Drug Administration Routes
United States Food and Drug Administration
Injections, Subcutaneous
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Injections, Intramuscular
Administration, Cutaneous
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Approval
Device Approval
Drug Labeling
Elephantiasis, Filarial
United States
Drug Administration Schedule
Product Surveillance, Postmarketing
Diethylcarbamazine
England
Cardioplegic Solutions
Dictionaries as Topic
Heart Arrest, Induced
Wales
Dialysate iron therapy: infusion of soluble ferric pyrophosphate via the dialysate during hemodialysis. (1/769)
BACKGROUND: Soluble iron salts are toxic for parenteral administration because free iron catalyzes free radical generation. Pyrophosphate strongly complexes iron and enhances iron transport between transferrin, ferritin, and tissues. Hemodialysis patients need iron to replenish ongoing losses. We evaluated the short-term safety and efficacy of infusing soluble ferric pyrophosphate by dialysate. METHODS: Maintenance hemodialysis patients receiving erythropoietin were stabilized on regular doses of intravenous (i.v.) iron dextran after oral iron supplements were discontinued. During the treatment phase, 10 patients received ferric pyrophosphate via hemodialysis as monthly dialysate iron concentrations were progressively increased from 2, 4, 8, to 12 micrograms/dl and were then sustained for two additional months at 12 micrograms/dl (dialysate iron group); 11 control patients were continued on i.v. iron dextran (i.v. iron group). RESULTS: Hemoglobin, serum iron parameters, and the erythropoietin dose did not change significantly from month 0 to month 6, both within and between the two groups. The weekly dose of i.v. iron (mean +/- SD) needed to maintain iron balance during month 6 was 56 +/- 37 mg in the i.v. iron group compared with 10 +/- 23 mg in the dialysate iron group (P = 0.001). Intravenous iron was required by all 11 patients in the i.v. iron group compared with only 2 of the 10 patients receiving 12 micrograms/dl dialysate iron. The incidence of adverse effects was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Slow infusion of soluble iron pyrophosphate by hemodialysis may be a safe and effective alternative to the i.v. administration of colloidal iron dextran in maintenance hemodialysis patients. (+info)A macrolactam inhibitor of T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cytokine biosynthesis for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. (2/769)
T lymphocytes play a critical part in inflammatory skin diseases but are targeted by available therapies that have only partial efficacy, significant side-effects, or both. Because psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic contact hypersensitivity are associated with T helper type 1 (Th1), T helper type 2 (Th2), or mixed Th1-Th2 cell subsets and cytokine types, respectively, there is a need for a better broad-based inhibitor. The macrolactam ascomycin analog, ABT-281, was found to inhibit potently T cell function across species and to inhibit expression of multiple cytokines in human peripheral blood leukocytes which have been found in human skin disease cells and tissues. These included immunoregulatory Th1 (interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma) and Th2 (interleukin-4 and interleukin-5) cytokines. ABT-281 was shown to have potent topical activity (ED50 = 0.6% in acetone/olive oil) in a stringent swine model of allergic contact hypersensitivity, but its potency was markedly reduced compared with ascomycin when administered systemically due to more rapid clearance. Topical application of 3% ABT-281 in acetone/olive oil over 25% of the body surface in swine resulted in undetectable blood levels. Compared with a wide potency range of topical corticosteroids in clinical formulations, 0.3% and 1% ABT-281 ointments profoundly inhibited dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in the pig by 78% and 90%, respectively, whereas super-potent steroids such as clobetasol propionate only inhibited in the 50% range and mild to moderate potency steroids such as fluocinolone acetonide were inactive. The potent topical activity of ABT-281 in swine, its superior efficacy, its rapid systemic clearance following uptake into the bloodstream, and its ability to inhibit cytokine biosynthesis of both Th1 and Th2 cell subsets, suggests that it will have a broad therapeutic value in inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis. (+info)Glucocorticosteroids in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. (3/769)
Glucocorticosteroids are used frequently in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Data supporting their efficacy and safety are still meagre. Glucocorticosteroids may be used systemically with different routes of administration (oral, i.m. and i.v.), in different doses and for different periods of time. The effectiveness of glucocorticosteroids in reducing inflammation in the short term has been shown for oral treatment in a dose of 7.5 mg prednisolone daily or more, for i.m. pulses (120 mg methylprednisolone every 4 weeks) and for i.v. methylprednisolone pulses. For longer periods of treatment, the evidence suggesting effectiveness of low-dose oral glucocorticosteroids is more limited. Some data suggest that different regimens of glucocorticosteroids may retard the development of erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The toxicity of short-term treatment is relatively low. For long-term treatment, the development of osteoporosis is a serious problem. Concomitant therapy with either calcitriol or bisphosphonates may reduce this risk. (+info)Nasal immunization induces Haemophilus influenzae-specific Th1 and Th2 responses with mucosal IgA and systemic IgG antibodies for protective immunity. (4/769)
To determine the efficacy of a mucosal vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), mice were immunized nasally, orally, intratracheally, or intraperitoneally with NTHi antigen together with cholera toxin. Antigen-specific IgA antibody titers in nasal washes and the numbers of antigen-specific IgA-producing cells in nasal passages showed the greatest increases in mice immunized nasally. Cytokine analysis showed that interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 were induced by nasal immunization, suggesting that Th2- and Th1-type cells were generated. Furthermore, bacterial clearance of a homologous strain of NTHi from the nasal tract was significantly enhanced in the nasal immunization group. These findings suggest that nasal immunization is an effective vaccination regimen for the induction of antigen-specific mucosal immune responses, which reduce the colonization of NTHi in the nasal tract. (+info)Neonatal exposure to the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine via breast milk or directly induces intestinal tumors in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. (5/769)
We examined whether the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) could increase intestinal tumorigenesis in neonatal C57BL/6J-Min/+ mice, a murine model for familial adenomatous polyposis. Min/+ mice are heterozygous for a nonsense mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and spontaneously develop multiple intestinal adenomas, primarily in the small intestine. Neonatal Min/+ mice (3-6 days old) were exposed to PhIP via breast milk from lactating dams given 8 s.c. injections of 50 mg/kg PhIP three times a week or to 8 s.c. injections of 25 or 50 mg/kg PhIP directly, over the same period. At the age of 11 weeks, the number, diameter and location of the intestinal tumors were scored. Remarkably, a 2- to 4-fold increase in the number of small intestinal tumors was seen in Min/+ mice exposed to PhIP via breast milk (P < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first time PhIP has been reported to induce tumors following exposure via breast milk from PhIP-exposed dams. Upon direct exposure to 50 mg/kg PhIP, a 6- to 9-fold increase in the number of small intestinal tumors was observed (P < 0.001). The diameter of the PhIP-induced small intestinal tumors was slightly increased (P < 0.001). In the colon, a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of tumors was seen in Min/+ mice exposed to PhIP via breast milk (P = 0. 004). Direct exposure to 50 mg/kg PhIP caused a 2- to 6-fold increase in the number of colonic tumors (P = 0.014). The PhIP-induced colonic tumors were located more distally and displayed a smaller diameter than the tumors from the controls (P < 0.05). In contrast to a previous study, where PhIP showed only a moderate tumorigenic effect in adult Min/+ mice, the present study demonstrates a strong tumorigenic effect of PhIP in neonatally exposed Min/+ mice, even after exposure via breast milk from PhIP-exposed dams. (+info)Intracoronary and intravenous administration of basic fibroblast growth factor: myocardial and tissue distribution. (6/769)
Therapeutic angiogenesis using various heparin-binding growth factors is a promising treatment for ischemic heart disease. Single dose intracoronary (IC) or i.v. delivery are most practical for clinical use. This study was designed to investigate the myocardial and tissue deposition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) after IC and i.v. administration in normal and chronically ischemic animals. Twenty-four Yorkshire pigs were used (12 normal and 12 ischemic animals) with IC and i.v. administration of 125I-bFGF (25 microCi) combined with cold bFGF (30 microg) and heparin (3 mg). Tissue and myocardial distribution was determined at 1 and 24 h by measuring 125I-bFGF specific activity and by organ and light level autoradiography. The liver accounted for the majority of 125I-bFGF activity at 1 h (37.6 +/- 17.1% for IC and 42.1 +/- 17.7% for i.v. delivery), with a reduction to 2.8 +/- 1.5% for IC and 1.5 +/- 0.9% for i.v. delivery by 24 h. Total cardiac specific activity at 1 h was 0.88 +/- 0.89% for IC and 0.26 +/- 0.08% for i.v. administration (p =.12) and decreased to 0.05 +/- 0.04% (p =.05, versus 1 h) and 0. 04 +/- 0.01% (p <.001, versus 1 h) at 24 h, respectively. IC but not i.v. delivery resulted in higher deposition in ischemic than normal myocardium. IC delivery resulted in enhanced bFGF deposition only in myocardial territories subtended by the infused artery. Intravenous delivery compares favorably with IC delivery with a 3- to 4-fold reduction in myocardial deposition at 1 h and with similar solid organ deposition. The less invasive nature of i.v. delivery, its potential for repeat administration, and its applicability to a larger population may offset its resultant reduced myocardial deposition. Efficacy studies are ongoing. (+info)Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus attenuates morphine tolerance and dependence. (7/769)
