1984 accident in Bhopal, INDIA at a PESTICIDES facility, resulting when WATER entered a storage tank containing ISOCYANATES. The following accidental chemical release and uncontrolled reaction resulted in several thousand deaths.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.
The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research.
Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome.

Does risk factor epidemiology put epidemiology at risk? Peering into the future. (1/5889)

The multiple cause black box paradigm of the current risk factor era in epidemiology is growing less serviceable. This single level paradigm is likely to be displaced. The signs are that the growing strength of molecular epidemiology on the one side, and of a global epidemiology based on information systems on the other, will come to dominate epidemiology and segregate it into separate disciplines. At the same time, the links with public health interests grow weaker. A multilevel ecoepidemiology has the potential to bind these strands together.  (+info)

A method for calculating age-weighted death proportions for comparison purposes. (2/5889)

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a method for calculating age-weighted death proportions (wDP) for comparison purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A methodological study using secondary data from the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil (1980-1994) was carried out. First, deaths are weighted in terms of years of potential life lost before the age of 100 years. Then, in order to eliminate distortion of comparisons among proportions of years of potential life lost before the age of 100 years (pYPLL-100), the denominator is set to that of a standard age distribution of deaths for all causes. Conventional death proportions (DP), pYPLL-100, and wDP were calculated. RESULTS: Populations in which deaths from a particular cause occur at older ages exhibit lower wDP than those in which deaths occur at younger ages. The sum of all cause-specific wDP equals one only when the test population has exactly the same age distribution of deaths for all causes as that of the standard population. CONCLUSION: Age-weighted death proportions improve the information given by conventional DP, and are strongly recommended for comparison purposes.  (+info)

The meaning and use of the cumulative rate of potential life lost. (3/5889)

BACKGROUND: The 'years of potential life lost' (YPLL) is a public health measure in widespread use. However, the index does not apply to the comparisons between different populations or across different time periods. It also has the limit of being cross-sectional in nature, quantifying current burden but not future impact on society. METHODS: A new years-lost index is proposed-the 'cumulative rate of potential life lost' (CRPLL). It is a simple combination of the 'cumulative rate' (CR) and the YPLL. Vital statistics in Taiwan are used for demonstration and comparison of the new index with existing health-status measures. RESULTS: The CRPLL serves the purpose of between-group comparison. It can also be considered a projection of future impact, under the assumption that the age-specific mortality rates in the current year prevail. For a rare cause of death, it can be interpreted as the expected years (days) of potential life lost during a subject's lifetime. CONCLUSIONS: The CRPLL has several desirable properties, rendering it a promising alternative for quantifying health status.  (+info)

Influence of sampling on estimates of clustering and recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from DNA fingerprinting techniques. (4/5889)

The availability of DNA fingerprinting techniques for Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to attempts to estimate the extent of recent transmission in populations, using the assumption that groups of tuberculosis patients with identical isolates ("clusters") are likely to reflect recently acquired infections. It is never possible to include all cases of tuberculosis in a given population in a study, and the proportion of isolates found to be clustered will depend on the completeness of the sampling. Using stochastic simulation models based on real and hypothetical populations, the authors demonstrate the influence of incomplete sampling on the estimates of clustering obtained. The results show that as the sampling fraction increases, the proportion of isolates identified as clustered also increases and the variance of the estimated proportion clustered decreases. Cluster size is also important: the underestimation of clustering for any given sampling fraction is greater, and the variability in the results obtained is larger, for populations with small clusters than for those with the same number of individuals arranged in large clusters. A considerable amount of caution should be used in interpreting the results of studies on clustering of M. tuberculosis isolates, particularly when sampling fractions are small.  (+info)

Reliability of information on physical activity and other chronic disease risk factors among US women aged 40 years or older. (5/5889)

Data on chronic disease risk behaviors and related variables, including barriers to and attitudes toward physical activity, are lacking for women of some racial/ethnic groups. A test-retest study was conducted from July 1996 through June 1997 among US women (n = 199) aged 40 years or more who were white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, or Hispanic. The sample was selected and interviews were conducted using a modified version of the methods of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. For behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and low fruit and vegetable consumption, group prevalences were generally similar between interviews 1 and 2. However, kappa values for selected physical activity variables ranged from 0.26 to 0.51 and tended to be lower for black women. Discordance was low for variables on cigarette smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (kappa = 0.64-0.92). Discordance was high (kappa = 0.33) for low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additional variables for barriers to and access to exercise ranged widely across racial/ethnic groups and in terms of measures of agreement. These methods illustrate an efficient way to sample and assess the reliability of data collected from women of racial/ethnic minority groups.  (+info)

Measuring food insecurity and hunger in the United States: development of a national benchmark measure and prevalence estimates. (6/5889)

