Odom's indicator is a device used for locating the epidural space in regional anaesthesia. The device works on Dogliotti's ... Iklé A (July 1950). "Preliminary report of new technique for epidural anaesthesia". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 22 (3): 150 ...
The potential space between these ligaments and the dura mater covering the spinal cord is known as the epidural space. Spinal ... The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to ... The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the internal vertebral ... Spinal canal endoscopy can be used to investigate the epidural space, and is an important spinal diagnostic technique. The ...
A small amount of the person's blood is injected into the epidural space near the site of the original puncture; the resulting ... PDPH is thought to result from a loss of cerebrospinal fluid into the epidural space. A decreased hydrostatic pressure in the ... Safa-Tisseront V, Thormann F, Malassiné P, Henry M, Riou B, Coriat P, Seebacher J (August 2001). "Effectiveness of epidural ... Desai, Mehul J.; Dave, Ankur P.; Martin, Megan B. (May 2010). "Delayed radicular pain following two large volume epidural blood ...
Literally, an epidural needle is simply a needle that is placed into the epidural space. To provide continuous epidural ... a small hollow catheter may be threaded through the epidural needle into the epidural space, and left there while the needle is ... However, in case of inadvertent dural perforation, the incidence of headache can be lowered by identifying the epidural space ... Epidural needles are designed with a curved tip to help prevent puncture of the dural membrane. But following accidental dural ...
First, microelectrodes are implanted in the epidural space to deliver stimulation pulses to the tissue. Second, an electrical ... However, there are many parameters that need to be optimized including number of implanted contacts, contact size and spacing, ... Yet, in comparison to the implanted epidural variant, the efficacy of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation depends on the ... have been made in both the clinical aspects of SCS such as transition from subdural placement of contacts to epidural placement ...
Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ... The space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater is called the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space contains ... a condition where there is excessive deposit of fat in the epidural space, causing compression of nerve root and spinal cord. ... The epidural fat can be seen as low density on CT scan and high intensity on T2-weighted fast spin echo MRI images. Spinal ...
Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ... The space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater is called the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space contains ... This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an anatomic extension of the spaces in the brain known as the ... involves use of a needle to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space, usually from the lumbar region of the ...
The epidural space is accessed with loss of resistance technique using a 14-gauge Tuohy needle. The lead is fed through ... This trial begins with placement of temporary leads into the epidural space and connected percutaneously to an external ... Barolat, G.; Massaro, F.; He, J.; Zeme, S.; Ketcik, B. (February 1993). "Mapping of sensory responses to epidural stimulation ... Other complications include rotation of the pulse generator, haematomas (subcutaneous or epidural), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ...
"Investigation of meningomyovertebral structures within the upper cervical epidural space: a sheet plastination study with ... It is believed that this anatomical arrangement permits a superiorly located anchor point for epidural bridging structures and ...
During an epidural, the needle has to be inserted into the spinal space through a ligamentum flavum. Once it passes through, ...
Along most of the spinal canal it is separated from the inner surface by the epidural space. The sac has projections that ... The lumbar cistern is part of the subarachnoid space. It is the space within the thecal sac which extends from below the end of ... For epidural anesthesia an anesthetic agent is injected into the space just outside the thecal sac and diffuses through the ... For spinal anaesthesia in general, an injection can be given intrathecally into the subarachnoid space, or into the spinal ...
Next, both radicular veins travel to the epidural space by means of joining the internal vertebral venous plexuses. Ultimately ...
In the spine, the epidural space is an anatomic space that is the outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within ... subarachnoid space, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the spinal cord). Injection of local anesthetics is often performed to treat ...
Epidural anesthesia is an LA injected into the epidural space, where it acts primarily on the spinal nerve roots; depending on ... overdose in spinal anesthesia or accidental injection into the subarachnoid space in epidural anesthesia. Cardiac toxicity can ... making epidural anesthesia still a highly successful technique. Besides its many uses for surgery, epidural anesthesia is ... Epidural anesthesia by a caudal approach had been known in the early 20th century, but a well-defined technique using lumbar ...
A local anesthetic may be instilled into the pleural space, or an epidural catheter may be placed for anesthesia.[citation ... Pleurodesis is a medical procedure in which part of the pleural space is artificially obliterated. It involves the adhesion of ... The instilled chemicals cause irritation between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pleura which closes off the space ... or a slurry of talc can be introduced into the pleural space through a chest drain. ...
Between the vertebrae and the dural sheath is the spinal epidural space. Unlike the cranial epidural space, the spinal epidural ... the epidural space is the potential space between the dura mater and vertebrae (spine). The anatomy term "epidural space" has ... At these sites, the epidural space is wide enough to house the epidural venous sinuses. There are four fibrous septa: Falx ... ", "extradural space" or "peridural space". In humans the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose ...
... Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Jan;17(1):69-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- ...
LOINC Code 75670-0 RF Lumbar spine epidural space Views W contrast epidural ... Abdomen,Spine.lumbar epidural space. Scale. Doc. Method. RF. Additional Names. Short Name. RF L-spine space Views W contr EP. ... RF Lumbar spine epidural space Views W contrast epidural Active Fully-Specified Name. Component. Views^W contrast EP. Property ... Abdomen> Columna vertebral, espacio epidural lumbar:. Documento:. RF. it-IT. Italian (Italy). Viste^Con contrasto EP:. ...
"Epidural Space" by people in this website by year, and whether "Epidural Space" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Epidural Space" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Epidural Space" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Epidural Space". ...
... epidural for short, is a tiny tube that puts pain medicine directly into the area in your back around your spinal cord. ... epidural catheter) into the space around the spinal cord (epidural space). The epidural catheter is placed at or below the ... This area is called the epidural space.. An epidural can be used during childbirth to partly or fully numb the lower body. The ... An epidural for childbirth, called an "epidural" for short, is a tiny tube that puts pain medicine directly into the area in ...
Improves Access to Epidural Space. Confirms Catheter In Epidural Space. Confirms Catheter Level. ... respective of confirming epidural placement within the epidural space.4,6. The epidural electrical stimulating test not only ... Epidural wave form analysis allows for an objective assessment of catheter placement in the epidural space; however, it ... After the wire-reinforced catheter is advanced into the epidural space, the Tuohy needle is removed. The epidural catheter is ...
Use this page to view details for the Local Coverage Determination for Epidural Steroid Injections for Pain Management. ... EPIDURAL space of the spine by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus under fluoroscopic guidance into the EPIDURAL space ... An EPIDURAL injection performed via a paramedian approach to enter the EPIDURAL space by placing the needle in the posterior- ... The epidural space lies outside the dural membrane inside the spinal canal. It runs the length of the spine and, in addition to ...
... we speculated that the most important factor affecting the distribution of the solution in the epidural space was _ ... "An in Vitro Evaluation of Pressure Generated by Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus (PIEB) or Continuous Epidural Infusion ( ... Continuous epidural infusion versus programmed intermittent epidural bolus for labor analgesia: optimal configuration of ... Continuous epidural infusion versus programmed intermittent epidural bolus for labor analgesia: optimal configuration of ...
Epidural steroid injections relieve pain by reducing inflammation and swelling around the spinal nerves, enhancing well-being. ... These injections typically deposit steroids and/or other medications in the epidural space of the spine. The epidural space ... Different routes or approaches are possible to inject medication into the epidural space. 1 Manchikanti L, Nampiaparampil DE, ... Transforaminal injection-the needle is inserted into the epidural space through the intervertebral foramen on the side of the ...
... the epidural space is easily accessible. This intraoperative situation allows surgeons to apply an epidural bolus of analgesia ... Intraoperative epidural analgesia for pain relief after lumbar decompressive spine surgery: A systematic review and meta- ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural- ... i,Results,/i,. The terminal elimination half-life of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone in a noncompartmental ... i,Conclusions,/i,. The pharmacokinetics of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone is consistent with our previous study ... i,Background,/i,. Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly performed procedures to treat painful ...
Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. They are given ... Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. They are given ... This is called the epidural space.. *The medicine numbs, or blocks, feeling in a certain part of your body so that you either ... For an epidural:. *The health care provider injects medicine just outside of the sac of fluid around your spinal cord. ...
Epidural nerve block has become a significant advance in neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia. Dr. ... Identification of Epidural Space. Several methods can be used to identify the epidural space. They include the following:. * ... Anteroposterior view if catheter being advanced into the lumbar epidural space after entry via transcaudal epidural space. View ... Therefore, the medication should be placed into the anterior epidural space rather than the posterior epidural space. In a ...
A cervical epidural steroid injection is an injection of anti-inflammatory medicine into the epidural space around the spinal ... your provider injects a steroid into the epidural space around your spinal cord. The epidural space surrounds your spinal cord ... When the epidural needle is in the epidural space around your spinal cord, your provider may inject contrast material. The ... Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection Placement. What is a cervical epidural steroid injection?. A cervical epidural steroid ...
A Simple Device for the Identification of the Epidural Space KAMIL MUSTAFA, M.D., F.F.A.R.C.S.; KAMIL MUSTAFA, M.D., F.F.A.R.C. ... Identification of the Epidural Space with Optical Spectroscopy: AnIn Vivo Swine Study Anesthesiology (December 2010) ... KAMIL MUSTAFA, RALPH A. MILLIKEN; A Simple Device for the Identification of the Epidural Space. Anesthesiology 1982; 57:330-331 ... Fiber-needle Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography System for the Identification of the Epidural Space in Piglets ...
