A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.
Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.
Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.
The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
The consumption of edible substances.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Recent progress in the neurotoxicology of natural drugs associated with dependence or addiction, their endogenous agonists and receptors. (1/904)

Nicotine in tobacco, tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in marijuana and morphine in opium are well known as drugs associated with dependence or addiction. Endogenous active substances that mimic the effects of the natural drugs and their respective receptors have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Such active substances and receptors include acetylcholine (ACh) and the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) for nicotine, anandamide and CB1 for delta 9-THC, and endomorphins (1 and 2) and the mu (OP3) opioid receptor for morphine, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in studies on neurotoxicity, in terms of the habituation, dependence and withdrawal phenomena associated with these drugs and with respect to correlations with endogenous active substances and their receptors. In this article we shall review recent findings related to the neurotoxicity of tobacco, marijuana and opium, and their toxic ingredients, nicotine, delta 9-THC and morphine in relation to their respective endogenous agents and receptors in the CNS.  (+info)

Inhibition of the production of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor by cannabinoid receptor agonists. (2/904)

1. The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, has been reported to induce an 'endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-like' relaxation in vitro. We therefore investigated the effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists; HU 210, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and anandamide, and a CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, SR 141716A, on nitric oxide (NO) and EDHF-mediated relaxation in precontracted rings of porcine coronary, rabbit carotid and mesenteric arteries. 2. In rings of mesenteric artery HU 210 and delta9-THC induced endothelium- and cyclo-oxygenase-independent relaxations which were sensitive to SR 141716A. Anandamide (0.03-30 microM) induced a slowly developing, endothelium-independent relaxation which was abolished by diclofenac and was therefore mediated by cyclo-oxygenase product(s). None of the CB1 agonists tested affected the tone of precontracted rings of rabbit carotid or porcine coronary artery. 3. In endothelium-intact segments, HU 210, delta9-THC and anandamide did not affect NO-mediated responses but under conditions of continuous NO synthase/cyclo-oxygenase blockade, significantly inhibited acetylcholine and bradykinin-induced relaxations which are attributed to the production of EDHF. The effects of HU 210 and delta9-THC were not observed when experiments were performed in the presence of SR 141716A suggesting the involvement of the CB1 receptor. 4. In a patch clamp bioassay of EDHF production, HU 210 decreased the EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization of detector smooth muscle cells when applied to the donor segment but was without effect on the membrane potential of detector cells. The inhibition of EDHF production was unrelated to alterations in Ca2+ -signalling or cytochrome P450 activity. 5. These results suggest that the activation of endothelial CB1 receptors appears to be negatively coupled to the production of EDHF.  (+info)

Enhancement mu opioid antinociception by oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: dose-response analysis and receptor identification. (3/904)

The antinociceptive effects of various mu opioids given p.o. alone and in combination with Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) were evaluated using the tail-flick test. Morphine preceded by Delta9-THC treatment (20 mg/kg) was significantly more potent than morphine alone, with an ED50 shift from 28.8 to 13.1 mg/kg. Codeine showed the greatest shift in ED50 value when administered after Delta9-THC (139.9 to 5.9 mg/kg). The dose-response curves for oxymorphone and hydromorphone were shifted 5- and 12.6-fold, respectively. Methadone was enhanced 4-fold, whereas its derivative, l-alpha-acetylmethadol, was enhanced 3-fold. The potency ratios after pretreatment with Delta9-THC for heroin and meperidine indicated significant enhancement (4.1 and 8.9, respectively). Pentazocine did not show a parallel shift in its dose-response curve with Delta9-THC. Naloxone administration (1 mg/kg s.c.) completely blocked the antinociceptive effects of morphine p.o. and codeine p.o. The Delta9-THC-induced enhancement of morphine and codeine was also significantly decreased by naloxone administration. Naltrindole (2 mg/kg s.c.) did not affect morphine or codeine antinociception but did block the enhancement of these two opioids by Delta9-THC. No effect was seen when nor-binaltorphimine was administered 2 mg/kg s.c. before morphine or codeine. Furthermore, the enhancements of morphine and codeine were not blocked by nor-binaltorphimine. We find that many mu opioids are enhanced by an inactive dose of Delta9-THC p.o. The exact nature of this enhancement is unknown. We show evidence of involvement of mu and possibly delta opioid receptors as a portion of this signaling pathway that leads to a decrease in pain perception.  (+info)

Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. (4/904)

Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC), the major psychoactive ingredient in preparations of Cannabis sativa (marijuana, hashish), elicits central nervous system (CNS) responses, including cognitive alterations and euphoria. These responses account for the abuse potential of cannabis, while other effects such as analgesia suggest potential medicinal applications. To study the role of the major known target of cannabinoids in the CNS, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, we have produced a mouse strain with a disrupted CB1 gene. CB1 knockout mice appeared healthy and fertile, but they had a significantly increased mortality rate. They also displayed reduced locomotor activity, increased ring catalepsy, and hypoalgesia in hotplate and formalin tests. Delta9-THC-induced ring-catalepsy, hypomobility, and hypothermia were completely absent in CB1 mutant mice. In contrast, we still found Delta9-THC-induced analgesia in the tail-flick test and other behavioral (licking of the abdomen) and physiological (diarrhea) responses after Delta9-THC administration. Thus, most, but not all, CNS effects of Delta9-THC are mediated by the CB1 receptor.  (+info)

An investigation into the structural determinants of cannabinoid receptor ligand efficacy. (5/904)

