Stomatognathic System Abnormalities
Digestive System Diseases
Digestive System
Abnormalities, Multiple
Digestive System and Oral Physiological Phenomena
Digestive System Physiological Phenomena
Digestive System Processes
Digestive System Fistula
Gastrointestinal Tract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Clemastine
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Intestines
Pancreas
Larva
A congenital ciliated epithelial cyst on the stomach of a B6C3F1 mouse. (1/87)
Congenital anomalies of the alimentary tract are rare lesions in laboratory animals. We describe a congenital cyst attached to the greater curvature of the forestomach in a B6C3F1 mouse. The inner surface of the cyst was mostly covered with cuboidal or pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and was focally covered with the flat cuboidal epithelium. The base of the cyst appeared to be inserted between the layers of the outer longitudinal muscle layer of the forestomach, although no smooth muscle layer was evident in the free surface of the cyst wall. The cyst resembled duplication of the alimentary tract, as it was lined with ciliated epithelium and had developed at the greater curvature of the forestomach. Since the smooth muscle layer did not completely cover the whole wall and the cyst did not communicate with the gastric lumen, the cyst was not thought to be a standard duplication but rather a simple congenital cyst. (+info)Congenital malformations of the gallbladder and cystic duct diagnosed by laparoscopy: high surgical risk. (2/87)
Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder are rare and can be accompanied by other malformations of the biliary or vascular tree. Being difficult to diagnose during routine preoperative studies, these anomalies can provide surgeons with an unusual surprise during laparoscopic surgery. The presence of any congenital anomaly or the mere suspicion of its existence demands that we exercise surgical prudence, limit the use of electrocoagulation, and ensure that no structure be divided until a clear picture of the bile ducts and blood vessels is obtained. If necessary, perform intraoperative cholangiography to further define the biliary system. However, if the case remains unclear, or if laparoscopy does not provide enough information, open surgery should be considered before undesirable complications occur. (+info)Hedgehog signals regulate multiple aspects of gastrointestinal development. (3/87)
The gastrointestinal tract develops from the embryonic gut, which is composed of an endodermally derived epithelium surrounded by cells of mesodermal origin. Cell signaling between these two tissue layers appears to play a critical role in coordinating patterning and organogenesis of the gut and its derivatives. We have assessed the function of Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog genes, which encode members of the Hedgehog family of cell signals. Both are expressed in gut endoderm, whereas target genes are expressed in discrete layers in the mesenchyme. It was unclear whether functional redundancy between the two genes would preclude a genetic analysis of the roles of Hedgehog signaling in the mouse gut. We show here that the mouse gut has both common and separate requirements for Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog. Both Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog mutant mice show reduced smooth muscle, gut malrotation and annular pancreas. Sonic hedgehog mutants display intestinal transformation of the stomach, duodenal stenosis (obstruction), abnormal innervation of the gut and imperforate anus. Indian hedgehog mutants show reduced epithelial stem cell proliferation and differentiation, together with features typical of Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionic colon). These results show that Hedgehog signals are essential for organogenesis of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and suggest that mutations in members of this signaling pathway may be involved in human gastrointestinal malformations. (+info)The incidence of cardiac lesions in infants born with major gastrointestinal malformations in Northern Ireland. (4/87)
There is a recognised association between major gastrointestinal (GI) malformations and congenital heart disease (CHD). A retrospective study over 10 years involving 240 infants born with gastrointestinal malformations was conducted in the Royal Belfast Hospital For Sick Children (RBHSC). We felt it was important to look at the incidence of CHD diagnosed in the infants presenting to the tertiary referral centre in Belfast. Comparable figures for the incidence of CHD associated with major GI malformations was found in the literature. (+info)Multiple functional defects in peripheral autonomic organs in mice lacking muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gene for the M3 subtype. (5/87)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors consist of five distinct subtypes and have been important targets for drug development. In the periphery, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors mediate cholinergic signals to autonomic organs, but specific physiological functions of each subtype remain poorly elucidated. Here, we have constructed and analyzed mutant mice lacking the M(3) receptor and have demonstrated