Disease Reservoirs
Zoonoses
Animals, Wild
Phytoplankton
Eutrophication
Cladocera
Virus Latency
Rivers
Water Microbiology
Rodent Diseases
Chiroptera
Brazil
Seasons
Peromyscus
Water Movements
Hantavirus Infections
Water Supply
Urinary Reservoirs, Continent
Disease Vectors
Hantavirus
Environmental Monitoring
Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera? (1/1741)
Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest reported cholera incidence and mortality rates in the world. In 1997, a cholera epidemic occurred in western Kenya. Between June 1997 and March 1998, 14,275 cholera admissions to hospitals in Nyanza Province in western Kenya were reported. There were 547 deaths (case fatality rate = 4%). Of 31 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates tested, all but one were sensitive to tetracycline. We performed a case-control study among 61 cholera patients and age-, sex-, and clinic-matched controls. Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for cholera were drinking water from Lake Victoria or from a stream, sharing food with a person with watery diarrhea, and attending funeral feasts. Compared with other diarrheal pathogens, cholera was more common among persons living in a village bordering Lake Victoria. Cholera has become an important public health concern in western Kenya, and may become an endemic pathogen in the region. (+info)Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. (2/1741)
A study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in southwestern Vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic HEV transmission. The purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of HEV as a function of the susceptible population. Blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an ELISA for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG. The prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9% and 97%, respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in age-specific anti-HEV IgG. A notable increase in anti-HAV IgG prevalence (P < 0.0001) occurred between child populations 0-4 (64%) and 5-9 (95%) years of age. No evidence of familial clustering of anti-HEV IgG-positive individuals was detected, and household crowding was not associated with the spread of HEV. Boiling of water was found to be of protective value against HEV transmission. A relatively low prevalence of anti-HEV indicates considerable HEV outbreak potential, against a background of 1) poor, water-related hygiene/sanitation, 2) dependence on a (likely human/animal waste)-contaminated Mekong riverine system, and 3) periodic river flooding. (+info)Serologic evidence for an epizootic dengue virus infecting toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. (3/1741)
Dengue is one of the most rapidly emerging diseases in the tropics. Humans are the principal reservoir of dengue viruses. It is unclear if nonhuman primates also serve as a reservoir of human dengue viruses under certain conditions. In this study, a cross-sectional serologic survey was carried out to characterize the pattern of transmission of a recently identified dengue virus among toque macaques in Sri Lanka. The results indicated that an epizootic dengue virus was active among the macaques. A single epizootic had taken place between October 1986 and February 1987 during which 94% of the macaques within the 3 km2 study site were exposed to the virus. The epizootic was highly focal in nature because macaques living 5 km from the study population were not exposed to the virus. The transmission of dengue viruses among macaques in the wild may have important public health implications. (+info)Comparison of Ehrlichia muris strains isolated from wild mice and ticks and serologic survey of humans and animals with E. muris as antigen. (4/1741)
In metropolitan Tokyo, the Ehrlichia muris seropositivity rate of 24 wild mice was 63% in Hinohara Village, but in the surrounding areas, it was 0 to 5%. This finding suggests that the reservoir of E. muris is focal. Among the 15 seropositive mice, ehrlichiae were isolated from 9 Apodemus speciosus mice and 1 A. argenteus mouse, respectively. Five ehrlichial isolates were obtained from 10 ticks (Haemaphysalis flava) collected in Asuke Town, Aichi Prefecture, where the E. muris type strain had been isolated. These new isolates were compared with the E. muris type strain. The mouse virulence and ultrastructure of the new isolates were similar to those of the type strain, and all of them were cross-reactive with each other, as well as with the type strain, by indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test. The levels of similarity of the base sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of one of the A. speciosus isolates and one of the tick isolates to that of the E. muris type strain were 99.79 and 99.93%, respectively. We suggest that all of these isolates are E. muris; that E. muris is not limited to Eothenomys kageus but infects other species of mice; and that E. muris is present at locations other than Aichi Prefecture. It appears that H. flava is a potential vector of E. muris. Twenty (1%) of 1803 humans from metropolitan Tokyo were found to be seropositive for E. muris antibodies. A serological survey revealed that exposure to E. muris or organisms antigenically cross-reactive to E. muris occurred among dogs, wild mice, monkeys, bears, deer, and wild boars in Gifu Prefecture, nearby prefectures, and Nagoya City, central Japan. However, human beings and Rattus norvegicus rats in this area were seronegative. These results indicate broader geographic distribution of and human and animal species exposure to E. muris or related Ehrlichia spp. in Japan. (+info)Antimicrobial susceptibilities and plasmid contents of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from commercial sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: emergence of high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin. (5/1741)