Since 1992, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) has led a collaborative effort to develop a comprehensive benchmark measure of the severity and prevalence of food insecurity and hunger in the United States. Based on prior research and wide consultation, a survey instrument specifically relevant to U.S. conditions was designed and tested. Through its Current Population Survey (CPS), the U.S. Bureau of the Census has fielded this instrument each year since 1995. A measurement scale was derived from the data through fitting, testing and validating a Rasch scale. The unidimensional Rasch model corresponds to the form of the phenomenon being measured, i.e., the severity of food insufficiency due to inadequate resources as directly experienced and reported in U.S. households. A categorical measure reflecting designated ranges of severity on the scale was constructed for consistent comparison of prevalence estimates over time and across population groups. The technical basis and initial results of the new measure were reported in September 1997. For the 12 months ending April 1995, an estimated 11.9% of U.S. households (35 million persons) were food insecure. Among these, 4.1% of households (with 6.9 million adults and 4.3 million children) showed a recurring pattern of hunger due to inadequate resources for one or more of their adult and/or child members sometime during the period. The new measure has been incorporated into other federal surveys and is being used by researchers throughout the U.S. and Canada.  (+info)

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and plasmid contents of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from commercial sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: emergence of high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin. (7/5889)

Commercial sex workers (CSWs) serve as the most important reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including gonorrhea. Periodic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a high-risk population provides essential clues regarding the rapidly changing pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities. A study concerning the prevalence of gonococcal infection among CSWs was conducted in Bangladesh. The isolates were examined with regards to their antimicrobial susceptibility to, and the MICs of, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The total plasmid profile of the isolates was also analyzed. Of the 224 CSWs, 94 (42%) were culture positive for N. gonorrhoeae. There was a good correlation between the results of the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Some 66% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, and 34% were moderately susceptible to penicillin. Among the resistant isolates, 23.4% were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG). 60.6% of the isolates were resistant and 38.3% were moderately susceptible to tetracycline, 17.5% were tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, 11.7% were resistant and 26.6% had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, 2.1% were resistant and 11.7% had reduced susceptibility to cefuroxime, and 1% were resistant to ceftriaxone. All PPNG isolates contained a 3.2-MDa African type of plasmid, and a 24.2-MDa conjugative plasmid was present in 34.1% of the isolates. Since quinolones such as ciprofloxacin are recommended as the first line of therapy for gonorrhea, the emergence of significant resistance to ciprofloxacin will limit the usefulness of this drug for treatment of gonorrhea in Bangladesh.  (+info)

Epidemiological analysis of site relationships of synchronous and metachronous multiple primary cancers in the National Cancer Center, Japan, 1962-1996. (8/5889)

BACKGROUND: Multiple primary cancer (MPC) has been recognized as a problem commonly encountered in routine medical practice. A study of MPC is necessary not only to provide insights into the etiology of cancer, but also to provide information for effective medical care by clinical oncologists. METHODS: A cohort of 49,751 cancer patients who were admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital between 1962 and 1996 was used to study the site relationship of MPC. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses using an internal reference group within the cohort were applied for the calculation of the prevalence odds ratio (POR) for site relationships of synchronous MPC and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for those of metachronous MPC. RESULTS: Three site combinations with elevated risks for both synchronous and metachronous MPCs, eight with elevated risk for synchronous MPC, five with elevated risk for metachronous MPC and six with decreased risk for synchronous MPC were identified with statistical significance. Among them, the increased risk of metachronous stomach cancer following lymphoma and myeoloma (POR = 1.0 and 1.1, P > 0.05; IRR = 2.5, P < 0.05) and the inverse site-correlation of synchronous MPC between [trachea, bronchus and lung] and other sites of the upper aerodigestive tract [lip, oral cavity and pharynx] (POR = 0.5 and 0.3, P < 0.05) and esophagus (POR = 0.7 and 0.3, P < 0.05) have not been reported previously. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that interventions for lymphoma and myeloma might affect the development of subsequent stomach cancer and additional etiological factors other than tobacco smoking are associated with the development of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract.  (+info)

The Bhopal accidental release refers to the industrial disaster that occurred on December 3, 1984, in the city of Bhopal, India. A Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant leaked toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other chemicals, exposing more than half a million people to toxic fumes.

This accident is considered one of the world's worst industrial disasters in history, resulting in thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of injuries, many of which had long-term health impacts. The disaster led to widespread environmental contamination, affecting groundwater and soil quality in the area. It also resulted in significant social, economic, and political consequences for the region and the country as a whole.

The Bhopal accidental release is often used as a case study in discussions of industrial safety, corporate responsibility, environmental regulation, and public health policy.

Epidemiologic methods are systematic approaches used to investigate and understand the distribution, determinants, and outcomes of health-related events or diseases in a population. These methods are applied to study the patterns of disease occurrence and transmission, identify risk factors and causes, and evaluate interventions for prevention and control. The core components of epidemiologic methods include:

1. Descriptive Epidemiology: This involves the systematic collection and analysis of data on the who, what, when, and where of health events to describe their distribution in a population. It includes measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity rates, as well as geographic and temporal patterns.

2. Analytical Epidemiology: This involves the use of statistical methods to examine associations between potential risk factors and health outcomes. It includes observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and experimental studies (randomized controlled trials). The goal is to identify causal relationships and quantify the strength of associations.

3. Experimental Epidemiology: This involves the design and implementation of interventions or experiments to test hypotheses about disease prevention and control. It includes randomized controlled trials, community trials, and other experimental study designs.

4. Surveillance and Monitoring: This involves ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data for early detection, tracking, and response to health events or diseases.