Learning and memory have been suggested to be important in the development of opiate addiction. Based on the recent findings that calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is essential in learning and memory processes, and morphine treatment increases CaMKII activity in hippocampus, the present study was undertaken to examine whether inhibition of hippocampal CaMKII prevents morphine tolerance and dependence. Here, we report that inhibition of CaMKII by intrahippocampal dentate gyrus administration of the specific inhibitors KN-62 and KN-93 to rats significantly attenuated the tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and the abstinence syndrome precipitated by opiate antagonist naloxone. In contrast, both KN-04 and KN-92, the inactive structural analogs of KN-62 and KN-93, failed to attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence, indicating that the observed effects of KN-62 and KN-93 are mediated through inhibition of CaMKII. Furthermore, administration of CaMKII antisense oligonucleotide into rat hippocampal dentate gyrus, which decreased the expression of CaMKII specifically, also attenuated morphine tolerance and dependence, while the corresponding sense oligonucleotide of CaMKII did not exhibit such inhibitory effect. Moreover, the KN-62 treatment abolished the rewarding properties of morphine as measured by the conditioned place preference. These results suggest that hippocampal CaMKII is critically involved in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence, and inhibition of this kinase may have some therapeutic benefit in the treatment of opiate tolerance and dependence. (+info)Respiratory mucosal immunization with reovirus serotype 1/L stimulates virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including double-positive (CD4(+)/CD8(+)) T cells. (8/769)
Respiratory virus infections are a serious health challenge. A number of models that examine the nature of the respiratory immune response to particular pathogens exist. However, many pathogens that stimulate specific immunity in the lung are frequently not effective immunogens at other mucosal sites. A pathogen that is an effective respiratory as well as gastrointestinal immunogen would allow studies of the interaction between the mucosal sites. Reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan virus) serotype 1 is known to be an effective gut mucosal immunogen and provides a potential model for the relationship between the respiratory and the gut mucosal immune systems. In this study, we demonstrate that intratracheal immunization with reovirus 1/Lang (1/L) in C3H mice resulted in high titers of virus in the respiratory tract-associated lymphoid tissue (RALT). High levels of reovirus-specific immunoglobulin A were determined in the RALT fragment cultures. The major responding components of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue were the CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Cells from draining lymph nodes also exhibited lysis of reovirus-infected target cells after an in vitro culture. The present study also describes the distribution of transiently present CD4(+)/CD8(+) double-positive (DP) T cells in the mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of RALT. CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP lymphocytes were able to proliferate in response to stimulation with viral antigen in culture. Furthermore, these cells exhibited lysis of reovirus-infected target cells after in vitro culture. These results establish reovirus 1/L as a viable model for future investigation of the mucosal immune response in the RALT and its relationship to the common mucosal immune system. (+info)Drug administration routes refer to the different paths through which medications or drugs are introduced into the body to exert their therapeutic effects. Understanding these routes is crucial in ensuring appropriate drug delivery, optimizing drug effectiveness, and minimizing potential adverse effects. Here are some common drug administration routes with their definitions:
1. Oral (PO): Medications are given through the mouth, allowing for easy self-administration. The drug is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
2. Parenteral: This route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and involves direct administration into the body's tissues or bloodstream. Examples include intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and intradermal (ID) injections.
3. Intravenous (IV): Medications are administered directly into a vein, ensuring rapid absorption and onset of action. This route is often used for emergency situations or when immediate therapeutic effects are required.
4. Intramuscular (IM): Medications are injected deep into a muscle, allowing for slow absorption and prolonged release. Common sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, or ventrogluteal muscles.
5. Subcutaneous (SC): Medications are administered just under the skin, providing slower absorption compared to IM injections. Common sites include the abdomen, upper arm, or thigh.
6. Intradermal (ID): Medications are introduced into the superficial layer of the skin, often used for diagnostic tests like tuberculin skin tests or vaccine administration.
7. Topical: Medications are applied directly to the skin surface, mucous membranes, or other body surfaces. This route is commonly used for local treatment of infections, inflammation, or pain. Examples include creams, ointments, gels, patches, and sprays.
8. Inhalational: Medications are administered through inhalation, allowing for rapid absorption into the lungs and quick onset of action. Commonly used for respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Examples include metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers.
9. Rectal: Medications are administered through the rectum, often used when oral administration is not possible or desirable. Commonly used for systemic treatment of pain, fever, or seizures. Examples include suppositories, enemas, or foams.
10. Oral: Medications are taken by mouth, allowing for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and systemic distribution. This is the most common route of medication administration. Examples include tablets, capsules, liquids, or chewable forms.
Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.
Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal government agency responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our country's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA also provides guidance on the proper use of these products, and enforces laws and regulations related to them. It is part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Subcutaneous injection is a route of administration where a medication or vaccine is delivered into the subcutaneous tissue, which lies between the skin and the muscle. This layer contains small blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues that help to absorb the medication slowly and steadily over a period of time. Subcutaneous injections are typically administered using a short needle, at an angle of 45-90 degrees, and the dose is injected slowly to minimize discomfort and ensure proper absorption. Common sites for subcutaneous injections include the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Examples of medications that may be given via subcutaneous injection include insulin, heparin, and some vaccines.
"Intraperitoneal injection" is a medical term that refers to the administration of a substance or medication directly into the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs contained within it. This type of injection is typically used in clinical settings for various purposes, such as delivering chemotherapy drugs, anesthetics, or other medications directly to the abdominal organs.
The procedure involves inserting a needle through the abdominal wall and into the peritoneal cavity, taking care to avoid any vital structures such as blood vessels or nerves. Once the needle is properly positioned, the medication can be injected slowly and carefully to ensure even distribution throughout the cavity.
It's important to note that intraperitoneal injections are typically reserved for situations where other routes of administration are not feasible or effective, as they carry a higher risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or injury to surrounding organs. As with any medical procedure, it should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals under appropriate clinical circumstances.
"Intramuscular injections" refer to a medical procedure where a medication or vaccine is administered directly into the muscle tissue. This is typically done using a hypodermic needle and syringe, and the injection is usually given into one of the large muscles in the body, such as the deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis (thigh), or ventrogluteal (buttock) muscles.
Intramuscular injections are used for a variety of reasons, including to deliver medications that need to be absorbed slowly over time, to bypass stomach acid and improve absorption, or to ensure that the medication reaches the bloodstream quickly and directly. Common examples of medications delivered via intramuscular injection include certain vaccines, antibiotics, and pain relievers.