Commercial sex workers (CSWs) serve as the most important reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including gonorrhea. Periodic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a high-risk population provides essential clues regarding the rapidly changing pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities. A study concerning the prevalence of gonococcal infection among CSWs was conducted in Bangladesh. The isolates were examined with regards to their antimicrobial susceptibility to, and the MICs of, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The total plasmid profile of the isolates was also analyzed. Of the 224 CSWs, 94 (42%) were culture positive for N. gonorrhoeae. There was a good correlation between the results of the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Some 66% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, and 34% were moderately susceptible to penicillin. Among the resistant isolates, 23.4% were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG). 60.6% of the isolates were resistant and 38.3% were moderately susceptible to tetracycline, 17.5% were tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, 11.7% were resistant and 26.6% had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, 2.1% were resistant and 11.7% had reduced susceptibility to cefuroxime, and 1% were resistant to ceftriaxone. All PPNG isolates contained a 3.2-MDa African type of plasmid, and a 24.2-MDa conjugative plasmid was present in 34.1% of the isolates. Since quinolones such as ciprofloxacin are recommended as the first line of therapy for gonorrhea, the emergence of significant resistance to ciprofloxacin will limit the usefulness of this drug for treatment of gonorrhea in Bangladesh. (+info)Serological evidence of infection with Ehrlichia spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Switzerland. (6/1741)
Serum samples from 1,550 red foxes in Switzerland were tested for antibodies to the agents of canine granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Forty-four (2.8%) of the samples were positive for Ehrlichia phagocytophila, which is an antigen marker for granulocytic ehrlichiosis. In contrast, none of the samples had antibodies specific to Ehrlichia canis, the agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis. (+info)Genetic diversity and distribution of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses in North America. (7/1741)
The 1993 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the southwestern United States was associated with Sin Nombre virus, a rodent-borne hantavirus; The virus' primary reservoir is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Hantavirus-infected rodents were identified in various regions of North America. An extensive nucleotide sequence database of an 139 bp fragment amplified from virus M genomic segments was generated. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that SNV-like hantaviruses are widely distributed in Peromyscus species rodents throughout North America. Classic SNV is the major cause of HPS in North America, but other Peromyscine-borne hantaviruses, e.g., New York and Monongahela viruses, are also associated with HPS cases. Although genetically diverse, SNV-like viruses have slowly coevolved with their rodent hosts. We show that the genetic relationships of hantaviruses in the Americas are complex, most likely as a result of the rapid radiation and speciation of New World sigmodontine rodents and occasional virus-host switching events. (+info)Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: rationale, potential, and methods. (8/1741)
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonotic agents that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia and Europe and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North and South America. The epidemiology of human diseases caused by these viruses is tied to the ecology of the rodent hosts, and effective control and prevention relies on a through understanding of host ecology. After the 1993 HPS outbreak in the southwestern United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated long-term studies of the temporal dynamics of hantavirus infection in host populations. These studies, which used mark-recapture techniques on 24 trapping webs at nine sites in the southwestern United States, were designed to monitor changes in reservoir population densities and in the prevalence and incidence of infection; quantify environmental factors associated with these changes; and when linked to surveillance databases for HPS, lead to predictive models of human risk to be used in the design and implementation of control and prevention measures for human hantavirus disease. (+info)A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.
Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:
1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.
2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.
3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.
Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.
"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.
While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.
Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.
Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.
It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.
Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in watery environments such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. They are a diverse group of organisms, including bacteria, algae, and protozoa. Phytoplankton are a critical component of the marine food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis. This organic matter forms the base of the food chain and supports the growth and survival of many larger organisms, including zooplankton, fish, and other marine animals. Phytoplankton also play an important role in global carbon cycling and help to regulate Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.
Eutrophication is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water, which can lead to a rapid growth of aquatic plants and algae. This overgrowth can result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water, harming or even killing fish and other aquatic life. The primary cause of eutrophication is the addition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and air pollution.
In advanced stages, eutrophication can lead to a shift in the dominant species in the aquatic ecosystem, favoring those that are better adapted to the high-nutrient conditions. This can result in a loss of biodiversity and changes in water quality, making it difficult for many organisms to survive.
Eutrophication is a significant global environmental problem, affecting both freshwater and marine ecosystems. It can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. In addition, eutrophication can impact water use for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry, making it a critical issue for public health and economic development.
