A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. Pinnipeds have also been known to contract Canine distemper virus from contact with domestic dogs.
A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (DISTEMPER VIRUS, CANINE). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in seals.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. The official species name is Canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes.
A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.
A genus in the family of EARLESS SEALS (Phocidae) and collectively the most abundant PINNIPEDS in the Northern Hemisphere.
The family Phocidae, suborder PINNIPEDIA, order CARNIVORA, comprising the true seals. They lack external ears and are unable to use their hind flippers to walk. It includes over 18 species including the harp seal, probably the best known seal species in the world.
A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where the virions of most members have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species.
The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
Large, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the cat family FELIDAE, species Panthera leo. They are found in Africa and southern Asia.
Carnivores of the genus Procyon of the family PROCYONIDAE. Two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. They range from southern Canada to Panama and are found in several of the Caribbean Islands.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
The species Panthera tigris, a large feline inhabiting Asia. Several subspecies exist including the Siberian tiger and Sumatran tiger.
Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting RODENTS and/or RABBITS and as a laboratory animal. It is in the subfamily Mustelinae, family MUSTELIDAE.
Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.
Infections with viruses of the genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS. It causes a highly infectious fulminating ENTERITIS in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from CANINE MINUTE VIRUS, a species in the genus BOCAVIRUS. This virus can also infect cats and mink.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected.
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.
An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The lone species in the genus Nyctereutes, family CANIDAE. It is found in the woodland zone from southeastern Siberia to Vietnam and on the main islands of Japan.
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
Carnivores of genus Mustela of the family MUSTELIDAE. The European mink, which has white upper and lower lips, was widely trapped for commercial purposes and is classified as endangered. The American mink, lacking a white upper lip, is farmed commercially.
A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat family, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, and show fever. It is caused by FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS or the closely related MINK ENTERITIS VIRUS or CANINE PARVOVIRUS.
A defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS that has been isolated from the brain tissue of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.
A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising bird poxviruses. The type species is FOWLPOX VIRUS. Transmission is mechanical by ARTHROPODS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.
Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Rapid and sensitive detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against canine distemper virus by a new recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (1/241)

Canine distemper morbillivirus (CDV) infection causes a frequently fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore species, including domestic dogs. In CDV infection, classical serology provides data of diagnostic and prognostic values (kinetics of seroconversion) and is also used to predict the optimal vaccination age of pups. Routine CDV serology is still based on time- and cost-intensive virus neutralization assays (V-NA). Here, we describe a new capture-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses recombinant baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid (N) protein of a recent CDV wild-type isolate (2544/Han95) for the detection of CDV-specific antibodies in canine sera. Recombinant antigen was produced with high efficacy in Heliothis virescens larvae. The capture-sandwich ELISA enabled a clear-cut qualitative evaluation of the CDV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM serostatuses of 196 and 35 dog sera, respectively. Inter-rater agreement analysis (kappa = 0.988) indicated that the ELISA can be used unrestrictedly as a substitute for the V-NA for the qualitative determination of CDV-specific IgG serostatus. In an attempt to semiquantify N-specific antibodies, a one-step-dilution (alpha method) IgG-specific ELISA was implemented. Alpha values of >/=50% showed very good inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.968) with V-NA titers of >/=1/100 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) as measured against the central European CDV wild-type isolate 2544/Han95 in canine sera originating from northern Germany. An ND50 titer of 1/100 is considered a threshold, and titers of >/=1/100 indicate a resilient, protective immunity. CDV N-specific antibodies of the IgM class were detected by the newly developed ELISA in 9 of 15 sera obtained from dogs with symptoms of acute distemper. In leucocytes of 5 of the 15 dogs (all of which were also IgM positive) CDV RNA was detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The recombinant capture-sandwich ELISA detecting N-specific antibodies of the IgG class provided superior sensitivity and specificity and thus represents a rapid and cost-effective alternative to classical CDV V-NA. By detection of specific IgM antibodies, the ELISA will be complementary to RT-PCR and V-NA in the diagnosis of acute distemper infections.  (+info)

Non-purulent meningoencephalomyelitis of a Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). The first evidence of morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific Ocean around Japan. (2/241)

On March 22, 1998, a mature, male, hyposthenic Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) was stranded at Aoshima Beach in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. A necropsy performed 14 hr after death revealed mild diffuse congestion and edema of the leptomeninges and mild pulmonary atelectasis. Histopathologically, non-purulent inflammatory were observed throughout the cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed no viral inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against nucleoprotein of canine distemper virus (CDV-NP) revealed a number of CDV-NP-positive granular deposits in the cytoplasm and cell processes of the degenerating or intact neurons. The present paper is a first report of spontaneously occurred morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific Ocean around Japan.  (+info)

A rapid method for the quantitative study of RNA from canine distemper virus infected cells. (3/241)

Centrifugation through CsCl was used to isolate 32P-labelled RNA in a one-step purification procedure. The method is suitable for quantitative as well as preparative studies and appears to have considerable advantages over conventional methods of RNA extraction. We have used this procedure to investigate the RNA synthesized in Vero cells infected with canine distemper virus (CDV). We show that the combination of CsCl centrifugation and affinity chromatography on poly-U Sepharose provides a rapid method for isolating messenger RNA from virus infected cells.  (+info)

Alteration of the leptin network in late morbid obesity induced in mice by brain infection with canine distemper virus. (4/241)

Viruses can induce progressive neurologic disorders associated with diverse pathological manifestations, and therefore, viral infection of the brain can impair differentiated neural functions, depending on the initial viral tropism. We have previously reported that canine distemper virus (CDV) targets certain mouse brain structures, including the hypothalamus, early and selectively. Infected mice exhibit acute encephalitis, with late disease, characterized by motor impairment or obesity syndrome, appearing in some of the surviving mice several months after the initial viral replication. In the present study, we show viral persistence in the hypothalami of obese mice, as demonstrated by low, but still significant, levels of CDV nucleoprotein transcripts, associated with a dramatic decrease in F gene mRNAs. Given the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in obesity (eating behavior, energy consumption, and neuroendocrine function) and that of leptin, the adipose tissue-derived satiety factor acting through hypothalamic receptors, we analyzed the leptin networks in both obese and nonobese mice. The discrepancy found between the chronic and dramatic increase in blood leptin levels and the occurrence of obesity may be due to leptin resistance in the brain. In fact, expression of the long leptin receptor isoform, representing the functional leptin receptor, was specifically downregulated in the hypothalami of obese mice, explaining their inability to generate an adequate response to leptin in the brain. Intriguingly, during the acute phase of infection, its expression was increased in CDV-targeted structures in all infected mice and remained high in obese mice in all CDV-targeted structures, except for the hypothalamus. The biphasic change in hypothalamic leptin receptor expression seen during the progression of CDV-induced obesity provides a new paradigm for understanding mechanisms of neuroendocrinological, virus-induced abnormalities.  (+info)

Genotypes of canine distemper virus determined by analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of recent isolates from dogs in Japan. (5/241)

Canine distemper of domestic dogs is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the morbilliviruses. It has been a highly contagious disease of great veterinary importance for centuries, but for the last several decades it has been controlled satisfactorily by modified live vaccines. In the 1990s, however, it was described that CDV strains genetically different from vaccine strains may have caused the disease in vaccinated dogs. The highest antigenic variation is found in the H protein. Therefore, in the present study, hemagglutinin (H) genes obtained from current vaccines and field isolates and amplified directly from clinical specimens were genetically analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the H-gene amino acid sequences revealed that at least two CDV genotypes are circulating among dogs in Japan; one is a genotype to which almost all Japanese CDV isolates belong and the other has not been previously described. Both are separate and independent from the other lineages or genotypes of vaccine strains, as well as European and U.S. CDV isolates. The results suggest that CDV has also evolved in Japan, and further studies will be needed for an evaluation and possible improvement of the efficacies of current CDV vaccines.  (+info)

Detection of canine distemper virus nucleoprotein RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using serum, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with distemper. (6/241)

Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) nucleoprotein (NP) RNA in serum, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 38 dogs with clinically suspected distemper. Results were correlated to clinical findings, anti-CDV neutralizing antibody titers, postmortem findings, and demonstration of CDV NP antigen by immunohistochemistry. The specificity of the RT-PCR was ensured by amplification of RNA from various laboratory CDV strains, restriction enzyme digestion, and Southern blot hybridization. In 29 of 38 dogs, CDV infection was confirmed by postmortem examination and immunohistochemistry. The animals displayed the catarrhal, systemic, and nervous forms of distemper. Seventeen samples (serum, whole blood, or CSF) from dogs with distemper were tested with three sets of primers targeted to different regions of the NP gene of the CDV Onderstepoort strain. Expected amplicons were observed in 82, 53, and 41% of the 17 samples, depending upon the primer pair used. With the most sensitive primer pair (primer pair I), CDV NP RNA was detected in 25 of 29 (86%) serum samples and 14 of 16 (88%) whole blood and CSF samples from dogs with distemper but not in body fluids from immunohistochemically negative dogs. Nucleotide sequence analysis of five RT-PCR amplicons from isolates from the field revealed few silent point mutations. These isolates exhibited greater homology to the Rockborn (97 to 99%) than to the Onderstepoort (95 to 96%) CDV strain. In summary, although the sensitivity of the RT-PCR for detection of CDV is strongly influenced by the location of the selected primers, this nucleic acid detection system represents a highly specific and sensitive method for the antemortem diagnosis of distemper in dogs, regardless of the form of distemper, humoral immune response, and viral antigen distribution.  (+info)

Antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fulid of cynomolgus monkeys after intracerebral inoculation with paramyxoviruses. (7/241)

Cynomolgus monkeys with or without measles antibody were intracerebrally inoculated with measles or canine distemper viruses, and antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated. In measles antibody-free monkeys, natural infection with wild measles virus or intracerebral inoculations with two attenuated measles vaccines evoked primary antibody responses to measles virus in the sera but not in the CSF. In measles-immune monkeys, intracerebral inoculation with the TYCSA strain of measles virus produced a significantly high titer of measles antibody in the CSF with a minimal rise in the serum antibody and resulted in a significant decrease in serum/CSF antibody ratios. Intracerebral inoculation of a neurotropic canine distemper virus, the Onderstepoort strain, into measles-immune monkeys caused production of both measles and distemper antibodies in the CSF. Inoculation of measles-immune monkeys intravenously with measles virus or intracerebrally with rubella virus, which has no antigenic relation to measles virus, failed to evoke a measles antibody response in the CSF. These results indicated that local production of measles antibody in the CSF was caused by a stimulus within the central nervous system of measles virus antigen or canine distemper virus antigen that partially cross-reacted with measles virus antigen as a secondary antibody response.  (+info)

Sequence analysis of the genes encoding the phosphoprotein of recent isolates of canine distemper virus in Japan. (8/241)

The nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains isolated between 1992 and 1996 in Japan were determined. This is the first report of the complete sequences of the P genes of recently prevalent CDV strains. The deduced amino acid sequences of the P, C and V proteins showed that in the new Japanese isolates, these proteins have approximately 93%, 90-91% and 92% identities with those of the Onderstepoort vaccine strain, respectively. The predicted functional regions were conserved. RNA editing resulting in a shift to the open reading frame (ORF) of the V protein was shown to occur with the same efficiency in both the field isolates and vaccine strain.  (+info)

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a contagious and serious disease in dogs and other animals. The virus primarily affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems of infected animals.

The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. Initial signs may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and discharge from the eyes and nose. As the disease progresses, affected animals may develop vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle twitching, and paralysis.

Canine distemper is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water dishes, and bedding.

Prevention of canine distemper is achieved through vaccination, which is recommended for all dogs as a core vaccine. It is important to keep dogs up-to-date on their vaccinations and to avoid contact with unfamiliar or unvaccinated animals. There is no specific treatment for canine distemper, and therapy is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects dogs, but can also infect other animals such as cats, ferrets, and raccoons. It is caused by a paramyxovirus and is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.

The respiratory symptoms of distemper include coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. Gastrointestinal symptoms may include vomiting and diarrhea. Neurological symptoms can include seizures, twitching, and paralysis. Distemper is often fatal, especially in puppies and young dogs that have not been vaccinated.

The virus is spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva and urine. It can also be spread through the air, making it highly contagious in areas where large numbers of unvaccinated animals are housed together, such as animal shelters and kennels.

Prevention is key in protecting against distemper, and vaccination is recommended for all dogs. Puppies should receive their first distemper vaccine at six to eight weeks of age, followed by booster shots every three to four weeks until they are 16 weeks old. Adult dogs should receive a distemper booster shot every one to three years, depending on their risk of exposure.

Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a viral pathogen that primarily affects marine mammals, particularly seals. It belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus, which also includes measles virus and canine distemper virus. PDV is responsible for causing an infectious disease known as phocine distemper, which is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. The virus is highly contagious and can lead to mass mortality events in seal populations. It is not known to infect or cause disease in humans.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Canine adenoviruses are a type of virus that can infect dogs and cause two distinct diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis (type 1) and Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (type 2).

Canine adenovirus type 1 primarily affects the liver, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure and death.

Canine adenovirus type 2 mainly causes respiratory infections, including kennel cough, which is characterized by a harsh, hacking cough and nasal discharge. It can also cause pneumonia in some cases.

Both types of canine adenoviruses are highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected dogs or their feces and urine. Vaccination is available to protect against both forms of the virus and is recommended for all dogs.

Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several medically important pathogens. These viruses are characterized by their enveloped particles and helical symmetry. The paramyxoviruses can cause respiratory infections, neurological disorders, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

Some notable members of the Paramyxoviridae family include:

* Human respirovirus (also known as human parainfluenza virus): causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and adults.
* Human orthopneumovirus (also known as respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV): a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children.
* Measles morbillivirus: causes measles, a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, rash, and cough.
* Mumps virus: causes mumps, an acute infectious disease that primarily affects the salivary glands.
* Hendra virus and Nipah virus: zoonotic paramyxoviruses that can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals.

Effective vaccines are available for some paramyxoviruses, such as measles and mumps, but there are currently no approved vaccines for others, such as RSV and Nipah virus. Antiviral therapies are also limited, with only a few options available for the treatment of severe paramyxovirus infections.

"Phoca" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology. It is actually a genus of seals, also known as "true seals." The Phocidae family includes several species such as the harbor seal, gray seal, and hooded seal. If you have mistaken "Phoca" for a medical term, I would be happy to help you find the definition of the correct term.

Earless seals, also known as true seals or Phocidae, are a family of marine mammals that lack external ears. They have a streamlined body adapted for fast swimming, and their hind limbs are modified into flippers, which they use to move through the water. Earless seals have small ear holes on the sides of their heads, but they do not have an outer ear flap like other mammals. Instead, their middle and inner ears are well-developed for hearing underwater. They are found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and there are 18 species of earless seals, including the harbor seal, gray seal, and leopard seal.

Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. It includes several important human and animal pathogens that cause diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. The most well-known member of this genus is Measles virus (MV), which causes measles in humans, a highly contagious disease characterized by fever, rash, cough, and conjunctivitis.

Other important Morbilliviruses include:

* Rinderpest virus (RPV): This virus caused rinderpest, a severe disease in cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, which was eradicated in 2011 through a global vaccination campaign.
* Canine Distemper Virus (CDV): A pathogen that affects dogs, wild canids, and several other mammalian species, causing a systemic disease with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
* Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) and Porpoise Morbillivirus (PMV): These viruses affect marine mammals, such as seals and porpoises, causing mass mortality events in their populations.

Morbilliviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome size of approximately 15-16 kilobases. They have a pleomorphic shape and can vary in diameter from 150 to 750 nanometers. The viral envelope contains two glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) protein, which mediates attachment to host cells, and the fusion (F) protein, which facilitates membrane fusion and viral entry.

Transmission of Morbilliviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. The viruses can cause acute infections with high fatality rates, particularly in naïve populations that lack immunity due to insufficient vaccination coverage or the absence of previous exposure.

In summary, Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae that includes several important human and animal pathogens causing acute respiratory infections with high fatality rates. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact, and vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing outbreaks and controlling disease spread.

Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.

The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lions" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Lions are large, carnivorous mammals that are part of the Felidae family, specifically Panthera leo. If you have any questions about lions or if there's another term you meant to ask about, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "raccoons" are not a medical term. They are a species of nocturnal mammals native to North America, known for their distinctive black facial mask and ringed tails. If you have any questions about animals or a medical condition, feel free to ask!

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tigers" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to the largest cat species in the world, found primarily in Asia. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help with those!

A ferret is a domesticated mammal that belongs to the weasel family, Mustelidae. The scientific name for the common ferret is Mustela putorius furo. Ferrets are native to Europe and have been kept as pets for thousands of years due to their playful and curious nature. They are small animals, typically measuring between 13-20 inches in length, including their tail, and weighing between 1.5-4 pounds.

Ferrets have a slender body with short legs, a long neck, and a pointed snout. They have a thick coat of fur that can vary in color from white to black, with many different patterns in between. Ferrets are known for their high level of activity and intelligence, and they require regular exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy.

Ferrets are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that is high in protein and low in carbohydrates. They have a unique digestive system that allows them to absorb nutrients efficiently from their food, but it also means that they are prone to certain health problems if they do not receive proper nutrition.

Ferrets are social animals and typically live in groups. They communicate with each other using a variety of vocalizations, including barks, chirps, and purrs. Ferrets can be trained to use a litter box and can learn to perform simple tricks. With proper care and attention, ferrets can make loving and entertaining pets.

Hemagglutinins are glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the viral infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells, primarily in the respiratory tract. After attachment, hemagglutinins mediate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified in influenza A viruses, which naturally infect various animal species, including birds, pigs, and humans. The specificity of hemagglutinins for particular sialic acid receptors can influence host range and tissue tropism, contributing to the zoonotic potential of certain influenza A virus subtypes.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are commonly used in virology and epidemiology to measure the antibody response to influenza viruses and determine vaccine effectiveness. In these assays, hemagglutinins bind to red blood cells coated with sialic acid receptors, forming a diffuse mat of cells that can be observed visually. The addition of specific antisera containing antibodies against the hemagglutinin prevents this binding and results in the formation of discrete buttons of red blood cells, indicating a positive HI titer and the presence of neutralizing antibodies.

Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:

1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.

Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is highly contagious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in dogs, particularly in puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old.

The virus primarily attacks rapidly dividing cells in the body, such as those found in the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea (often bloody), lethargy, loss of appetite, and fever. CPV can also cause damage to the bone marrow, which can result in a decrease in white blood cell counts and make the dog more susceptible to secondary infections.

Canine parvovirus is highly resistant to environmental factors and can survive for long periods of time on surfaces, making it easy to transmit from one dog to another through direct contact with infected dogs or their feces. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available to prevent CPV infection in dogs.

Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a species in the genus Morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae. It is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the highly contagious and often fatal disease called rinderpest in cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), including sheep, goats, and members of the deer family.

Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations and has significantly impacted agricultural economies worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions. It mainly affects the respiratory and digestive systems of the host, causing symptoms such as fever, mouth sores, diarrhea, and severe weight loss.

Rinderpest was declared eradicated by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2011, following a global effort to vaccinate animals and control the spread of the virus. It is one of only two viral diseases (the other being smallpox) that have been successfully eradicated through human intervention.

Viral fusion proteins are specialized surface proteins found on the envelope of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral infection process by mediating the fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

The fusion protein is often synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes a series of conformational changes upon interaction with specific receptors on the host cell surface. This results in the exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides or domains that insert into the target cell membrane, bringing the two membranes into close proximity and facilitating their merger.

A well-known example of a viral fusion protein is the gp120/gp41 complex found on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine coreceptors on the host cell surface, triggering conformational changes in the gp41 subunit that expose the fusion peptide and enable membrane fusion. Understanding the structure and function of viral fusion proteins is important for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foxes" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. The common fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a species of small omnivorous mammals, and while there can be medical issues related to foxes or other animals in certain contexts, such as zoonotic diseases, "Foxes" itself does not have a medical connotation. If you have any specific medical query, I'd be happy to try and help with that.

Carnivora is an order of mammals that consists of animals whose primary diet consists of flesh. The term "Carnivora" comes from the Latin words "caro", meaning flesh, and "vorare", meaning to devour. This order includes a wide variety of species, ranging from large predators such as lions, tigers, and bears, to smaller animals such as weasels, otters, and raccoons.

While members of the Carnivora order are often referred to as "carnivores," it is important to note that not all members exclusively eat meat. Some species, such as raccoons and bears, have an omnivorous diet that includes both plants and animals. Additionally, some species within this order have evolved specialized adaptations for their specific diets, such as the elongated canines and carnassial teeth of felids (cats) and canids (dogs), which are adapted for tearing and shearing meat.

Overall, the medical definition of Carnivora refers to an order of mammals that have a diet primarily consisting of flesh, although not all members exclusively eat meat.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A medical definition for "Raccoon Dogs" does not exist, as they are not a species related to human health or medicine. Raccoon dogs are actually a type of wild dog that are native to East Asia and are named for their raccoon-like facial features. They belong to the Canidae family and the Nyctereutes genus, with the scientific name Nyctereutes procyonoides.

Raccoon dogs are sometimes kept as exotic pets or used in biomedical research, but they do not have a direct impact on human health. However, like many other wild animals, raccoon dogs can carry and transmit various diseases, such as rabies, to other animals and potentially to humans if they come into contact with infected saliva or other bodily fluids. Therefore, it is important to handle and care for them appropriately to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.

There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:

1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.

RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.

A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).

The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.

The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mink" is not a medical term. It refers to a species of small, semiaquatic carnivorous mammals that are known for their sleek fur. They belong to the family Mustelidae, which also includes otters, weasels, and ferrets. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Feline Panleukopenia is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in cats, also known as feline parvovirus infection. It is caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV), which belongs to the same family as the canine parvovirus. The virus primarily affects the rapidly dividing cells in the cat's body, such as those found in the intestinal lining, bone marrow, and fetal tissues.

The term "panleukopenia" refers to the severe decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) that occurs in infected cats. This profound immune suppression makes the cat highly susceptible to secondary bacterial and viral infections, further complicating its condition.

Clinical signs of Feline Panleukopenia may include:

1. Vomiting
2. Diarrhea (often containing blood)
3. Loss of appetite
4. Lethargy
5. High fever
6. Abdominal pain
7. Dehydration

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected cats or their feces, as well as contaminated environments, food, and water bowls. Feline Panleukopenia can be prevented through vaccination, which is a critical component of routine cat healthcare. If you suspect your cat may have contracted this virus, consult a veterinarian immediately for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is not caused by a virus, but rather it is a slow, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus. Therefore, there isn't a specific "SSPE virus," but rather SSPE is a complication of a measles virus infection.

In most cases, measles causes an acute infection that lasts for about 1-2 weeks and then resolves. However, in rare cases, the measles virus can persist in the body, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, and cause a progressive neurological disorder known as SSPE. The disease typically develops several years after the initial measles infection, and it is characterized by behavioral changes, intellectual deterioration, myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), seizures, and eventually coma and death.

It's important to note that vaccination against measles is highly effective in preventing both the acute infection and the development of SSPE.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.

The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.

Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

Avipoxvirus is a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses in the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. This genus includes a group of species that are the cause of avian pox, a disease affecting birds. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces and causes the formation of wart-like growths on the skin and mucous membranes of affected birds. Avipoxvirus infections can lead to decreased mobility, reduced food intake, and impaired respiration, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in bird populations.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.

The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It is a DNA virus that has been extensively studied in laboratory settings due to its ability to transform cells and cause tumors in animals. In fact, SV40 was discovered as a contaminant of poliovirus vaccines that were prepared using rhesus monkey kidney cells in the 1950s and 1960s.

SV40 is not typically associated with human disease, but there has been some concern that exposure to the virus through contaminated vaccines or other means could increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as mesothelioma and brain tumors. However, most studies have failed to find a consistent link between SV40 infection and cancer in humans.

The medical community generally agrees that SV40 is not a significant public health threat, but researchers continue to study the virus to better understand its biology and potential impact on human health.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.

A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:

Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.

DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.

DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.

Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).

It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Defective viruses are viruses that have lost the ability to complete a full replication cycle and produce progeny virions independently. These viruses require the assistance of a helper virus, which provides the necessary functions for replication. Defective viruses can arise due to mutations, deletions, or other genetic changes that result in the loss of essential genes. They are often non-infectious and cannot cause disease on their own, but they may interfere with the replication of the helper virus and modulate the course of infection. Defective viruses can be found in various types of viruses, including retroviruses, bacteriophages, and DNA viruses.

Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.

The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.

Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.

Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

Cross reactions, in the context of medical diagnostics and immunology, refer to a situation where an antibody or a immune response directed against one antigen also reacts with a different antigen due to similarities in their molecular structure. This can occur in allergy testing, where a person who is allergic to a particular substance may have a positive test result for a different but related substance because of cross-reactivity between them. For example, some individuals who are allergic to birch pollen may also have symptoms when eating certain fruits, such as apples, due to cross-reactive proteins present in both.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Cell fusion is the process by which two or more cells combine to form a single cell with a single nucleus, containing the genetic material from all of the original cells. This can occur naturally in certain biological processes, such as fertilization (when a sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote), muscle development (where multiple muscle precursor cells fuse together to create multinucleated muscle fibers), and during the formation of bone (where osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue, are multinucleated).

Cell fusion can also be induced artificially in laboratory settings through various methods, including chemical treatments, electrical stimulation, or viral vectors. Induced cell fusion is often used in research to create hybrid cells with unique properties, such as cybrid cells (cytoplasmic hybrids) and heterokaryons (nuclear hybrids). These hybrid cells can help scientists study various aspects of cell biology, genetics, and disease mechanisms.

In summary, cell fusion is the merging of two or more cells into one, resulting in a single cell with combined genetic material. This process occurs naturally during certain biological processes and can be induced artificially for research purposes.

Nucleoproteins are complexes formed by the association of proteins with nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These complexes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as packaging and protecting genetic material, regulating gene expression, and replication and repair of DNA. In these complexes, proteins interact with nucleic acids through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and other non-covalent interactions, leading to the formation of stable structures that help maintain the integrity and function of the genetic material. Some well-known examples of nucleoproteins include histones, which are involved in DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, and reverse transcriptase, an enzyme found in retroviruses that transcribes RNA into DNA.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including humans. It's caused by the rabies virus (RV), which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Lyssavirus. The virus has a bullet-shaped appearance under an electron microscope and is encased in a lipid envelope.

The rabies virus primarily spreads through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites. Once inside the body, it travels along nerve fibers to the brain, where it multiplies rapidly and causes inflammation (encephalitis). The infection can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, paralysis, coma, and ultimately death if left untreated.

Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes vaccination and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin, can prevent the disease from developing when administered after an exposure to a potentially rabid animal. Pre-exposure vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as veterinarians and travelers visiting rabies-endemic areas.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

... were long believed to be resistant to canine distemper until some researchers reported the prevalence of canine distemper virus ... Dog Disorders and Diseases: Disorders Affecting Multiple Body Systems of Dogs, see "Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease) - Dog ... Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae (the same family of viruses that causes ... The canine distemper virus tends to direct its infection toward the lymphoid, epithelial, and nervous tissues. The virus ...
Viruses. 11 (4): 308. doi:10.3390/v11040308. PMC 6520740. PMID 30934948. Lobetti, Remo (2003). "Canine Parvovirus and Distemper ... is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect ... There are two types of canine parvovirus called canine minute virus (CPV1) and CPV2. CPV2 causes the most serious disease and ... and the dog may remain an asymptomatic carrier and shed the virus periodically. The virus is usually more deadly if the host is ...
Canine distemper virus is closely related to measles virus and is the most important viral disease of dogs. The disease (which ... Animal viruses are viruses that infect animals. Viruses infect all cellular life and although viruses infect every animal, ... Chen, Y. P.; Siede, R. (2007). "Honey Bee Viruses". Advances in Virus Research Volume 70. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 70. ... this virus has become one of the most widely distributed and contagious insect viruses on the planet. The virus causes stunted ...
February 2008). "In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus". Antiviral Research. 77 (2): 108-113. doi: ... Experimental data indicate that ribavirin may have useful activity against canine distemper and poxviruses. Ribavirin has also ... Such hypermutation can be lethal to RNA viruses. Neither of these mechanisms explains ribavirin's effect on many DNA viruses, ... B virus on antiviral treatment with interferon and ribavirin in Asian patients with hepatitis C virus/hepatitis B virus ...
Woo, G.-H.; Jho, Y.-S.; Bak, E.-J. (2010). "Canine distemper virus infection in Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)". Journal of ... Captive fennec foxes are susceptible to canine distemper virus, displaying fever, mucopurulent ocular discharge, diarrhea, ... The dental formula is 3.1.4.23.1.4.3 × 2 = 42 with small and narrow canines. The pads of its paws are covered with dense fur, ... Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. pp. 205-209 ...
The sequences were also identical to that of canine distemper virus found in the brain tissue of a seal that died in 1997 and ... Several recent cases of large numbers of Caspian seals dying due to canine distemper virus have been reported, in 1997, 2000 ... This suggests persistence of canine distemper virus in the Caspian seal population over a span of several years or repeated ... Sequences from the examination showed that canine distemper virus, which is part of the genus Morbillivirus, was the primary ...
... cells have also been used to study canine distemper virus' ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines, which could ... "Canine distemper virus induces apoptosis in cervical tumor derived cell lines". Virol. J. 8 (1): 334. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8- ... "Apoptosis induced by Oropouche virus infection in HeLa cells is dependent on virus protein expression". Virus Research. 149 (1 ... These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the oropouche virus (OROV). OROV causes the disruption of cells in ...
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo ... June 2011). "Canine distemper virus induces apoptosis in cervical tumor derived cell lines". Virology Journal. 8 (1): 334. doi: ... April 2010). "Apoptosis induced by Oropouche virus infection in HeLa cells is dependent on virus protein expression". Virus ... "Involvement of apoptosis in syncytial cell death induced by canine distemper virus". Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and ...
"Antiviral efficacy of EICAR against canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro". Research in Veterinary Science. 88 (2): 339-44. doi ... Semliki forest virus, Junin virus, reovirus, influenza, measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus among others, although it ... "Antiviral efficacy of EICAR against canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro". Research in Veterinary Science. 88 (2): 339-344. ... De Clercq E (November 2019). "New Nucleoside Analogues for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections". Chemistry: An ...
In 2015, a wild Amur leopard was found with canine distemper virus in Primorskyi Krai. Due to the small population, all wild ... "Canine Distemper Virus in a Wild Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 54 (1): 170- ...
Associated viral infections include respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper virus, and the measles virus. However, recent ... Gordon, M.T.; Anderson, D.C.; Sharpe, P.T. (January 1991). "Canine distemper virus localised in bone cells of patients with ... and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in Paget's disease". Journal of Virological Methods. 109 (2 ... However, no infectious virus has yet been isolated as a causative agent, and other evidence suggests an intrinsic ...
4 of them had died of canine distemper virus, which killed 1,000 East African lions in the Serengeti ecoregion. The plan is to ... "Asiatic lions in Gujarat's Gir forest dying of Canine Distemper Virus: ICMR". Press Trust of India. New Delhi: The Hindustan ...
Four of them had died because of canine distemper virus, the same virus that had also killed several lions in the Serengeti. ... "Asiatic lions in Gujarat's Gir forest dying of Canine Distemper Virus: ICMR". The Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 2018. Retrieved ...
This population decline was caused in part by the canine distemper virus. The foxes were susceptible to this virus, and many ...
... virus (RPV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. ... is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. The measles virus possibly emerged from rinderpest as a ... The virus is particularly fragile and is quickly inactivated by heat, desiccation and sunlight. Measles virus evolved from the ... Plowright, W.; Ferris, R. D. (1962). "Studies with rinderpest virus in tissue culture. The use of attenuated culture virus as a ...
... and infection with canine distemper virus(CDV). Decreased Vitamin C uptake has been dismissed as a cause, but excessive calcium ... "Metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs with systemic distemper virus infection". Vet Microbiol. 44 (2-4): 201-209. doi:10.1016/ ... "Histologic and immunocytochemical characterization of canine distemper-associated metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs ... The canine distemper vaccination in particular has been a suspected causal factor due to the significant number of overlapping ...
"Experimental Adaptation of Wild-Type Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) to the Human Entry Receptor CD150". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57488. ... This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus and HIV. Research using wild-type mutations ... Research is also being done dealing with the manipulation of certain wild-type traits in viruses to develop new vaccines. ... Sullivan, Nancy; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Nabel, Gary (2003). "Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies". ...
Captive lions have been infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs ... Lions similarly dominate African wild dogs, taking their kills and slaying pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild ... "A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo)". Nature. 379 (6564): 441-445. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..441R. doi: ... However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lion falling prey to wild dogs. Nile crocodiles may also kill and ...
Some examples are canine distemper virus, adenovirus type 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus and feline calicivirus. Those viral ... The symptoms of viral infections like canine distemper virus, adenovirus type 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus and feline ... Dogs and cats who develop pneumonia usually show symptoms like moist or productive cough, followed by nasal discharge and ... Also an obvious sign of a regular virus infection is that the pet does not respond to the threat of a regular viral infection. ...
Other common morbilliviruses include measles, rinderpest virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. ... A ferret model was used to test the entry, spread and transmission of the virus in the organism. In the ferret model, the virus ... While the virus uses its own enzyme to make a copy of its genome, it hijacks host ribosomes to translate its RNA into protein. ... This virus is often affiliated with tubulointerstitial nephritis in domestic cats. A study was done on domestic cats by Woo et ...
... s in North America are sometimes infected by a Morbillivirus similar to the canine distemper virus. They are susceptible to ... The canine teeth are large but mostly used for display, and the molar teeth flat and crushing. Unlike most other members of the ... The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the oldest-known member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae, which first appeared during ... Dominance between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing the canine teeth, muzzle twisting and neck ...
There is no antiviral drug effective against the canine distemper virus. Treatment is supportive and consists of antibiotics to ... D for canine distemper, A2 for canine adenovirus type 2, which offers cross-protection to canine adenovirus type 1 (the more ... The parainfluenza virus is one of the many canine viral strains that can cause kennel cough. The disease is passed from dog-to- ... "Canine distemper". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2019-12-09. "Adenovirus 1 in Dogs". www.petmd.com. ...
... and is genetically placed as an ancestor to present-day dogs. It was diagnosed with canine distemper virus and probably died ... However, potential Palaeolithic dogs have been found preceding this - namely the 36,000-year-old Goyet dog from Belgium and the ... These "dogs" had a wide size range, from over 60 cm (2 ft) in height in Eastern Europe to less than 30-45 cm (1 ft-1 ft 6 in) ... These "dogs" are identified by having a shorter snout and skull, and wider palate and braincase than contemporary wolves. ...
It is caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus that is related to rinderpest, measles and canine distemper. Public upheaval ... Because the rabies virus is almost always caught from animals, rabies eradication has focused on reducing the population of ... However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the continued storage of the smallpox virus by labs in the US and Russia, as any ... The worm is now understood to be able to infect dogs, domestic cats and baboons as well as humans, providing a natural ...
A common cause of death is canine distemper, which develops following vaccination with a modified live distemper virus vaccine ... X-SCID in dogs (caused by IL2RG mutation) is seen in Basset Hounds and Cardigan Welsh Corgis. Because it is an X-linked disease ... There are two known types of SCID in dogs, an X chromosome-linked form that is very similar to X-SCID in humans, and an ... Due to its similarity to X-SCID in humans, breeding colonies of affected dogs have been created in order to study the disease ...