It is important to follow proper technique when administering intramuscular injections to minimize pain and reduce the risk of complications such as infection or injury to surrounding tissues. Proper site selection, needle length and gauge, and injection technique are all critical factors in ensuring a safe and effective intramuscular injection.
"Cutaneous administration" is a route of administering medication or treatment through the skin. This can be done through various methods such as:
1. Topical application: This involves applying the medication directly to the skin in the form of creams, ointments, gels, lotions, patches, or solutions. The medication is absorbed into the skin and enters the systemic circulation slowly over a period of time. Topical medications are often used for local effects, such as treating eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections.
2. Iontophoresis: This method uses a mild electrical current to help a medication penetrate deeper into the skin. A positive charge is applied to a medication with a negative charge, or vice versa, causing it to be attracted through the skin. Iontophoresis is often used for local pain management and treating conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
3. Transdermal delivery systems: These are specialized patches that contain medication within them. The patch is applied to the skin, and as time passes, the medication is released through the skin and into the systemic circulation. This method allows for a steady, controlled release of medication over an extended period. Common examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation and hormone replacement therapy patches.
Cutaneous administration offers several advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism (which can reduce the effectiveness of oral medications), providing localized treatment, and allowing for self-administration in some cases. However, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and potential side effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and systemic absorption leading to unwanted systemic effects.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
"Drug approval" is the process by which a regulatory agency, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), grants formal authorization for a pharmaceutical company to market and sell a drug for a specific medical condition. The approval process is based on rigorous evaluation of clinical trial data to ensure that the drug is safe and effective for its intended use.
The FDA's approval process typically involves several stages, including preclinical testing in the lab and animal studies, followed by three phases of clinical trials in human subjects. The first phase tests the safety of the drug in a small group of healthy volunteers, while the second and third phases test the drug's efficacy and side effects in larger groups of patients with the medical condition for which the drug is intended.
If the results of these studies demonstrate that the drug is safe and effective, the pharmaceutical company can submit a New Drug Application (NDA) or Biologics License Application (BLA) to the FDA for review. The application includes data from the clinical trials, as well as information about the manufacturing process, labeling, and proposed use of the drug.
The FDA reviews the application and may seek input from independent experts before making a decision on whether to approve the drug. If approved, the drug can be marketed and sold to patients with the medical condition for which it was approved. The FDA continues to monitor the safety and efficacy of approved drugs after they reach the market to ensure that they remain safe and effective for their intended use.
"Device approval" is a term used to describe the process by which a medical device is determined to be safe and effective for use in patients by regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval process typically involves a rigorous evaluation of the device's design, performance, and safety data, as well as a review of the manufacturer's quality systems and labeling.
The FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is responsible for regulating medical devices in the United States. The CDRH uses a risk-based classification system to determine the level of regulatory control needed for each device. Class I devices are considered low risk, Class II devices are moderate risk, and Class III devices are high risk.
For Class III devices, which include life-sustaining or life-supporting devices, as well as those that present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury, the approval process typically involves a premarket approval (PMA) application. This requires the submission of comprehensive scientific evidence to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device.
For Class II devices, which include moderate-risk devices such as infusion pumps and powered wheelchairs, the approval process may involve a premarket notification (510(k)) submission. This requires the manufacturer to demonstrate that their device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device that is already legally marketed in the United States.
Once a medical device has been approved for marketing, the FDA continues to monitor its safety and effectiveness through post-market surveillance programs. Manufacturers are required to report any adverse events or product problems to the FDA, and the agency may take regulatory action if necessary to protect public health.
Equipment safety in a medical context refers to the measures taken to ensure that medical equipment is free from potential harm or risks to patients, healthcare providers, and others who may come into contact with the equipment. This includes:
1. Designing and manufacturing the equipment to meet safety standards and regulations.
2. Properly maintaining and inspecting the equipment to ensure it remains safe over time.
3. Providing proper training for healthcare providers on how to use the equipment safely.
4. Implementing safeguards, such as alarms and warnings, to alert users of potential hazards.
5. Conducting regular risk assessments to identify and address any potential safety concerns.
6. Reporting and investigating any incidents or accidents involving the equipment to determine their cause and prevent future occurrences.
Drug labeling refers to the information that is provided on the packaging or container of a medication, as well as any accompanying promotional materials. This information is intended to provide healthcare professionals and patients with accurate and up-to-date data about the drug's composition, intended use, dosage, side effects, contraindications, and other important details that are necessary for safe and effective use.
The labeling of prescription drugs in the United States is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which requires manufacturers to submit proposed labeling as part of their new drug application. The FDA reviews the labeling to ensure that it is truthful, balanced, and not misleading, and provides accurate information about the drug's risks and benefits.
The labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is also regulated by the FDA, but in this case, the agency has established a set of monographs that specify the conditions under which certain active ingredients can be used and the labeling requirements for each ingredient. Manufacturers of OTC drugs must ensure that their labeling complies with these monographs.
In addition to the information required by regulatory agencies, drug labeling may also include additional information provided by the manufacturer, such as detailed instructions for use, storage requirements, and any warnings or precautions that are necessary to ensure safe and effective use of the medication. It is important for healthcare professionals and patients to carefully review and understand all of the information provided on a drug's labeling before using the medication.
Elephantiasis, filarial is a medical condition characterized by the severe swelling of limbs or other parts of the body due to the blockage of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms. It is caused by infection with threadlike nematode filarial worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites.
The blockage of lymphatic vessels leads to the accumulation of lymph fluid in the affected area, causing progressive swelling, thickening, and hardening of the skin and underlying tissues. In advanced cases, the skin may become rough, nodular, and fissured, resembling the hide of an elephant, hence the name "elephantiasis."
The condition is usually chronic and can cause significant disability and social stigma. While there is no cure for filarial elephantiasis, various treatments are available to alleviate symptoms, prevent transmission, and halt the progression of the disease. These include antibiotics to kill the worms, surgery to remove the lymphatic obstruction, and various supportive measures to manage the swelling and prevent secondary infections.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.
'Drug legislation' refers to the laws and regulations that govern the production, distribution, sale, possession, and use of medications and pharmaceutical products within a given jurisdiction. These laws are designed to protect public health and safety by establishing standards for drug quality, ensuring appropriate prescribing and dispensing practices, preventing drug abuse and diversion, and promoting access to necessary medications. Drug legislation may also include provisions related to clinical trials, advertising, packaging, labeling, and reimbursement. Compliance with these regulations is typically enforced through a combination of government agencies, professional organizations, and legal penalties for non-compliance.
Filaricides are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by filarial worms, which are parasitic roundworms that can infect humans and animals. These medications work by killing or inhibiting the development of the larval stages of the worms, thereby helping to eliminate the infection and prevent further transmission.
Filaricides are often used to treat diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), and loiasis (African eye worm). Examples of filaricides include ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. It is important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have serious side effects if not used properly.
Product surveillance, postmarketing refers to the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of a pharmaceutical or medical device product after it has been approved and released on the market. This process is used to detect any safety issues, adverse effects, or product performance concerns that may not have been identified during clinical trials. The data collected from postmarketing surveillance helps regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to make informed decisions about the continued use, modification, or withdrawal of a product from the market. Postmarketing surveillance is an essential component of post-market risk management and helps ensure the safety and efficacy of medical products throughout their lifecycle.
Diethylcarbamazine (DECT or DEC) is an anti-parasitic medication used to treat infections caused by roundworms, including lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and river blindness (onchocerciasis). It works by killing the parasitic worms, thus helping to prevent the progression of these diseases.
Diethylcarbamazine is typically available as a prescription oral medication in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and severity of the infection being treated. It's important to note that DEC should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it may have side effects and potential drug interactions.