Cladocera is a order of small, freshwater crustaceans that are characterized by their compound eyes and leaf-like appendages. They are also known as water fleas due to their jumping motion in the water. Cladocerans are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as a food source for larger animals such as fish. They are often used as bioindicators of water quality due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.
Virus latency, also known as viral latency, refers to a state of infection in which a virus remains dormant or inactive within a host cell for a period of time. During this phase, the virus does not replicate or cause any noticeable symptoms. However, under certain conditions such as stress, illness, or a weakened immune system, the virus can become reactivated and begin to produce new viruses, potentially leading to disease.
One well-known example of a virus that exhibits latency is the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox in children. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the nervous system for years or even decades. In some cases, the virus can reactivate later in life, causing shingles, a painful rash that typically occurs on one side of the body.
Virus latency is an important concept in virology and infectious disease research, as it has implications for understanding the persistence of viral infections, developing treatments and vaccines, and predicting the risk of disease recurrence.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.
Chiroptera is the scientific order that includes all bat species. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, and they are distributed worldwide with the exception of extremely cold environments. They vary greatly in size, from the bumblebee bat, which weighs less than a penny, to the giant golden-crowned flying fox, which has a wingspan of up to 6 feet.
Bats play a crucial role in many ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers for plants, and they also help control insect populations. Some bat species are nocturnal and use echolocation to navigate and find food, while others are diurnal and rely on their vision. Their diet mainly consists of insects, fruits, nectar, and pollen, although a few species feed on blood or small vertebrates.
Unfortunately, many bat populations face significant threats due to habitat loss, disease, and wind turbine collisions, leading to declining numbers and increased conservation efforts.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.
However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:
1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.
Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.
Zooplankton are not a medical term, but they are an important concept in biology and ecology. Zooplankton refer to small, drifting or floating animals that live in watery environments such as oceans, seas, and freshwater bodies. They include various organisms like tiny crustaceans (such as copepods and krill), jellyfish, arrow worms, and larvae of larger aquatic animals. Zooplankton play a crucial role in food chains and nutrient cycling within aquatic ecosystems.
I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
"Peromyscus" is not a medical term, but a genus of rodents commonly known as "deer mice." They are small mammals that belong to the family Cricetidae and are found in various parts of North America. Peromyscus mice can carry and transmit diseases, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), although they are not typically referred to in a medical context unless discussing potential zoonotic risks.
I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "water movements." It is possible that it could be used in a specific context within a certain medical specialty or procedure. However, I can provide some general information about how the term "water" is used in a medical context.
In medicine, "water" often refers to the fluid component of the body, which includes all the fluids inside and outside of cells. The movement of water within the body is regulated by various physiological processes, such as osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Disorders that affect the regulation of water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, which can have serious consequences for health.
If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "water movements," I may be able to give a more specific answer.
Hantavirus infections are a group of viral diseases caused by rodent-borne hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the inhalation of aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva from infected rodents, particularly the deer mouse, white-tailed mouse, and rice rat in North America.
There are several different types of hantavirus infections, including Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS). HPS is more common in the Americas, while HFRS is more prevalent in Europe and Asia.
Symptoms of hantavirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of infection but may include fever, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, and coughing. In severe cases, hantavirus infections can lead to respiratory failure, shock, and even death.
Preventive measures include avoiding contact with rodents, sealing entry points to prevent their entry into homes or buildings, and using appropriate personal protective equipment when cleaning areas where rodents may have been present. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hantavirus infections, but early recognition and supportive care can improve outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.
Continent urinary reservoirs refer to an artificial bladder or storage system that is created to store urine in individuals with bladder dysfunction or those who have undergone bladder removal. These reservoirs are implanted inside the body and are designed to provide continence, which means they prevent leakage of urine until a patient decides to empty it.
Continent urinary reservoirs can be created using different techniques and materials, such as small intestine or stomach tissue, which are fashioned into a pouch-like structure. A stoma or opening is created in the abdominal wall through which the reservoir can be periodically drained using a catheter.
These types of urinary diversions are typically recommended for patients who cannot undergo more conventional forms of urinary reconstruction, such as bladder augmentation or neobladder construction, due to various medical reasons. Continent urinary reservoirs offer several advantages over incontinent urinary diversions, including improved quality of life, greater social acceptance, and reduced risk of skin irritation and dehydration. However, they also require regular catheterization and careful monitoring to ensure proper functioning and prevent complications such as infection or stone formation.