Packer studied how severe droughts led to co-infections of canine distemper virus by a tick-borne parasite, babesia. The co- ... his biggest contributions to the Serengeti Lion Project was the discovery that successive outbreaks of canine distemper virus ... infection mixed with high levels of babesia showed to be far more fatal than the distemper virus itself. Packer also studied ...
Acetone and methanol extracts of Podocarpus henkelii have shown activity against canine distemper virus and lumpy skin disease ... virus. A medium-sized Henkels yellowwood. Henkels yellowwood foliage. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Podocarpus ...
... canine distemper, and foot-and-mouth disease virus in biocontainment at the Pirbright Institute. From 2006 to 2007, Duprex ... and respiratory syncytial virus in humans, as well as Hendra virus in horses and Newcastle disease virus in chickens. During ... of a Challenge-Protective Vaccine Concept by Modification of the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Canine Distemper Virus ... Observation of measles virus cell-to-cell spread in astrocytoma cells by using a green fluorescent protein-expressing ...
26(675). Lincoln J, Hankiewicz K (2008). "Could Epstein-Barr Virus or Canine Distemper Virus Cause Multiple Sclerosis?". ... 343 Rabies virus Gives rise to neuronal dysfunction Measles virus Is a major cause of neurological deficits: 401 Mumps virus Is ... Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Evidence may support link between virus and Alzheimer's disease, intractable focal epilepsy ... which means they provide a safe house for viruses to replicate. Once viruses get in neurons they can persist for the hosts ...
One of its symptoms is also found in dogs that have canine distemper disease (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV).[ ... Dog diseases, All stub articles, Symptom stubs). ...
Canine distemper occurs in common raccoon dogs inhabiting the northern Caucasus.[citation needed] Captive common raccoon dogs ... A virus similar to SARS-CoV was isolated from Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata), a common raccoon dog, and humans working ... Common raccoon dogs feed on many animals and plant matter, and are unusual among canids (dogs, foxes, and other members of the ... Hunting with dogs is the most efficient method in common raccoon dog hunts, having success rates of 80-90%, as opposed to 8-10 ...
The canine distemper virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through the air as well as through bodily secretions. ... The distemper virus is very similar to the human measles virus. This is a respiratory disease in dogs, also known as the ... Return from Canine Distemper to Arthritis in the GSD You can say any fool thing to a dog, and the dog will give you this look ... but distemper virus can also affect many other systems in the body. Also, dogs suffering from distemper are usually listless ...
... Jan Shivers shive003 ,@t, umn.edu Thu Sep 2 11:44:06 CDT 2004 *Previous message: [ ... I would greatly appreciate any vendor source suggestions for Canine Distemper Virus antibody (for use in IHC on FFPE tissue). ...
... canine distemper virus, CDV) qui est pathogène pour les chiens et autres carnivores, est très semblable au virus de la rougeole ... à la réplication du virus et nest pas considéré comme inflammatoire (1). Par contre, au stade chronique, la progression des ... humaine (en anglais MV). Ces deux virus font partie du genre des Morbillivirus qui appartient à la famille des Paramyxoviridae ... Le virus de la maladie de Carré (en anglais: ...
RetroMAD1 and "Endless Possibilities In Saving Lives" are trademarks of Biovalence Technologies Pte Ltd , Data Privacy Policy ...
The virus uses CD150 and nectin-4 to infect the host cells. ... Canine distemper virus (CDV), a Morbillivirus, can infect a ... reactive to canine distemper virus. Two of them, Mouse Anti-Canine Distemper Virus clone 7514 and 7515 are suitable for ELISA. ... Canine distemper virus (CDV), along with human measles virus (HMV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle, is part of the ... measles virus pathogenesis insights from canine distemper virus. Viruses 8(10), 274. ...
They were shocked to find out that Luna suffered from Canine Distemper, a highly contagious virus disease that affects dogs, ... Biogal Case Study - Based on real-life scenarios, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). by Max Mazov 15711 ... Pablo Borrás sheds light on the importance of timely vaccinations and recognizing the symptoms of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). ... HomeTESTBiogal Case Study - Based on real-life scenarios, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) ...
... were long believed to be resistant to canine distemper until some researchers reported the prevalence of canine distemper virus ... Dog Disorders and Diseases: Disorders Affecting Multiple Body Systems of Dogs, see "Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease) - Dog ... Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae (the same family of viruses that causes ... The canine distemper virus tends to direct its infection toward the lymphoid, epithelial, and nervous tissues. The virus ...
Click here to learn about canine distemper virus (CDV), the symptoms, treatment and more. ... Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a viral disease that infects the gastrointestinal, respiratory, ... Symptoms of Canine Distemper Virus: CDV initially attacks the tonsils and lymph nodes, and symptoms can be unnoticeable for the ... Dogs who have not been vaccinated for Canine Distemper are the most at-risk. While the disease can also be contracted when ...
It is caused by the Canine distemper virus - CDV of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, which is closely related ... to the bovine fever virus or human measles virus. ... Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of canines and ... Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of canines and weasels. It is caused by the Canine distemper virus - CDV of the ... Our science CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS: OCCURRENCE, PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS: OCCURRENCE, PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS ...
N2 - We produced a B95a lymphoid cell line persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), in which virus-specific ... AB - We produced a B95a lymphoid cell line persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), in which virus-specific ... We produced a B95a lymphoid cell line persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), in which virus-specific antigens ... abstract = "We produced a B95a lymphoid cell line persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), in which virus- ...
The positive samples were then subjected to virus isolation in MDCK cells after growing it in mitogen stimulated dog ... The positive samples were then subjected to virus isolation in MDCK cells after growing it in mitogen stimulated dog ... Mitogen stimulated dog lymphocyte culture proved to be an effective and economical method to isolate wild-type CDV from ... Mitogen stimulated dog lymphocyte culture proved to be an effective and economical method to isolate wild-type CDV from ...
Why Ferret Owners Need To Know About Canine Distemper Virus. Posted on. 23 March 2022 Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a ... You might not give CDV all that much thought because you dont have a pet dog-you in fact have a pet ferret. However, its all ... As the virus continues to attack your ferrets immune system, the skin around their chin and lips will thicken and become ... Eventually, the virus will overwhelm your ferrets central nervous system, and both cognitive and motor functions can be ...
... which transmit viruses such as rabies and canine distemper virus, have had a devastating effect on the population. That they ... The chief threat: Rabies and canine distemper virus. Rufous and earthen with a white underside, the Ethiopian Wolf cruises low ... by rapidly expanding subsistence farming and cattle grazing as well as diseases such as rabies and the canine distemper virus, ... their livestock and their dogs. Many of these dogs roam around in the mountains looking for food, and pose a risk to the wolves ...
Distemper Vaccination Information. 80% of all puppies and 50% of adult dogs that contract Canine Distemper succumb to the ... Dog vaccines schedules include vaccinations against Canine Hepatitis. The virus attacks the liver and affects dogs differently ... Distemper has no cure and attacks a dogs nervous system. Dogs that do survive the disease end up with dental, vision and ... Most commonly, a dog sneezes and passes the virus to other dogs in the area. ...
Heres everything you need to know about flying with a dog, from where pups sit to the overall cost, according to experts. ... Canine distemper virus vaccination. *Canine parvovirus vaccination. *Infections canine hepatitis vaccination. *Leptospirosis ... Its worth noting that pregnant dogs and senior dogs are more at risk when flying. If you have an older dog, consider asking ... What are the most dog-friendly airlines? Which are the best dog carriers? Are there dog-related TSA carry-on rules? And even if ...
Should We Vaccinate Wild Animals for Canine Distemper Virus?. February 17, 2015 ...
I have read that dogs shed parvo virus after they are vaccinated. My 4 year old dog got her parvo vaccine 4 days ago. Is it ... Can a dog be immune to the parvo/distemper vaccine? Can a dog be immune to the parvo/distemper vaccine? My dog had to get a ... My dogs stomach is hard and shes yelping, had her yearly shots. Help my dog please!!!!!!!!!!! My dog was given her yearly ... Should I vaccinate my dog for rabies with an extreme adenovirus reaction history? My dog reacted to the canine adenovirus ...
The genomes of two unrelated viruses from a dog and fox each from a different state were sequenced and aligned with previously ... Virus neutralization assays were used to evaluate potential antigenic differences between this strain and a vaccine strain and ... This new strain represents an emerging CDV in domestic dogs in the US, may be associated with a stable reservoir in the ... Genotyping revealed this strain first appeared in 2011 and was detected in dogs from multiple states in the Southeast region of ...
We share the most common vaccines for dogs and common side effects. ... Vaccines are critical to keeping dogs safe from preventable diseases and viruses. Sometimes vaccines can cause mild side ... Canine distemper virus is a contagious and potentially life-threatening virus. The vaccination for canine distemper virus (CDV ... canine influenza virus, and sometimes canine distemper virus. Leptospirosis Vaccine. Canine leptospirosis is a common bacterial ...
Unmasking the Hidden Dangers of Canine Distemper Virus. Posted on September 12, 2023. August 18, 2023. by Nicky Raven ... Unveiling the Truth: Do Adult Dogs Really Need Booster Vaccines?. Posted on September 18, 2023. August 18, 2023. by Nicky Raven ... Unveiling the Groundbreaking Slow-Kill Treatment for Heartworm Disease in Dogs. Posted on September 14, 2023. August 18, 2023. ... Unlocking the Secrets: Discovering Your Shelter Dogs True Personality. Posted on September 11, 2023. August 18, 2023. by Nicky ...
Canine distemper is a virus that attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of adult dogs and puppies. The ... With five cases of canine distemper confirmed in Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County Animal Services is asking dog owners to keep ... In the final phase, dogs may start experiencing imbalance, tremors, and seizures. Animal Services is urging dog owners to check ... www.independent.com/2013/04/24/animal-services-warns-canine-distemper/ ...