Medical Citation:
"Diethylcarbamazine." National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. U.S. National Library of Medicine. . Accessed on April 18, 2023.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
'Abbreviations as Topic' in medical terms refers to the use and interpretation of abbreviated words or phrases that are commonly used in the field of medicine. These abbreviations can represent various concepts, such as medical conditions, treatments, procedures, diagnostic tests, and more.
Medical abbreviations are often used in clinical documentation, including patient records, progress notes, orders, and medication administration records. They help healthcare professionals communicate efficiently and effectively, reducing the need for lengthy descriptions and improving clarity in written communication.
However, medical abbreviations can also be a source of confusion and error if they are misinterpreted or used incorrectly. Therefore, it is essential to use standardized abbreviations that are widely recognized and accepted within the medical community. Additionally, healthcare professionals should always ensure that their use of abbreviations does not compromise patient safety or lead to misunderstandings in patient care.
Examples of commonly used medical abbreviations include:
* PT: Physical Therapy
* BP: Blood Pressure
* HR: Heart Rate
* Rx: Prescription
* NPO: Nothing by Mouth
* IV: Intravenous
* IM: Intramuscular
* COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
* MI: Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
* Dx: Diagnosis
It is important to note that some medical abbreviations can have multiple meanings, and their interpretation may depend on the context in which they are used. Therefore, it is essential to use caution when interpreting medical abbreviations and seek clarification if necessary to ensure accurate communication and patient care.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Cardioplegic solutions are specially formulated liquids used in medical procedures to induce cardiac arrest and protect the heart muscle during open-heart surgery. These solutions typically contain a combination of electrolytes, such as potassium and magnesium, which stop the heart from beating by interrupting its electrical activity. They may also include energy substrates, buffers, and other components to maintain the health and function of the heart cells during the period of arrest. The specific formulation of cardioplegic solutions can vary depending on the needs of the patient and the preferences of the medical team.
"Dictionaries as Topic" is a medical subject heading (MeSH) that refers to the study or discussion of dictionaries as a reference source in the field of medicine. Dictionaries used in this context are specialized works that provide definitions and explanations of medical terms, concepts, and technologies. They serve as important tools for healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients to communicate effectively and accurately about health and disease.
Medical dictionaries can cover a wide range of topics, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, diagnostic procedures, treatment methods, and medical ethics. They may also provide information on medical eponyms, abbreviations, symbols, and units of measurement. Some medical dictionaries are general in scope, while others focus on specific areas of medicine or healthcare, such as nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, or alternative medicine.
The use of medical dictionaries can help to ensure that medical terminology is used consistently and correctly, which is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and communication among healthcare providers and between providers and patients. Medical dictionaries can also be useful for non-medical professionals who need to understand medical terms in the context of their work, such as lawyers, journalists, and policymakers.
Induced heart arrest, also known as controlled cardiac arrest or planned cardiac arrest, is a deliberate medical intervention where cardiac activity is temporarily stopped through the use of medications or electrical disruption. This procedure is typically carried out during a surgical procedure, such as open-heart surgery, where the heart needs to be stilled to allow surgeons to work on it safely.
The most common method used to induce heart arrest is by administering a medication called potassium chloride, which stops the heart's electrical activity. Alternatively, an electrical shock may be delivered to the heart to achieve the same effect. Once the procedure is complete, the heart can be restarted using various resuscitation techniques, such as defibrillation or medication administration.
It's important to note that induced heart arrest is a carefully monitored and controlled medical procedure carried out by trained healthcare professionals in a hospital setting. It should not be confused with sudden cardiac arrest, which is an unexpected and often unpredictable event that occurs outside of a medical setting.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wales" is not a medical term. It is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, located in Western Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase that is used to represent the full word or phrase in medical terminology, documentation, or communication. Abbreviations are commonly used in the medical field to save time and space, improve clarity, and standardize communication. However, the use of abbreviations can also lead to errors and misunderstandings if they are not used consistently or correctly.
There are various types of abbreviations used in medicine, including:
1. Acronyms: These are abbreviations that are formed using the first letters of each word in a phrase, such as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
2. Initialisms: Similar to acronyms, initialisms are abbreviations that use the first letter of each word in a phrase, but they are pronounced letter by letter rather than as a word, such as FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) or CIA (Central Intelligence Agency).
3. Symbols: These are abbreviations that use symbols to represent medical concepts or measurements, such as "#" for number, "×" for times, or "µ" for micro.
4. Traditional abbreviations: These are abbreviations that have been used for many years and are widely recognized in the medical field, such as "Mr." for Mister, "Mrs." for Mistress, "Dr." for Doctor, "pp." for pages, or "q.d." for every day.
It is important to use abbreviations consistently and correctly to avoid confusion and errors in communication. In addition, it is recommended to avoid using obscure or ambiguous abbreviations that may not be familiar to all healthcare providers. The Joint Commission, a US-based healthcare accreditation organization, has published a list of "do not use" abbreviations that should be avoided in medical documentation to prevent errors and adverse events.
Route of administration
Yunnan Baiyao
The Top 100 Drugs
First pass effect
Supratarsal injection
Periocular injection
Suprachoroidal drug delivery
Sub-Tenon injection
Intranasal drug delivery
Intracerebroventricular injection
Topical cream formulation
Dronabinol
Pulmonary drug delivery
Intraperitoneal injection
Parachute (drugs)
Antimicrobial stewardship
Recombinant factor VIIa
Insufflation (medicine)
Drug delivery
Drug tolerance
Controversial Reddit communities
Dendrimer
Ancient Iranian medicine
Medical classification
Substance dependence
Topical drug delivery
Microbial drug delivery
Enteral administration
Nasal administration
Inavolisib
Chemical Restraint: Overview, Route of Administration, Drug Classifications
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Browsing 1. Headquarters by Subject
NACDA Guidelines for Administration of Drugs to Human Subjects | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Table 1 - Multiorgan Dysfunction Caused by Travel-associated African Trypanosomiasis - Volume 18, Number 2-February 2012 -...