Information from Bupa about the pros and cons and what happens when you have an epidural for surgery and pain relief. ... This area is called the epidural space, which is where the name of this type of anaesthetic comes from. The catheter delivers ... How an epidural is given. What is an epidural? , the procedure - watch in 1 minute 37 seconds. An epidural is an injection into ... What operations are epidurals used for?. You might be offered an epidural if youre having an operation on the lower part of ...
Epidural space: Between the dura and arachnoid space is the epidural space. This is where doctors may insert local anesthetic ... Subarachnoid space: This is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is located in this ... They can also inject local anesthetic into this space for some surgical procedures, such as a cesarean delivery or a knee ... space. Sometimes, a doctor has to sample CSF to test for the presence of infection, such as meningitis. ...
Epidural and subdural infections are similar in that both are suppurative infections that may cause clinical problems by ... Epidural infection, by definition, involves the epidural space between bone and dura. This is a true space in the spinal canal ... Anteriorly, the spinal epidural space is a potential space because the dura adheres tightly to the vertebral body. Abscesses ... Epidural Infections (Spinal Epidural Abscess) and Subdural Infections (Subdural Empyema) * Sections Epidural Infections (Spinal ...
What is Epidural? Definition: An epidural is the name of an injection given into the lower back to stop pain. Procedure: ... Difference Between Epidural and Natural Birth An epidural is an injection given into the back to help block the pain of ... Difference between Epidural and Natural birth. Definition. An epidural is an injection that is given into the epidural space of ... Table comparing Epidural and Natural birth. Summary of Epidural and Natural birth. *An epidural is an injection given to block ...
The needle is inserted under X-ray guidance into the epidural space (the small space surrounding the nerves inside the spinal ... Epidural Steroid Injections. An epidural steroid injection may help alleviate radicular pain felt in either your arm or leg ... What are the risks associated with epidural steroid injections?. Epidural steroid injections are commonly administered without ... What should I expect after an epidural steroid injection?. It may take several days for the medication to quiet down the ...
... of doing epidurals is for the anesthesiologist to continuously press on a plunger of a syringe while piercing with the ... epidural space.) Since the epidural space is a potential space, the loss of resistance on a plunger is indicative of the ... visual confirmation that the Epidural Space has been identified.". The company tells Medgadget that its FDA approved product is ... The standard way (i.e. old way) of doing epidurals is for the anesthesiologist to continuously press on a plunger of a syringe ...
The study verifies that the CompuFlo® Epidural System ("CompuFlo") helps anesthesiologists to identify the epidural space with ... Easier identification of the epidural space is essential to reducing the number of epidural attempts and risk of accidental ... Epidural Instrument as an Objective Tool to Identify the Epidural Space and Reduce Risk of Accidental Dural Puncture. News & ... Published-Study-Reinforcing-Efficacy-of-CompuFloR-Epidural-Instrument-as-an-Objective-Tool-to-Identify-the-Epidural-Space-and- ...
Larvae have been reported in the CSF, meningeal vessels, dura, epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces ...
Pain medication is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord. ... Epidural analgesia: Epidural analgesia can be performed around major surgeries such as abdominal, lower extremity or spinal ...
... and T2-weighted images in the epaxial musculature and epidural space. Treatment and Outcome-Decompressive surgery, consisting ... These findings confirmed a diagnosis of sterile idiopathic inflammation of the epidural fat and epaxial muscles with spinal ... 9. Dewey CW, Kortz GD, Bailey CS, Spinal epidural empyema in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998; 34:305-308. ... 9. Dewey CW, Kortz GD, Bailey CS, Spinal epidural empyema in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998; 34:305-308. ...
The distance from the skin to the epidural space correlates with which of the following factors: 1. Age 2. Height 3. BMI *. A. ... The only factor that is consistently associated with a change in the distance from the skin to the epidural space is a ... Ravi K et al, Distance from Skin to Epidural Space: Correlation to Body Mass Index (BMI), Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical ... Although placing an epidural catheter can be technically challenging in obese patients, the incidence of PDPH following dural ...
The electrode was implanted in the thoracic/lumbar epidural space. Immediate neuropathic pain relief was assessed by visual ...
Prior research has found an association between epidurals -- or anesthesia delivered into the epidural space around the spinal ... Epidural Plus Fever in Mom May Raise Risks for Baby. Study found as mothers temperature rose, problems were more likely at ... Most epidural-related fevers emerge after the woman has been numb for six hours or more, Greenwell noted, so one option for ... To confirm that fevers were due to the epidural and not an infection, researchers would have had to examine the placenta after ...