Are you looking for the Dog Has Large Lump After Vaccination? If so, youve come to the right place. ... Nobivac canine 1-dappvl4 is a dog combination vaccine helps control disease caused by canine distemper virus, adenovirus, ... Cute Small Brown Dog For Sale (2023 Update) Dog Heimlich Maneuver Small Dog For Sale (2023 Update) Dog Choking Small Dog For ... attenuated strains of canine distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parainfluenza, and canine parvovirus type 2b. ...
Suspected viruses are paramyxoviruses, such as measles or canine distemper viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus also is ... Canine distemper virus nucleocapsid antigens have also been found in osteoclasts from patients with Paget disease. However, the ... including measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus, located within osteoclasts. However, the putative antigen or antigens ... 15] Measles virus messenger RNA sequences have been found in osteoclasts and other mononuclear cells of pagetic bones. ...
Dogs will get shots for rabies, distemper-parvo, and other diseases. They may also need shots to protect against health woes ... Cats will get tests for feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus. They also get vaccinations that cover several ... Your cat or dog will get vaccinations when needed and will get a thorough physical exam, along with tests to follow up on any ... "To get your pet used to going in a carrier to travel to the vet, keep the carrier out and put your cats or dogs food and toys ...
Sustained Replication of Synthetic Canine Distemper Virus Defective Genomesexternal icon In Vitro and In Vivo. mSphere. 2021 ... Screening and Identification of Lujo Virus Inhibitors Using a Recombinant Reporter Virus Platformexternal icon. Viruses. 2021 ... Viruses. 2019 Mar 2;11(3):214.. Malvy D, McElroy AK, de Clerck H, et al. Ebola virus diseaseexternal icon. Lancet. 2019 Mar 2; ... Marburg Virus Persistence on Fruit as a Plausible Route of Bat to Primate Filovirus Transmissionexternal icon. Viruses. 2021 ...
... measles and rubella viruses, including information on symptoms, vaccination and treatment. ... This family of viruses includes measles, Nipah virus, mumps, Newcastle disease and canine distemper. An international team has ... 14, 2021 Researchers have described a novel host strategy for combating viruses such as measles virus that affect the ... Scientists Illuminate How Virus Attacks Cat Kidney, Could Jump to Humans. Oct. 18, 2022 Virologists have reverse-engineered an ...
Categories: Distemper Virus, Canine Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
... microbes found in wild wolves may be the key to alleviating a debilitating gastrointestinal condition common to domestic dogs. ... Solving the Mystery of Canine Distemper in Wild Tigers. Nov. 23, 2020 Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a serious disease in ... Dogs and Wolves Are Both Good at Cooperating. Jan. 6, 2020 A team of researchers have found that dogs and wolves are equally ... "The modern dog diet, high in carbohydrates, does not reflect a wolfs diet -- for example, starches in processed dog food are ...
  • The distemper virus is very similar to the human measles virus. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Canine distemper virus (CDV), along with human measles virus (HMV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle, is part of the paramyxovirinae family, genus Morbillivirus . (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • CDV infection in dogs and ferrets has been used as a model to study measles virus infection. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • It is caused by the Canine distemper virus - CDV of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, which is closely related to the bovine fever virus or human measles virus. (svupraha.cz)
  • Bone biopsies in patients with Paget disease have demonstrated antigens from several different Paramyxoviridae viruses, including measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus, located within osteoclasts. (medscape.com)
  • Oct. 14, 2021 Researchers have described a novel host strategy for combating viruses such as measles virus that affect the mitochondria, structures within the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vanguard DAMP contains highly attenuated strains of CD virus measles virus CAV-2 and CPI virus propagated on an established canine cell line and freeze-dried to preserve stability. (healthypets.com)
  • Habitat loss alone, however, is not the chief threat: The arrival of livestock and with them domestic dogs, which transmit viruses such as rabies and canine distemper virus, have had a devastating effect on the population. (swarovskioptik.com)
  • We are currently supporting the EWCP, empowering them to vaccinate at least 1.000 dogs in and around Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia and helping to protect the wolves against deadly rabies infections. (swarovskioptik.com)
  • State laws require dogs to have current vaccines for specific deadly diseases, such as rabies. (vetinfo.com)
  • Because rabies can be transmitted to humans and is a fatal disease, it's a core vaccine and highly recommended for all dogs/pets and horses. (petmd.com)
  • Most states legally require rabies vaccination for dog. (petmd.com)
  • Dogs will get shots for rabies, distemper-parvo, and other diseases. (webmd.com)
  • Distemper-parvo and rabies booster shots happen during the first yearly checkup, then usually every 3 years after that. (webmd.com)
  • A dog of this age with sudden onset of seizures likely has a congenital problem, infection with parasites such as Neospora, infection with a virus such as canine distemper or rabies, or toxin exposure. (whole-dog-journal.com)
  • The raccoon tested POSITIVE for the rabies virus. (arlnow.com)
  • If you come across a deceased rabies vector animal (including cats, dogs, foxes, raccoons, and groundhogs) in your yard or a public space please also contact Animal Control promptly and do not handle the animal. (arlnow.com)
  • Genomic sequencing, evolution and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease in dogs and was the leading cause of infectious disease death in dogs prior to a vaccine becoming available. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first vaccine against canine distemper was developed by the Italian Vittorio Puntoni. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1923 and 1924, Puntoni published two articles in which he added formalin to brain tissue from infected dogs to create a vaccine that successfully prevented the disease in healthy dogs. (wikipedia.org)
  • A commercial vaccine was developed in 1950, yet owing to its limited use, the virus remains prevalent in many populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 17 well-defined canine distemper virus lineages have been identified worldwide, designated as America-1 (vaccine strains), America 2-5, Europe 1 / South America, Europe 2 / wildlife, Europe 3 / Arctic like, America1 / Europe , Asia 1-4, Rockborn like virus, South Africa and South America 2 and 3. (svupraha.cz)
  • Can a dog be immune to the parvo/distemper vaccine? (vetinfo.com)
  • However, it is not standard of care to give vaccines in excess of the current recommended protocols unless there was a known issue with the vaccine such as if it was expired when administered or if the dog being vaccinated is a breed of concern. (vetinfo.com)
  • Virus neutralization assays were used to evaluate potential antigenic differences between this strain and a vaccine strain and mixed ANOVA test was used to compare the titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This new strain represents an emerging CDV in domestic dogs in the US, may be associated with a stable reservoir in the wildlife population, and could facilitate vaccine escape. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What Is a Vaccine Reaction in a Dog? (petmd.com)
  • Additionally, this study found that the potential for vaccine reaction may be increased if a dog is given more than one vaccine per office visit. (petmd.com)
  • The vaccination for canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a core vaccine, meaning that it's recommended for all dogs regardless of location. (petmd.com)
  • Based on the research we did, we think Spectra 5 Canine Vaccine is the best overall. (almosthomerescue.org)
  • Spectra 6 vaccine is a combination of immunogenic attenuated strains of canine distemper canine adenovirus. (almosthomerescue.org)
  • The diluent contains killed antigens for canine coronavirus vaccine. (almosthomerescue.org)
  • PureVax ® Ferret Distemper is a lyophilized vaccine of a recombinant canarypox vector expressing the HA and F glycoproteins of canine distemper virus. (drugs.com)
  • Distemper virus infection or other viral infections, vaccines (especially the distemper virus vaccine) and bacterial infections may be involved as the trigger for this disease process. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • In a now-deleted Reddit post , a user said they recently took their dog to the veterinarian and noticed a charge for the "Corona Vaccine" on their bill. (12news.com)
  • That led the dog owner to ask if pets are being used to pump the coronavirus vaccine numbers. (12news.com)
  • The coronavirus vaccine used to be a routinely given vaccine, but we have not seen this respiratory disease in dogs very often so many practices have stopped giving it," she said. (12news.com)
  • It was traditionally part of a core combination vaccine called 'distemper. (12news.com)
  • It is somewhat of a misnomer because distemper is only one of the viruses the vaccine prevents. (12news.com)
  • If government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, determine there is a need for such a vaccine in animals, we are prepared to act quickly and further develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for cats and dogs, and other species as needed," said Price. (12news.com)
  • Most cases were linked to inoculation with a BTV-contaminated canine modified live vaccine. (scielo.org.za)
  • 3. Revaccination: Dogs should be revaccinated at 14 to 16 weeks of age with a canine distemper canine adenovirus type 2 and canine parainfluenza vaccine. (healthypets.com)
  • A modified live canine parvovirus vaccine. (wisc.edu)
  • Excellent vaccines have been developed to prevent canine distemper and these have minimal side effects. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Responsible pet owners ensure their pet's dog vaccines are current. (vetinfo.com)
  • Your dog may need additional dog vaccines for localized diseases. (vetinfo.com)
  • The dog vaccines protect against the most common illnesses. (vetinfo.com)
  • Non-core vaccines are important to some dogs, but not to every dog. (vetinfo.com)
  • Dog vaccines' schedules include vaccinations against Canine Hepatitis. (vetinfo.com)
  • Have you ever heard of any dogs being immune to the parvo/distemper vaccines? (vetinfo.com)
  • The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommends that all dogs, regardless of lifestyle, be vaccinated with core vaccines unless there's a medical reason not to vaccinate. (petmd.com)
  • Unveiling the Truth: Do Adult Dogs Really Need Booster Vaccines? (skamper-ramp.com)
  • Your dog may get other vaccines to prevent illnesses like kennel cough, and outdoor cats should get feline leukemia vaccines. (webmd.com)
  • Jan. 11, 2023 Vaccines that provide long-lasting protection against influenza, coronaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have proved exceptionally difficult to develop. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Animal control is asking residents to make sure their pets are up to date on their vaccines, to keep dogs on a leash and cats inside, to feed pets inside and not to approach wildlife. (arlnow.com)
  • Dr. Karen Pearson, a veterinarian based in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, told VERIFY "the coronavirus vaccines and the viruses themselves are very different. (12news.com)
  • The risk is so low that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not considering applications for COVID-19 vaccines for cats and dogs at this time, Bill Price, the vice president of Corporate Communications at Zoetis told VERIFY. (12news.com)
