Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Fluoxetine
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors
Serotonin
Drug Interactions
Product Labeling
Drug Labeling
National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)
HIV Infections
Medication Adherence
Anti-HIV Agents
Contracts
Decreased liver and lung drug-metabolizing activity in mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum. (1/73494)
Injections of killed suspensions of Corynebacterium parvum (i.p.) in young male mice were followed by time- and dose-dependent decreases in the drug-metabolizing activity of liver microsomes and lung homogenates. In vitro assays with model substrates [aminopyrine, aniline, p-nitroanisole, and benzo(a)pyrene] were used to quantitate drug-metabolizing activity. It is likely that such decreases in mixed function oxidases activity will act to significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of concurrently or subsequently administered drugs. The results provide a possible mechanism to explain several previously reported immunochemotherapeutic interactions. (+info)The incorporation of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine into the DNA of HeLa cells and the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity. (2/73494)
Inhibition of DNA synthesis during the period of exposure of HeLa cells to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) inhibited the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity. This finding, taken together with previous findings that IUdR did not induce alkaline phosphatase activity in the presence of 2-fold molar excess thymidinemonstrated that IUdR incorporation into DNA is correlated with the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. With the exception of an interim period described in the text, induction of alkaline phosphatase activity was linearly related to medium concentrations of IUdR of up to at least 3 muM. However, the extent of IUdR substitution in DNA did not appear to be related to the degree of enzyme induction. Alkaline phosphatase activity continued to increase at medium concentrations of IUdR from 1 to 3 muM, while little further substitution of DNA occurred. (+info)The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/73494)
We have established or characterized six lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture for at least 1 year and have examined these lines for estrogen responsiveness. One of these cell lines, MCF-7, shows marked stimulation of macromolecular synthesis and cell division with physiological concentrations of estradiol. Antiestrogens are strongly inhibitory, and at concentrations greater than 3 X 10(-7) M they kill cells. Antiestrogen effects are prevented by simultaneous treatment with estradiol or reversed by addition of estradiol to cells incubated in antiestrogen. Responsive cell lines contain high-affinity specific estradiol receptors. Antiestrogens compete with estradiol for these receptors but have a lower apparent affinity for the receptor than estrogens. Stimulation of cells by estrogens is biphasic, with inhibition and cell death at concentrations of 17beta-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol exceeding 10(-7) M. Killing by high concentrations of estrogen is probably a nonspecific effect in that we observe this response with 17alpha-estradiol at equivalent concentrations and in the otherwise unresponsive cells that contain no estrogen receptor sites. (+info)The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (4/73494)
Glucocorticoids, at physiological concentration, inhibit cell division and thymidine incorporation in three lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture. At steroid concentrations sufficient to inhibit thymidine incorporation 50%, little or no effect is seen on protein synthesis 48 hr after hormone addition. All three of these lines are shown to have glucocorticoid receptors demonstrable by competitive protein binding assays. Receptors are extensively characterized in one line by sucrose density gradient analysis and binding specificity studies. Good correlation between receptor-binding specificity and biological activity is found except for progesterone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptor but is noninhibitory. Cross-competition and quantification studies demonstrate a separate receptor for progesterone. This receptor has limited binding specificities restricted largely to progestational agents, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor bound both glucocorticoids and progesterone. Two other human breast cancer lines neither contain glucocorticoid receptor nor are inhibited by glucocorticoids. It is concluded that in some cases glucocorticoids can directly limit growth in human breast cancer in vitro without requiring alterations in other trophic hormones. (+info)Tissue pharmacokinetics, inhibition of DNA synthesis and tumor cell kill after high-dose methotrexate in murine tumor models. (5/73494)
In Sarcoma 180 and L1210 ascites tumor models, the initial rate of methotrexate accumulation in tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity and in small intestine (intracellularly) after s.c. doses up to 800 mg/kg, showed saturation kinetics. These results and the fact that initial uptake in these tissues within this dosage range was inhibited to the expected relative extent by the simultaneous administration of leucovorin suggest that carrier mediation and not passive diffusion is the major route of drug entry at these extremely high doses. Maximum accumulation of intracellular drug occurred within 2 hr and reached much higher levels in small intestine than in tumor cells at the higher dosages. At a 3-mg/kg dose of methotrexate s.c., intracellular exchangeable drug levels persisted more than four times longer in L1210 cells than in small intestine, but differences in persistence (L1210 cell versus gut) diminished markedly with increasing dosage. At 96 mg/kg, the difference in persistence was less than 2-fold. In small intestine and L1210 cells, theduration of inhibition of DNA synthesis at different dosages correlated with the extent to which exchangeable drug was retained. Toxic deaths occurred when inhibition in small intestine lasted longer than 25 to 30 hr. Recovery of synthesis in small intestine and L1210 cells occurred synchronously and only below dosages of 400 mg/kg. Within 24 hr after dosages of greater than 24 mg/kg, the rate of tumor cell loss increased to a point characterized by a single exponential (t1/2=8.5 hr). The total cell loss, but not the rate of cell loss, was dose dependent. (+info)Quantification of baroreceptor influence on arterial pressure changes seen in primary angiotension-induced hypertension in dogs. (6/73494)