A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.
Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.
Hantavirus is an etiologic agent for several clinical syndromes, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). It's a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthohantavirus.
These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. The symptoms can range from flu-like illness to severe respiratory distress and renal failure, depending upon the specific hantavirus species. There are no known treatments for HFRS, but early recognition and supportive care can significantly improve outcomes. Ribavirin has been used in some cases of HPS with apparent benefit, although its general efficacy is not well-established
(References: CDC, NIH, WHO)
Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.
In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.
HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) is a species of the retrovirus genus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood products, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV-1 infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, leading to a decline in their numbers and weakening of the immune response over time. This results in the individual becoming susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers that ultimately cause death if left untreated. HIV-1 is the most prevalent form of HIV worldwide and has been identified as the causative agent of the global AIDS pandemic.
Disease reservoir
Craighall Reservoir
Pok Fu Lam Reservoir
Environmental impact of reservoirs
McMillan Reservoir
Ommaya reservoir
Elan Valley Reservoirs
Courtright Reservoir
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Chagas disease
Vartry Reservoir
Megabat
Fowl cholera
Measles morbillivirus
Campylobacter jejuni
Social history of viruses
Brucella ceti
Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
Verreaux's eagle-owl
Introduction to viruses
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mansonelliasis
Rickettsia rickettsii
Gastroenteritis
Bacterial cold water disease
Forest
Feline zoonosis
Agriculture in Brazil
Disease reservoir - Wikipedia
Browsing by Subject "Disease Reservoirs"
Identifying Rodent Hantavirus Reservoirs, Brazil - Volume 10, Number 12-December 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
HIV Treatment, the Viral Reservoir, and HIV DNA | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete - PubMed
NIH VideoCast - The ecology of emerging coronaviruses, from host reservoir to disease
The Platelet Fraction Is a Novel Reservoir to Detect Lyme Borrelia in Blood | CanLyme - Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation
Continent Cutaneous Reservoir - Labeled in Spanish - Media Asset - NIDDK
Ecologic Niche Modeling and Potential Reservoirs for Chagas
Mexico City imposes severe, monthslong water restrictions as drought dries up reservoirs | KSNT 27 News
Science Clips - Volume 8, Issue 23 June 7, 2016
Science Clips - Monday, August 08, 2011
201301 Evaluation of the Latent HIV Reservoir in HIV-Infected Infants and Children with Early Antiretroviral Treatment and...
RFA-HD-14-026: Evaluation of the Latent Reservoir in HIV-Infected Infants and Children with Early Antiretroviral Treatment and...
Disease Transmission: Direct Contact vs. Indirect Contact
A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Chronic Exposure to Microcystin in Relationship to Childhood Liver Damage in the Three...
Dogs as Reservoirs for Leishmania braziliensis - Volume 17, Number 2-February 2011 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Disease Reservoirs Archives - US Climate and Health Alliance
WHO EMRO | Meriones libycus is the main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Islamic Republic of Iran |...
Subjects: Disease Reservoirs - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Technology and Patient Care | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Antero Reservoir Closed | The Fish Site
Novel Strategies for Targeting HIV-CNS Reservoirs without Reactivation - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus from brain reservoirs - PubMed
Immune Reservoir to Treat Alzheimer's Disease Found by Researchers | eMediNexus
Stimulating the RIG-I pathway to kill cells in the latent HIV reservoir following viral reactivation | Nature Medicine
Immune-Enhancing Treatment May Destabilize HIV Reservoirs | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Cell Microsystems, UNC HIV Cure Center Win $283K NIH Grant to Develop HIV Reservoir Assay | GenomeWeb
Bats: An unexpected virus reservoir | ScienceDaily
Carrying infectious1
- Disease reservoir may refer to: Natural reservoir, the long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease Fomite, any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Disease reservoir. (wikipedia.org)
Vectors6
- These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. (who.int)
- The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys , which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d'Ivoire. (who.int)
- Babesiosis is a zoonotic disease maintained by the interaction of tick vectors, transport hosts, and animal reservoirs. (medscape.com)
- The spatial dynamics of a CL epidemic emergence and related vectors (e.g. mosquitos, sand flies) and the mammalian reservoirs were explored using spatial simulation techniques. (lu.se)
- The models highlighted areas where pathogens of infectious disease were dispersed locally by examining the interactions between vectors, reservoirs and susceptible people (hosts) in a spatially explicit environment. (lu.se)