that this subtype plays key roles in salivary secretion, pupillary constriction, and bladder detrusor contractions. However, M(3)-mediated signals in digestive and reproductive organs are dispensable, likely because of redundant mechanisms through other muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes or other mediators. In addition, we have found prominent urinary retention only in the male, which indicates a considerable sex difference in the micturition mechanism. Accordingly, this mutant mouse should provide a useful animal model for investigation of human diseases that are affected in the peripheral cholinergic functions. (+info)Cooperation of endoderm-derived BMP2 and extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 in primordial germ cell generation in the mouse. (6/87)
The primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the mouse are derived from proximal epiblast cells that are adjacent to the extraembryonic ectoderm during gastrulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 and BMP8B are both required for PGC generation. Here we show that Bmp2, a member of the Dpp class of the Bmp superfamily, also plays a role in PGC generation. PGC number is significantly reduced in Bmp2 heterozygous and homozygous embryos at the N2 generation onto C57BL/6 background. Bmp2 homozygous embryos also have a short allantois and about 50% of them do not undergo normal chorioallantoic fusion. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we show that Bmp2 is primarily expressed in the endoderm of mouse pregastrula and gastrula embryos. Using a genetic approach, we further show that Bmp2 and Bmp4, but not Bmp2 and Bmp8b, have an additive effect on PGC generation. These results suggest that PGC generation in the mouse embryo is regulated not only by extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 and BMP8B, but also by endoderm-derived BMP2. (+info)Screening for foetal malformations: performance of routine ultrasonography in the population of the Swiss Canton of Vaud. (7/87)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity of ultrasonography in screening for foetal malformations in the pregnant women of the Swiss Canton of Vaud. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study over a period of five years. METHOD: We focused our study on 512 major or minor clinically relevant malformations detectable by ultrasonography. We analysed the global sensitivity of the screening and compared the performance of the tertiary centre with that of practitioners working in private practice or regional hospitals. RESULTS: Among the 512 malformations, 181 (35%) involved the renal and urinary tract system, 137 (27%) the heart, 71 (14%) the central nervous system, 50 (10%) the digestive system, 42 (8%) the face and 31 (6%) the limbs. Global sensitivity was 54.5%. The lowest detection rate was observed for cardiac anomalies, with only 23% correct diagnoses. The tertiary centre achieved a 75% detection rate in its outpatient clinic and 83% in referred patients. Outside the referral centre, the diagnostic rate attained 47%. CONCLUSIONS: Routine foetal examination by ultrasonography in a low-risk population can detect foetal structural abnormalities. Apart from the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities, the results in the Canton of Vaud are satisfactory and justify routine screening for malformations in a low-risk population. A prerequisite is continuing improvement in the skills of ultrasonographers through medical education. (+info)The Drosophila gap junction channel gene innexin 2 controls foregut development in response to Wingless signalling. (8/87)
In invertebrates, the direct communication of neighbouring cells is mediated by gap junctions, which are composed of oligomers of the innexin family of transmembrane proteins. Studies of the few known innexin mutants in Drosophila and C. elegans have shown that innexin proteins, which are structurally analogous to the connexins in vertebrates, play a major structural role as gap junctional core components in electric signal transmission. We show that Drosophila innexin 2 mutants display a feeding defect that originates from a failure of epithelial cells to migrate and invaginate during proventriculus organogenesis. The proventriculus is a valve-like organ that regulates food passage from the foregut into the midgut. Immunohistological studies indicate that innexin 2 is functionally required to establish a primordial structure of the proventriculus, the keyhole, during the regionalisation of the embryonic foregut tube, which is under the control of Wingless and Hedgehog signalling. Our genetic lack- and gain-of-function studies, and experiments in Dorsophila tissue culture cells provide strong evidence that innexin 2 is a target gene of Wingless signalling in the proventricular cells. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that an invertebrate gap junction gene controls epithelial tissue and organ morphogenesis in response to the conserved WNT signalling cascade. (+info)The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that process food. Abnormalities in the digestive system can refer to a wide range of conditions that affect any part of the system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as infection, inflammation, injury, or disease.