5. Ethical Considerations: Epidemiologic studies must adhere to ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm to study participants.

Overall, epidemiologic methods provide a framework for investigating and understanding the complex interplay between host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to the occurrence of health-related events or diseases in populations.

Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that uses laboratory techniques to identify and analyze the genetic material (DNA, RNA) of pathogens or host cells to understand their distribution, transmission, and disease associations in populations. It combines molecular biology methods with epidemiological approaches to investigate the role of genetic factors in disease occurrence and outcomes. This field has contributed significantly to the identification of infectious disease outbreaks, tracking the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, understanding the transmission dynamics of viruses, and identifying susceptible populations for targeted interventions.

Epidemiologic studies are investigations that seek to understand the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease within a population. These studies aim to identify the frequency and occurrence of diseases or health-related events, as well as the factors that contribute to their occurrence. This information is used to develop public health policies and interventions to prevent or control diseases and promote overall health.

There are several types of epidemiologic studies, including:

1. Descriptive studies: These studies describe the characteristics of a population and the distribution of a disease or health-related event within that population. They do not typically investigate causes or risk factors.
2. Analytical studies: These studies examine the relationship between exposures (risk factors) and outcomes (diseases or health-related events). There are two main types of analytical studies: observational studies and experimental studies.
3. Observational studies: In these studies, researchers observe and collect data on a population without intervening or manipulating any variables. There are several types of observational studies, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies.
4. Cohort studies: These studies follow a group of people (a cohort) over time to see if they develop a particular disease or health-related event. Researchers collect data on exposures and outcomes at multiple points in time.
5. Case-control studies: These studies compare people with a specific disease or health-related event (cases) to people without the disease or event (controls). Researchers then look back in time to see if there are any differences in exposures between the two groups.
6. Cross-sectional studies: These studies collect data on exposures and outcomes at a single point in time. They are useful for estimating the prevalence of a disease or health-related event, but they cannot establish causality.
7. Experimental studies: In these studies, researchers manipulate variables to see if they have an effect on a particular outcome. The most common type of experimental study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the intervention being tested or a control group.

Epidemiologic studies can provide valuable insights into the causes and consequences of diseases and health-related events, as well as potential interventions to prevent or treat them. However, they must be carefully designed and conducted to minimize bias and confounding, and their results should be interpreted with caution.

Epidemiologic research design refers to the plan and structure of an epidemiological study, which describes how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. It includes specifying the research question, selecting the study population, choosing the study design (such as cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional), outlining the data collection methods, and describing the statistical analysis plan. A well-designed epidemiologic research study aims to establish a reliable association between exposures and health outcomes in a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Epidemiology is the study of how often and why diseases occur in different groups of people and places. It is a key discipline in public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists use various study designs, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to collect and analyze data on the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. They seek to understand the causes of health outcomes and develop strategies to control or prevent adverse health events. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve population health and eliminate health disparities.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Epidemiologic factors are elements that contribute to the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of a health-related event or disease in a specific population. These factors can include demographic characteristics (such as age, sex, race/ethnicity), genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, behavioral risks, and societal structures. By identifying and analyzing epidemiologic factors, public health professionals can develop strategies to prevent or control diseases and health conditions within a population.