1. A number of side-chain analogues of delta8-THC were tested in GTPgammaS binding assay in rat cerebellar membranes. O-1125, a saturated side-chain compound stimulated GTPgammaS binding with an Emax of 165.0%, and an EC50 of 17.4 nM. 2. O-1236, O-1237 and O-1238, three-enyl derivatives containing a cis carbon-carbon double bond in the side-chain, stimulated GTPgammaS binding, acting as partial agonists with Emax values ranging from 51.3-87.5% and EC50 values between 4.4 and 29.7 nM. 3. The stimulatory effects of O-1125, O-1236, O-1237 and O-1238 on GTPgammaS binding were antagonized by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A. The K(B) values obtained ranged from 0.11-0.21 mM, suggesting an action at CB1 receptors. 4. Five-ynyl derivatives (O-584, O-806, O-823, O-1176 and O-1184), each containing a carbon-carbon triple bond in the side-chain, did not stimulate GTPgammaS binding and were tested as potential cannabinoid receptor antagonists. 5. Each -ynyl compound antagonized the stimulatory effects of four cannabinoid receptor agonists on GTPgammaS binding. The K(B) values obtained, all found to be in the nanomolar range, did not differ between agonists or from cerebellar binding affinity. 6. In conclusion, alterations of the side-chain of the classical cannabinoid structure may exert a large influence on affinity and efficacy at the CB1 receptor. 7. Furthermore, this study confirms the ability of the GTPgammaS binding assay to assess discrete differences in ligand efficacies which potentially may not be observed using alternative functional assays, thus providing a unique tool for the assessment of the molecular mechanisms underlying ligand efficacies.  (+info)

Cannabinoid inhibition of the processing of intact lysozyme by macrophages: evidence for CB2 receptor participation. (6/904)

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs multiple immunological functions. The ability of a macrophage hybridoma to function as an antigen-presenting cell was examined by the stimulation of a soluble protein antigen-specific helper T cell hybridoma to secrete interleukin-2. THC exposure significantly reduced the T cell response to the native form of the antigen after a 24-h pretreatment of the macrophages with nanomolar drug concentrations. However, THC did not affect interleukin-2 production when the macrophages presented a synthetic peptide of the antigen to the T cells, suggesting that the drug may interfere with antigen processing, not peptide presentation. Cannabinoid inhibition of the T cell response to the native antigen was stereoselective consistent with the involvement of a cannabinoid (CB) receptor. Bioactive CP-55,940 diminished T cell activation, whereas the inactive stereoisomer CP-56,667 did not. The macrophage hybridoma expressed mRNA for the CB2 but not the CB1 receptor whereas the T cells expressed an extremely low level of mRNA for the CB2 receptor. The CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A did not reverse the suppression caused by THC, demonstrating that the CB1 receptor was not responsible for the drug's inhibitory effect. In contrast, the CB2-selective antagonist SR144528 completely blocked THC's suppression of the T cell response, implicating the participation of the CB2 receptor. These findings suggest that the CB2 receptor may be involved in CB inhibition of antigen processing by macrophages in this system.  (+info)

Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and diazepam on feeding behavior in mice. (7/904)

The present study examined effects of diazepam (DZP) alone or in combination with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on feeding behavior as well as body weight in male ddY strain mice at 5 weeks of age. Because we saw no hyperphagic effect of DZP with or without THC in mice, we explored the hyperphagia elicitable by DZP. THC [2 (THC2) or 4 (THC4) mg/kg/day s.c.] was given daily for 7 days. For the last day the mice were starved and injected i.p. with DZP (2 mg/kg) 10 min prior to a food or maze test. Controls received vehicle injections. Feeding behavior was measured after giving food for 2 hr. THC4 significantly reduced body weight gain. DZP, with or without THC, induced hyperphagia. THC4 alone also induced hyperphagia that was not significantly affected by DZP. Time taken to find food was extended by DZP and further with THC. Both DZP and THC can therefore interact on food ingestion but synergize on food seeking in mice through different mechanisms.  (+info)

Local administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates capsaicin-induced thermal nociception in rhesus monkeys: a peripheral cannabinoid action. (8/904)

RATIONALE: Cannabinoids can reduce nociceptive responses by acting on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in rodents. OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that local administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) can attenuate capsaicin-induced nociception in rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Capsaicin (100 microg) was applied locally in the tail of rhesus monkeys to evoke a nociceptive response, thermal allodynia, in normally innocuous 46 degrees C water. delta9-THC (10-320 microg) was coadministered with capsaicin in the tail to assess local antinociceptive effects. In addition, a local antagonism study was performed to confirm the selectivity of delta9-THC action. RESULTS: delta9-THC dose-dependently inhibited capsaicin-induced allodynia. This local antinociception was antagonized by small doses (10-100 microg) of the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist, SR141716A, applied in the tail. However, 100 microg SR141716A injected subcutaneously in the back did not antagonize local delta9-THC. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the site of action of locally applied delta9-THC is in the tail. It provides functional evidence that activation of peripheral cannabinoid CB1 receptors can attenuate capsaicin-induced thermal nociception in non-human primates and suggests a new approach for cannabinoids in pain management.  (+info)

Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the main psychoactive compound found in cannabis. It is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients, as well as to stimulate appetite and weight gain in patients with AIDS wasting syndrome.

Dronabinol is available in capsule form and is typically taken two to three times a day, depending on the prescribed dosage. It may take several days or even weeks of regular use before the full therapeutic effects are achieved.

Like cannabis, dronabinol can cause psychoactive effects such as euphoria, altered mood, and impaired cognitive function. Therefore, it is important to follow the prescribing instructions carefully and avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while taking this medication. Common side effects of dronabinol include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and difficulty with coordination.

Appetite stimulants are medications or substances that increase the desire to eat or improve appetite. They work by affecting brain chemicals, hormones, or other systems involved in regulating hunger and fullness. Some commonly used appetite stimulants include:

1. Megestrol acetate: a synthetic progestin hormone that is often prescribed for cancer-related weight loss and anorexia. It works by stimulating appetite and promoting weight gain.
2. Dronabinol: a synthetic form of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. It is approved for treating AIDS-related anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Dronabinol can increase appetite and promote weight gain.
3. Corticosteroids: medications that mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. They can help improve appetite, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects.
4. Cyproheptadine: an antihistamine medication that can also stimulate appetite. It is sometimes used off-label to treat appetite loss in various conditions, such as cancer or HIV/AIDS.
5. Ghrelin agonists: these are medications that mimic the effects of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach that increases hunger and appetite. Currently, there are no FDA-approved ghrelin agonists for appetite stimulation, but research is ongoing.