We studied the role of the sino-aortic baroreceptors in the gradual development of hypertension induced by prolonged administration of small amounts of angiotensin II (A II) in intact dogs and dogs with denervated sino-aortic baroreceptors. Short-term 1-hour infusions of A II(1.0-100 ng/kg per min) showed that conscious denervated dogs had twice the pressor sensitivity of intact dogs. Long-term infusions of A II at 5.0 ng/kg per min (2-3 weeks) with continuous 24-hour recordings of arterial pressure showed that intact dogs required 28 hours to reach the same level of pressure attained by denervated dogs during the 1st hour of infusion. At the 28th hour the pressure in both groups was 70% of the maximum value attained by the 7th day of infusion. Both intact and denervated dogs reached nearly the same plateau level of pressure, the magnitude being directly related both the the A II infusion rate and the daily sodium intake. Cardiac output in intact dogs initially decreased after the onset of A II infusion, but by the 5th day of infusion it was 38% above control, whereas blood volume was unchanged. Heart rate returned to normal after a reduction during the 1st day of infusion in intact dogs. Plasma renin activity could not be detected after 24 hours of A II infusion in either intact or denervated dogs. The data indicate that about 35% of the hypertensive effect of A II results from its acute pressor action, and an additional 35% of the gradual increase in arterial pressure is in large measure a result of baroreceptor resetting. We conclude that the final 30% increase in pressure seems to result from increased cardiac output, the cause of which may be decreased vascular compliance. since the blood volume remains unaltered. (+info)Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (7/73494)
We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension. (+info)Stimulation of renin release from rabbit renal cortex by arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxides. (8/73494)
The mechanism by which renal prostaglandins stimulate renin secretion in vivo is unknown. In this in vitro study we measured the effects of activation of the prostaglandin (PG) system on renin release from slices of rabbit renal cortex. The PG precursor arachidonic acid (C20:4), a natural PG endoperoxide (PGG2), two stable synthetic PG endoperoxide analogues (EPA I and II), PGE2, PGF2alpha, and two different PG synthesis inhibitors [indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA)] were used to evaluate the possibility of a direct action of the cortical PG system on renin secretion. Renin release increased significantly with time after addition of C20:4, PGG2, EPA I, and EPA II to the incubation medium. Stimulation of renin release was se-related for C20:4 in concentrations of 0.6 to 4.5 X 10(-6) M, for EPA I in concentrations of 0.7 to 2.8 X 10(-6) M, and for EPA II in concentrations of 1.4 to 14.0 X 10(-6) M. Indomethacin (10(-4) M) and ETA (10(-4) M) significantly decreased basal renin release as well as the renin release stimulated by C20:4 and EPA I. PGE2(10(-12) to 10(-6) M) had no effect on renin release, whereas PGF2alpha (10(-12) to 10(-6) M) decreased renin release in a dose-dependent manner. These data raise the possibility of a direct action of the renal cortical PG system on renin secretion. The results further indicate that stimulation of renin release by C20:4 may depend more specifically on the action of PG endoperoxides than on the primary prostaglandins. (+info)A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
A dose-response relationship in radiation refers to the correlation between the amount of radiation exposure (dose) and the biological response or adverse health effects observed in exposed individuals. As the level of radiation dose increases, the severity and frequency of the adverse health effects also tend to increase. This relationship is crucial in understanding the risks associated with various levels of radiation exposure and helps inform radiation protection standards and guidelines.
The effects of ionizing radiation can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which no effect is observed, and above this threshold, the severity of the effect increases with higher doses. Examples include radiation-induced cataracts or radiation dermatitis. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a clear threshold and are based on probability; as the dose increases, so does the likelihood of the adverse health effect occurring, such as an increased risk of cancer.
Understanding the dose-response relationship in radiation exposure is essential for setting limits on occupational and public exposure to ionizing radiation, optimizing radiation protection practices, and developing effective medical countermeasures in case of radiation emergencies.
Oxytropis is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in North America and Asia. Some common names for Oxytropis include locoweeds and wild peas.
In a medical context, Oxytropis species are most well-known for containing toxic alkaloids that can cause serious poisoning in livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats. The toxins, including swainsonine and other indolizidine alkaloids, can affect the nervous system and cause symptoms such as weakness, tremors, blindness, and ultimately death.
While Oxytropis poisoning is not a direct concern for human health, it is important for medical professionals to be aware of its potential impact on animal health in rural and agricultural communities.
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication that is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps maintain mental balance.
Fluoxetine is available under the brand name Prozac and is also available as a generic medication. It comes in various forms, including capsules, tablets, delayed-release capsules, and liquid solution. The typical starting dose for adults with depression is 20 mg per day, but the dosage may be adjusted based on individual patient needs and response to treatment.
Fluoxetine has a relatively long half-life, which means it stays in the body for an extended period of time. This can be beneficial for patients who may have difficulty remembering to take their medication daily, as they may only need to take it once or twice a week. However, it also means that it may take several weeks for the full effects of the medication to become apparent.
As with any medication, fluoxetine can cause side effects, including nausea, dry mouth, sleepiness, insomnia, dizziness, and headache. In some cases, it may also increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults, particularly during the initial stages of treatment. It is important for patients to discuss any concerns about side effects with their healthcare provider.
Second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) are a class of medications used primarily for the treatment of depression, although they are also used for other psychiatric and medical conditions. They are called "second-generation" because they were developed after the first generation of antidepressants, which include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
SGAs are also known as atypical antidepressants or novel antidepressants. They work by affecting the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. However, they have a different chemical structure and mechanism of action than first-generation antidepressants.
Some examples of second-generation antidepressants include:
* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and citalopram (Celexa)
* Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta)
* Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) such as bupropion (Wellbutrin)
* Atypical antidepressants such as mirtazapine (Remeron), trazodone, and vortioxetine (Brintellix)
SGAs are generally considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antidepressants. They are less likely to cause anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision, and they are less likely to cause cardiac conduction abnormalities or orthostatic hypotension. However, SGAs may still cause side effects such as nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain.