Route of administration
RFA-GM-08-010: Short Courses in Integrative and Organ Systems Pharmacology (R25)
Parenteral10
- The drugs are administered through oral, parenteral, and others that are classified into branded and generic drugs. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Based on Route of Administration, the market is studied across Oral and Parenteral. (researchandmarkets.com)
- In this discussion , we will evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of the various methods of medication administration, which may be divided into two categories: enteral and parenteral. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- These are divided into enteral and parenteral routes. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract). (wikipedia.org)
- The parenteral route is any route that is not enteral (par- + enteral). (wikipedia.org)
- Parenteral administration can be performed by injection, that is, using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe, or by the insertion of an indwelling catheter. (wikipedia.org)
- This preparation is designed solely for parenteral use only after addition of drugs that require dilution or must be dissolved in an aqueous vehicle prior to injection. (who.int)
- Injection, USP when used only as an isotonic vehicle for parenteral injection of drugs, is unlikely to exert a significant effect on fluid and electrolyte balance except possibly in neonates and very small infants. (who.int)
- This parenteral preparation is indicated only for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered. (who.int)
20236
- The global topical drug delivery market is anticipated to witness a growth with a steady CAGR in the forecast period, 2023-2027. (marketresearch.com)
- The Europe drug delivery market is expected to grow from US$ 6,32,268.46 million in 2023 to US$ 8,95,338.87 million by 2028. (business-era.com)
- In August 2023, By the end of 2023, VTv Therapeutics intends to start a Phase III clinical study for cadisegliatin as a treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D), after which it will apply to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing authorization. (purvanchaltoday.in)
- In January 2023, EQU-001, a novel anti-inflammatory anti-seizure drug, is administered as once-daily oral adjunctive therapy for focal seizures in adults with epilepsy. (deccansamachar.org)
- In August 2023, The partial hold on Arcellx's Phase II trial examining CART-ddBCMA in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (rrMM) has been lifted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (nationalnewsmagazine.com)
- MRFR (Market Research Future) expects the seropositive rheumatoid arthritis drug market 2020 to procure an approximate CAGR of 4.0% between 2017and 2023 (analysis period). (medgadget.com)
Assessment7
- However, as we explain below, early preclinical assessment of different targeted routes is essential to increase the likelihood of successful therapeutic outcomes. (ttp.com)
- Las Vegas, Nevada, United States) As per DelveInsight's assessment, globally, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder pipeline constitutes 15+ key companies continuously working towards developing 15+ Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder treatment therapies, analysis of Clinical Trials, Therapies, Mechanism of Action, Route of Administration, and Developments analyzes DelveInsight. (abnewswire.com)
- Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder pipeline report provides the therapeutic assessment of the pipeline drugs by the Route of Administration. (abnewswire.com)
- The PsA marketed and pipeline drugs market research offers a competitive landscape combining data from the pharma intelligence center with in-house analyst expertise to provide a competitive assessment of the disease marketplace. (globaldata.com)
- Las Vegas, Nevada, United States) As per DelveInsight's assessment, globally, Epilepsy pipeline constitutes 74+ key companies continuously working towards developing 90+ Epilepsy treatment therapies, analysis of Clinical Trials, Therapies, Mechanism of Action, Route of Administration, and Developments analyzes DelveInsight. (deccansamachar.org)
- Las Vegas, Nevada, United States) As per DelveInsight's assessment, globally, Multiple Myeloma pipeline constitutes 100+ key companies continuously working towards developing 130+ Multiple Myeloma treatment therapies, analysis of Clinical Trials, Therapies, Mechanism of Action, Route of Administration, and Developments analyzes DelveInsight. (nationalnewsmagazine.com)
- b) the holder complies with the order but the Minister determines that the results of the assessment are not sufficient to establish that the benefits associated with the drug outweigh the risks of injury to health. (gc.ca)
Systemic12
- First, by avoiding systemic toxicity, targeted administration via alternative routes may enlarge the design space for oncologic drugs, thus leading to drug candidates with improved efficacy. (ttp.com)
- However, due to the systemic nature of intravenous delivery, the design space for suitable drug candidates is constrained by the conflicting requirements of efficacy, toxicity and drug physicochemical characteristics. (ttp.com)
- They are the surfaces of the body that come into contact with the external environment and are richly supplied with blood vessels, making them an ideal site for local and systemic drug delivery. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Can be used for local and systemic drug delivery. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- They are richly supplied with blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which allows for rapid drug absorption into systemic circulation. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Suitable for local and systemic drug delivery. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Strictly enteral administration (directly into the intestines) can be used for systemic administration, as well as local (sometimes termed topical), such as in a contrast enema, whereby contrast media are infused into the intestines for imaging. (wikipedia.org)
- Although systemic drugs can exert local effects on the eye, ophthalmology is a medical specialty with perhaps the fewest assessed adverse drug reactions (ADRs), representing a particular challenge in pharmacovigilance. (smw.ch)
- Numerous systemic drugs produce adverse effects that can involve the eye. (smw.ch)
- In particular, new ocular drugs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, which have increasingly been prescribed since their approval in the middle of the last decade, are potentially related to numerous systemic ADRs. (smw.ch)
- Several reports have indicated an association between ocular ADRs and systemic drugs, but there have been only a few systematic reviews to date [1]. (smw.ch)
- Injecting drug use is associated with many local and systemic complications for the individual and is also associated with the transmission of infectious diseases via needle sharing and sexual activity. (medscape.com)
Orphan Drug Designation3
- In October 2021, the US Food and drug administration (FDA) granted Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) to posoleucel (ViralymM, ALVR105) for the treatment of virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). (sharemarketnewspaper.com)
- an In August 2022, the US granted Arthex Biotech's lead investigational product ATX-01 Orphan Drug Designation (ODD). (giridihjournal.in)
- Elranatamab has also been given Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma by the FDA and the EMA. (nationalnewsmagazine.com)
20222
- Effective October 14, 2022, pharmacists with valid drug administration certification may administer any Schedule I, IA, and II drugs, including controlled drugs by injection and intranasal route, with the exception of cosmetic drugs and substances, and allergy serums. (bcpharmacists.org)
- In May 2022, The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Avillion's New Drug Application (NDA) for AstraZeneca's PT027, according to a statement from Avillion LLP. (delhi-today.com)
Dosage3
- Route of administration and dosage form are aspects of drug delivery. (wikipedia.org)
- A suppository is a solid dosage form that fits for rectal administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Used with drugs for dosage forms, routes of administration, frequency and duration of administration, quantity of medication, and the effects of these factors. (bvsalud.org)
Transdermal4
- Factors such as increased incidence of burn injuries across the globe and advancements in the transdermal drug delivery systems are primarily driving the market demand. (marketresearch.com)
- Exceptions include the transdermal or transmucosal routes, which are still commonly referred to as routes of administration. (wikipedia.org)
- With improvements in medical devices and transdermal delivery technologies, the noninvasive mode of drug delivery is now ready to compete with traditional methods of oral and injectable routes of drug delivery. (business-era.com)
- Topical, transdermal-active (device-aided enhanced penetration), transdermal-passive, trans-ocular membrane, trans-mucosal membrane, and delivery via an alveolar membrane from inhaled medication are a few of the popular noninvasive drug delivery methods. (business-era.com)
Injection28
- The College must approve your Drug Administration Certification (DAC) application prior to you providing drug administration in accordance with HPA Bylaws Schedule F Part 4 - Certified Practice - Drug Administration by Injection and Intranasal Route Standards, Limits and Conditions . (bcpharmacists.org)
- CFTA pre-registration applicants and CFTA pre-registration applicants and Temporary registrants who previously completed drug administration training for injection only, must complete the intranasal administration online module and submit the "intranasal administration declaration" through eServices before they may administer a drug by intranasal route. (bcpharmacists.org)
- Submit the Application for Certification - Drug Administration by Injection and Intranasal Route to the College, along with copies of your drug administration training course certificate(s) and first aid/CPR certificate. (bcpharmacists.org)
- In order to complete the declaration page of this application, you must read and understand the Certified Practice - Drug Administration by Injection and Intranasal Route Standards, Limits and Conditions . (bcpharmacists.org)
- If your First Aid/CPR certification expires, your DAC becomes invalid and you must notify the College and cease from administering drugs by injection and intranasal route immediately. (bcpharmacists.org)
- If you are unable to declare any of the above, you must cease administering drugs by injection and intranasal route immediately. (bcpharmacists.org)
- Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated to explore injection risk behavior, sexual behavior, and HIV serostatus associated with multiple route use. (yale.edu)
- IDUs who engage in noninjecting drug use may be reducing their risk of acquiring HIV though sharing injection equipment, but if infected may be a critical group for sexual transmission of HIV to people who do not inject drugs. (yale.edu)
- A transition to injecting benzodiazepines did not necessitate injection becoming the primary route of benzodiazepine administration. (edu.au)
- Most marketed drugs for PsA are oral therapies, followed by injection. (globaldata.com)
- The pipeline drugs for PsA are mostly by injection, followed by oral and topical. (globaldata.com)
- Patients prefer noninvasive drug delivery routes due to such apparent advantages over injection-based drug administration. (business-era.com)
- German companies such as Haselmeier have developed the D-Flex pen, a drug delivery device that works more efficiently than previously developed injection pens. (business-era.com)
- The pen is the next-generation drug delivery device for subcutaneous self-injection. (business-era.com)
- The response and distribution of drugs and fluid injected by the intraosseous route appears to be very similar to intravenous injection. (menafn.com)
- Most individuals who use injection drugs inject their drugs intravenously, but subcutaneous injection (ie, "skin-popping") is also common, and intramuscular injection may occur intentionally or when the individual misses the vein or the subcutaneous space. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of individuals who use injection drugs may be complicated by social and political barriers to treatment and by a lack of resources for public health approaches to treatment. (medscape.com)
- Injecting drug use causes medical problems by introducing pathogens and other contaminants into the body via shared needles and a lack of sterile preparation and injection techniques. (medscape.com)
- In 2003, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated about 1.4 million people used injection drugs in North America. (medscape.com)
- The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported that an approximate 13 million people used injection drugs worldwide in 2003, with 130 countries providing information and 78% residing in developing countries. (medscape.com)
- Morbidity and mortality may result from infection secondary to injecting drug use, sequelae of injection with adulterants added to the drug mixture, sequelae of the drug use itself, drug overdose, or violence associated with drug use. (medscape.com)
- Of that number, 2-3 million use injection drugs. (medscape.com)
- Worldwide, 40-60% of individuals who use injection drugs are estimated to be positive for hepatitis B, and 60-70% are positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV). (medscape.com)
- It contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer and is supplied only in single-dose containers to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection. (who.int)
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for choice of vehicle, appropriate dilution or volume for dissolving the drugs to be injected, including the route and rate of injection. (who.int)
- Some drugs for injection may be incompatible in a given vehicle, or when combined in the same vehicle or in a vehicle containing benzyl alcohol. (who.int)
- Do not store reconstituted solutions of drugs for injection unless otherwise directed by the manufacturer of the solute. (who.int)
- Reactions which may occur because of this solution, added drugs or the technique of reconstitution or administration include febrile response, local tenderness, abscess, tissue necrosis or infection at the site of injection, venous thrombosis or phlebitis extending from the site of injection and extravasation. (who.int)
Oral6
- These are divided into oral sublingual (SL) rectal and nasogastric (NG) routes of administration . (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Enteral/enteric administration usually includes oral (through the mouth) and rectal (into the rectum) administration, in the sense that these are taken up by the intestines. (wikipedia.org)
- Medications delivered to the distal one-third of the rectum at least partially avoid the "first pass effect" through the liver, which allows for greater bio-availability of many medications than that of the oral route. (wikipedia.org)
- Routes of administration for seropositive rheumatoid arthritis drugs are intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, and others. (medgadget.com)
- In general, there is no information food, beverages or oral drugs, and to of the drug and, therefore, its efficacy on the knowledge, attitudes and prac- abstain from sexual intercourse be- and tolerance [8]. (who.int)
Illicit3
- Heroin is an opioid drug and one of the most dangerous illicit drugs on the street. (opiates.com)
- Cannabis [1] is the most frequently used illicit drug (by Federal law) among Americans, with an estimated 43.5 million past-year users age 12 or older in 2018 (1). (cdc.gov)
- [2] NPF is sold via illicit drug markets for its heroin-like effect and often mixed with heroin and/or cocaine as a combination product-with or without the user's knowledge-to increase its euphoric effects. (cdc.gov)
Therapeutic5
- The global vitiligo therapeutic pipeline is characterized by a significant number of drug candidates in the preclinical drug discovery and research phases. (bharatbook.com)
- Driven by robust market growth prospects for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Leber Optic Atrophy) therapeutic drugs, a large number of companies are investing in the preclinical Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Leber Optic Atrophy) pipeline. (bharatbook.com)
- The method of administration selected is dependent upon a multitude of variables, such as the distinctive characteristics of the drug, the current condition of the patient, as well as the projected therapeutic outcome. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Information was also collected from other online sources including the websites of the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia and the FDA. (nih.gov)
- Administration has approved one or more therapeutic equivalent versions of an abortifacient drug, a policy is not required to include all such therapeutic equivalent versions in its formulary so long as at least one is included and covered without cost sharing and in accordance with this Section. (ilga.gov)
Humans2
- In humans, bosentan is extensively metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoforms 2C9 and 3A4 before excretion into bile, the latter process accounting for more than 90% of total drug elimination. (aspetjournals.org)
- Because humans typically self-administer this drug orally, we compared this route to the s.c. route of administration. (erowid.org)
Enteral2
- Enteral administration refers to the delivery of drugs via the digestive system, including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Enteral administration feeding through a post-pyloric feeding tube is used when patients are unable to feed or swallow by themselves because of illness, incapacitation or pathology. (wikipedia.org)
Substances2
- The location of the target effect of active substances are usually rather a matter of pharmacodynamics (concerning e.g. the physiological effects of drugs). (wikipedia.org)
- The Controlled Substances Act administered by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration currently classifies marijuana as a Schedule I substance, meaning that it has no accepted medical use and has a high potential for abuse (4). (cdc.gov)
Benzodiazepines2
- In the emergency setting, the intravenous route is the most suitable, delivering adequate quantities of benzodiazepines as fast as possible. (nih.gov)
- To enable heroin users to make better informed decisions about how they use benzodiazepines, they need to be advised of the risks associated with injecting these drugs. (edu.au)
Enforcement Administration1
- The easiest route would be for the Drug Enforcement Administration to act. (mapinc.org)
Therapeutics3
- The report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for Epilepsy, complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA), and molecule type. (globaldata.com)
- Some of the key companies in the epilepsy pipeline drugs market are Praxis Precision Medicines Inc, EpyGenix Therapeutics Inc, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, Bio-Pharm Solutions Co Ltd, Q-State Biosciences Inc, Taysha Gene Therapies Inc, UCB SA, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Plc, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co Ltd, and AfaSci Inc. (globaldata.com)
- The medical letter on drugs and therapeutics. (cdc.gov)
Adverse4
- Ophthalmology is one of the medical specialties for which the fewest assessed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been reported, which represents a particular challenge in pharmacovigilance [1]. (smw.ch)
- However, topically applied ocular drugs may be systemically absorbed to a significant extent, resulting in widespread adverse side effects in both the eye and other regions of the body [3]. (smw.ch)
- Adverse events, or unwanted and negative effects, can happen with any drug. (healthline.com)
- A drug with high risk of adverse effects may be administered only by a healthcare provider. (healthline.com)
Inject drugs1
- Besides direct transmission of HIV, injecting drug use also contributes to the spread of HIV infection by perinatal transmission and by sexual contact with individuals who do not inject drugs. (medscape.com)
Efficacy3
- The use of novel biomarkers in clinical trials to stratify patients and as indicators for toxicity or efficacy has improved the drug approval rate to 11%, suggesting that other complementary solutions are still required to address this challenge. (ttp.com)
- According to the route of administration, the efficacy was 28.6 to 100% (intrarectal) and 54 to 100% (intravenous) for diazepam, 82 to 100% (intravenous) for lorazepam, and 79% (intranasal), 93 to 100% (intramuscular) and 100% (intravenous) for midazolam. (nih.gov)
- In May 2021, Novo Nordisk began a 26-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-weekly insulin icodec and once-daily insulin glargine 100 units/mL in patients with type 2 diabetes on a basal-bolus regimen when combined with bolus insulin and non-insulin anti-diabetic drugs. (purvanchaltoday.in)
Intramuscular1
- The onset of drug effects is about 15-30 seconds for the intravenous route and 3-5 minutes for the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. (medscape.com)
Abbreviations1