Epidemiologic Methods. 1 (1, Article 7). doi:10.1515/2161-962X.1014. S2CID 52207229. Albert, Jeffrey (2012). "Distribution-Free ... The Preacher-Hayes method provides point estimates and confidence intervals by which one can assess the significance or ... Summary of mediation methods at PsychWiki Example of Causal Mediation Using Propensity Scores The Methodology Center, Penn ... MacKinnon, D. P.; Lockwood, C. M.; Lockwood, J. M.; West, S. G.; Sheets, V. (2002). "A comparison of methods to test mediation ...
p. 5. ISBN 978-3-642-10280-6. Mitchell H. Gail (2 November 2000). Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. John Wiley & Sons. p. ... It includes a variety of statistical functions and methods, including routines for nonlinear curve fit.[citation needed] Many ...
Epidemiologic Methods (Little, Brown; 1960); reissued as Epidemiology: Principles and Methods (Little, Brown; 1970) (ISBN ... MacMahon co-authored the textbook Epidemiologic Methods (1960), later reissued as Epidemiology: Principles and Methods, with ... In 1967, he co-founded the Society for Epidemiologic Research, a learned society for epidemiologists. In 1976, he was appointed ... Lancet 371: 112 "History - Society for Epidemiologic Research". 11 November 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2020. Pearce J. Dr. Duncan W ...
Gail, Mitchell; Benichou, Jacques (2000). "Standardized mortality ratio (SMR)" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. ... The sisterhood method, however, does not work in cases where sisters may have died before the sister being interviewed was born ... There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of the population. One such example is the sisterhood ... Graham, W.; Brass, W.; Snow, R. W. (May 1989). "Estimating maternal mortality: the sisterhood method". Studies in Family ...
Morabia A (2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Boston: Birkhauser. pp. 301-302. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0. ... Therefore, standardised method and criteria should be made in order to define the incidence of MMBC correctly. Mutations in ... Progestogen-based methods such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, IUD with progestogen or progestogen only pills have a ... Whether MRI as a screening method has greater harms or benefits when compared to standard mammography is not known. Women can ...
Alfredo Morabia (1 January 2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Springer. pp. 133-4. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0 ... Alfredo Morabia (1 January 2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Springer. p. 155. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0. ... Eyler, John (1979). Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press ... and fitted the figures to a curve calculated by a method described. Though he gives no equation of the form of the curve, it is ...
2004) A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Basel, Birkhauser Verlag. Part I. A History of Epidemiologic Methods and ... p. 3. Alfredo Morabia (2004). A history of epidemiologic methods and concepts. Birkhäuser. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0. ... Type of mathematical model used for infectious diseases Epidemiological method - Scientific method in the specific field ... Other methods are being developed, but are not common practice yet. The concept of waves in epidemics has implications ...
Alfredo Morabia (1 January 2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Springer. p. 151. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0. ... A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Springer. pp. 149-50. ISBN 978-3-7643-6818-0. Retrieved 11 June 2013. Michael ... Edmonds applied the method of Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin for life tables to England, as Joshua Milne had done with data from ...
Abramson JH, Abramson ZH (2008). 6th (ed.). Research Methods in Community Medicine: Surveys, Epidemiologic Research, Programme ... It is the first step toward an entirely web-based set of epidemiologic software tools. OpenEpi can be thought of as an ... 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research. Atlanta, GA, United States. Dean AG, Sullivan KM, Mir R (1-4 ... 25 (4): 3, 7, 9. Sullivan KM, Dean AG, Mir R (11-14 June 2003). OpenEpi: a new collaborative effort in epidemiologic computing ...
At NIEHS, Baird began by studying fertility and developing epidemiologic methods for studying it. She has longstanding interest ...
Methods for pooling results of epidemiologic studies: the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. American ... In 1992, she returned to Harvard to become Assistant Professor of Epidemiologic Methods, and by 2001, she was promoted to full ... In 2018, after retiring from Harvard as Professor Emerita of Epidemiologic Methods in the Departments of Epidemiology, ... applying statistical solutions to address potential biases in epidemiologic studies. Spiegelman's area of work includes methods ...
... assistance in training host nation scientists in epidemiologic techniques or modern laboratory molecular biology methods. Via ... Training in outbreak investigation methods Joint training in a Master's of epidemiology program "Fort Detrick 2010 Post Guide ...
... assistance in training host nation scientists in epidemiologic techniques or modern laboratory molecular biology methods. Via ... NAMRU-3 basic science, epidemiologic, and clinical investigations have included numerous tropical and subtropical infectious ...
Epidemiologic Reviews. 38 (1): 62-9. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxv011. PMID 26769723. Lewiecki, E. Michael; Miller, Sara A. (January ... Method substitution is the process of choosing a different suicide method when the first-choice method is inaccessible. In many ... Method substitution has been measured over the course of decades, so when a common method is restricted (for example, by making ... Method restriction is effective and prevents suicides. It has the largest effect on overall suicide rates when the method being ...
... for profound advancement of epidemiologic theory and methods and the application of statistics throughout medical and social ... VanderWeele also conducts research focused on theory and methods for distinguishing between association and causation in the ... VanderWeele, Tyler J. (2015). Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction. Oxford University Press. ...
"Epidemiologic Methods Lessons Learned from Environmental Public Health Disasters: Chernobyl, the World Trade Center, Bhopal, ... The main goals of the IMCB were: Betterment of the lives of the victims with rational diagnostic methods and treatment ... indicated that post-disaster epidemiologic studies should accurately estimate exposure to enable correct dose-response ... resulting in the absence of rational methods of care and planning resulting in loss of sight and in some cases life, and ...