It's important to note that the choice of antidepressant medication should be individualized based on the patient's specific symptoms, medical history, and other factors. It may take some trial and error to find the most effective and well-tolerated medication for a given patient.
Serotonin uptake inhibitors (also known as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs) are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions.
SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, allowing more serotonin to be available in the synapse (the space between two neurons) for binding to postsynaptic receptors. This results in increased serotonergic neurotransmission and improved mood regulation.
Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). These medications are generally well-tolerated, with side effects that may include nausea, headache, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased anxiety or agitation. However, they can have serious interactions with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an SSRI.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is found primarily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of humans and other animals. It is produced by the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and then to serotonin.
In the CNS, serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, and behavior, among other functions. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor, helping to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. In the GI tract, it is involved in peristalsis, the contraction and relaxation of muscles that moves food through the digestive system.
Serotonin is synthesized and stored in serotonergic neurons, which are nerve cells that use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. These neurons are found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and they communicate with other neurons by releasing serotonin into the synapse, the small gap between two neurons.
Abnormal levels of serotonin have been linked to a variety of disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraines. Medications that affect serotonin levels, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly used to treat these conditions.
A drug interaction is the effect of combining two or more drugs, or a drug and another substance (such as food or alcohol), which can alter the effectiveness or side effects of one or both of the substances. These interactions can be categorized as follows:
1. Pharmacodynamic interactions: These occur when two or more drugs act on the same target organ or receptor, leading to an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect. For example, taking a sedative and an antihistamine together can result in increased drowsiness due to their combined depressant effects on the central nervous system.
2. Pharmacokinetic interactions: These occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug. For example, taking certain antibiotics with grapefruit juice can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream, leading to potential toxicity.
3. Food-drug interactions: Some drugs may interact with specific foods, affecting their absorption, metabolism, or excretion. An example is the interaction between warfarin (a blood thinner) and green leafy vegetables, which can increase the risk of bleeding due to enhanced vitamin K absorption from the vegetables.
4. Drug-herb interactions: Some herbal supplements may interact with medications, leading to altered drug levels or increased side effects. For instance, St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of certain antidepressants and oral contraceptives by inducing their metabolism.
5. Drug-alcohol interactions: Alcohol can interact with various medications, causing additive sedative effects, impaired judgment, or increased risk of liver damage. For example, combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or opioids can lead to dangerous levels of sedation and respiratory depression.
It is essential for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of potential drug interactions to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment outcomes.
Product labeling, in the context of medicine or healthcare, refers to the information that is required by law to be present on the packaging of a pharmaceutical product or medical device. This information typically includes:
1. The name of the product, often with an active ingredient listed separately.
2. A description of what the product is used for (indications).
3. Dosage instructions and route of administration.
4. Warnings about potential side effects, contraindications, and precautions.
5. The name and address of the manufacturer or distributor.
6. The expiration date or storage conditions, if applicable.
7. Any other relevant information, such as whether the product is subject to additional monitoring.
The purpose of product labeling is to provide accurate and standardized information to healthcare professionals and patients about the safe and effective use of a medical product. It helps to ensure that the product is used appropriately, reducing the risk of adverse events or misuse.
Drug labeling refers to the information that is provided on the packaging or container of a medication, as well as any accompanying promotional materials. This information is intended to provide healthcare professionals and patients with accurate and up-to-date data about the drug's composition, intended use, dosage, side effects, contraindications, and other important details that are necessary for safe and effective use.
The labeling of prescription drugs in the United States is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which requires manufacturers to submit proposed labeling as part of their new drug application. The FDA reviews the labeling to ensure that it is truthful, balanced, and not misleading, and provides accurate information about the drug's risks and benefits.
The labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is also regulated by the FDA, but in this case, the agency has established a set of monographs that specify the conditions under which certain active ingredients can be used and the labeling requirements for each ingredient. Manufacturers of OTC drugs must ensure that their labeling complies with these monographs.
In addition to the information required by regulatory agencies, drug labeling may also include additional information provided by the manufacturer, such as detailed instructions for use, storage requirements, and any warnings or precautions that are necessary to ensure safe and effective use of the medication. It is important for healthcare professionals and patients to carefully review and understand all of the information provided on a drug's labeling before using the medication.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.
HIV infection has three stages:
1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.
It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.
Medication adherence, also known as medication compliance, refers to the degree or extent of conformity to a treatment regimen as prescribed by a healthcare provider. This includes taking medications at the right time, in the correct dosage, and for the designated duration. Poor medication adherence can lead to worsening health conditions, increased hospitalizations, and higher healthcare costs.
Anti-HIV agents are a class of medications specifically designed to treat HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. These drugs work by interfering with various stages of the HIV replication cycle, preventing the virus from infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, which are crucial for maintaining a healthy immune system.
There are several classes of anti-HIV agents, including:
1. Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): These drugs act as faulty building blocks that the virus incorporates into its genetic material, causing the replication process to halt. Examples include zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), and tenofovir.
2. Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): These medications bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, altering its shape and preventing it from functioning properly. Examples include efavirenz, nevirapine, and rilpivirine.
3. Protease Inhibitors (PIs): These drugs target the protease enzyme, which is responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins into functional components. By inhibiting this enzyme, PIs prevent the formation of mature, infectious virus particles. Examples include atazanavir, darunavir, and lopinavir.
4. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs): These medications block the integrase enzyme, which is responsible for inserting the viral genetic material into the host cell's DNA. By inhibiting this step, INSTIs prevent the virus from establishing a permanent infection within the host cell. Examples include raltegravir, dolutegravir, and bictegravir.