Epidural abscesses may form as a result of posterior spread into the epidural space, and these can cause neurological ... Disk Space infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973;(96):234-247.. *Khanna RK, Malik GM, Rock JP, Rosenblum ML. Spinal epidural ... Bacteria can gain access to the epidural space via the blood or by direct inoculation into the spinal canal or by direct ... Bacteria can enter the epidural space in a variety of ways. They can spread hematogenously, by direct extension from infected ...
  • Epidural anesthesia needle guidance by forward-view endoscopic optical coherence tomography and deep learning. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Epidural anesthesia involves putting a sterile guide needle and a small tube (epidural catheter) into the space around the spinal cord (epidural space). (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A doctor who gives you epidural or spinal anesthesia is called an anesthesiologist. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia work well for certain procedures and do not require placing a breathing tube into the windpipe (trachea). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery in the pelvis and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia are generally safe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epidural nerve block has become a significant advance in neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia. (medscape.com)
  • The duration of anesthesia or analgesia is prolonged when epidural catheters are used. (medscape.com)
  • The CompuFlo ® Epidural Instrument gives anesthesia providers objective pressure and fluid measurements to verify the epidural space has been reached. (milestonescientific.com)
  • Milestone's proprietary DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology ® is our technology platform that advances the development of next-generation devices, regulating flow rate and monitoring pressure from the tip of the needle, through platform extensions for local anesthesia for subcutaneous drug delivery, with specific applications for cosmetic botulinum toxin injections, epidural space identification in regional anesthesia procedures and intra-articular joint injections. (milestonescientific.com)
  • Prior research has found an association between epidurals -- or anesthesia delivered into the epidural space around the spinal cord -- and fevers in some moms during labor. (healthday.com)
  • Epidural analgesia combined with inhalatory anesthesia may provide advantages over the conventional routes of analgesic administration (intravenous or intramuscular), including reduction of the doses of the inhalant agents required to produce anaesthesia and thus the side effects derived from higher doses 1 1. (scielo.br)
  • Epidural methadone in dogs undergoing pelvic limb surgical procedures resulted in greater decreases in the EtISO required to maintain anesthesia compared with the same doses administered intravenously 2 2. (scielo.br)
  • Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs. (scielo.br)
  • Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks, when the accepted procedures for these techniques as described in standard textbooks are observed. (nih.gov)
  • Analgesia or epidural anesthesia is a medicinal technique that aims to reduce the pain felt by pregnant women due to contractions. (hellosites.net)
  • In order to undergo epidural anesthesia, you must first consult a specialist (a few minutes before the delivery). (hellosites.net)
  • After locating the epidural space, the obstetrician will disinfect your back and apply local anesthesia with a very fine needle. (hellosites.net)
  • Thoracic epidural catheter placement has long been viewed as the gold standard for postoperative analgesia following thoracic and abdominal surgeries. (asra.com)
  • A further etiology of epidural failure includes a catheter being cited at an inappropriate level and resulting inadequate analgesia or leg weakness. (asra.com)
  • Intraoperative epidural analgesia for pain relief after lumbar decompressive spine surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (iasp-pain.org)
  • This intraoperative situation allows surgeons to apply an epidural bolus of analgesia at the end of the surgical procedure. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Patients are able to control their pain with patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) in a manner similar manner to that of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA). (medscape.com)
  • Epidural analgesia can be performed around major surgeries such as abdominal, lower extremity or spinal surgeries for postoperative pain control. (webmd.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: CFD is a novel and useful technique to confirm the precise position of the epidural needle tip in the context of labor analgesia. (minervamedica.it)
  • Epidural nalbuphine significantly reduces the intra-operative isoflurane requirement and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. (scielo.br)
  • Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: epidural versus intravenous administration. (scielo.br)
  • Torske KE, Dyson DH, Pettifer G. End tidal halothane concentration and postoperative analgesia requirements in dogs: a comparison between intravenous oxymorphone and epidural bupivacaine alone and in combination with oxymorphone. (scielo.br)
  • In anatomy, the epidural space is the potential space between the dura mater and vertebrae (spine). (wikipedia.org)
  • These injections typically deposit steroids and/or other medications in the epidural space of the spine. (spine-health.com)
  • Epidural steroid injections may be given in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral regions of the spine. (spine-health.com)
  • Epidural injections use three routes: interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal, targeting different areas of the spine. (spine-health.com)
  • Several studies have proven the efficacy of epidural steroid injections throughout the spine. (spine-health.com)
  • 3 Park KD, Lee WY, Nam SH, Kim M, Park Y. Ultrasound-guided selective nerve root block versus fluoroscopy-guided interlaminar epidural block for the treatment of radicular pain in the lower cervical spine: a retrospective comparative study. (spine-health.com)