  • These cases were mostly related to BTV contamination of live attenuated canine vaccines in the United States of America in 1992-93, resulting in abortion and death in pregnant dogs (Akita et al. (scielo.org.za)
  • Vaccines don t work against some viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent outbreaks of canine distemper have prompted examination of strains from clinical samples submitted to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM) Clinical Virology Lab. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Canine leptospirosis is a common bacterial infection that can be caused by many different strains of Leptospira bacteria, and all mammals are potentially at risk. (petmd.com)
  • The virus, comparable to those found in Eurasian strains, was identified in the US in December of 2021 and spread to domesticated animals and non-domestic birds. (news-medical.net)
  • Different strains of virus only infect certain types of animals. (laservet.net)
  • Biomolecular Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus Strains in Two Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ). (bvsalud.org)
  • I need to board my dog and have had him vaccinated with Canine Spectra 7, which has a dose to prevent adenovirus type 2. (vetinfo.com)
  • Canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) canine parainfluenza and canine parvovirus. (almosthomerescue.org)
  • TruCan DAPPi+C (Duramune Max 5-CvK) protects dogs against diseases caused Canine Distemper, Adenovirus Type 1 (Hepatitis), Adenovirus Type 2 (respiratory disease), Parainfluenza, Parvovirus and Canine Coronavirus. (revivalanimal.com)
  • Vanguard DAMP is for vaccination of healthy dogs 6 to 12 weeks of age as an aid in preventing canine distemper caused by canine distemper (CD) virus infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) respiratory disease caused by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) and canine parainfluenza caused by canine parainfluenza (CPI) virus. (healthypets.com)
  • They were shocked to find out that Luna suffered from Canine Distemper, a highly contagious virus disease that affects dogs, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. (biogal.com)
  • Canine parvovirus is another highly contagious virus that can cause nasal disease in dogs. (petmd.com)
  • Kennel cough is a highly contagious inflammation of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchial tree caused by a contagious virus (adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, canine distemper virus) or bacterium ( Bordetella bronchiseptica ). (petplace.com)
  • Canine Distemper has so many different possible symptoms that are all so varied that any sick puppy should be taken to a veterinarian for a definite diagnosis immediately. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • It is not uncommon for an infected dog to have a few but not all symptoms as listed above. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Be aware that there is a latent period of time from the time the virus enters a dog's body until clinical symptoms actually appear - approximately 10 to 14 days. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • With five cases of canine distemper confirmed in Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County Animal Services is asking dog owners to keep a close eye on their pets and immediately report any symptoms of the disease to their veterinarian. (independent.com)
  • The incubation period from the time the dog first contracts the infection to the time that symptoms develop is typically between 3 to 10 days, and the symptoms can last for days to weeks. (petplace.com)
  • What are the symptoms of Feline Panleucopenia Virus? (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Infectious canine hepatitis is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and the eyes of the affected dog. (akc.org)
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is one component in the disease kennel cough , which also includes canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus 2, canine influenza virus, and sometimes canine distemper virus. (petmd.com)
  • During 2 weeks in September 2018, the unusual death after resolution of acute Ebola virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Contact with urine or fecal material of infected dogs can also result in infection. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Prevention of any infection is far and away the best way to deal with canine distemper. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • While the disease can also be contracted when improperly vaccinated or when a dog has high susceptibility to bacterial infection, these cases are rare. (edinburgvet.com)
  • Therapy is controversial because the disease is usually self-limiting (like a human cold) and, if a viral infection is suspected, antibiotics can't kill the virus. (petplace.com)
  • Pearson says there is a respiratory infection and an enteric, or intestinal, infection associated with canine coronavirus . (12news.com)
  • This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations and successful treatment of a dog with BTV infection. (scielo.org.za)
  • This is the first case report of a naturally occurring clinical BTV infection in a dog. (scielo.org.za)
  • To the authors' knowledge, there are only five published reports of clinical BTV infection in dogs. (scielo.org.za)
  • This publication aims to describe the clinical investigation, diagnosis and treatment of a pregnant dog surviving a naturally occurring case of clinical BTV infection. (scielo.org.za)
  • Survival of clinical BTV infection in dogs following the development of dyspnoea has not previously been reported. (scielo.org.za)
  • Edward Jenner described the disease in 1809, and French veterinarian Henri Carré determined that the disease was caused by a virus in 1905. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cats will get tests for feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus. (webmd.com)
  • Feline leukemia (FeLV) is a virus that weakens your cat's immune system. (laservet.net)
  • Feline distemper or feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious viral disease of kittens and adult cats caused by the feline parvovirus. (laservet.net)
  • Some coronaviruses, such as canine and feline coronaviruses, infect only animals and do not infect people. (12news.com)
  • What is Feline Panleucopenia Virus? (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Feline Panleukopenia virus (FPV), also commonly referred to as feline distemper, is a highly contagious and life-threatening viral disease in cats. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Give a Bordetella vaccination if the dog is going to be boarded in a boarding kennel during your vacation. (in.gov)
  • CDV is highly infective with a worldwide distribution and apart from dogs, it can infect wild canids such as coyotes, foxes, and wolves as well as racoons, ferrets, and large wild cats. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • The virus recovered from this cell line was able to infect fresh B95a cells persistently, indicating that a persistent CDV was established. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For example, the Canine Parvovirus (Parvo) will mainly infect dogs and does not cause disease in cats or humans. (laservet.net)
  • Despite its name, canine distemper isn't picky and doesn't infect just dogs. (listverse.com)
  • Canine Hepatitis occurs when a dog ingests or breathes in bodily secretions from an infected animal. (vetinfo.com)
  • This disease of the liver is caused by a virus that is unrelated to the human form of hepatitis. (akc.org)
  • Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae (the same family of viruses that causes measles, mumps, and bronchiolitis in humans). (wikipedia.org)
  • Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that produces multi-systemic disease in dogs and other terrestrial carnivores [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first distemper vaccination is given to treat those puppies who are susceptible at that particular time while the follow-up vaccinations are given to provide protection to almost all puppies who receive vaccination. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • In 2006, the American Animal Hospital Association released new guidelines for canine vaccinations. (vetinfo.com)
  • Classifications for canine vaccinations include core or non-core. (vetinfo.com)
  • Non-core vaccinations for dogs protect against diseases localized to certain regions in the world. (vetinfo.com)
  • The American Veterinary Medical Association feels Distemper vaccinations are the most important vaccination for puppies and dogs. (vetinfo.com)
  • Keep your vaccinations for dogs up to date and prevent this fatal disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Your cat or dog will get vaccinations when needed and will get a thorough physical exam, along with tests to follow up on any problems. (webmd.com)
  • Vaccinations provide very good protection against ITB in most dogs. (petplace.com)
  • However, like all vaccinations, protection is not 100 percent and some dogs will contract ITB despite vaccination. (petplace.com)
  • Going to the vet over several months for a series of puppy vaccinations-and then for boosters or titers throughout your dog's life-may seem inconvenient, but the diseases that vaccinations will shield our puppies and dogs from are dangerous, potentially deadly, and, thankfully, mostly preventable. (akc.org)
  • We read about so many different dog vaccinations, for so many different illnesses, that it can sometimes be confusing to know which vaccinations puppies need and which puppy shots are important but optional. (akc.org)
  • What vaccinations does my dog need? (in.gov)
  • My dog had to get a booster because his blood work showed that he was not protected against parvo/distemper. (vetinfo.com)
  • Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a viral disease that infects the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems. (edinburgvet.com)
  • Canine distemper is a very serious viral disease with no known cure. (listverse.com)
  • Sillero and his team have worked tirelessly to vaccinate both local dogs and the wolves themselves, a project that has taken years to yield stability. (swarovskioptik.com)
  • Do we refuse to vaccinate for distemper in the event that this may be related to HOD? (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • A nomograph that predicts the age to vaccinate puppies against distemper. (wisc.edu)
  • This virus also infects many wild animals such as hyenas, mink, weasels, raccoons, civet cats and large zoo cats. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • A severe and contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and nervous systems of dogs, raccoons, skunks, and other animals, distemper spreads through airborne exposure (through sneezing or coughing) from an infected animal. (akc.org)
  • Type 2 (cav-2) canine parainfluenza and canine parvovirus type 2b propagated in cell line tissue cultures. (almosthomerescue.org)
  • The domestic dog has largely been responsible for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife and now causes a serious conservation threat to many species of carnivores and some species of marsupials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • The distemper virus suppresses the pet's immune system and actually multiples within the dogs system as it spreads throughout the body. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Your pet's vaccination schedule depends on the breed, size of your dog and the area where you live. (vetinfo.com)
  • Mortality is as high as 50-80% in dogs and up to 100% in ferrets. (svupraha.cz)
  • With the Bajaj Allianz Pet Dog Insurance Policy, you can give your dog the best medical care while protecting your bank account from unexpected, and expensive, veterinary bills. (bajajallianz.com)