5. Fusion/Entry Inhibitors: These drugs target different steps of the viral entry process, preventing HIV from infecting CD4+ T cells. Examples include enfuvirtide (T-20), maraviroc, and ibalizumab.
6. Post-Attachment Inhibitors: This class of medications prevents the virus from attaching to the host cell's receptors, thereby inhibiting infection. Currently, there is only one approved post-attachment inhibitor, fostemsavir.
Combination therapy using multiple classes of antiretroviral drugs has been shown to effectively suppress viral replication and improve clinical outcomes in people living with HIV. Regular adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen is crucial for maintaining an undetectable viral load and reducing the risk of transmission.
Anti-retroviral agents are a class of drugs used to treat and prevent infections caused by retroviruses, most commonly the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These medications work by interfering with the replication process of the retrovirus, thereby preventing it from infecting and destroying immune cells.
There are several different classes of anti-retroviral agents, including:
1. Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - These drugs block the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is necessary for the retrovirus to convert its RNA into DNA.
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - These drugs bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and alter its shape, preventing it from functioning properly.
3. Protease inhibitors (PIs) - These drugs block the action of the protease enzyme, which is necessary for the retrovirus to assemble new viral particles.
4. Integrase inhibitors (INIs) - These drugs block the action of the integrase enzyme, which is necessary for the retrovirus to integrate its DNA into the host cell's genome.
5. Fusion inhibitors - These drugs prevent the retrovirus from entering host cells by blocking the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
6. Entry inhibitors - These drugs prevent the retrovirus from attaching to and entering host cells.
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) typically involves a combination of at least three different anti-retroviral agents from two or more classes, in order to effectively suppress viral replication and prevent drug resistance. Regular monitoring of viral load and CD4+ T cell counts is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of ART and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment regimen.
A medical definition of "contracts" generally refers to a condition in which an organ or tissue shrinks and hardens due to abnormal thickening of its collagen fibers. This process can occur in any type of tissue, but it is most commonly seen in the skin, heart, and lungs. The medical term for this condition is "fibrosis."
In the context of the skin, contracts may refer to a type of scar that forms after an injury or wound healing. These scars can cause the skin to become tight and restrict movement, particularly if they occur around joints.
In the heart, contracts may refer to a condition called "cardiac fibrosis," which occurs when the heart muscle becomes thickened and stiff due to excess collagen deposits. This can lead to heart failure and other cardiovascular complications.
In the lungs, contracts may refer to a condition called "pulmonary fibrosis," which is characterized by scarring and thickening of the lung tissue. This can make it difficult to breathe and can lead to respiratory failure if left untreated.
HIV seropositivity is a term used to describe a positive result on an HIV antibody test. This means that the individual has developed antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), indicating that they have been infected with the virus. However, it's important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS, as there can be a long period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.
Dose-response relationship
Toxic leukoencephalopathy
David C. Poole
Hydrocholeretic
Threshold dose
Chlornaphazine
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Atypical antipsychotic
Benefits of physical activity
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Antidepressant
Pharmacodynamics
Dose (biochemistry)
Hepatotoxicity
Cannabis (drug)
Hill equation (biochemistry)
Dextromethorphan
Ridazolol
Brivaracetam
Forensic toxicology
Opicinumab
Occupational health concerns of cannabis use
Homeopathy
Evidence and efficacy of homeopathy
Cardiac fibrosis
Surgical sieve
Liquorice (confectionery)
Beckley Foundation
Arndt-Schulz rule
Schild equation
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Curves10
- Dose-response relationships can be described by dose-response curves. (wikipedia.org)
- Dose response relationships modelled by dose response curves are used extensively in pharmacology and drug development. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Statistical analysis of dose-response curves may be performed by regression methods such as the probit model or logit model, or other methods such as the Spearman-Kärber method. (wikipedia.org)
- Logarithmic dose-response curves are generally sigmoidal-shape and monotonic and can be fit to a classical Hill equation. (wikipedia.org)
- Analysis of dose-response curves suggested that MDMA may be acting both as an indirect dopaminergic agonist and as a serotonergic receptor agonist. (erowid.org)
- The recent availability of Δ 9 - and Δ 8 -THC has allowed pharmacologists and toxicologists to establish dose-response curves relating physiopathological effects to dose administered. (unodc.org)
- This insolubility makes it very difficult to study Δ 9 -THC in isolated tissue preparations suspended or incubated in the standard electrolyte solutions (such as Krebs Ringer) and obtain dose response curves. (unodc.org)
- Herein, we report on the use of cell-based kinetic dose response curves for small molecule characterization in antibiotic discovery efforts. (mcmaster.ca)
- All dose-response curves plateaued at a certain LSD1 inhibitor concentration (Supplementary Fig. 2B ). (nature.com)
- Since many drugs are withdrawn from the market due to risks of adverse drug responses in women, determining sex-specific drug dose-response curves is a viable way of reducing their occurrence. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Concentrations7
- Kinetically monitoring bacterial growth at sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial small molecules generates unique dose response profiles. (mcmaster.ca)
- Mean (± 1 SD) peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) range from approximately 14 ± 4 to 37 ± 9 mcg/mL after 200 to 600 mg single doses and are reached in 80 ± 30 minutes (see Table 1 for summary of pharmacokinetic parameters). (nih.gov)
- Peak concentrations are dose proportional for both total and free etodolac following doses up to 400 mg every 12 hours, but following a 600 mg dose, the peak is about 20% higher than predicted on the basis of lower doses. (nih.gov)