SER Awards Distinguished Service to SER Award Kenneth Rothman Career Accomplishment Award Marshall Joffe Epidemiologic Methods ... The Society for Epidemiologic Research (abbreviated SER) is a learned society dedicated to epidemiology. It was originally ... "Society for Epidemiologic Research". American Journal of Epidemiology. 185 (11): 990. 2017-06-01. doi:10.1093/aje/kwx114. ISSN ... Onyebuchi A. Arah Elected President of Society for Epidemiologic Research". News. UCLA Fieldings School of Public Health. 7 ...
Its methods are designed to answer specific epidemiologic questions in order to plan, implement, and/or evaluate public health ... Field Epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic methods to unexpected health problems when a rapid on-site investigation ... FETPs are established within host country ministries of health to enhance the epidemiologic capacity of the public health ... the-art training in public health microbiology enabling its fellows to apply microbiological and epidemiological methods to a ...
Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE (2010). "Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies". Epidemiologic Reviews ... Outlined here are the different types of barrier methods, hormonal methods, various methods including spermicides, emergency ... or top-tier methods. Intrauterine methods, implants, and sterilization fall into this category. For methods that are not user ... The most effective and the most cost-effective methods are long-acting methods. Unfortunately these methods often have ...
An epidemiologic review". Contraception. 30 (4): 297-309. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(84)80022-0. PMID 6509983. Gray RH, Simpson JL ... Various methods are known as the Knaus-Ogino method and the rhythm method. The standard days method is also considered a ... compared to other methods of birth control. Even when used perfectly, calendar-based methods, especially the rhythm method, ... The method is satisfactory for many women and men. The low cost of the method may also enable it to play a useful role in ...
... between VAS and administration of aluminum adjuvanted rabies and FeLV vaccines was established through epidemiologic methods. ... Concern about adverse effects has led to revised guidelines that alter the recommended frequency and methods/locations for both ... 2010 and 2011 that address these concerns by altering the recommended frequency and methods/locations for both vaccination of ...
... well-controlled trials of antimicrobial use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular biological ... Ruedy, J. (1966). "A method of determining patterns of use of antibacterial drugs". Can Med Assoc J. 95 (16): 807-12. PMC ... Decreasing diagnostic uncertainty by appropriate testing, including rapid diagnostic methods. The most effective strategy to ... the epidemiological method of time series analysis is preferred, because it accounts for the dependence between time points.[ ...
She uses classic epidemiologic methods, exposure assessment approaches, and biomarker platforms to evaluate relationships ... She has conducted molecular epidemiologic studies of populations exposed to well-defined classes of chemical compounds that are ...
Armenian HK, (ed). Epidemiologic Reviews, Applications of the Case-Control Method, Volume 16(1), Johns Hopkins University, ... Perceptions from epidemiologic research in an endemic war. Social Science and Medicine, 28:643 47;1989. Armenian HK, Halabi SS ... Armenian HK, Kelsey J, Monto AS, Samet J, Thacker SB (eds). Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 22(2), Oxford University Press for ... Armenian HK, Kelsey J, Monto AS, Samet J, Thacker SB (eds). Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 23(2), Oxford University Press for ...
Strom's major research interest is in the field of pharmacoepidemiology, i.e., the application of epidemiologic methods to the ...
... and biochemistry to the development of new and improved methods for measuring various hormones and nutrients in epidemiologic ...
... is an American statistician and epidemiologist with many contributions to statistical and epidemiologic methods including ... He has further served as an editor for statistical and epidemiologic journals and books including the Dictionary of ... His focus has been the extensions, limitations, and misuses of statistical methods in nonexperimental studies, especially in ... Greenland, S. (March 1989). "Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis". American Journal of Public Health. 79 ...
Mitchell H. Gail and Jacques Bénichou, Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods (John Wiley and Sons, 2000 p924 Philip J. Hilts, ...
Basic Epidemiologic Methods for Cancer Investigations", Essentials of Surgical Oncology, Surgical Foundations, Philadelphia: ...
... between VAS and administration of aluminium adjuvated rabies and FeLV vaccines was established through epidemiologic methods, ... Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Vol. 29. Humana Press. pp. 241-250. doi:10.1385/1-59259-688-6:241. ISBN ...
Although the epidemiologic techniques and general principles remain valid, the usage described of certain drugs, vaccines, and ... CAUTION: This document was published by CDC in 1984 to record the experience and lessons learned from applying epidemiologic ...
Need for improved methods to collect and present spatial epidemiologic data for vectorborne diseases.Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13: ... Improving Methods for Reporting Spatial Epidemiologic Data. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(8):1335-1337. doi:10.3201/ ... Peterson, A. T. (2008). Improving Methods for Reporting Spatial Epidemiologic Data. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(8), 1335- ... Improving Methods for Reporting Spatial Epidemiologic Data. Volume 14, Number 8-August 2008 ...
Using a metapopulation epidemiologic model to estimate the exceedance probabilities of morbidity and mortality resulting from ... Session Objectives: Discuss the role of complex systems methods for causal inference in epidemiology Evaluate alternative ...
Text; Format: print Publication details: 1983Dissertation note: Thesis (doctoral) - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, 1983. Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (1)Call number: WM 100 83LU. ...
Papers chosen for discussion in the journal club are focused on epidemiologic methods. Journal club sessions are led by one of ... His research sits at advanced epidemiologic methods to make causal inferences from observational data (e.g., prospective ... Article: "Comparing methods to address bias in observational data: statin use and cardiovascular events in a US cohort". ... Keils research is focused on improving the link between epidemiologic studies and public health in occupational and ...