Some examples of digestive system abnormalities include:
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where the stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
2. Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticulosis: The presence of small pouches or sacs that form on the lining of the intestine, which can become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis).
7. Hiatal Hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
8. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins.
9. Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of liver function, often due to long-term alcohol abuse or hepatitis.
10. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and inflammation.
These are just a few examples of gastrointestinal disorders, and there are many others. If you are experiencing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficulty swallowing, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
The stomatognathic system is a term that refers to the coordinated functioning of the mouth, jaw, and related structures. It includes the teeth, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscles of mastication (chewing), nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments.
Stomatognathic system abnormalities refer to conditions or disorders that affect the normal function and health of this complex system. These abnormalities can result from various factors such as trauma, developmental anomalies, degenerative changes, infections, tumors, or neurological disorders.
Examples of stomatognathic system abnormalities include:
1. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD): These are a group of conditions that affect the TMJ and the muscles used for chewing. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, clicking or popping sounds in the jaw, limited mouth opening, and headaches.
2. Malocclusion: This refers to improper alignment of the teeth or jaws, which can result in difficulty biting, chewing, or speaking.
3. Oral cancer: Abnormal growths or lesions in the mouth that can be benign or malignant.
4. Bruxism: Involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, often during sleep, which can lead to tooth wear, jaw pain, and headaches.
5. Orofacial pain: Pain in the face, mouth, or jaw that may be caused by various factors such as nerve damage, muscle tension, or dental problems.
6. Salivary gland disorders: Abnormalities in the salivary glands can result in decreased saliva production (xerostomia) or excessive saliva production (sialorrhea).
7. Sleep-related breathing disorders: Conditions such as sleep apnea that affect breathing during sleep and can cause snoring, pauses in breathing, and daytime fatigue.
Proper diagnosis and treatment of stomatognathic system abnormalities require a multidisciplinary approach involving dental professionals, oral surgeons, orthodontists, physical therapists, and other healthcare providers as needed.
'Digestive System Neoplasms' refer to new and abnormal growths of tissue in the digestive system that can be benign or malignant. These growths are also known as tumors, and they can occur in any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon and rectum), liver, bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. Neoplasms in the digestive system can interfere with normal digestion and absorption of nutrients, cause bleeding, obstruct the digestive tract, and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis) if they are malignant.
Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not usually spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically and may not require further treatment. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for malignant neoplasms in the digestive system typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
The causes of digestive system neoplasms are varied and include genetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors (such as diet and smoking), and infectious agents. Prevention strategies may include maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, and undergoing regular screenings for certain types of neoplasms (such as colonoscopies for colorectal cancer).
The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.
Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.
These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.
The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.
The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.
The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.
The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.
Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.
Respiratory system abnormalities refer to any conditions or structures that do not function properly or are outside the normal range in the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of breathing. It includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and muscles and nerves that support breathing.
Respiratory system abnormalities can be congenital or acquired. Congenital abnormalities are present at birth and may include conditions such as cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypoplasia, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Acquired abnormalities can develop at any time throughout a person's life due to various factors such as infections, injuries, environmental exposures, or aging. Examples of acquired respiratory system abnormalities include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, and sleep apnea.
Respiratory system abnormalities can cause a range of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Treatment for respiratory system abnormalities depends on the specific condition and severity and may include medications, breathing treatments, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.
Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.
Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.
The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.
The digestive system is a series of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair. The process begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down carbohydrates.
The oral physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in the mouth during eating and digestion. These include:
1. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing, which increases the surface area for enzymes to act on.
3. Chemical digestion: The chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In the mouth, this is initiated by salivary amylase, an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starches into simple sugars.