- Producing a rapid response at both 2.5 and 5 percent concentrations, a recombinant version of human interleukin1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) called anakinra (Kineret) was six times more effective at reducing the symptoms of dry eye than an eye lubricant, as measured by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). (aao.org)
- Steady-state concentrations of both venlafaxine and ODV in plasma were attained within 3 days of multiple-dose therapy. (drugs.com)
- We did not observe significant dose response trends between SG-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations and semen parameters. (cdc.gov)
- CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of observed dose response relationship, we found consistent patterns of lower percent morphologically normal sperm for men with urinary triclosan in the 2nd or 3rd quartile compared to undetectable concentrations.This association was stronger for samples obtained prior to 2013 when triclosan was more often detectable in urine. (cdc.gov)
Humans2
- Studying dose response, and developing dose-response models, is central to determining "safe", "hazardous" and (where relevant) beneficial levels and dosages for drugs, pollutants, foods, and other substances to which humans or other organisms are exposed. (wikipedia.org)
- But animal studies are needed to protect people, by identifying toxicities and weeding out drugs before testing on humans. (scientificamerican.com)
High-dose7
- In the 4 month analysis, significantly more patients in the high-hemoglobin compared to the low-hemoglobin arm were unable to achieve target hemoglobin and required high-dose epoetin-alpha. (nih.gov)
- In unadjusted analyses, the inability to achieve a target hemoglobin and high-dose epoetin-alpha were each significantly associated with increased risk of a primary endpoint (death, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or stroke). (nih.gov)
- In adjusted models, high-dose epoetin-alpha was associated with a significant increased hazard of a primary endpoint but the risk associated with randomization to the high hemoglobin arm did not suggest a possible mediating effect of higher target via dose. (nih.gov)
- Chronic high dose transdermal nicotine in Parkinson's disease: an open trial. (urc-mondor.fr)
- These results confirm the feasibility of chronic high dose nicotinic treatment in PD but warrant validation of the beneficial effects by a randomized controlled trial. (urc-mondor.fr)
- In the first assay results showed no micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) increase, except with the high dose at 72 h. (bvsalud.org)
- p-Hydroxyamphetamine (p-OHA) is an active metabolite of amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), and can be detected in the brain for a relatively long period after high-dose administration of AMPH in rodents. (bvsalud.org)
Lower doses1
- Therefore, it's thought that if drug doses are adjusted according to body weight, women will often receive lower doses than they do now - which may alleviate adverse reactions. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Larger doses2
- Our analysis shows that larger doses of BsAbs may delay the build-up of the TC. (nih.gov)
- Microdosing ," or Phase 0 trials, are now sometimes substituted for the traditional Phase 1 testing, using tiny, incrementally larger doses. (scientificamerican.com)
Absorption3
- The prolonged action of LEVEMIR is mediated by the slow systemic absorption of insulin detemir molecules from the injection site due to strong self-association of the drug molecules and albumin binding. (globalrph.com)
- Overview of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body-the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution. (msdmanuals.com)
- Activated charcoal reduces absorption of drugs and other chemicals in the stomach and intestines. (medlineplus.gov)
Therapeutic11
- To assess the relationships among quetiapine blood concentration, daily dose, dopamine receptor occupancy, and clinical outcome in order, if possible, to define a target plasma level range in which therapeutic response is enhanced and adverse events are minimized. (psychiatrist.com)
- Data on plasma concentration-response relationships are not sufficiently robust to allow determination of a therapeutic plasma level range for quetiapine. (psychiatrist.com)
- Therapeutic drug monitoring procedures are thus probably not routinely useful in optimizing quetiapine dose. (psychiatrist.com)
- Since AEA levels are regulated by COX-2 and FAAH, inhibition of both enzymes along with low-dose glucocorticoids may provide a therapeutic option to maximally boost the endocannabinoid system in RA, with possible beneficial effects. (uni-regensburg.de)
- These results revealed a potent proliferation block and induction of differentiation in non-DS-AMKL and ML-DS samples, however, the therapeutic efficacy of LSD1 inhibition may be limited by its non-linear dose-response relationship. (nature.com)
- Therapeutic error, unexpected failure of effect (perhaps related to a substandard/counterfeit product), drug abuse, accidental or suicidal self-administration, and homicidal use of drugs are all also adverse drug effects, which the wise clinician needs to bear in mind. (springer.com)
- The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) has been used to monitor therapeutic doses of unfractionated heparin. (gponline.com)
- Dose-response, which involves the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, determines the required dose and frequency as well as the therapeutic index for a drug in a population. (msdmanuals.com)
- The therapeutic index (ratio of the minimum toxic concentration to the median effective concentration) helps determine the efficacy and safety of a drug. (msdmanuals.com)
- Increasing the dose of a drug with a small therapeutic index increases the probability of toxicity or ineffectiveness of the drug. (msdmanuals.com)
- Whether nicotine has therapeutic effects on Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms is controversial, but high doses and chronic treatment have never been tested. (urc-mondor.fr)
Regimens2
- However, as the efficacy and safety of rational dosing regimens are lacking, we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of reduced-dose azacitidine (AZA) vs. decitabine (DAC) in adult MDS patients. (medscimonit.com)
- For patients requiring more rapid initiation of anticoagulation, regimens starting with 5mg doses, or a single 10mg dose followed by 5mg doses, are often used. (gponline.com)
Steady-state1
- Plasma clearance, elimination half-life and steady-state volume of distribution were unaltered for both venlafaxine and ODV after multiple-dosing. (drugs.com)
Drug's4
- In particular, the shape of a drug's dose-response curve (quantified by EC50, nH and ymax parameters) reflects the biological activity and strength of the drug. (wikipedia.org)