  • During lumbar decompressive spine surgery, the epidural space is easily accessible. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Knowledge of pharmacokinetic parameters of this corticosteroid following epidural administration into other areas of the spine beyond the lumbar region is necessary to help us better understand the duration of clinical effect and to compare the results to the results of lumbar epidural injection. (hindawi.com)
  • Spine model showing interlaminar epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • An understanding of the basic anatomy of the epidural space also requires recognition of the following key anatomic features of the spine. (medscape.com)
  • The main goal of cervical epidural steroid injections is to help manage chronic pain caused by irritation and inflammation of the spinal nerve roots in your neck (the cervical region of your spine) due to certain conditions or injuries. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal epidural abscesses in the thoracic spine may progress more quickly and have more severe consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Spine infections are rare infections that can involve the intervertebral disc space (discitis), the vertebral bones, the spinal canal or adjacent soft tissues. (wheelessonline.com)
  • Other nonsurgical treatments include epidural corticosteroid injections, administered directly to the epidural space in the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An epidural abscess is a collection of infected material between the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord and the bones of the skull or spine. (highimpact.com)
  • An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a minimally invasive procedure that is used in practice to help relieve neck, arm, leg and back pain caused by pressure on spinal nerves due an inflammatory process in and around the spine such as disc herniation, spinal stenosis or trauma. (elitepainmanagement.com)
  • The medicine is injected into an area consisting mostly of fat (called the epidural space), which surrounds and protects the bone and nerves in your spine. (elitepainmanagement.com)
  • C, D) Axial (C) and sagittal (D) T2-weighted MRI sequences of the thoracolumbar spine (T11-L2 vertebra levels labeled) demonstrate a large ventral, combined epidural (1) and subdural (2) spinal collection that displaces the conus medullaris (3) dorsally. (cdc.gov)
  • The obstetrician inserts a small, extremely thin tube called a catheter into the epidural space in the lumbar spine. (hellosites.net)
  • Cervical spine X-ray showed narrowed C5-C6 and C6-C7 intravertebral spaces and a possible paravertebral anterior mass in the C6-C7 area. (who.int)
  • A cervical spine computerized tomography (CT) scan consequently performed revealed spondylodiscitis in the C5-C6 intravertebral space, with destructive changes in the C5 vertebral body and presence of tissue in the right lateral paravertebral space. (who.int)
  • Technical failure may be caused by the inability to locate an interlaminar space. (asra.com)
  • Fluoroscopy with a contrast epidurogram offers the gold standard for technical guidance in locating the interlaminar space, confirmation of injectate/catheter in the epidural space, and identification of the vertebral level of the catheter tip. (asra.com)
  • Interlaminar injection -the needle is inserted into the space between adjacent vertebral laminae (posterior wall of the vertebra) to reach the epidural space. (spine-health.com)
  • Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly performed procedures to treat painful cervical radiculopathy, but little is known about the systemic absorption and serum levels of steroids following injection. (hindawi.com)
  • Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a commonly performed procedure in pain medicine used to treat painful cervical radicular pain syndromes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The images below show the interlaminar epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • The effects of epidural abscess are often from involvement of the vascular supply to the spinal cord and subsequent infarction rather than from direct compression. (medscape.com)
  • For their study, the team reviewed 30 trials assessing the short- and long-term effects of epidural corticosteroid injections for individuals with radiculopathy or spinal stenosis, comparing them with a placebo . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 9. Marucio RL, Luna SP, Neto FJ, Minto BW, Hatschbach E. Postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of neostigmine alone or in combination with morphine in ovariohysterectomized dogs. (scielo.br)
  • There are potential complications of an epidural, such as bleeding in the epidural space, infection, a decrease in blood pressure, back pain , and headache. (differencebetween.net)
  • There are possible complications associated with an epidural such as hypotension, an increased chance of infection, chronic back pain, and a headache. (differencebetween.net)
  • An epidural helps with pain but there is a risk of complications. (differencebetween.net)
  • The study verifies that the CompuFlo ® Epidural System ("CompuFlo") helps anesthesiologists to identify the epidural space with improved accuracy and less variation thus limiting over-advancement of an epidural needle that can lead to complications when inserting an epidural needle. (milestonescientific.com)
  • You also place an epidural without acute complications. (proprofs.com)
  • What is the incidence of complications resulting from epidurals? (healthtap.com)
  • The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone acetonide in a cohort of patients with cervical radicular pain seeking treatment in a pain medicine clinic. (hindawi.com)
  • In comparison to epidural blocks, epidural injections of local anesthetic, steroids, or both are considered for the treatment of radicular pain symptoms secondary to disk herniation or postsurgical radicular pain. (medscape.com)
  • An epidural steroid injection may help alleviate radicular pain felt in either your arm or leg resulting from pressure and irritation on one of the nerves. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Epidural injections are mainly used for radicular pain where simpler and more conventional methods have not improved the condition. (elitepainmanagement.com)