4. Taste perception: The ability to detect different flavors through specialized taste buds located on the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity.
5. Olfaction: The sense of smell, which contributes to the overall flavor experience by interacting with taste perception in the brain.
6. Salivation: The production of saliva, which helps moisten food, making it easier to swallow, and contains enzymes that begin the digestion process.
7. Protective mechanisms: The mouth has several defense mechanisms to protect against harmful bacteria and other pathogens, such as the flow of saliva, which helps wash away food particles, and the presence of antibacterial compounds in saliva.
The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:
1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.
Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.
The digestive system is a series of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, absorb those nutrients into the body, and eliminate waste. The following are the main processes involved in the digestive system:
1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking food into the mouth and chewing it to make it easier to swallow.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing, churning, and segmentation movements of the muscles in the stomach and intestines.
3. Chemical digestion: This is the process of breaking down food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is accomplished by enzymes secreted by various glands, including the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Absorption: Once food molecules are broken down into simple forms, they are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
5. Distribution: The absorbed nutrients are then distributed to different cells and tissues throughout the body through the circulatory system.
6. Defecation: This is the process of eliminating waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.
Overall, the digestive system plays a critical role in maintaining health and providing the necessary nutrients for the body to function properly.
A digestive system fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms between the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, or rectum, and another organ, tissue, or the skin. Fistulas can develop as a result of injury, surgery, infection, inflammation, or cancer.
In the digestive system, fistulas can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The severity of these symptoms depends on the location and size of the fistula, as well as the underlying cause. Treatment for a digestive system fistula may involve antibiotics to treat infection, nutritional support, and surgical repair of the fistula.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Clemastine is an antihistamine medication that is used to relieve symptoms of allergies, such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy or watery eyes. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Clemastine is available in oral tablet and liquid forms, and is typically taken twice daily with a full glass of water.
Common side effects of clemastine include drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, and upset stomach. It is important to avoid activities that require mental alertness, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, until you know how the medication affects you. Clemastine may also cause dizziness, so it is best to avoid getting up too quickly from a sitting or lying position.
Like all medications, clemastine should be taken only as directed by your healthcare provider. It is important to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you may have, as clemastine can interact with certain drugs and may not be suitable for everyone.
Gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the gastrointestinal tract, which can be benign or malignant. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. They can sometimes be removed completely and may not cause any further health problems.
Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths that can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These types of neoplasms can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.
GI neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and anemia. The specific symptoms may depend on the location and size of the neoplasm.
There are many types of GI neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), lymphomas, and neuroendocrine tumors. The diagnosis of GI neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.
Diagnostic techniques for the digestive system are medical tests and procedures used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and diseases related to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and associated organs. These techniques can be categorized into invasive and non-invasive methods.
Non-invasive diagnostic techniques:
1. Imaging tests: These include X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and ultrasounds. They help visualize the structure and function of the digestive organs without requiring any invasive procedures.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood, stool, and urine samples can be analyzed to detect signs of infection, inflammation, or other abnormalities related to digestive system disorders. Examples include complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests (LFTs), coagulation studies, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT).
3. Breath tests: These are used to diagnose conditions like lactose intolerance, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or helicobacter pylori infection by analyzing the patient's exhaled air after consuming a specific substance.
Invasive diagnostic techniques:
1. Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to its end is inserted through the mouth or rectum to directly visualize the GI tract's inner lining. There are different types of endoscopies, such as gastroscopy (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum), colonoscopy (colon and rectum), sigmoidoscopy (lower part of the colon), and enteroscopy (small intestine).
2. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This combines endoscopy with ultrasound technology to provide detailed images of the digestive organs' structure and surrounding tissues, allowing for accurate diagnosis and staging of conditions like cancer.
3. Biopsy: During an endoscopy or surgery, a small tissue sample can be taken from the affected area for further examination under a microscope to confirm a diagnosis or assess the severity of a condition.