- have an action plan against vectors and reservoirs. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Pathogens4
- By harnessing such information, molecular epidemiologists aim to shed light on the origin and epidemic history of pathogens, from reservoir dynamics to emergence and adaptation to new hosts, and their spatiotemporal spread. (europa.eu)
- The main objectives of the interdisciplinary Department of Global Health are to study infectious diseases and tackle the emergence of new pathogens. (pasteur.fr)
- Understanding the role of host species involved in multihost zoonotic pathogen maintenance and transmission is essential to prevent disease caused by these pathogens. (vetscite.org)
- Specific ecologic traits (high density, gregarious behavior, high reproductive rate) suggest that these rabbits might become a major reservoir of zoonotic pathogens. (vetscite.org)
Pathogen1
- Extracted evolutionary and epidemiological information from pathogen genomes has grown into an important instrument across infectious disease research. (europa.eu)
Humans8
- This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an increasing frequency of cases found in endemic areas, as well as an escalating frequency and size of epidemics outside of endemic areas in Africa. (usgs.gov)
- The current unprecedented global outbreak of mpox has demonstrated higher numbers of human cases and greater human-to-human transmission than previously documented, necessitating an urgent need to better understand this disease in humans and animals. (usgs.gov)
- Knowledge gaps were highlighted in areas where future research, both in captive and free-ranging animals, could inform efforts to understand and control this disease in both humans and animals. (usgs.gov)
- They are also of interest to those involved in public health as they are natural reservoirs of several viruses that can affect humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Zoonotic emerging infectious diseases are transmitted from a host animal, or reservoir species, to humans, sometimes by way of an intermediate host known as a vector. (worldwildlife.org)
- It transmits typhus to humans and humans return the "favor" by infecting the louse, which is also a victim of the disease, seldom surviving its attack. (montana.edu)
- It is an interesting disease because even though lice imbibe human blood, the parasite is not transmitted to humans during this process. (montana.edu)
- Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne tropical/subtropical disease caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by sand fly bite. (intechopen.com)
Infection11
- The disease had spread beyond the five districts considered at high risk to those from where no infection had been reported for the past five years, including Khuzdar, Noshki and Kohlu. (com.pk)
- In immunocompetent hosts: Localized pulmonary infection in people with underlying lung disease, allergic bronchopulmonary disease, and allergic sinusitis. (cdc.gov)
- Because their identification can be difficult, these reservoirs represent a challenge to treating HIV infection. (genomeweb.com)
- We recommend routine screening for rectal chlamydia in men at risk, as this may represent an important reservoir for the onward transmission of infection. (bmj.com)
- Neurotoxicity from pertussis infection may be casually related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
- [1] An infectious disease , also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease , is an illness resulting from an infection. (wikipedia.org)
- The signs and symptoms of an infection depend on the type of disease. (wikipedia.org)
- An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. (wikipedia.org)
- The burden of non-communicable diseases in HIV infected subjects implicates a multidisciplinary approach of the infection and the need of close interactions with specialists from other disciplines. (isheid.com)
- Although the index of suspicion should be high in areas endemic for Babesia infection, patients with babesiosis have few, if any, localizing signs to suggest the disease. (medscape.com)
- Sheep, cattle, and goats are the principal reservoirs for human infection. (msdmanuals.com)
Latent5
- QVOAs performed on longitudinal samples from that time frame produced a consensus half-life of 4-5 years for the replication-competent latent reservoir 31 , 32 . (nature.com)
- NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Cell Microsystems and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill HIV Cure Center said this week that they have received a $283,000 Phase I Small Business Innovation and Research grant from the National Institutes of Health to develop an automated platform for the quantification of latent HIV reservoirs. (genomeweb.com)
- Latent HIV reservoirs - resting CD4 and other cells infected with HIV but not actively producing the virus - are known to exist in patients even when antiretroviral therapy has reduced HIV levels in the blood to undetectable levels. (genomeweb.com)
- One strategy under study would deplete the HIV reservoir by prodding the virus out of its latent state so that an enhanced immune system or administered therapies can target and eliminate HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)
- Once the latent HIV begins to replicate after the "kick" stage, components of the immune system or therapeutic agents kill the HIV-infected cells to ensure a complete eradication of the latent HIV reservoir. (nih.gov)
Hosts2
- American robins as reservoir hosts for lyme disease spirochetes. (cdc.gov)
- In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier . (wikipedia.org)
Centers1