Epidemiologic Methods. 2015;4:69-86.. Google Scholar *. Fox J. Polychoric and Polyserial Correlations. R package 0.7-9. edn. ... Materials and methods. We performed a register linkage of the National Patient Register (NPR) [38], the Multi-Generation ... Fourth, our methods will not detect individuals diagnosed in outpatient care prior to 2001. Importantly, however, under- ... results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:533-45. ...
Epidemiologic Methods. 1 (1, Article 7). doi:10.1515/2161-962X.1014. S2CID 52207229. Albert, Jeffrey (2012). "Distribution-Free ... The Preacher-Hayes method provides point estimates and confidence intervals by which one can assess the significance or ... Summary of mediation methods at PsychWiki Example of Causal Mediation Using Propensity Scores The Methodology Center, Penn ... MacKinnon, D. P.; Lockwood, C. M.; Lockwood, J. M.; West, S. G.; Sheets, V. (2002). "A comparison of methods to test mediation ...
... and development of epidemiologic methods. Dr Steenland also worked abroad at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, ...
650 22 ‡a Epidemiologic Methods ‡v Tables.. 650 22 ‡a Mortality ‡v Tables. ... 650 22 ‡a Epidemiologic Methods.. 650 22 ‡a Mortality.. 655 _2 ‡a Tables. ...
Keywords: Clinimetrics; Epidemiologic methods; Measurement properties; Observer variation; Psychometrics; Reliability and ...
If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect ...
Is there something to be learned from our past behavior that we can use for the future? If epidemiologic methods are not ... Now for the most important message, epidemiologic methods are not appropriate for clinicians hoping to justify their ... Scientific methods play a crucial role in defining a good practice: It can only be a practice that leads to better patient ... Epidemiologic studies are designed to discover some unknown things, by using known data. They were not meant to help us feign ...
The curriculum allows students to acquire core competencies in epidemiologic methods as well as the flexibility to tailor ... CPH 528 - Epidemiological Methods - 3 Cr. Hrs. *Only required if student has not taken a a similar graduate-level course ... CPH 757 - Survey Research Methods - 3 Cr. Hrs.. *CPH 626 - Health Information and Surveillance for Public Health Practice - 3 ... Graduates will be prepared to examine approaches to programs and policies using advanced evaluation methods to prioritize ...
Design: Epidemiologic modeling METHODS:: Baseline trends in cataract surgery among Medicare beneficiaries were assessed by ... Figure 2 Method of vision correction in USA. This gure demonstrates in a pie chart how vision is corrected on adults in the ... Laser vision correction procedures are divided into superficial and deep methods [12,. 13]. Superficial methods involve ... Method of vision correction in USA. This figure demonstrates in a pie chart how vision is corrected on adults in the USA. ...
title = "Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was ... T1 - Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was ... Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was successfully ... Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was successfully ...
Epidemiologic Methods I. 3. PH 532. Cancer Epidemiology. 2. PHRM 536. Introduction to Pharmacogenomics. 2. ...
Design and Conduct of Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies. 3. HRP 226. Intermediate Epidemiologic and Clinical Research Methods ... Research Design and Methods (~3-4 pages, including background and preliminary data), for each aim: *Hypothesis and Rationale ... Methods for Health Care Delivery Innovation, Implementation and Evaluation. 2. HRP 219. Evaluating Technologies for Diagnosis, ... Analytical and Practical Issues in the Conduct of Clinical and Epidemiologic Research. 2 - 3. ...
Epidemiologic Methods, 2(1), 67-83. doi: 10.1515/em-2012-0008 Journal - Research Article ... Davies, T. M., Sheard, P. W., & Cornwall, J. (2013). Development of a novel statistical method to test spatial distribution of ...
epidemiologic methods. *seat belts. *CDS, Crashworthiness Data System. *CI, confidence interval. *FARS, Fatality Analysis ...
Categories: Epidemiologic Methods Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
COVID-19 vaccines, epidemiologic methods, epidemiological monitoring, vaccine effectiveness. in Epidemiology and Infection. ... epidemiologic methods; epidemiological monitoring; vaccine effectiveness}}, language = {{eng}}, publisher = {{Cambridge ...
Nearly half were epidemiologic studies; others described or applied epidemiologic methods (Table). ... Epidemiologic or statistical methods development. Of the 111 articles that described research on microbial genomes (bacterial, ... Genomes are found at all three corners of the epidemiologic triangle: human or animal hosts are engaged in genomic contests ... The focus is on pathogen genomes, applying advances in molecular and bioinformatics methods first developed for human genome ...
Methods in epidemiologic research. Charlottetown (PEI): VER Inc.; 2012.. Return to footnote 11 Referrer ... Methods: Cases of cyclosporiasis were identified through provincial laboratory testing and reported through provinces to the ... Methods. Epidemiological investigation. An outbreak-associated case of cyclosporiasis was defined as laboratory confirmation of ... One of the challenges associated with these studies is having an effective method to recruit controls. A control bank was ...
An analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(24):1710-1716.. View this ... Previous methods of typing M. tuberculosis strains, including IS6110-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), ... Unique among diagnostic methods, WGS can not only examine known resistance-associated polymorphisms but also predict novel ... The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco - a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J ...
An analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1710-6. * Gordin FM, Nelson ET ... The Mantoux-method TST, with 5 TU of purified protein derivative, is used to diagnose M. tuberculosis infection. A TST reaction ... A molecular and epidemiologic study of rifampin-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at an inner city hospital, 1991 ... In prospective epidemiologic studies, investigators have estimated that the annual rate of TB disease among untreated, ...
Professor Desais expertise is in the application of epidemiologic methods to clinical and health services research. Most of ... Aging; Mental Disorders; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Epidemiologic Methods; Health Workforce; Health Services ... Gambling, Health, and Age: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related ConditionsDesai RA, Desai MM, ... Global health experiences of U.S. Physicians: a mixed methods survey of clinician-researchers and health policy leadersGreysen ...