It's important to note that while appetite stimulants can help improve food intake in some individuals, they may not be effective for everyone, and their use should be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or supplement.

Cannabinoid receptor agonists are compounds that bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, which are part of the endocannabinoid system in the human body. These receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including pain modulation, appetite regulation, memory, and mood.

There are two main types of cannabinoid receptors: CB1 receptors, which are primarily found in the brain and central nervous system, and CB2 receptors, which are mainly found in the immune system and peripheral tissues.

Cannabinoid receptor agonists can be classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Some naturally occurring cannabinoids, such as THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), are found in the Cannabis sativa plant and can activate cannabinoid receptors. Synthetic cannabinoids, on the other hand, are human-made compounds designed to mimic or enhance the effects of natural cannabinoids.

Examples of cannabinoid receptor agonists include:

1. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol): The primary psychoactive component of marijuana, THC binds to CB1 receptors and produces feelings of euphoria or "high." It also has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and appetite-stimulating properties.
2. CBD (cannabidiol): A non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, CBD has a more complex interaction with the endocannabinoid system. While it does not bind strongly to CB1 or CB2 receptors, it can influence their activity and modulate the effects of other cannabinoids. CBD is known for its potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties.
3. Synthetic cannabinoids: These are human-made compounds designed to mimic or enhance the effects of natural cannabinoids. Examples include dronabinol (Marinol), a synthetic THC used to treat nausea and vomiting in cancer patients, and nabilone (Cesamet), another synthetic THC used to manage pain and nausea in cancer and AIDS patients.
4. CP 55,940: A potent synthetic cannabinoid agonist that binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors with high affinity. It is used in research to study the endocannabinoid system and its functions.
5. WIN 55,212-2: Another synthetic cannabinoid agonist that binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. It is often used in research to investigate the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.

It's important to note that while some cannabinoid receptor agonists have demonstrated therapeutic benefits, they can also have side effects and potential risks, particularly when used in high doses or without medical supervision. Always consult a healthcare professional before using any cannabinoid-based medication or supplement.

'Marijuana smoking' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it generally refers to the act of inhaling smoke from burning marijuana leaves or flowers, which are often dried and rolled into a cigarette (known as a "joint"), pipe, or bong. The active ingredients in marijuana, primarily delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are absorbed through the lungs and enter the bloodstream, leading to various psychological and physiological effects.

It's worth noting that marijuana smoking is associated with several potential health risks, including respiratory problems such as bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as potential cognitive impairments and an increased risk of mental health disorders such as psychosis and schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.

Anorexia is a medical condition defined as a loss of appetite or aversion to food, leading to significant weight loss. It can be a symptom of various underlying causes, such as mental health disorders (most commonly an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa), gastrointestinal issues, cancer, infections, or side effects of medication. In this definition, we are primarily referring to anorexia as a symptom rather than the specific eating disorder anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder characterized by:

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight (in context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health)
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
3. Disturbed body image, such as overvaluation of self-worth regarding shape or weight, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight

Anorexia nervosa has two subtypes: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. The restricting type involves limiting food intake without engaging in binge eating or purging behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). In contrast, the binge eating/purging type includes recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

It is essential to differentiate between anorexia as a symptom and anorexia nervosa as a distinct psychological disorder when discussing medical definitions.

Pain perception refers to the neural and psychological processes involved in receiving, interpreting, and responding to painful stimuli. It is the subjective experience of pain, which can vary greatly among individuals due to factors such as genetics, mood, expectations, and past experiences. The perception of pain involves complex interactions between the peripheral nervous system (which detects and transmits information about tissue damage or potential harm), the spinal cord (where this information is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs), and the brain (where the final interpretation and emotional response to pain occurs).

Cannabis is a plant genus that includes three species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. It contains psychoactive compounds called cannabinoids, the most notable of which is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which produces the "high" associated with marijuana use.

Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes, while Cannabis ruderalis has a lower THC content and is mainly used for industrial purposes, such as hemp fiber production.

Medicinally, cannabis is used to treat various conditions, including pain, nausea, and loss of appetite associated with cancer and HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among others. However, its use remains controversial due to its psychoactive effects and potential for abuse. Its legal status varies widely around the world, ranging from outright prohibition to decriminalization or full legalization for medical and/or recreational purposes.

"Marijuana Abuse" is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. Instead, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, uses the term "Cannabis Use Disorder." This disorder is defined as a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, with symptoms including:

1. Taking larger amounts of cannabis over a longer period than intended.
2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of cannabis.
4. Craving or a strong desire to use cannabis.
5. Recurrent cannabis use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Continued cannabis use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of cannabis.
7. Giving up or reducing important activities because of cannabis use.
8. Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued cannabis use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by cannabis.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of cannabis to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of cannabis.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for cannabis.
b) Cannabis is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

The diagnosis of a mild, moderate, or severe Cannabis Use Disorder depends on the number of symptoms present.

Psychotropic drugs, also known as psychoactive drugs, are a class of medications that affect the function of the central nervous system, leading to changes in consciousness, perception, mood, cognition, or behavior. These drugs work by altering the chemical neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood, thought, and behavior.

Psychotropic drugs can be classified into several categories based on their primary therapeutic effects, including:

1. Antipsychotic drugs: These medications are used to treat psychosis, schizophrenia, and other related disorders. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.
2. Antidepressant drugs: These medications are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some chronic pain conditions. They work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain, which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.
3. Mood stabilizers: These medications are used to treat bipolar disorder and other mood disorders. They help regulate the ups and downs of mood swings and can also be used as adjunctive treatment for depression and anxiety.
4. Anxiolytic drugs: Also known as anti-anxiety medications, these drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and insomnia. They work by reducing the activity of neurotransmitters such as GABA, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
5. Stimulant drugs: These medications are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They work by increasing the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

It is important to note that psychotropic drugs can have significant side effects and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.