- Reviews common prescription abbreviations, forms of medications and basic drug categories. (pcc.edu)
Mechanism7
- For each of the Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Leber Optic Atrophy) pipeline candidate, details of leading companies, phase of development, mechanism of action, route of administration, molecule type, and other critical information is provided. (bharatbook.com)
- The report also covers a detailed description of the drug, including the mechanism of action of the drug, clinical studies, NDA approvals (if any), and product development activities comprising the technology, collaborations, mergers acquisition, funding, designations, and other product-related details. (abnewswire.com)
- The most prominent mechanism of action for most marketed drugs for PsA is receptor agonists. (globaldata.com)
- Pompe Disease pipeline constitutes 15+ key companies continuously working towards developing 20+ Pompe Disease treatment therapies, analysis of Clinical Trials, Therapies, Mechanism of Action, Route of Administration, and Developments analyzes DelveInsight. (centralindiachronicle.com)
- Sepsis pipeline constitutes 40+ key companies continuously working towards developing 40+ Sepsis treatment therapies, analysis of Clinical Trials, Therapies, Mechanism of Action, Route of Administration, and Developments analyzes DelveInsight. (jabalpurchronicle.org)
- Sepsis Drugs under development based on the stage of development, route of administration, target receptor, monotherapy or combination therapy, a different mechanism of action, and molecular type. (jabalpurchronicle.org)
- Results from both series of experiments point to inhibition of active bosentan uptake into the liver by cyclosporin A as the major underlying mechanism for this pharmacokinetic interaction that is in line with reports on other oatp-transported drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
Seizures3
- [7] More than 80% of drug seizures in 2014 were concentrated in 10 states (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
- From July to December 2014, 18 states reported 20 or more fentanyl drug seizures (See Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
- Previously, six states reported 20 or more fentanyl drug seizures from July to December 2013. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation2
Dose3
- Taking a dose too soon could lead to drug levels that are too high, and missing a dose or waiting too long between doses could lower the amount of drug in your body and keep it from working properly. (healthline.com)
- Orally administered MDMA produced a dose-related depletion of serotonin comparable to that produced by the s.c. route. (erowid.org)
- Impairment from marijuana varies with THC concentration or dose, route of administration, and users' experience with, or tolerance to, the drug (9). (cdc.gov)
Duration2
- Although diazepam was initially chosen for the management of refractory status epilepticus, the longer duration of action of lorazepam and clonazepam may favour the use of these 2 drugs. (nih.gov)
- ICSRs were analysed in relation to treatment duration, patient age, route of administration, patient sex and reported symptoms. (smw.ch)
Rectal administration2
- However, when intravenous administration is not available, rectal administration of a solution is a convenient method for diazepam, midazolam being the only one of these drugs that should be given intramuscularly. (nih.gov)
- In hospice care, a specialized rectal catheter, designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications provides a practical way to deliver and retain liquid formulations in the distal rectum, giving health practitioners a way to leverage the established benefits of rectal administration. (wikipedia.org)
Medication4
- Routes of medication administration are described in the table below. (healthline.com)
- Medication errors happen all too often in the United States, even when drugs are given by professionals. (healthline.com)
- The Food and Drug Administration receives more than 100,000 reports of medication errors annually through its MedWatch program. (healthline.com)
- Moreover, sternal route for IO administration of medication has shown to improve patient outcomes as compared to humeral and tibial IO administration. (menafn.com)
Receptor6
- The targets of the epilepsy pipeline drugs market are Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subunit (GABA, Voltage Gated Sodium Channel, Cannabinoid Receptor 2, Cannabinoid Receptor 1, Potassium Voltage Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 2, Potassium Voltage Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 3, Sodium Channel Protein Type 8 Subunit Alpha, Sodium Channel Protein Type 1 Subunit Alpha, 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor, and Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase mTOR. (globaldata.com)
- The key mechanisms of action for PsA-marketed drugs are receptor agonist, enzyme inhibitor, biological factor inhibitor, receptor antagonist, protein and peptide inhibitor, protein and peptide activator, ion channel blocker, and genes, nucleic acids & related components inhibitor. (globaldata.com)
- The key mechanisms of action for PsA pipeline drugs are biological factor inhibitor, enzyme inhibitor, protein and peptide inhibitor, receptor antagonist, and receptor agonist. (globaldata.com)
- Ephedrine and Pseudo-Ephedrine are referred to as mixed acting drugs because they exhibit both antagonistic and stimulatory effects on their receptor simultaneously. (proprofs.com)
- This dual action of the drugs on the receptor is what classifies them as mixed acting drugs. (proprofs.com)
- In clinical trials, a significant interaction between the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan and the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A was observed, which could not be rationalized in terms of inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes. (aspetjournals.org)
Intranasal2
- Note: Registrants who have not administered drugs by intranasal route in the preceding three years must complete the intranasal administration online module . (bcpharmacists.org)
- Drug effects from inhaling (ie, smoking) a drug begin in 7-10 seconds, and drug effects from intranasal use (ie, transmucosal absorption) begin in 3-5 minutes. (medscape.com)
Orally4
- However, uptake of drugs administered orally may also occur already in the stomach, and as such gastrointestinal (along the gastrointestinal tract) may be a more fitting term for this route of administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops are taken orally. (wikipedia.org)
- Orally administered MDMA was approximately one-half as effective as subcutaneously administered drug. (johnshopkins.edu)
- NAC is safe and well tolerated when administered orally but has documented risks with intravenous administration. (nih.gov)
Biologics6
- The drugs are available in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologics. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The key molecule types in the PsA marketed drugs market are small molecule and biologics. (globaldata.com)
- Most of the pipeline drugs for PsA are biologics, followed by small molecule. (globaldata.com)
- The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the company's Biologics Licence Application (BLA) for elranatamab for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) , according to a separate announcement from Pfizer. (nationalnewsmagazine.com)
- Growth in this market is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, growth in the biologics market, funding initiatives for drug delivery research, and technological advancements. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Factors such as rising prevalence of chronic diseases, growth in the biologics market, funding initiatives for drug delivery research, and technological advancements are driving the growth of the North American drug delivery technologies market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Heroin6
- The current study examined transitions in routes of benzodiazepine administration among heroin users in Sydney. (edu.au)
- But nearly a half-century ago the folks who write the checks for the cancer institute - the U.S. government - proclaimed marijuana a stoner-only drug and stamped it Schedule I, lumping it with heroin and LSD. (mapinc.org)
- the drug usually comes in a white or brown powder or a black sticky substance known on the street as "Black Tar" heroin. (opiates.com)
- When someone is suffering from heroin addiction, his or her entire universe revolves around acquiring and using the drug. (opiates.com)
- Also, because heroin is smoked, snorted or injected, there might be the presence of drug paraphernalia. (opiates.com)
- A descriptive study was carried out to identify social, health and drug abuse characteristics of heroin addicts under treatment in CARISMA, from January 2003 till June 2008. (bvsalud.org)
Pharmacology1
- In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. (wikipedia.org)
Intrathecal2
- These are further divided into topical, intra-articular, and intrathecal routes. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Intra-articular and intrathecal routes - see under specialized methods. (pharmacologymentor.com)
Treatment6
- context about the timing of the Data on circumstances and previous overdose, drug(s) involved, The comprehensive postmortem scene evidence provide the and any treatment received). (cdc.gov)
- This drug delivery method could lead to improved access to medicines, adherence to treatment regimes, and better drug safety profiles. (business-era.com)
- Developments in TDDS are likely to help control the prevalence of cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders, genetic disorders, diabetes, neuromuscular disorders, and infectious (including localized conditions) diseases while driving advancements in vaccination and patient preference for self-administration of drugs for long-term treatment. (business-era.com)
- ATX-01 is under development for the treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1), a serious, debilitating, and life-threatening disease with no known cure or currently available drug treatment. (giridihjournal.in)
- According to this pipeline analysis report, all the drug molecules in the pipeline are being developed for the treatment of visceral pain. (technavio.com)
- This pipeline analysis report provides a detailed analysis of the companies that are involved in the development of drug molecules for the treatment of visceral pain. (technavio.com)
North America1
- North America was the largest region in the cardiovascular drugs market in 2021. (researchandmarkets.com)
Benzodiazepine1
- Benzodiazepine injecting was fairly common, with 28% ever having injected these drugs and 13% having done so during the six months preceding interview. (edu.au)