Teaching priorities include epidemiologic methods; data science, data analysis and statistical computing; and practice of ... Expertise is required in the specific area of epidemiologic methods development and application, with the ability to establish ... Expertise is required in the specific area of epidemiologic methods development and applications, with the ability to establish ... Expertise is required in the specific area of epidemiologic methods development and applications, with the ability to establish ...
Eaton, W. W., Kessler, L. G. (eds.): Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. ... i) of the Delves method (Ref. j). Quantitation is based on the measurement of light absorbed at 283.3 nm by ground state atoms ... m). The cholesterol method used in the Johns Hopkins Lipid Research Clinic Laboratory was standardized according to the ... Regier, D. A., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M., Robins, L. N., et al.: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Arch Gen ...
  • Discuss the role of complex systems methods for causal inference in epidemiology Evaluate alternative methods for collecting ethnicity data when self-reported ethnicity is unavailable. (confex.com)
  • MPH students: those who earned a grade of 'A' in 340.721 EPIDEMIOLOGIC INFERENCE I or 340.601 PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY may opt to skip the course 340.751 and proceed into 340.752 EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS 2 during the 2nd term. (jhu.edu)
  • The Epidemiology concentration offers rigorous training in epidemiologic concepts and methodology. (unmc.edu)
  • Yang, FM & Jones, RN 2007, ' Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was successfully replicated using latent variable modeling ', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1195-1200. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Design and Conduct of Observational Epidemiology (Epidemiologic methods). (exponent.com)
  • She also provides research methods and statistical consultation on a wide variety of topics include emergency care, infectious disease, orthopaedic injury and surgery, sports epidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology, and others. (rochester.edu)
  • PM 489 Injury Epidemiology and Emergency Care Research Methods focuses on the burden of injury on the population's health, epidemiologic methods unique to studying injury, and specific content areas such as opioid overdose, prehospital care of injured patients, and traumatic brain injury. (rochester.edu)
  • Professor Desai's expertise is in the application of epidemiologic methods to clinical and health services research. (yale.edu)
  • Application of Epidemiologic Methods (Applied Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). (exponent.com)
  • His research sits at advanced epidemiologic methods to make causal inferences from observational data (e.g., prospective cohorts and electronic health records), and thereby to build accurate and impactful evidence bases for health decision making. (epiresearch.org)
  • No one denies that observational and epidemiologic studies are more expedient, but what have we collectively done here? (ajnr.org)
  • Research and quantitative methods for analysis of epidemiologic observational studies. (psu.edu)
  • STAT 507 Epidemiologic Research Methods (3) This 3-credit course develops research and quantitative methods related to the design and analysis of epidemiological (mostly observational) studies. (psu.edu)
  • We review the strengths and limitations of risk of bias assessments, in particular, for reviews of observational studies of environmental exposures, and we also comment more generally on methods of evidence synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Such syntheses are part of systematic reviews of observational epidemiologic study findings. (nih.gov)
  • Committee for Evidence-Based Methods in Risk Assessment is aiming at the development of a tool for rapid assessment of risk of bias (raRoB) for evaluating the evidence from individual human observational epidemiological studies in the risk assessment context. (bund.de)
  • This course is a second-level course and complements Biostat Methods, STAT 509 , which is focused on clinical (experimental) trials. (psu.edu)
  • Dr. Keil's research is focused on improving the link between epidemiologic studies and public health in occupational and environmental settings. (epiresearch.org)
  • Epidemiologic studies are designed to discover some unknown things, by using known data. (ajnr.org)
  • They cannot be relegated to future epidemiologic studies, and they must be integrated to current medical practice that is in desperate need of validation, by using randomized allocation of options. (ajnr.org)
  • of item response bias in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale by age, gender, and race. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Study Design and Setting: We used the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model framework to estimate measurement bias in the CES-D responses of participants in the New Haven Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly study (N = 2,340). (elsevierpure.com)
  • One of the challenges associated with these studies is having an effective method to recruit controls. (canada.ca)
  • To a lesser degree, the course also covers non-randomized, intervention (experimental) studies that may be designed and analyzed with epidemiological methods. (psu.edu)
  • Together, these two courses provide students with a complete review of research methods for the design and analysis for common studies related to human health, disease, and treatment. (psu.edu)
  • Increasingly, risk of bias tools are used to evaluate epidemiologic studies as part of evidence synthesis (evidence integration), often involving meta-analyses. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence synthesis (or evidence integration) is widely used to summarize findings of epidemiologic studies of environmental and occupational exposures. (nih.gov)
  • and c ) a method to synthesize evidence across studies (which sometimes includes a meta-analysis). (nih.gov)
  • Her conduct of epidemiologic studies is informed by community participatory methods, implementation science, and transdisciplinary teams. (academyhealth.org)
  • Prior or concurrent enrollment in Statistical Methods in Public Health I (140.621) or Methods in Biostatistics I (140.651). (jhu.edu)
  • Data Mining methods are introduced by using examples to demonstrate the power of the statistical methods for exploring structure in data sets, discovering patterns in data, making predictions, and reducing the dimensionality by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and other tools for visualization of high dimensional data. (psu.edu)