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks1
- This involves international monitoring of infectious diseases in association with the Institut Pasteur International Network and research on the animal reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or viruses responsible for new outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
Infections8
- The genome of Peromyscus leucopus, natural host for Lyme disease and other emerging infections July 24, 2019 Abstract The rodent Peromyscus leucopus is the natural reservoir of several tick-borne infections, including Lyme disease. (canlyme.com)
- The reader is referred to the 2014 guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) for the treatment of bacillary angiomatosis (see Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America ). (medscape.com)
- We evaluated the role of beetles infesting broiler chicken rearing facilities as potential reservoirs for Salmonella enterica infections between successive broiler flocks. (dtu.dk)
- High individual and population seroprevalences observed in wild and farmed rabbits, evidence of systemic infections, and vaginal shedding support the reservoir role of the European rabbit for C. burnetii . (vetscite.org)
- [4] The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious diseases . (wikipedia.org)
- Diseases caused by helminths are sometimes termed infestations, but are sometimes called infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Arthropods such as ticks , mites , fleas , and lice , can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed infestation . (wikipedia.org)
- Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections Rickettsial diseases (rickettsioses) and related diseases (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, scrub typhus) are caused by a group of gram-negative, obligately intracellular coccobacilli. (msdmanuals.com)
Vector3
- All these challenges related to environment, disease, and vector pose major implications on WHO's leishmaniasis control and elimination plan. (intechopen.com)
- Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa of genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly ( Figure 1 ). (intechopen.com)
- [ 10 ] In each location, the Ixodes tick vector for Babesia is the same vector that locally transmits Borrelia burgdorferi , the agent implicated in Lyme disease. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis3
- For more detailed recommendations on treatment and prophylaxis, please refer to the Infectious Diseases Society of America's Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis . (cdc.gov)
- The diagnosis of cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis and extracutaneous disease is most often based on clinical features coupled with biopsies of lesions. (medscape.com)
- The study also demonstrated that appendectomy can delay disease progression in people who go on to develop Parkinson's, pushing back diagnosis by an average of 3.6 years. (sciencedaily.com)
Lyme Disease1
- Looking at Lyme is an educational podcast created by the Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation, designed to increase awareness and empower listeners with expert knowledge. (canlyme.com)
Ebola5
- Ebola virus disease (EVD), otherwise known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe illness with a case fatality rate that can be as high as 90%.1 It is caused by the Ebola virus that was first isolated in 1976. (who.int)
- Since the first Ebola Virus Disease cases were reported from the the region of Nzerekore of Guinea in March 2014, five other countries in West Africa -- Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone -- have been affected by the EVD epidemic. (who.int)
- Ebola viral disease: fact sheet. (who.int)
- Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. (who.int)
- Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. (who.int)
20181
- The study, published in June 2018, found their removal substantially increases the risk of respiratory, allergic and infectious diseases over the following decades. (growyouthful.com)
Dynamics2
- Reservoir size and dynamics have been estimated by a variety of different methods, all with their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, throughput, sensitivity, and specificity to rebound-competent sequences. (nature.com)
- We will scrutinise the reservoir dynamics of HCV by sequencing complete hepacivirus genomes from infected samples emerging from a large-scale screening of African rodents, and analyze the cross-species transmission history using novel evolutionary methods that accommodate spatial and temporal variability in selective pressures. (europa.eu)
Burnetii2
- We studied the role of European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) as a reservoir for Coxiella burnetii in the Iberian region. (vetscite.org)
- Q fever is an acute or chronic disease caused by the rickettsial-like bacillus Coxiella burnetii . (msdmanuals.com)
Clinical2
- Pertussis is primarily a toxin-mediated disease in which toxins produced by the bacteria are responsible for the majority of its clinical features. (canada.ca)
- Antibiotics are effective in eliminating B. pertussis from patients with the disease, rendering them non-infectious, but do not alter the subsequent clinical course of the illness. (greenmedinfo.com)
Prevention3
- Teams in the department are also working closely with national and international organizations such as Santé Publique France (SpF), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the World Health Organisation (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal health (OIE). (pasteur.fr)