  • With an Epidural injection (ESI), the medicine is delivered directly to the epidural space, which is an area between the bone and spinal nerves. (elitepainmanagement.com)
  • Intracranial epidural abscess is a collection of pus between the dura mater and skull. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During a cervical epidural steroid injection procedure, your provider injects a steroid into the epidural space around your spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What happens during the epidural steroid injection procedure? (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/procedure/epidural-steroid-injection. (epnet.com)
  • The ligamentum flavum is used as the key landmark for identification of the epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • Easier identification of the epidural space is essential to reducing the number of epidural attempts and risk of accidental dural puncture. (milestonescientific.com)
  • The simulation study evaluated the final position of a Tuohy epidural needle after penetration of analogue ligamentum flavum during the identification of the epidural space. (milestonescientific.com)
  • Identification of the epidural catheter with CFD is difficult despite an adequate CSE technique. (minervamedica.it)
  • Local anesthetic epidural blockade may be useful in conjunction with aggressive physical therapy or manipulation of a painful limb associated with joint stiffness or limited range of motion. (medscape.com)
  • Certain conditions with sympathetic mediated or maintained pain are treated with the epidural local anesthetic since it provides sympathetic blockade. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of an epidural, the area is wiped with antiseptic, a local anesthetic is given, then the medicine of the epidural is injected into the epidural space. (differencebetween.net)
  • The inflammation in these nerves can be relieved by placing steroid and numbing medicine (local anesthetic) right next to these nerves in the epidural space. (uabmedicine.org)
  • A needle is then guided into the epidural space using x-ray imaging and the steroid and numbing medicine (local anesthetic) is injected. (uabmedicine.org)
  • Then, a local anesthetic is squirted into the area just outside the spinal cord called the epidural space. (cockeyed.com)
  • Healthcare providers use cervical epidural steroid injections (ESIs) as a temporary pain relief option for certain causes of chronic neck pain. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What is a cervical epidural steroid injection? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A cervical epidural steroid injection (cervical ESI) is an injection of anti-inflammatory medicine - a steroid or corticosteroid - into the epidural space around the spinal nerves in your neck. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How does a cervical epidural steroid injection work? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Healthcare providers use cervical epidural steroid injections (cervical ESIs) for chronic pain management. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Cervical epidural steroid injections most often lead to temporary pain relief, but some people do not experience pain relief from the injection. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What are cervical epidural steroid injections used for? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Healthcare providers use cervical epidural steroid injections to manage a type of chronic pain known as cervical radiculopathy, which is caused by spinal nerve root inflammation and irritation in your neck. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Cervical epidural steroid injection is a treatment for pain in the neck, shoulder, and arm that is caused by the inflammation of nerves serving those areas. (uabmedicine.org)
  • A cervical epidural steroid injection may provide pain relief by reducing inflammation. (spine-health.com)
  • Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Note the dura mater (4) on the sagittal sequence, which delineates the theca and separates the epidural and subdural spaces. (cdc.gov)
  • A meningeal route that begins within the space surrounding the dura mater within the epidural space. (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike the cranial epidural space, the spinal epidural space contains adipose tissue, the internal vertebral venous plexuses and the spinal nerve roots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a cranial bone, SINUSITIS, or OTITIS MEDIA. (reference.md)
  • The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. (bvsalud.org)
  • The biggest limitation of the study is that while the patients were receiving a bolus/continuous epidural infusion, they were also undergoing other treatments (not defined) designed at addressing the causative factors for the hiccups," noted Dr. Christiansen, who was not involved in the study. (medscape.com)
  • If the study would be repeated, I would suggest that the researcher consider randomizing the patients into two groups: group 1 gets the epidural bolus/infusion while group 2 gets treatment for their causative factors. (medscape.com)
  • Ultimately, I think this study tested an interesting idea, but the design of the study does not allow us to conclude whether the epidural bolus/infusion was actually the reason for success and further studies would need to be completed," Dr. Christiansen concluded. (medscape.com)
  • Your provider injects a steroid or corticosteroid medication into the epidural space around the spinal cord in your neck. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • People who suffer from low back pain often turn to epidural corticosteroid injections for some relief. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Use of epidural corticosteroid injections for these conditions is increasing, despite the fact that numerous studies have questioned their effectiveness for low back pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Specifically, the researchers looked at how epidural corticosteroid injections impacted patients' pain, function and risk for surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For spinal stenosis, the researchers found epidural corticosteroid injections offered patients no significant pain relief compared with placebo. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • I think that it's important for patients to understand that the benefits of epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy appear small and short-lived. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A spinal corticosteroid injection puts steroid medicine in the epidural space around the spinal cord. (epnet.com)