The placebo effect is a psychological or psychophysiological phenomenon in which a person's symptoms improve following a treatment but this improvement is not attributable to the properties of the treatment itself. Instead, it is believed to be due to the mind's belief in the effectiveness of the treatment, often influenced by positive expectations and the ritualistic aspects of the therapy itself.

Placebos are often used in clinical trials as a control group to compare against the actual treatment. The placebo effect can make it challenging to determine whether an observed improvement is truly due to the treatment or other factors.

Analgesics, non-narcotic are a class of medications used to relieve pain that do not contain narcotics or opioids. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system or by reducing inflammation and swelling. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin. These medications are often used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and arthritis symptoms. They can be obtained over-the-counter or by prescription, depending on the dosage and formulation. It is important to follow the recommended dosages and usage instructions carefully to avoid adverse effects.

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome is a medically recognized condition that occurs when an individual who has been using certain substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, suddenly stops or significantly reduces their use. The syndrome is characterized by a specific set of symptoms that can be physical, cognitive, and emotional in nature. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance that was being used, the length and intensity of the addiction, and individual factors such as genetics, age, and overall health.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides the following diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:

A. The development of objective evidence of withdrawal, referring to the specific physiological changes associated with the particular substance, or subjective evidence of withdrawal, characterized by the individual's report of symptoms that correspond to the typical withdrawal syndrome for the substance.

B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The symptoms are not better explained by co-occurring mental, medical, or other substance use disorders.

D. The withdrawal syndrome is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.

The DSM-5 also specifies that the diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome should be substance-specific, meaning that it should specify the particular class of substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines) responsible for the withdrawal symptoms. This is important because different substances have distinct withdrawal syndromes and require different approaches to management and treatment.

In general, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome can be a challenging and potentially dangerous condition that requires professional medical supervision and support during the detoxification process. The specific symptoms and their severity will vary depending on the substance involved, but they may include:

* For alcohol: tremors, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
* For opioids: muscle aches, restlessness, lacrimation (tearing), rhinorrhea (runny nose), yawning, perspiration, chills, mydriasis (dilated pupils), piloerection (goosebumps), nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
* For benzodiazepines: anxiety, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. They can provide appropriate medical care, support, and referrals for further treatment as needed.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

A cross-over study is a type of experimental design in which participants receive two or more interventions in a specific order. After a washout period, each participant receives the opposite intervention(s). The primary advantage of this design is that it controls for individual variability by allowing each participant to act as their own control.

In medical research, cross-over studies are often used to compare the efficacy or safety of two treatments. For example, a researcher might conduct a cross-over study to compare the effectiveness of two different medications for treating high blood pressure. Half of the participants would be randomly assigned to receive one medication first and then switch to the other medication after a washout period. The other half of the participants would receive the opposite order of treatments.

Cross-over studies can provide valuable insights into the relative merits of different interventions, but they also have some limitations. For example, they may not be suitable for studying conditions that are chronic or irreversible, as it may not be possible to completely reverse the effects of the first intervention before administering the second one. Additionally, carryover effects from the first intervention can confound the results if they persist into the second treatment period.

Overall, cross-over studies are a useful tool in medical research when used appropriately and with careful consideration of their limitations.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