  • and methods used for comparing populations. (jhu.edu)
  • Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • How specifically would this method be implemented in public health surveillance? (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 58 human-derived samples, 26 (45%) were collected through surveillance or epidemiologic surveys and 10 (17%) were from outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • CPH 528 - Epidemiological Methods - 3 Cr. (unmc.edu)
  • Although the epidemiologic techniques and general principles remain valid, the usage described of certain drugs, vaccines, and other specific health-related strategies may be obsolete. (cdc.gov)
  • CAUTION: This document was published by CDC in 1984 to record the experience and lessons learned from applying epidemiologic principles to humanitarian relief efforts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. (cdc.gov)
  • Introduces students to the principles and concepts used in epidemiologic research. (jhu.edu)
  • I coordinate the FoodCORE (Foodborne Diseases Centers for Outbreak Response Enhancement) program, providing technical, scientific, epidemiologic, and logistic support for program participants and partners. (confex.com)
  • The second part of this thought experiment is to imagine a study using similar methods to lead to the title, "Better Patient Outcomes in Outpatient Clinics Than in Intensive Care Units. (ajnr.org)
  • Methods and feasibility of collecting occupational data for a large population-based cohort study in the United States: the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: Current and historical occupational information were collected from active participants of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. (cdc.gov)
  • Theory and methods of epidemiologic study of home accidents. (bmj.com)
  • Additionally, U.S. and military disease rates (where available) were added to provide epidemiologic context for the frequency of these infectious diseases. (health.mil)
  • A recent perspective in this journal ( 1 ) pointed out problems with the present, county-referenced system for reporting spatial epidemiologic data. (cdc.gov)
  • Eisen and Eisen correctly pointed out that these problems complicate spatial analyses of epidemiologic data ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, the solutions that they propose, referencing epidemiologic data to ZIP codes or census tracts, partially solve only the first problem. (cdc.gov)
  • We use mixed-methods, combining quantitative methods were we analyse cross-sectional data and qualitative interviews. (umu.se)
  • His projects have encompassed methodologies to assess drug safety, comparative effectiveness, indirect treatment comparison (external controls), health resource utilization, treatment patterns, burden of illness, disease comorbidity, and methods for terminology mapping and common data models. (iconplc.com)
  • Exploratory data analysis, classification methods, clustering methods, and other statistical and algorithmic tools are presented and applied to actual data. (psu.edu)
  • Unpublished data from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III), a nationwide survey of 36,309 U.S. adults aged 18 and older. (nih.gov)
  • Addressing Complex Health Problems Through a Mix of Epidemiologic Methods and Data. (bvsalud.org)
  • FoodCORE addresses gaps in FBD outbreak response by improving capacity in three core areas: laboratory, epidemiologic, and environmental health activities. (confex.com)
  • The objective of this review is to systematically review the findings of existing epidemiologic research on vitamin C and its potential role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). (mdpi.com)
  • They use explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view aimed at minimizing bias, to produce more reliable findings to inform decision making" ( https://www.cochranelibrary.com/about/about-cochrane-reviews ). (nih.gov)
  • If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. (nih.gov)
  • This is why scientific methods are essential to protect present patients in need of care. (ajnr.org)
  • METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology for conducting systematic reviews. (who.int)
  • The curriculum allows students to acquire core competencies in epidemiologic methods as well as the flexibility to tailor course work to best serve individual career goals as public health leaders. (unmc.edu)
  • and development of epidemiologic methods. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientific methods play a crucial role in defining a good practice: It can only be a practice that leads to better patient outcomes. (ajnr.org)
  • Studien undersökte huruvida arbete som hårfrisör har en negativ inverkan på fertilitet, mätt som tid för att bli gravid och risk för missfall. (gu.se)
  • Slutsats: Denna studie indikerar en negativ påverkan på tid till graviditet och risk för missfall för arbete som hårfrisörska. (gu.se)
  • Reproducibility is recognized as the ability to obtain similar results on several examination and has been considered of great importance when evaluating a particular method of validation, ensuring uniformity of caries criteria interpretation 14-15 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this role, she leads the quarterly departmental journal club and provides research methods lectures on topics critical to interpreting the articles selected for discussion. (rochester.edu)
  • The journal club provides our members with the opportunity to discuss recent epidemiologic literature. (epiresearch.org)
  • Graduates will be prepared to examine approaches to programs and policies using advanced evaluation methods to prioritize opportunities to advocate for improvement in public health settings. (unmc.edu)
  • Simplified Method for Analysis of DDT and DDE in Blood for Epidemiologic Purposes. (epa.gov)
  • The focus is on pathogen genomes, applying advances in molecular and bioinformatics methods first developed for human genome research. (cdc.gov)
  • Genomes are found at all three corners of the epidemiologic triangle: human or animal hosts are engaged in genomic contests with pathogens of all kinds, played out in an environment teeming with the genomes of other people, animals, plants, and microbes. (cdc.gov)
  • However, identification of the source has been difficult because of lack of molecular typing methods, considerable case reporting delays and limited traceability of produce. (canada.ca)
  • ZIP codes and census tracts cover fixed areas and can misrepresent the spatial precision of epidemiologic records. (cdc.gov)
  • Papers chosen for discussion in the journal club are focused on epidemiologic methods. (epiresearch.org)
  • However, scientific methods do much more than that. (ajnr.org)
  • Now for the most important message, epidemiologic methods are not appropriate for clinicians hoping to justify their interventions. (ajnr.org)