- pharmacodynamics , or PD, which "is the study of what drugs do to the body" -studies details of the drug's activity, such as the relationship between the dose and the body's response. (scientificamerican.com)
- Pharmacodynamics, with pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, or the fate of a drug within the body), helps explain the relationship between the dose and response, ie, the drug's effects. (merckmanuals.com)
- The concentration of the drug at the receptor site influences the drug's effect. (merckmanuals.com)
Biologic3
- Biologic variation (variation in magnitude of response among test subjects in the same population given the same dose of drug) also occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Drug X has greater biologic activity per dosing equivalent and is thus more potent than drug Y or Z. Drugs X and Z have equal efficacy, indicated by their maximal attainable response (ceiling effect). (msdmanuals.com)
- The purpose of this study was to determine whether bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injections of different doses of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) produced dose-dependent changes in biologic markers of acute inflammation. (tamu.edu)
Metabolism1
- the unfractionated drug has a high first-pass metabolism. (gponline.com)
Exposure10
- The dose-response relationship, or exposure-response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. (wikipedia.org)
- In populations, dose-response relationships can describe the way groups of people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- These results suggested that the resistance of C. albicans biofilms to azoles or polyenes was due not to the activation of specific mechanisms in response to exposure to these antifungals but rather to the intrinsic properties of the mature biofilms. (who.int)
- In some more unusual instances, adverse drug reactions may be more commonly related to drug or chemical exposure than to alternative possible causes (such as agranulocytosis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome), making the diagnostic challenge somewhat easier. (springer.com)
- It is much more difficult to decide on the diagnosis in an individual when other causal probabilities are more likely than a drug, and when actual evidence that exposure to a particular drug has occurred, in what dose and when, may be difficult to ascertain. (springer.com)
- That's the conclusion of a study evaluating the relationship between exposure to benzalkonium chloride (BAK), the most frequently used antiglaucoma drop preservative, and subsequent risk of filtration surgery failure. (aao.org)
- Regarding this study, she said, "The most important finding is the strong clinical and statistically significant relationship between the amount of preoperative BAK exposure and the time to surgical failure. (aao.org)
- Others, such as cephalosporins and penicillins, kill bacteria in a time-dependent fashion, based on the length of exposure to the drug. (scientificamerican.com)
- Causal criteria that deal with the exposure-disease relationship are often used as general guidelines for ascertaining causes. (cambridge.org)
- OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between handling of antineoplastic drugs (AD), use of exposure controls, and risk of miscarriage. (cdc.gov)
Trials4
- Typical experimental design for measuring dose-response relationships are organ bath preparations, ligand binding assays, functional assays, and clinical drug trials. (wikipedia.org)
- We did a secondary analysis of patients with chronic kidney disease enrolled in the Correction of Hemoglobin in the Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency trial to measure the potential for competing benefit and harm from achieved hemoglobin and epoetin dose trials. (nih.gov)
- Reassuringly, a review of oncology trials showed no increase in deaths compared to other, not first-in-human drugs, and noted that some participants received significant benefit. (scientificamerican.com)
- To try to reduce the risk in Phase 1 trials, dosing is started at less than 1/10th of the human equivalent dose seen in the animal studies. (scientificamerican.com)
Structure-Activity Rel1
- Furthermore, changes in growth kinetics have the potential to offer insight into the mechanistic action of novel molecules and can be used to predict off-target effects generated through structure-activity relationship studies. (mcmaster.ca)
Substances1
- What Drugs, Substances, or Supplements Interact with Prozac? (rxlist.com)
Antimicrobial1
- Prevalence of LA-MRSA-positive pooled samples from pigs during a study of the dose-response relationship between antimicrobial drug use and LA-MRSA on pig farms, the Netherlands, 2011-2013. (cdc.gov)
Curve5
- A stimulus response function or stimulus response curve is defined more broadly as the response from any type of stimulus, not limited to chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- A dose-response curve is a coordinate graph relating the magnitude of a dose (stimulus) to the response of a biological system. (wikipedia.org)
- A commonly used dose-response curve is the EC50 curve, the half maximal effective concentration, where the EC50 point is defined as the inflection point of the curve. (wikipedia.org)
- The dose-proportionality based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) is linear following doses up to 600 mg every 12 hours. (nih.gov)
- The dose-response curve and category-specific HR estimates of exercise levels compared with the federally recommended minimum of 7.5 metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per week. (jamanetwork.com)
Mortality4
- Adverse effects and adverse drug reactions constitute major morbidity and sometimes mortality, but how to make a diagnosis and manage adverse drug effects in an individual to avoid or reduce serious harm does not receive much attention. (springer.com)
- Given contemporary thrombolytic therapy and urgent revascularization methods, as well as newer cardioprotective drug therapies that markedly diminish early postinfarction mortality, doesn't all this attenuate the impact of adjunctive exercise-based CR? (acc.org)
- Epidemiological evidence indicates a proportional relationship between the severity of depressive symptoms and the likelihood of subsequent cardiac events, and patients with even mild depressive symptoms have an increase in mortality risk compared with patients without depression. (acc.org)
- Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M. Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish twin cohort. (jamanetwork.com)
Receptors4
- Which drugs select α 1 receptors and indicate whether agonistically or antagonistically. (proprofs.com)
- These drugs bind to α1 receptors and activate them, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. (proprofs.com)
- Why can this drug affect the heart rate by affecting alpha instead of beta receptors? (proprofs.com)