... does not include any other tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers or any cannabidiol. Dronabinol is used to stimulate ... Dronabinol is marketed as Marinol and Syndros, a registered trademark of Solvay Pharmaceuticals. Dronabinol is also marketed, ... an inhaled THC-based dronabinol drug and their mucoadhesive-delivery dronabinol drug Adversa®, which are both in the ... Inhaled Dronabinol & MucoAdhesive Dronabinol 'Adversa™' Downs, David (21 October 2014). "War on marijuana unconstitutional, ...
"Dronabinol". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-05. Guzmán, Manuel (2003). "Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents ...
Dronabinol has a large apparent volume of distribution, approximately 10 L/kg, because of its lipid solubility. The plasma ... "Marinol (Dronabinol)" (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration. September 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February ... Dimethylheptylpyran Dronabinol, the name of THC-based pharmaceutical (INN) HU-210, WIN 55,212-2, JWH-133, synthetic cannabinoid ... Conversely, the Food and Drug Administration label for dronabinol reports an initial half-life of 4 hours and a terminal half- ...
Stable formulations of dronabinol. Patent US20210251947 Starks M (1977). "Marijuana Potency". Google Books. And/Or Press. p. ...
Dronabinol is synthetically manufactured THC. It has been approved by the FDA in pill form as Marinol and in oral solution form ... "MARINOL (dronabinol) capsules, for oral use" (PDF). fda.gov. Retrieved December 16, 2017. "Unimed Approves Acquisition By ... Marinol is a sesame oil suspension of dronabinol encapsulated in a gelatin shell. It received FDA approval in 1985 for ... Syndros is a liquid oral formulation of dronabinol approved for treatment of nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy and ...
ABDA - Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Apothekerverbände (21 April 2008). "Rezepturhinweise: Dronabinol- und Cannabis-Zubereitungen ...
Dronabinol was rescheduled in 1994 from annex I to annex II of the Narcotics Law (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) in order to ease ... Manufacturing instructions for dronabinol containing compendial formulations are described in the Neues Rezeptur-Formularium. ... whereas Δ9-THC is still listed in annex I. Manufacturing instructions for dronabinol containing compendial formulations are ... ABDA - Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Apothekerverbände (21 April 2008). "Rezepturhinweise: Dronabinol- und Cannabis-Zubereitungen ...
Dronabinol Nabitan Brown DT (19 November 1998). Cannabis: The Genus Cannabis. CRC Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-90-5702-291-3. ... Tinabinol (INN; SP-119) is a synthetic cannabinoid drug and analogue of dronabinol which was patented as an antihypertensive ...
... dronabinol and nabilone. Dronabinol, synthetic THC, is listed as Schedule II. Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, is also ... Synthetic cannabinoids are available for prescription use in some countries, such as dronabinol and nabilone. Countries that ... Cannabinoid medicines are available in pill form (dronabinol and nabilone) and liquid extracts formulated into an oromucosal ... "Final Rule: Placement of FDA-Approved Products of Oral Solutions Containing Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol ...
Such drugs include bupropion, divalproex, nefazodone, lofexidine, and dronabinol. Of these, dronabinol (a trade name for THC) ...
"Marinol (dronabinol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from ...
At its 45th meeting, on 29 April 1991, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs approved the transfer of dronabinol and its ... The Committee considered that the abuse liability of dronabinol does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and ... Schedule II includes certain ATS with therapeutic uses, such as delta-9-THC (including dronabinol, its synthetic form), ... "Decision 50/2, Review of dronabinol and its stereoisomers" (PDF). UNODC, Commission on Narcotic Drugs. 2007. Archived from the ...
On October 18, 1985, the DEA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to transfer "Synthetic Dronabinol in Sesame Oil and ... The Distinction Between Marinol, Dronabinol, and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Archived May 7, 2007, at the Wayback ...
Dronabinol in the ChemIDplus database Gieringer D, Rosenthal E (2008). Marijuana medical handbook: practical guide to ...
is 7370; the same number assigned to dronabinol and synthetic Delta-8-THC. HU-210 is a Schedule I controlled substance in ...
An analogue to dronabinol (Marinol) which is a Schedule III drug. Opium tincture (Laudanum): a potent antidiarrheal Oxycodone ( ... dronabinol) used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, as well as appetite loss caused by AIDS. Paregoric, an ...
... and 8 mg produced sustained and dose-dependent mood elevation and psychomotor slowing comparable to 10 or 20 mg oral dronabinol ... cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers". Addiction Biology. 18 (5): ...
Medical cannabis Nabilone Dronabinol Hortapharm B.V. "Statement on a non-proprietary name" (PDF). United States Adopted Names ...
... (Nabutam, Benzopyranoperidine, SP-106, Abbott 40656) is a synthetic cannabinoid analog of dronabinol (Marinol). It ... as dronabinol or nabilone were felt to be more useful. However it is sometimes used in research into the potential therapeutic ...
Studies about dronabinol have shown positive impact on the OSA, as they observed a reduced AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) and an ... Recent studies are trying to investigate cannabinoids as a treatment for OSA, especially dronabinol which is a synthetic form ... Effects of Dronabinol in Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Sleep. 41 (1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx184. PMC 5806568. PMID 29121334. Ramar, ...
Synthetic THC (marinol, dronabinol) has been used as an antiemetic since 1985, and an appetite stimulant since 1991, although ... Classical cannabinoids include nabilone and dronabinol, and one of the best known synthetic classical cannabinoids is HU-210. ...
... (Δ9-THC-O-hemisuccinate, Dronabinol hemisuccinate) is a synthetic derivative of tetrahydrocannabinol, ...
In April 2021, some THC- and CBD-containing drugs were approved for medical use (namely Dronabinol and Nabiximols). The ...
... is not currently used in medicine as dronabinol or nabilone are felt to be more useful for most conditions, ... Levonantradol (CP 50,556-1) is a synthetic cannabinoid analog of dronabinol (Marinol) developed by Pfizer in the 1980s. It is ...
Patients treated with dronabinol, a synthetic THC, reported that there was a 50% pain reduction compared to 30% that was ... Furthermore, cancer treatment involving chemotherapy also agreed that dronabinol had significant benefits on delaying nausea ...
2002). "Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer ...
Dronabinol, which is synthetic THC, has shown benefit in reducing cravings and other symptoms of withdrawal, though without ... Combination therapy with dronabinol and the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist lofexidine have shown mixed results, with possible ... However, overall, the combination of dronabinol and lofexidine is likely not effective for the treatment of cannabis use ...
Cannabis portal Dronabinol Marinol Nabilone Medical use of cannabis "GW PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED overview - Find and update ...
Dronabinol (Δ9-THC; ECP022A, Namisol) - CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist [26][27] Nabilone - CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist [28] NEO- ...
Nabilone Dronabinol (Marinol/Syndros) is a Schedule II drug in the U.S. Some synthetic cannabinoids such as Nabilone (Cesamet) ... "2017 - Final Rule: Placement of FDA-Approved Products of Oral Solutions Containing Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans- ...