  • This page contains information on PUREVAX Ferret Distemper for veterinary use . (drugs.com)
  • Many people who choose dog grooming as a profession also pursue other dog services such as attending veterinary school, running a doggy day care center, working as a professional dog walker, and more. (thumbtack.com)
  • Monitoring the presence of canine distemper virus and characterization of the isolates makes it possible to elucidate the routes of spread of the virus in wild carnivore populations in different regions of Europe and at the same time makes it possible to detect interspecies and wild-to-domestic and wild-type transmissions. (svupraha.cz)
  • Patients that recover from distemper may also suffer permanent damage to their vision, their nervous system, behavioral changes, have seizures, walk in circles. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Central nervous system signs include a localized involuntary twitching of muscles or groups of muscles, seizures with salivation, and jaw movements commonly described as "chewing-gum fits," or more appropriately as "distemper myoclonus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seizures can run the gamut from very minor, focal seizures (a twitching of the face or a leg) to major convulsions in which a dog loses consciousness, may vocalize loudly, has uncontrolled muscle movements, and loses bowel and/or bladder control. (whole-dog-journal.com)
  • Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne World Organization for Animal Health (founded as the OIE) listed disease, primarily affecting ruminants, caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae (OIE 2019). (scielo.org.za)
  • Based on the phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (H) gene sequences and their variability, canine distemper virus is classified into genetic lineages. (svupraha.cz)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • Don't be fooled - distemper is very, very serious and very contagious disease and can spread quickly through a kennel. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • In dogs, signs of CDV vary widely, from no signs to mild respiratory signs indistinguishable from kennel cough to severe pneumonia with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and death. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease is associated most often with dogs housed in a high-density population or boarding kennel. (petplace.com)
  • Puppies and younger dogs are at greatest risk, but even old dogs can acquire kennel cough. (petplace.com)
  • Complete medical history will usually reveal recent exposure to a kennel or other dogs. (petplace.com)
  • Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (ITB), also known as the kennel cough complex, refers to a group of acute contagious infectious respiratory diseases in dogs, which can cause inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung. (petplace.com)
  • This is one of several viruses that can contribute to kennel cough. (akc.org)
  • Most often, the pets that die are usually older dogs or very young puppies that have weak or undeveloped immune systems. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • In domestic dogs, while the acute generalized form of distemper has a high mortality rate, disease duration and severity depend mainly on the animal's age, immune status, and the virulence of the infecting strain of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recovery is usually dependent upon the strength of the dog's immune system and the strain of distemper they have contracted. (edinburgvet.com)
  • It may take a few weeks for your cat to feel completely back to normal, but once your cat has been exposed to this virus and has had an immune response to it, it will be immune from acquiring it again. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Biochemical tests will reveal if your dog has a reduced number of lymphocytes, and urine analysis will detect viral antigens. (edinburgvet.com)
  • We produced a B95a lymphoid cell line persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), in which virus-specific antigens were present in nearly 100% of cells without causing cytopathic effect. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Recommended for the vaccination of healthy dogs six weeks of age or older. (revivalanimal.com)
  • 1. General Directions: Vaccination of healthy dogs 6 to 12 weeks of age is recommended. (healthypets.com)
  • Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of canines and weasels. (svupraha.cz)
  • In canines, CDV affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, the spinal cord, and the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • depending on which organ the virus has infected, the disease can present as nervous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal or cutaneous form. (svupraha.cz)
  • Canine distemper is a virus that attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of adult dogs and puppies. (independent.com)
  • Gut microbes found in wild wolves may be the key to alleviating a debilitating gastrointestinal condition common to domestic dogs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Canine coronavirus usually affects dogs' gastrointestinal systems, though it can also cause respiratory infections. (akc.org)
  • Salmonella is a bacterium that can cause disease in humans, dogs, cats, and other animals. (laservet.net)
  • In addition, a monoclonal immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination for influenza A and canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen was performed. (news-medical.net)
  • Canine Distemper virus is a highly contagious disease that infects certain mammals. (wilx.com)
  • The canine distemper virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through the air as well as through various bodily secretions between animals. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • A significant number of infected dogs may die from this disease. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Carré's findings were disputed by researchers in England until 1926, when Patrick Laidlaw and G.W. Dunkin confirmed that the disease was, in fact, caused by a virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease has also mutated into the phocid distemper virus, which affects seals. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is entirely possible to recover from Canine Distemper Disease. (edinburgvet.com)
  • Studies show that canines vaccinated as many as 4 days after contracting the disease still receive immunity and can fully recover. (edinburgvet.com)
  • If you have any questions about Canine Distemper or think your pet may have come into contact with the disease, please contact our office in West Windsor, NJ. (edinburgvet.com)
  • Distemper is a disease of several canids caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). (ijcmas.com)
  • 80% of all puppies and 50% of adult dogs that contract Canine Distemper succumb to the disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Dogs that do survive the disease end up with dental, vision and nervous system problems. (vetinfo.com)
  • Dogs in boarding kennels, shelters and dog shows are most susceptible to this deadly disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Rabid dogs often attack people and spread the disease to humans. (vetinfo.com)
  • This family of viruses includes measles, Nipah virus, mumps, Newcastle disease and canine distemper. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this case, the benefit would be to head off canine inflammatory bowel disease, a chronic illness characterized by vomiting, reduced appetite, weight loss, flatulence, a rumbling stomach and/or abdominal discomfort, said Bruce Seal of OSU-Cascades' biology program. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The virus continues to be active in non-domesticated bird reservoirs, and incidences of spillover and clinical disease in numerous animal species occur in European nations in 2021. (news-medical.net)
  • Many dogs can overcome the mild form of the disease, but the severe form can kill. (akc.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The case fatality ratio (CFR) of Ebola virus disease (EVD) can vary over time and space for reasons that are not fully understood. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Not if distemper virus itself, endemic as it is in the US, may also be a factor--and a deadly disease in its own right. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • Heartworm is a parasitic disease of dogs and cats that causes heart failure. (in.gov)
  • Cats, dogs and a few other mammals can become infected with COVID-19, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (12news.com)
  • Inflammation of the nervous system is a frequent cause of neurological manifestations in dogs, less common in cats. (vin.com)
  • The virus attacks the liver and affects dogs differently. (vetinfo.com)
  • Therapy for distemper is largely supportive consisting of intravenous fluids, anti-seizure medications and other types of medications. (total-german-shepherd.com)
  • Treatment is largely supportive, consisting of IV fluid therapy for dogs with high fevers and pain medication for all. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • Our laboratory performs not only the diagnosis of canine distemper in domestic and susceptible wild animals, but also the sequence analysis of CDV positive samples. (svupraha.cz)
  • The small snouts on these short-nosed dogs make them more susceptible to injuries. (rd.com)
  • Cats and dogs can't give it to you directly, but they may carry deer ticks infected with the bacteria. (medicinenet.com)
  • Dogs, cats, other animals and even people can be infected through exposure to urine, bite wounds, ingestion of infected flesh, or contact with contaminated soil, water and even bedding. (laservet.net)
  • People cannot contract the coronaviruses that dogs and cats get. (12news.com)
  • The virus can also be passed along by people who have not washed their hands appropriately between handling cats, or by materials such as bedding, food dishes or equipment that has been used on other cats. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Pathogens in fleas collected from cats and dogs: distribution and prevalence in the UK. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to determine when this new strain appeared and how widespread it is in animal populations, given that it has also been detected in fully vaccinated adult dogs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Canine Distemper spreads through contact with infected animals' body fluids and excretions. (vetinfo.com)
  • Distemper has no cure and attacks a dog's nervous system. (vetinfo.com)
  • The modern dog diet, high in carbohydrates, does not reflect a wolf's diet -- for example, starches in processed dog food are resistant to digestion, and that can have a negative impact on the microbial community in a dog's GI tract and in turn its gastric physiology. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Good dog groomers know how to safely clean your dog's teeth, bathe your dog, and cut their nails without going too short. (thumbtack.com)
  • Pro dog groomers can deftly blow dry a dog's hair after a bath so that it is shiny and smooth. (thumbtack.com)
  • Regular dog grooming can stave off tear stains, those reddish stains below your dog's eyes. (thumbtack.com)
  • The cost to trim a dog's nails can vary based on whether the dog is at a doggy day care and has the service as an add-on, whether you bring your dog to a groomer's business, or whether you have a mobile groomer provide nail trimming at your home. (thumbtack.com)
  • Trimming your dog's nails is an important part of keeping your dog healthy and well-groomed. (thumbtack.com)
  • A cohort of slightly older vaccinated dogs under one year of age which had not had a nomograph completed for their dam were significantly less likely to be protected against distemper and parvovirus than the adult group. (wisc.edu)