- Pharmacologic activity at these receptors is hypothesized to be associated with the various anticholinergic, sedative, and cardiovascular effects seen with other psychotropic drugs. (drugs.com)
Body's1
- Overdoses are when a drug overwhelms the body's ability to function and, while not necessarily fatal, usually have more positive outcomes with effective bystander intervention and support. (berkeley.edu)
Toxicity2
- While it has not been reported in animals, the use of high doses of salicylates, as in rheumatic diseases, in conjunction with Furosemide Syrup 1% may result in salicylate toxicity because of competition for renal excretory sites. (drugs.com)
- Thus, enhanced extracellular matrix or beta-glucan synthesis during biofilm growth might prevent antifungals, such as azoles and polyenes, from reaching biofilm cells, thus limiting their toxicity to these cells and the associated transcriptional responses. (who.int)
Interval2
- For doses in the interval of 0.2 to 0.4 U/kg, LEVEMIR exerts more than 50% of its maximum effect from 3 to 4 hours up to approximately 14 hours after dose administration. (globalrph.com)
- For drugs, adherence requires that the prescription be obtained promptly and the drug be taken as prescribed in terms of dose, dosing interval, duration of treatment, and any additional special instructions (eg, taking the drug without food). (merckmanuals.com)
Renal Insufficiency1
- Contributing factors include age over 65, concomitant drug use, renal insufficiency and anaemia. (gponline.com)
Concentration8
- Consequently, a method to compute the optimal dosing strategy of BsAbs, which will immediately create and maintain maximal possible TC concentration, is presented. (nih.gov)
- The Hill equation is the following formula, where E {\displaystyle E} is the magnitude of the response, [ A ] {\displaystyle {\ce {[A]}}} is the drug concentration (or equivalently, stimulus intensity) and E C 50 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EC} _{50}} is the drug concentration that produces a 50% maximal response and n {\displaystyle n} is the Hill coefficient. (wikipedia.org)
- All published reports of quetiapine plasma or serum concentration were considered for inclusion if reported in relation to a dose, clinical outcome, or dopamine occupancy. (psychiatrist.com)
- There was a weak correlation between quetiapine dose and measured plasma concentration (from trough samples). (psychiatrist.com)
- Further examination of the relationship between peak quetiapine plasma concentration and clinical response is necessary. (psychiatrist.com)
- When the researchers multiplied the drops taken by the concentration of BAK within each drop to get a total dose of BAK, they found a statistically significant association on the outcome. (aao.org)
- occurs-through binding or chemical interaction-the concentration of the drug at the site of action controls the effect. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, response to concentration may be complex and is often nonlinear. (msdmanuals.com)
Clinical4
- In making its decision, the Committee reviewed the latest clinical evidence and the information about licensing in several countries of the fixed-dose combination tablet. (who.int)
- Clinical diagnosis of adverse drug reactions and patient management are complex, interwoven processes. (springer.com)
- Clinical information and experiences about individual patients will aid prevention of adverse drug reactions. (springer.com)
- An 'adverse drug reaction' (ADR) is the clinical response of a patient to a drug, defined here as "An appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the drug regimen, or withdrawal of the product" [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Radiation2
- However, stimuli (such as temperatures or radiation) may also affect physiological processes beyond sensation (and even give the measurable response of death). (wikipedia.org)
- Specific to response to doses of radiation the Health Physics Society (in the United States) has published a documentary series on the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model though the society has not adopted a policy on LNT. (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacologic1
- The pharmacologic response depends on the drug binding to its target. (merckmanuals.com)
Multiple asce1
- In the multiple ascending-dose phase, participants received 50 or 100 mg GB1211 or placebo twice daily for 10. (lu.se)
Pharmacodynamics1
- Overview of Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics (sometimes described as what a drug does to the body) is the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body and involves receptor binding. (msdmanuals.com)
Conclusions1
- CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that an intermediate dose of CFA can be used to effect submaximal levels of TMJ inflammation that will allow experimental modulation in future studies. (tamu.edu)
Adverse drug4
- This paper describes the personal views of the author about diagnosis and management of an adverse drug effect. (springer.com)
- Provision of adverse drug reaction information must be timely, and relevant to support busy health professionals in their consultations. (springer.com)
- The term 'adverse drug effect' (ADE) refers to an adverse effect where some attribution to a drug, or to the use or misuse of a drug, has been made. (springer.com)
- Adverse drug reaction (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that drugs (including medications ) may have. (merckmanuals.com)
Populations1
- Dose response relationships may be used in individuals or in populations. (wikipedia.org)
Pretreatment3
- Pretreatment with certain drugs, including pyrilamine, LY171883, and indomethacin, significantly reduced the contractile activity of the poultry extract. (cdc.gov)
- Cl removal and pretreatment with bumetanide virtually abolished responses, suggesting that the increase in I sc reflected Ca 2+ dependent Cl secretion. (mcmaster.ca)
- Pretreatment with DK-PGD 2 inhibited responses to Ca 2+ in CPA-primed tissues. (mcmaster.ca)
Dopamine2
- Quetiapine dose was correlated with central dopamine D 2 occupancy, although the relationship between plasma level and D 2 occupancy is less clear. (psychiatrist.com)
- A similar protective effect does not extend to crystal meth, as this drug kills the dopamine producing neurons thereby promoting Parkinson's disease . (iflscience.com)
Metabolic2
- Here, we tested the hypothesis that sucralose differentially affects metabolic responses to labeled oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in participants with normal weight and obesity. (mdpi.com)
- Individualize dose based on type of diabetes, metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal. (globalrph.com)
Total dose1
- Venlafaxine and ODV exhibited linear kinetics over the dose range of 75 to 450 mg total dose per day (administered on a q8h schedule). (drugs.com)
Highest dose1
- however, with the highest dose a significant increase of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in the last three weeks (a mean of 51% respect to the mean control value). (bvsalud.org)