- Although Taiwan is in its traditional dry season, an increase in demand for water for farm irrigation and disease prevention measures has exacerbated water shortages. (taipeitimes.com)
- Out of the 23 medical schools and protocols for treatment, prevention to the priority health problems of the that satisfied the inclusion criteria, 20 and control of those diseases [3-11]. (who.int)
Viruses1
- Escherichia coli O157:H7 contains viruses that produce Shiga toxins, which are necessary to cause human disease. (usda.gov)
Parkinson's8
- Removing the appendix early in life reduces the risk of developing Parkinson's disease by 19 to 25 percent, according to the largest and most comprehensive study of its kind. (sciencedaily.com)
- The findings solidify the role of the gut and immune system in the genesis of the disease, and reveal that the appendix acts as a major reservoir for abnormally folded alpha-synuclein proteins, which are closely linked to Parkinson's onset and progression. (sciencedaily.com)
- Our results point to the appendix as a site of origin for Parkinson's and provide a path forward for devising new treatment strategies that leverage the gastrointestinal tract's role in the development of the disease," said Viviane Labrie, Ph.D., an assistant professor at Van Andel Research Institute (VARI) and senior author of the study. (sciencedaily.com)
- Despite having a reputation as largely unnecessary, the appendix actually plays a major part in our immune systems, in regulating the makeup of our gut bacteria and now, as shown by our work, in Parkinson's disease. (sciencedaily.com)
- The reduced risk for Parkinson's was only apparent when the appendix and the alpha-synuclein contained within it were removed early in life, years before the onset of Parkinson's, suggesting that the appendix may be involved in disease initiation. (sciencedaily.com)
- We have shown that the appendix is a hub for the accumulation of clumped forms of alpha-synuclein proteins, which are implicated in Parkinson's disease. (sciencedaily.com)
- Labrie and her team also found clumps of alpha-synuclein in the appendixes of healthy people of all ages as well as people with Parkinson's, raising new questions about the mechanisms that give rise to the disease and propel its progression. (sciencedaily.com)
- Data for the study were gleaned from an in-depth characterization and visualization of alpha-synuclein forms in the appendix, which bore a remarkable resemblance to those found in the Parkinson's disease brain, as well as analyses of two large health-record databases. (sciencedaily.com)
Prevalent3
- This disease is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Far East. (news-medical.net)
- WHO considers Leishmaniasis as one of the "Neglected Tropical Diseases" that continues to be prevalent despite international, national, and local efforts towards its control and elimination over the last decade. (intechopen.com)
- Spatial statistics were used in this study to investigate the spatial variation of the incidence of a CVD to detect areas where the disease is particularly prevalent, which may lead to the detection of previously unknown risk factors. (lu.se)
Scientists2
- Researchers, led by scientists at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, have found basic molecular processes used by the Zika virus to "hijack" the cells that it infects and potentially how it makes molecules that are directly linked to disease. (news-medical.net)
- It is unique in its approach, as it engages basic scientists and clinicians from the HIV, hepatitis and emerging infectious diseases fields, as well as leading scientists involved in comorbidities. (isheid.com)
Cattle5
- Although those countries with higher rates of a severe E. coli O157:H7-related disease (hemolytic uremic syndrome, HUS) tended to have a higher proportion of the three disease-associated groups in their cattle, this tendency was too weak to provide a satisfactory explanation for the differences in HUS incidence among countries. (usda.gov)
- Cattle are considered the principal reservoir of EHEC O157. (usda.gov)
- With a variety of genotyping methods, some genotypes of EHEC O157 isolated from U.S. cattle are more frequently associated with human disease than others. (usda.gov)
- We compared the genotype distribution of EHEC O157 in the cattle reservoir with human EHEC O157 disease incidence internationally to test the hypothesis that EHEC O157 disease incidence is due to differential exposure to genotypes of differing virulence. (usda.gov)
- In contrast, cattle constitute the primary animal reservoir in Europe. (medscape.com)
Communicable disease1
- The infectious disease physicians in regions with designated ports or airports are only responsible for coordinating communicable disease control within their region. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Species1
- Introduced alien carnivores are host to infectious diseases that may become an important threat for native carnivore species conservation. (uchile.cl)
Cells1
- But despite drug therapy, reservoirs of HIV-1 can persist in several types of white cells, notably macrophages. (mlo-online.com)
Epidemic1
- Since the 1993 pertussis epidemic in Cincinnati occurred primarily among children who had been appropriately immunized, it is clear that the whole-cell pertussis vaccine failed to give full protection against the disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
Search1
- The long-running hunt for missing Madeleine McCann returned to the headlines last month during a three-day search of a Portuguese reservoir. (yahoo.com)
Lakes1
- Surface water includes rivers, lakes and reservoirs. (medlineplus.gov)