Dronabinol does not include any other tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers or any cannabidiol. Dronabinol is used to stimulate ... Dronabinol is marketed as Marinol and Syndros, a registered trademark of Solvay Pharmaceuticals. Dronabinol is also marketed, ... an inhaled THC-based dronabinol drug and their mucoadhesive-delivery dronabinol drug Adversa®, which are both in the ... Inhaled Dronabinol & MucoAdhesive Dronabinol Adversa™ Downs, David (21 October 2014). "War on marijuana unconstitutional, ...
Dronabinol capsules contains dronabinol, the main psychoactive component in marijuana. Ingestion of high doses of dronabinol ... What are dronabinol capsules? * Dronabinol capsules are a prescription medicine used in adults to treat: *loss of appetite ( ... Do not take dronabinol capsules if you: *had an allergic reaction to dronabinol. Signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to ... Keep the dronabinol capsules container closed tightly. Keep dronabinol capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children. ...
Dronabinol capsules contains dronabinol, the main psychoactive component in marijuana. Ingestion of high doses of dronabinol ... What are dronabinol capsules? * Dronabinol capsules are a prescription medicine used in adults to treat: *loss of appetite ( ... Do not take dronabinol capsules if you: *had an allergic reaction to dronabinol. Signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to ... Keep the dronabinol capsules container closed tightly. Keep dronabinol capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children. ...
PRNewswire/ -- Since 15 April 2020, German pharmacies have been able to purchase the active ingredient dronabinol (also known ... Dronabinol API Cantourage as drops or capsules for many indications. The active ingredient Dronabinol API Cantourage is ... Dronabinol exclusively from Israel by BOL Pharma. Dronabinol API Cantourage is produced by BOL Pharma exclusively for ... Dronabinol represents roughly 30% turnover of the overall medicinal cannabis market in Europe. Canopy Growth has acquired the ...
CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.
CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.
Conclusions: Dronabinol treatment is safe and well-tolerated in OSA patients at doses of 2.5 mg to 10 mg daily and ... Conclusion: Dronabinol treatment is safe and well-tolerated in OSA patients at doses of 2.5-10 mg daily and significantly ... Intervention: Dronabinol was administered after baseline PSG, starting at 2.5 mg once daily. The dose was increased weekly, as ... Intervention: Dronabinol was administered after baseline PSG, starting at 2.5 mg once daily. The dose was increased weekly, as ...
When the dronabinol was phased out 3 weeks later, his behavior deteriorated within 5 days to the pre-dronabinol state. Two ... One month later, dronabinol was restarted at 5 mg bid. Within a day, he felt calmer, and the dose was raised to 10 mg bid. ... Dronabinol use was approved by the joint institutional review board of the Rockland Psychiatric Center and Nathan S. Kline ... On the basis of the patients report that he had felt calm when he took marijuana in high school, we added dronabinol 5 mg bid ...
How long does dronabinol last? After oral administration, dronabinol has an onset of action of approximately 0.5 to 1 hours and ... Duration of action for psychoactive effects is 4 to 6 hours, but the appetite stimulant effect of dronabinol may continue for ... Dronabinol is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in people who have already taken other medications to ... Re: Dronabinol. Dronabinols relatively quick onset of action and its ability to provide relief from chemotherapy-induced ...
Lee D The dose effects of short-term dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance in daily cannabis users Drug Alcohol Depend 2013 128(1-2 ... A single study examining these clinically relevant domains would benefit the continued evaluation of dronabinol as a potential ... Prior studies have separately examined the effects of dronabinol (oral THC) on cannabis withdrawal, cognitive performance, and ... "The dose effects of short-term dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance in daily cannabis users". ...
Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans. Crystal J. Jicha, Michelle R. Lofwall, Paul A. Nuzzo, Shanna ... Dive into the research topics of Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans. Together they form a unique ...
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience ...
Capsule-shape and has been identified as Dronabinol 10 mg. It is supplied by Rhodes Pharmaceuticals. ... Dronabinol. Imprint. RP 869. Strength. 10 mg. Color. Orange. Size. 12.00 mm. Shape. Capsule-shape. Availability. Prescription ... Dronabinol is used in the treatment of Anorexia; AIDS Related Wasting; Nausea/Vomiting, Chemotherapy Induced and belongs to the ... Pill with imprint RP 869 is Orange, Capsule-shape and has been identified as Dronabinol 10 mg. It is supplied by Rhodes ...
Tags: CSE, Dronabinol, Edward Miller, Ontario, OTCQB, Ottawa, Press Release, Shareholders, TBP, TBPMF, Tetra Bio-Pharma, Vote ... Tags: Clinical Trials, Dronabinol, Entourage Effect, JAMA, medical, Nabilone, Patients, Placebo, Research, Side Effects, Study ... Tags: Conference Call, Dronabinol, FDA, Financial Results, INSY, Insys Therapeutics, John N. Kapoor, Lisa M. Wilson, NASDAQ, ... Tags: AIDS, Chemotherapy, Dosage, Dronabinol, FDA, Insys Therapeutics, John Kapoor, Liquid, Press Release, Syndros, synthetic, ...
Buy Marinol Online Australia. Marinol presents a new frontier in medical therapeutics, showcasing the immense potential of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals.
Dronabinol may also improve disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer disease [83]. Dronabinol is available in doses of 2.5 ... Dronabinol is a schedule III drug that contains delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active component of cannabis. It ... Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimers disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997; ... More research is needed regarding the use of dronabinol in the elderly population. Precautions should be used if this drug is ...
Dronabinol (Marinol). This drug treats nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and loss of appetite and weight loss in ...
Dronabinol * Prochlorperazine Grants and funding * CA-21451/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ...
Dronabinol. For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ... Pharmacist Anyssa S. Garza, PharmD overviews the uses and common side effects of Dronabinol ...
Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg, are white capsules bearing "M2" and are used to treat:. *an anorexia that may occur with ... FDA Alerts - Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg and Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Capsules, 20 mg recalled due to mislabeling. June ... Images of the outer carton for both products, as well as for the blister packages of Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg found in ... Patients who consume an unexpected dose of Dronabinol may:. *experience mental or cognitive effects that may lead to impaired ...
2010marinol-syndros-dronabinol-342047Drugs. Drugs dronabinol Need a Curbside Consult? Share cases and questions with Physicians ...
... examined dose effects of dronabinol. The authors found that dronabinol dose-dependently decreased withdrawal symptoms with few ... The comparison of dronabinol to placebo with regards to withdrawal also included all study participants and not just those who ... Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Brooks D, Glass A, Mahony A et al (2016). Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use ... The mostly negative results of dronabinol in the treatment of CUD likely has to do with its poor bioavailability (Bedi et al, ...