Effects5
- Additional information is available on global doses from nuclear bomb tests and doses from nuclear fuel processing and medical uses can be found in United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations. (cdc.gov)
- Our Prozac Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
- Ephedrine and Pseudo-Ephedrine are referred to as mixed acting drugs because they exhibit both antagonistic and stimulatory effects on their receptor simultaneously. (proprofs.com)
- Drug-related adverse effects may be due to the drug itself, though many are due to systematic errors occurring in the process from diagnosis of the primary treated condition, through prescribing and dispensing, to the way the drug is used by the patient. (springer.com)
- There is a strengthening view that we have neglected this area of adverse effects related in some way to drug use. (springer.com)
Extract1
- A dose response relationship between poultry extract and contractile response occurred. (cdc.gov)
Tissues1
- now let's look at how a drug is developed, from test tube to your tissues. (scientificamerican.com)
Treatment5
- These AZA- and DCA-naive patients treated with AZA 100 mg/(m²·day) for 5 days to 7 days or DAC 20 mg/(m²·day) for 3 days to 4 days, or 20 mg/(m²·day) 1 day/week for 3 weeks/month were assessed for treatment responses and adverse events. (medscimonit.com)
- Take advantage of free CureHunter research engine access to explore the best drug and treatment options for any disease. (curehunter.com)
- 6 However, these drugs are thought to be effective only if the patient adheres to long term treatment and this does not always appear to be the case. (bmj.com)
- Chronic treatment with verapamil, but not saline, dose-dependently attenuated alcohol intake, without significantly influencing water intake. (duke.edu)
- This is the first time, to my knowledge, that any dry eye drug has reached this milestone," said senior author Reza Dana, MD, MSc, MPH, coinventor of the treatment, director of cornea at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and professor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. (aao.org)
INTERACTIONS1
- Protein-binding-induced drug interactions with venlafaxine are not expected. (drugs.com)
Maximal1
- Drug Y is more potent than drug Z, but its maximal efficacy is lower. (msdmanuals.com)
Single4
- METHODS: This phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human study (NCT03809052) included a single ascending-dose phase (with a food-effect cohort) where participants across seven sequential cohorts were randomized 3:1 to receive oral GB1211 (5, 20, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg) or placebo. (lu.se)
- The Committee noted, however, that appropriate doses of both medicines can also be achieved using combinations of the single-component products, including co-blistered presentations. (who.int)
- On the basis of mass balance studies, at least 92% of a single dose of venlafaxine is absorbed. (drugs.com)
- As medicine, activated charcoal has most often been used under the supervision of a healthcare professional in a single dose of 100 grams by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Inhibitors1
- Some drugs with names ending in -stigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. (proprofs.com)
Effect10
- These molecules have shown promise as immuno-oncology drugs, and the TC is considered the pharmacologically active species that drives their pharmacodynamic effect. (nih.gov)
- The adage The dose makes the poison reflects how a small amount of a toxin has no significant effect, while a large amount may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
- OBJECTIVE To determine whether a patient education programme (PE) would improve rates of adherence to a slow acting antirheumatic drug and to assess any subsequent effect on patient outcome. (bmj.com)
- The dose-response relationship is not linear and the anticoagulant effect increases disproportionately as doses are increased, so heparin therapy requires intensive monitoring. (gponline.com)
- Dose-response data are typically graphed with the dose or dose function (eg, log 10 dose) on the x-axis and the measured effect (response) on the y-axis. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because a drug effect is a function of dose and time, such a graph depicts the dose-response relationship independent of time. (msdmanuals.com)
- This information helps determine the dose necessary to achieve the desired effect. (msdmanuals.com)
- Studies with identical twins have borne out this "dose-response" relationship and suggested that the protective effect has nothing to do with differences in genes or environment. (iflscience.com)
- A cytotoxic effect with the two high doses in the last two weeks was observed (a polychromatic erythrocyte mean decrease of 52% respect to the mean control value). (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, the author investigated the effect of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of p-OHA on the changes of locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response in rodents. (bvsalud.org)
Reactions3
- For example, women are 50-75% more likely to experience adverse reactions to prescription drugs than men. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- The methods in our study could help clarify the nature of these differences and provide a path forward to reducing drug reactions. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- Drug reactions in women are sometimes said to be due to sex differences in body weight rather than differences in how the drug works in the body," explains Wilson. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Cannabis1
- At the population level, elimination of cannabis use would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuming a causal relationship. (cambridge.org)
Frequent1
- So these drugs tend to be administered in less frequent, high doses. (scientificamerican.com)
Adherence1
- 11 Further research is needed into interventions that improve drug adherence. (bmj.com)
Pigs2
- Scientists specialising in animal behaviour and welfare devised an experiment to investigate the relationship between personality and the rate of grunting in pigs. (vetscite.org)
- These tests were repeated two weeks later, allowing the researchers to determine if the pigs' responses were repeatable - the defining characteristic of personality (also known as 'coping style' in animals). (vetscite.org)
Urine1
- 30% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged drug. (lu.se)
Outcomes1
- 2 Also, there was a significant dose-response relationship between the number of CR sessions attended and CV outcomes. (acc.org)
Verapamil1
- Though responses were insensitive to the L-type channel antagonist, verapamil, a marked inhibition was seen in the presence of metal cations (Gd 3+ , Cd 2+ , and La 3+ ). (mcmaster.ca)