  • Transforaminal injection -the needle is inserted into the epidural space through the intervertebral foramen on the side of the spinal canal. (spine-health.com)
  • Spinal infections involve pyogenic or granulomatous infections of the vertebral column, intervertebral discs, the dural sac or the epidural space. (wheelessonline.com)
  • The epidural space, including the intervertebral foraminal regions, appear to be normal. (ndtv.com)
  • The block was performed with a midline approach at the C7-T1 or T1-T2 intervertebral space with the patient prone, and the catheter was advanced through the needle to the C3-C5 level. (medscape.com)
  • Chemonucleolysis involved the injection of therapeutic doses of chymopapain into the intervertebral disc space to induce depolymerization of mucoprotein. (cdc.gov)
  • For example a torn meningeal artery (often the middle meningeal artery) or dural venous sinus (rarely) may bleed into this potential space and result in an epidural hematoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with intracranial epidural abscess may also develop a subperiosteal abscess and osteomyelitis of the frontal bone (Pott puffy tumor), and patients with subdural empyema often develop meningeal signs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pharmacokinetics of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone is consistent with our previous study of lumbar ESI, demonstrating that the elimination half-life is longer than that which has been reported following intravenous triamcinolone. (hindawi.com)
  • This elimination half-life after lumbar epidural administration is much longer than the elimination half-life of intravenous administration and is likely explained by the suspension and redistribution of the depot preparation within the epidural fat and the epidural anatomy [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The incidence of spinal epidural abscesses has nearly doubled over the last 50 years, possibly because of increased intravenous drug abuse, increased spinal operative procedures, an aging population, and increased sensitivity of detection using MRI. (medscape.com)
  • The intended routes of administration consist of the following clinically accepted routes: intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous, intrathecal, epidural or irrigation of fluid space. (fda.gov)
  • A variety of techniques have been used to increase the success of thoracic epidural catheter placement (Table 1). (asra.com)
  • Therefore, despite being widely adopted in an interventional/chronic pain management setting, fluoroscopy is not a common practice in acute pain management settings for thoracic epidural placement or catheter confirmation. (asra.com)
  • 5 This test has a sensitivity and specificity of 80-100% to 91.6-100%, respective of confirming epidural placement within the epidural space. (asra.com)
  • The epidural electrical stimulating test not only allows for objective assessment of the correct catheter placement in the epidural space but also confirmation of the vertebral level of the catheter tip. (asra.com)
  • This method of epidural catheter placement confirmation is simple to use and interpret, effective, and efficient. (asra.com)
  • Though it is possible to use epidural electrical stimulation for lumbar epidurals, we generally limit the use of electrical stimulation for thoracic epidural placement. (asra.com)
  • The epidural stimulation test provides valuable objective information that aids in the assessment of catheter placement. (asra.com)
  • The described failure rate of epidural catheter placement in the literature can be significant. (asra.com)
  • Spinal epidural abscess following epidural steroid injection and epidural catheter placement has been reported. (medscape.com)
  • To have your platelet count redrawn prior to the placement of the epidural. (healthtap.com)
  • X-ray imaging will be used to guide the placement of the needle in the epidural space. (epnet.com)
  • The anterior portion of the epidural space is formed by the posterior longitudinal ligament, which covers the posterior part of the vertebral body and the intravertebral disk. (medscape.com)
  • Also note that the epidural space is narrowest in the cervical region, with an anterior/posterior diameter of 2-3 mm. (medscape.com)
  • Abscesses are more frequent in the larger posterior epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • RESULTS: Three different color flow patterns were visualized after the loss of resistance technique: visualization of a red and blue mosaic adjacent to the posterior complex, a mosaic pattern enveloping the trajectory of the epidural needle, and a linear deeper mosaic color pattern during spinal injection in relation to the posterior complex. (minervamedica.it)
  • Anteriorly, the spinal epidural space is a potential space because the dura adheres tightly to the vertebral body. (medscape.com)
  • A disadvantage of the Tsui test is that, unlike fluoroscopy, it is not a tool that allows for visualization of spinal anatomy nor assistance with access to the epidural space. (asra.com)
  • Nonetheless, in the pediatric population, an epidural catheter can be inserted from the caudal space and advanced in a cephalad direction within the epidural space to the desired vertebral level under direct guidance of the epidural stimulation test. (asra.com)
  • Posteriorly, the epidural space is formed by the anterior lateral surface of the vertebral lamina and the ligamentum flavum. (medscape.com)
  • Common Techniques for Thoracic Epidural Catheter Confirmation. (asra.com)