Acetaminophen 500 mg Compound Tablets with Codeine: This combination of medications is used to treat mild-to-moderate pain associated with conditions such as headache, dental pain, muscle pain, painful menstruation, pain following an accident, and pain following operations.
Dronabinol (în engleză), DrugBank, accesat în 19 noiembrie 2016. *^ a b (-)-.DELTA.9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (în engleză), ... Dronabinol (în engleză), DrugBank, 17 noiembrie 2015. *^ Pate, David W. (. 1994. ). „Chemical ecology of Cannabis". Journal of ... DRONABINOL (în engleză), ChEMBL, accesat în 19 noiembrie 2016. *^ a b ... dronabinol (în engleză), Global Substance Registration System, accesat în 19 noiembrie 2016. ...
Tylenol NO. 1: This combination of medications is used to treat mild-to-moderate pain associated with conditions such as headache, dental pain, muscle pain, painful menstruation, pain following an accident, and pain following operations.
  • The International Nonproprietary Name dronabinol, also known under the trade names Marinol, Syndros, Reduvo and Adversa, is a generic name for the molecule of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the pharmaceutical context. (wikipedia.org)
  • This rescheduling constituted part of the argument for a 2002 petition for removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, in which petitioner Jon Gettman noted, "Cannabis is a natural source of dronabinol (THC), the ingredient of Marinol, a Schedule III drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol is marketed as Marinol and Syndros, a registered trademark of Solvay Pharmaceuticals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol is also marketed, sold, and distributed by PAR Pharmaceutical Companies under the terms of a license and distribution agreement with SVC pharma LP, an affiliate of Rhodes Technologies for Marinol and Insys Pharmaceuticals for Syndros. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Dronabinol is available as a prescription drug (under Marinol and Syndros ) in several countries including the United States, Germany, South Africa and Australia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol (Marinol). (medlineplus.gov)
  • It included clinical trials related to oral cannabis extract, oromucosal cannabis extract (nabiximols [Sativex]), dronabinol (Marinol), and nabilone (Cesamet). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Dronabinol (marketed as Marinol) is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). (drugbank.com)
  • After standard anti-nausea medications failed to alleviate his symptoms, Mr. Dobson's physicians prescribed dronabinol (brand name Marinol), which worked immediately. (medicareadvocacy.org)
  • One such drug, Marinol, contains a cannabinoid called dronabinol . (everydayhealth.com)
  • The prescribing information for Marinol (active ingredient dronabinol) is similar with regard to drug interactions. (factcheck.org)
  • Some medicines, like Marinol (dronabinol), are carefully made in a lab to help sick people. (wikipedia.org)
  • On this basis, we examined the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of dronabinol (Δ 9 THC), an exogenous Cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2) receptor agonist in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). (frontiersin.org)
  • We recently reported that 4 out of 6 patients with refractory schizophrenia improved with the cannabinoid agonist dronabinol (synthetic Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol). (psychiatrist.com)
  • Dronabinol and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid drug, are frequently used to treat some health conditions. (bolsademulher.com)
  • Since 15 April 2020 , German pharmacies have been able to purchase the active ingredient dronabinol (also known as tetrahydrocannabinol or THC) directly from Cantourage - the new supplier of dronabinol, which is pure THC as an API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). (prnewswire.com)
  • The active ingredient 'Dronabinol API Cantourage' is available for pharmacies to order directly from Cantourage and via wholesalers. (prnewswire.com)
  • Dronabinol is the principal psychoactive constituent enantiomer form, (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, found in cannabis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol does not include any other tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers or any cannabidiol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol is a man-made form of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. (everydayhealth.com)
  • While dronabinol was initially approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on May 31, 1985, it was not until May 13, 1986, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued a Final Rule and Statement of Policy authorizing the "rescheduling of synthetic dronabinol in sesame oil and encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules from Schedule I to Schedule II" (DEA 51 FR 17476-78). (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol and nabilone are synthetic versions of THC. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Novel studies investigating cannabinoids and obstructive sleep apnea suggest that synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and dronabinol may have short-term benefit for sleep apnea due to their modulatory effects on serotonin-mediated apneas. (springer.com)
  • One of these is dronabinol ( Syndros , Benuvia Therapeutics Inc), a synthetic oral formulation of THC approved for anorexia and weight loss in AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Synthetic THC is known as dronabinol. (nhbr.com)
  • Also, nabilone drugs work similarly to dronabinol in cancer patients. (bolsademulher.com)
  • Pill with imprint RP 869 is Orange, Capsule-shape and has been identified as Dronabinol 10 mg. (drugs.com)
  • The increase in gross margin was due primarily to a shift in sales mix toward Subsys, which has higher margins than Dronabinol SG Capsule. (azbio.org)
  • For example, as stated earlier, dronabinol is a gelatin capsule containing THC and is used to treat nausea and vomiting in cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. (bolsademulher.com)
  • These highlights do not include all the information needed to use dronabinol capsules safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
  • See full prescribing information for dronabinol capsules. (nih.gov)
  • Inform patients not to operate motor vehicles or other dangerous machinery until they are reasonably certain that dronabinol capsules do not affect them adversely. (nih.gov)
  • Avoid concomitant use of drugs with similar effects and monitor for hemodynamic changes after initiating or increasing the dosage of dronabinol capsules. (nih.gov)
  • Weigh the potential risk versus benefits before prescribing dronabinol capsules to patients with a history of seizures, including those requiring anti-epileptic medication or with other factors that lower the seizure threshold. (nih.gov)
  • Assess risk for abuse or misuse in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence, prior to prescribing dronabinol capsules and monitor for the development of associated behaviors or conditions. (nih.gov)
  • monitor for adverse reactions to concomitant highly protein-bound drugs and narrow therapeutic index drugs (e.g., warfarin, cyclosporine, amphotericin B) when initiating or increasing the dosage of dronabinol capsules. (nih.gov)
  • Pharmacies process it mainly into either drops or capsules for patients according to the DAC monograph and dronabinol is therefore easier and more targeted to dose than cannabis flowers. (prnewswire.com)