Mortality2
- Tuberculosis (TB) (see the image below), a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide. (medscape.com)
- This will bring new insights to the policy makers and provide information for the scenario planning of public health authorities to decrease the risk of actual deaths due to the disease (mortality). (lu.se)
Veterinary1
- Used for naturally occurring diseases in animals, or for diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic procedures used in veterinary medicine. (bvsalud.org)
Illness1
- Acute disease causes a febrile illness that often affects the respiratory system, although sometimes the liver is involved. (msdmanuals.com)
Endemic3
- This chapter reviews the global perspective of Leishmaniasis with increasing recognition of emerging "Atypical forms" and new surge of disease across the world mainly due to increasing conflicts in endemic areas leading to forced migration among other causes. (intechopen.com)
- It is a poverty-related disease with an estimated 0.7-1 million new cases reported per year from approximately 100 endemic countries. (intechopen.com)
- Poor knowledge of students about different aspects of diseases endemic in Sudan was found. (who.int)
Chronic Disease1
- Chronic disease manifestations reflect the organ system affected. (msdmanuals.com)
Animal1
- no animal reservoirs are known to be involved in the disease cycle. (montana.edu)
Surveillance2
- Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the African Region, 2nd Edition, 2010, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. (who.int)
- 4 Resolution AFR/RC48/R2, Integrated epidemiological surveillance of diseases: Regional strategy for communicable diseases. (who.int)
Control2
- However, such reports add to public uncertainty and also to the many difficulties Pakistan faces in eradicating a disease which has been taking a higher and higher toll over the past few years - with no evidence yet that the situation has been brought under control. (com.pk)
- If you stop antiretroviral therapy, the virus emerges from these reservoirs and returns to the general circulation in a matter of days, as if the patient had never been treated," says senior author Felipe Diaz-Griffero, PhD. "Now we know the protein that we need to control, so we can prevent HIV-1 reservoirs from forming or eliminate them entirely. (mlo-online.com)
Host2
- Prophylaxis against aspergillosis is recommended during prolonged neutropenia for patients who are at high risk for aspergillosis, allogeneic stem cell transplant patients with graft versus host disease, lung transplant recipients, and certain other solid organ transplant recipients under certain conditions. (cdc.gov)
- In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission1
- However, transmission of S. indiana between two consecutive broiler flocks can coincide with the presence of salmonella-contaminated beetles in the empty period, indicating that the beetles were the reservoir of S. indiana between the two flocks. (dtu.dk)
Main2
- Soil from a reservoir in Portugal searched by police last month is being compared with samples from main suspect Christian Brueckner 's camper van, it has been reported. (yahoo.com)
- The main purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the risk of a disease in an area of interest. (lu.se)
Incidences3
- Fish health was assessed a "good" rating with low incidences of disease and parasites. (tva.com)
- Moreover, possible associations between disease incidences and socioeconomic and environmental variables such as social deprivation and air pollution were investigated with general and local spatial regression methods. (lu.se)
- Hence, agent based modeling approaches were applied to simulate various socio-ecological processes associated with spatial patterns of disease incidences. (lu.se)
Major2
- Our results suggest that introduced American mink and domestic dogs are reservoirs of CDV and PV, both being diseases of major importance for the conservation of native endangered carnivores in Patagonia. (uchile.cl)
- TVA maintains a program to examine contaminants in fillets of fish collected from TVA reservoirs and their major tributary streams on a rotational basis. (tva.com)
Symptoms1
- In a Novartis-sponsored study in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers found that a CRISPR-Cas9-based treatment targeting promoters of genes encoding fetal hemoglobin could reduce disease symptoms. (genomeweb.com)
Typically2
- By then, the disease typically is quite advanced, with significant damage to the area of the brain that regulates voluntary movement. (sciencedaily.com)
- High chlorophyll concentrations have been a problem in Beech Reservoir, typically resulting in "poor" ratings. (tva.com)
Potentially1
- Saint Louis University's Center for Vaccine Development is studying an investigational vaccine for yellow fever, a potentially deadly disease that is spread by the same mosquito that transmits Zika virus. (news-medical.net)
Morbidity1
- Or, where not fatal, to suppress the disease burden with diminishing the number of people who suffer from the disease (morbidity) in a certain period of time, for the population at risk. (lu.se)
Cutaneous1
- Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran as well as Chronic Vascular Disease (CVD) were used as case study diseases. (lu.se)
Appendix1
- Removal of the appendix after the disease process starts, however, had no effect on disease progression. (sciencedaily.com)
Allergic1
- Association of Long-Term Risk of Respiratory, Allergic, and Infectious Diseases With Removal of Adenoids and Tonsils in Childhood. (growyouthful.com)