  • They inject an anti-inflammatory medication into the epidural space around your spinal nerves. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • If it is associated with numbness or a tingling sensation, then the area around your spinal nerves is inflamed (epidural space). (elitepainmanagement.com)
  • and patients who have demonstrated blockage of cerebrospinal fluid to the subarachnoid space due to trauma, hematoma, fracture or tumor. (medtronic.com)
  • El escape de sangre lleva con frecuencia a la formación de un HEMATOMA en los espacios epidural, subdural y subaracnoideo del cráneo. (bvsalud.org)
  • Safety of epidural triamcinolone acetonide use during lumbar decompression surgery in pediatric patients: an association with delayed pseudomeningocele formation. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Although epidural administration of all corticosteroids including triamcinolone acetonide is considered "off-label" use and not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, epidural administration of this medication occurs widely in clinical practice. (hindawi.com)
  • The epidural lesion is hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images and shows mild contrast enhancement (arrowheads). (avma.org)
  • Diagnosis of epidural abscess or subdural empyema is by contrast-enhanced MRI or, if MRI is not available, by contrast-enhanced CT. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Identification of epidural needle tip and epidural catheter tip occurred in 77% and 37.1% of patients, respectively. (minervamedica.it)
  • Long-term indwelling epidural catheters are helpful in managing severe pain in cancer and noncancer chronic pain conditions. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] A recent outbreak of fungal infections associated with epidural injections of contaminated methylprednisolone also included epidural abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal epidural abscesses are, in themselves, not fatal. (medscape.com)
  • For purposes of this discussion, epidural infection is considered synonymous with spinal epidural abscess, and subdural infection is considered synonymous with intracranial subdural empyema, unless otherwise noted. (medscape.com)
  • Epidural abscess may extend into the subdural space to cause subdural empyema. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Both epidural abscess and subdural empyema may progress to meningitis, cortical venous thrombosis, or brain abscess. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In epidural abscess and subdural empyema, vomiting is common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Epidural steroid injections may be given purely as steroids, purely anesthetic, or steroids mixed with an anesthetic medication and/or saline. (spine-health.com)
  • How long does an epidural anesthetic last? (healthtap.com)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Continuous cervical epidural block might be an effective treatment for intractable hiccups, hints an observational study from South Korea. (medscape.com)
  • Continuous cervical epidural block is an excellent treatment for intractable hiccups and is effective in preventing recurrence in patients that do not respond to conventional therapies," Dr. Sang Sik Choi and colleagues from Korea University Guro Hospital, in Seoul, write in the February issue of Medicine. (medscape.com)
  • The spinal epidural space spans the length of the spinal cord, from the foramen magnum superiorly to the sacral hiatus inferiorly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. (scielo.br)
  • In humans the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, small arteries, dural venous sinuses and a network of internal vertebral venous plexuses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The steroids injected into the epidural space disperse into the nerve endings and other tissues, spreading the anti-inflammatory effect throughout the pain-transmitting structures. (spine-health.com)
  • A space above the spinal nerve as it exits the neuroforamen called the safe triangle is the region where the needle is usually passed to reach the epidural space. (spine-health.com)
  • When considering epidural nerve block, clinicians should follow a stepwise approach. (medscape.com)
  • An epidural is a nerve block . (differencebetween.net)
  • There is much more pain associated with a vaginal, natural childbirth compared with when a nerve block (epidural) is given. (differencebetween.net)
  • Campoy L, Martin-Flores M, Ludders JW, Erb HN, Gleed RD. Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs. (scielo.br)
  • The needle is inserted under X-ray guidance into the epidural space (the small space surrounding the nerves inside the spinal canal). (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The epidural space is immediately outside the protective membrane (dura) of the spinal cord and nerves. (uabmedicine.org)
  • Thus, it is impossible to say if the epidural infusion was beneficial or if the patient improved because the causative factor(s) of the hiccup was treated. (medscape.com)
  • Subarachnoid space Subdural space Meninges Waxman, Stephen G. (2010). (wikipedia.org)
  • Monitoring pressure from the lumbar subarachnoid space can be done only in instances where lumbar puncture does not pose a danger to the patient. (medtronic.com)
  • The subarachnoid space appears normally defined. (ndtv.com)
  • Acute Bacterial Meningitis Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptomatic postsurgical cerebrospinal fluid leak treated by aspiration and epidural blood patch under ultrasound guidance in 2 adolescents. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Fifty-two expert anesthesiologists compared the use of CompuFlo ® Epidural Instrument versus their standard loss-of-resistance technique. (milestonescientific.com)
  • 10. Abelson AL, Armitage-Chan E, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. A comparison of epidural morphine with low dose bupivacaine versus epidural morphine alone on motor and respiratory function in dogs following splenectomy. (scielo.br)
  • At these sites, the epidural space is wide enough to house the epidural venous sinuses. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is a true space in the spinal canal that is filled posteriorly with epidural fat, small arteries, and a venous plexus. (medscape.com)