  • The Harvard Drug Group, LLC d/b/a Major Pharmaceutical and Rugby Laboratories, based in La Vergne, Tennessee, is voluntarily recalling a single lot of Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg and Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Capsules, 20 mg because of a label mix-up, according to the FDA. (trulaw.com)
  • Company officials announced the consumer-level recall on June 13, 2023, after a distributor sent a customer complaint indicating that blister packages labeled and containing Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg for Lot T04769 were found in several unit dose cartons labeled Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Capsules, 20 mg. (trulaw.com)
  • All products under Lot T04769, Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg, which may be found in outer cartons bearing the label for either Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg or Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Capsules, 20 mg., are impacted. (trulaw.com)
  • Images of the outer carton for both products, as well as for the blister packages of Dronabinol Capsules, USP, 2.5 mg found in the Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Capsules, 20 mg carton, can also be referenced in the letter. (trulaw.com)
  • The mislabeling presents a risk to patients who ingest the Dronabinol Capsues, USP, 2.5 mg instead of the intended Ziprasidone Hydrochloride, 20 mg capsules. (trulaw.com)
  • Dronabinol demonstrated analgesic efficacy in a majority of studies in chronic pain, the data in acute pain is less conclusive. (wikipedia.org)
  • monitor for potential dronabinol-related adverse reactions or loss of efficacy. (nih.gov)
  • In his own clinical practice, efficacy of dronabinol has been "hit and miss. (medscape.com)
  • After oral administration, dronabinol has an onset of action of approximately 0.5 to 1 hours and peak effect at 2 to 4 hours. (cellphoneforums.net)
  • Prior studies have separately examined the effects of dronabinol (oral THC) on cannabis withdrawal, cognitive performance, and the acute effects of smoked cannabis. (erowid.org)
  • single-center dose-escalation study of dronabinol. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, by design, dose-escalation of dronabinol was permitted only if the lower dose was not associated with adverse events. (frontiersin.org)
  • In such an event, officials acknowledge there is "a reasonable probability" that patients could suffer a number of adverse events from both failing to take their prescribed ziprasidone dose and taking the unintended dose of Dronabinol. (trulaw.com)
  • Dronabinol may be useful in treating cannabis addiction as it has been shown to reduce cannabis withdrawal symptoms and the subjective effects of marijuana. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dronabinol is used to stimulate appetite and therefore weight gain in patients with HIV/AIDS and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Florian Holzapfel sees the company as a think tank for cannabis: "Breaking the dronabinol monopoly is our first step towards creating added value for patients, pharmacists and health insurance companies. (prnewswire.com)
  • Dronabinol treatment is safe and well-tolerated in OSA patients at doses of 2.5-10 mg daily and significantly reduces AHI in the short-term. (frontiersin.org)
  • proof of concept study aimed to test the hypothesis that dronabinol, an exogenous CB 1 and CB 2 receptor agonist can reduce abnormal respiratory events and associated hypoxemia in patients with OSA. (frontiersin.org)
  • The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of dronabinol in patients with moderate to severe OSA. (frontiersin.org)
  • We now report on the 4 patients who improved with dronabinol. (psychiatrist.com)
  • In their article, Rosenberg and colleagues note that they are currently conducting a randomized, controlled trial to test the effects of dronabinol for agitation in patients with AD. (medscape.com)
  • Duration of action for psychoactive effects is 4 to 6 hours, but the appetite stimulant effect of dronabinol may continue for 24 hours or longer after administration. (cellphoneforums.net)
  • Another experimental objective was to test the effect of repeated doses of dronabinol on OSA severity measured by Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI). (frontiersin.org)
  • His group is researching 10 mg/day of dronabinol, while other studies are experimenting with different doses of THC. (medscape.com)
  • Dronabinol use was approved by the joint institutional review board of the Rockland Psychiatric Center and Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (Orangeburg, New York) and given according to our hospital's formal protocol for administering US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for off-label use. (psychiatrist.com)
  • A single study examining these clinically relevant domains would benefit the continued evaluation of dronabinol as a potential medication for the treatment of cannabis use disorders. (erowid.org)
  • Dronabinol demonstrates significant improvement in sleep apnea scores. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 We have subsequently tried dronabinol in a purely clinical manner for 8 other inpatients with refractory psychosis in our tertiary care hospital. (psychiatrist.com)
  • an inhaled THC-based dronabinol drug and their mucoadhesive-delivery dronabinol drug Adversa®, which are both in the accelerated 505(b)(2) New Drug Application (NDA) pathway for the U.S. and Canadian markets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cantourage has its own exclusive production relationship with Israeli cannabis producer BOL (Breath of Life) Pharma for dronabinol, which pharmacies use to make patient-specific drugs. (prnewswire.com)
  • On the basis of the patient's report that he had felt calm when he took marijuana in high school, we added dronabinol 5 mg bid. (psychiatrist.com)
  • On the basis of the patient's report that marijuana 'put me to sleep beautifully at night,' we added dronabinol 5 mg bid. (psychiatrist.com)
  • On the basis of his history that 'daily marijuana was the only thing that kept me straight and helped me concentrate,' we added dronabinol 10 mg bid. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Dronabinol is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in people who have already taken other medications to treat this type of nausea and vomiting without good results. (cellphoneforums.net)
  • Repeat PSG assessments were performed on nights 7, 14, and 21 of dronabinol treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two weeks later, dronabinol treatment was restarted, and his behavior once again became calm, cooperative, and logical within 2 days. (psychiatrist.com)
  • When the dronabinol was phased out 3 weeks later, his behavior deteriorated within 5 days to the pre-dronabinol state. (psychiatrist.com)
  • At the time of the dronabinol trial, he was receiving daily clozapine 775 mg (serum level = 650 ng/mL), risperidone 5 mg, lithium carbonate 900 mg (serum level = 1.18 mEq/L), and clonazepam 4 mg for months with no significant benefit. (psychiatrist.com)
  • At the time of the dronabinol trial, he was receiving olanzapine 25 mg/d and clonazepam 2 mg/d for months with minimal response and had a CGI-S score of 5, markedly ill. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Using this commonsense meaning of the word "support," the court concluded that the listing in question requires Medicare to cover Mr. Dobson's off-label use of dronabinol. (medicareadvocacy.org)
  • Based on past developments, the sales volume for dronabinol will continue to multiply over the coming years. (prnewswire.com)
  • Dronabinol was administered after baseline PSG, starting at 2.5 mg once daily. (frontiersin.org)
  • The dronabinol produced for Cantourage is the first commercial export to the EU from Israel , which is considered a pioneer in medical cannabis, which has been approved for medical purposes since 1992. (prnewswire.com)