Administer1
- Moreover, these delivery systems can significantly reduce the cost of clinical use as patients can self-administer drugs via these methods. (business-era.com)
Food and Drug Admin8
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (giridihjournal.in)
- Good Manufacturing Practice regulations adopted by the United States Food and Drug Administration. (ilga.gov)
- This coverage shall include drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration that are prescribed or ordered for off-label use for the purposes described in this Section. (ilga.gov)
- recommends a particular drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration based on a determination of medical necessity with respect to that individual, the plan or issuer must defer to the determination of the attending provider and must cover that service or item without cost sharing. (ilga.gov)
- His crop is where any research project approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration would get its plants. (mapinc.org)
- The US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] has not authorized the use of antibody tests for the diagnosis of acute infection. (medscape.com)
- The locally-developed RT-PCR testing kits, approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration, highlighted independence and resourcefulness in developing local low-cost solutions to managing COVID-19. (who.int)
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Total Diet Studies have revealed that total PCB levels have shown a downward trend in concentration from the middle 1970s to the middle 1980s and a relatively steady intake from 1982 to 1997. (cdc.gov)
Therapies2
- In addition, targeted delivery remains particularly desirable for some emerging drug mechanisms such as siRNA and gene-based therapies. (ttp.com)
- A complete pipeline review of the current treatments and therapies being developed for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Leber Optic Atrophy), Data, and insights into pipeline candidates including a detailed overview of the highlighted target and drug characteristics, companies, and developments are included. (bharatbook.com)
Interactions1
- Protein drug physical stability and analytical methods to study interactions between protein drugs and formulation excipients. (otago.ac.nz)
Forecast6
- These factors are expected to increase the patient pool globally, thereby driving the cardiovascular drugs market during the forecast period. (researchandmarkets.com)
- To estimate and forecast the market size of global topical drug delivery market from 2022E to 2027F and growth rate until 2027F. (marketresearch.com)
- To classify and forecast global topical drug delivery market based on product, route of administration, end user, distribution channel, regional distribution, and competitional landscape. (marketresearch.com)
- TechSci Research calculated the market size of global topical drug delivery market using a bottom-up approach, wherein data for various end-user segments was recorded and forecast for the future years. (marketresearch.com)
- The North American drug delivery technologies market is projected to reach USD 758.7 Billion by 2021 from USD 520.0 Billion in 2016, at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The U.S. market is expected to dominate the North American drug delivery technologies market in 2016 and is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Candidates1
- The current status of each of the Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (Leber Optic Atrophy) drug pipeline candidates is provided in the study. (bharatbook.com)
Delivery33
- Intravenous delivery remains the dominant paradigm in oncology, but even with precision medicine few drugs pass late stage clinical trials. (ttp.com)
- Moreover, the effectiveness of a targeted administration route is heavily influenced by the device-specific delivery parameters, such as fluid pressures and flow rates, and therefore requires multidisciplinary understanding of tissue biomechanics and anatomic and fluidic principles to complement medical device design and development. (ttp.com)
- Currently, the most widely accepted route of delivery for oncologic drugs is intravenous administration. (ttp.com)
- The maturity of intravenous delivery can feel reassuring amongst the many uncertainties during the early phases of drug discovery. (ttp.com)
- Targeted delivery typically refers to formulation-based nanotechnologies that enhance shielding of intravenously delivered drugs to prevent non-specific binding and improve circulation times, while actively targeting diseased tissue. (ttp.com)
- The 'targeted' delivery approach we propose is to select targeted administration routes and delivery parameters that overcome the physiological barriers to drug transport and retention. (ttp.com)
- However, despite these benefits, the adoption of targeted delivery routes has been slow, presumably because it shifts the technical constraints in the therapy development process from pharma-centric skills in drug lead optimisation to the design of novel medical device technologies that enable consistent, minimally invasive delivery to specific compartments within the body. (ttp.com)
- The rise at the old age population who prefer to use tropical drug delivery as it eases the drug delivery process fuels the market demand. (marketresearch.com)
- The global topical drug delivery market is segmented into product, route of administration, end user, distribution channel, regional distribution, and competitive landscape. (marketresearch.com)
- To analyze the historical growth in the market size of global topical drug delivery market from 2017 to 2021. (marketresearch.com)
- To identify dominant region or segment in the global topical drug delivery market. (marketresearch.com)
- To identify drivers and challenges for global topical drug delivery market. (marketresearch.com)
- To examine competitive developments such as expansions, new product launches, mergers & acquisitions, etc., in global topical drug delivery market. (marketresearch.com)
- To identify and analyze the profile of leading players operating in global topical drug delivery market. (marketresearch.com)
- To identify key sustainable strategies adopted by market players in global topical drug delivery market. (marketresearch.com)
- It is important for healthcare providers to meticulously evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each administration route when deciding on the optimal method of drug delivery . (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Skin and mucous membranes are the two primary routes of drug administration in topical drug delivery. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Topical drug delivery to the skin can be accomplished through various mechanisms such as passive diffusion, iontophoresis, and microneedle-based technologies. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Provides localized drug delivery to the eye. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- They provide convenient and non-invasive drug delivery options, but also carry risks and require proper technique and monitoring to ensure maximum benefits and minimal side effects. (pharmacologymentor.com)
- Noninvasive drug delivery generally refers to methods of painless drug delivery across the biological barriers of mucosal surfaces or skin. (business-era.com)
- A low rejection rate, ease of administration, convenience, and durability make TDDS the most attractive method of drug delivery. (business-era.com)
- Since this method mainly involves local administration, it can prevent nonspecific delivery to tissues that are not targeted by the drug. (business-era.com)
- Drug delivery through noninvasive methods involves reduced dosing frequency and simplified dosing schedules. (business-era.com)
- In many cases, the manufacturing cost of drugs with noninvasive delivery systems is lesser than the production costs of injections. (business-era.com)
- Thus, the growing demand for noninvasive drug delivery systems propels the growth of the drug delivery systems market. (business-era.com)
- Biopharmaceutics, drug delivery and clinical pharmaceutics to undergraduate and postgraduate students. (otago.ac.nz)
- Drug delivery in clinical pharmacy. (otago.ac.nz)
- This involves research spanning basic research of drug delivery systems, and their optimal use in patients. (otago.ac.nz)
- The intravitreal route of administration (ROA) involves the delivery of the drug directly into the mouth cavity, which will have a more direct effect on the target cells. (technavio.com)
- The North American drug delivery technologies market is segmented on the basis of route of administration, end user, and country. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- This report covers the North American drug delivery technologies market by route of administration, end user, and country. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Delivery of drugs via the respiratory tract is an attractive route of administration. (cdc.gov)
Topical drug1
- In conclusion, topical drug administration provides localized effects and avoids first-pass metabolism. (pharmacologymentor.com)
Pharmaceutical3
- The approach we propose broadens opportunities in drug design and can enhance the effects of existing targeting approaches employed in the pharmaceutical industry. (ttp.com)
- As a result, in countries such as Chad, Macedonia, Serbia, the pharmaceutical companies are faced with the pressure of reducing the price of drugs. (researchandmarkets.com)
- In addition to pharmaceutical administration in medical facilities, TDDS could be used in different procedures in the skincare industry. (business-era.com)
Monotherapy2
- According to this pipeline analysis report, most of the molecules that are currently in the drug pipeline for visceral pain are being developed as monotherapy drugs and most of these molecules are in the pre-clinical stage of development. (technavio.com)
- Monotherapy approach uses a single drug to treat a particular disorder. (technavio.com)
Intravenously1
- When injecting a drug intravenously, the individual introduces a bolus of the drug into the vein, producing a rapid and powerful drug high. (medscape.com)
Physiological2
- Second, targeted administration also has the potential to enhance the effects of other, formulation-based targeting technologies by helping drug entities overcome the physiological barriers that hinder drug transport and retention. (ttp.com)
- Since marijuana is stored in the fatty tissue, it can be detected through drug testing several days or weeks - long after the individual has stopped experiencing any physiological effects and impaired functioning. (cdc.gov)
Inhibitor1
- Most of the PsA pipeline drugs are biological factor inhibitor. (globaldata.com)