4. Capsule endoscopy: A patient swallows a tiny camera-equipped capsule that transmits images as it passes through the GI tract, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.
5. Imaging studies: Procedures like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans can provide detailed images of the digestive organs and help diagnose conditions like tumors, inflammation, or obstructions.
These diagnostic techniques help healthcare providers identify and manage various gastrointestinal conditions, ensuring appropriate treatment and improved patient outcomes.
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Common gastrointestinal diseases include:
1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.
The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.
The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.
The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.
A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.
The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.
In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.
It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.
In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.
The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.
In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.
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Patient 1980,1981,1985,1989,1990
Tract16
- For more information on how the pancreas is affected in CF, read about the digestive tract . (cff.org)
- Problems with the contraction of the digestive tract muscles (dysmotility), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) , and structural abnormalities in the digestive system can contribute to this condition. (healthline.com)
- This procedure uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder you wear on a belt around your waist or over your shoulder. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a procedure to remove large polyps and very early-stage cancer from the lining of the digestive tract. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- It can also be used to help determine if a cancer has spread to tissues beneath the digestive tract lining. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- During EMR of the upper digestive tract, the doctor passes this tube (endoscope) down your throat into your esophagus, stomach or upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- Endoscopic mucosal resection is a less invasive alternative to surgery for removing abnormal tissues from the lining of the digestive tract. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive, using a special endoscope and high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the lining and walls of your digestive tract and chest, nearby organs such as the pancreas and liver, and lymph nodes. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- An upper GI endoscopy, or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), uses a thin gastroscope with a light and camera at its tip to look inside of the upper digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine or duodenum. (osfhealthcare.org)
- It produces digestive juices that are secreted into the digestive tract. (msdmanuals.com)
- Many other disorders can affect the digestive tract, with uniquely identifying features which differentiate them from functional GI or motility disorders. (iffgd.org)
- Problems occur when nerves or muscles in any portion of the digestive tract do not function in a coordinated fashion, or when the sensitivity of the nerves of the intestines or the way in which the brain controls some of these functions is impaired. (iffgd.org)
- Affected individuals have impaired neuronal bladder and ureteral innervation causing coordination defects that result in secondary structural defects of the renal system, including hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and small kidneys, that may result in chronic kidney disease as well as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). (nih.gov)
- Our team of pediatric-trained providers is dedicated to finding the right answers and treatments for children with complex airway and digestive tract disorders. (choa.org)
- Employees in the finishing area reported that liver and kidney failure or bad liver function levels and digestive tract problems were related to workplace exposures to metals including titanium, antimony, vanadium, and aluminum. (cdc.gov)
Chromosomal Abnormalities1
- and Congenital Malformations, Deformations, and Chromosomal Abnormalities (Q39-Q45). (nih.gov)
Diseases12
- For systematic coding, mortality and health care statistics rely on disease classification systems, of which the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the world standard. (nih.gov)
- The diagnostic codes traditionally used for digestive diseases primarily code for chronic conditions that are neither infectious nor malignant. (nih.gov)
- For others, they and many other digestive system disorders were grouped under "other digestive diseases," so that a more complete impact of the total burden of digestive diseases could be estimated. (nih.gov)
- Digestive diseases were common all-listed diagnoses at hospital discharge in 2004 as well as first-listed diagnosis (Table 1). (nih.gov)
- Comparable or lower age-adjusted rates of ambulatory care visits among blacks, yet higher rates of hospitalization, were a common finding for a number of digestive diseases. (nih.gov)
- They may also be found when parts of the gastrointestinal system are removed to treat other diseases. (cancer.org)
- Disruption in vata functions leads to diseases of the nervous system and even angina. (indianetzone.com)
- Abnormalities in pitta make a person prone to diseases of the digestive and the metabolic system. (indianetzone.com)
- The team offer care and advice for patients with various diseases of the upper and lower digestive systems. (mtw.nhs.uk)
- Aerodigestive diseases involve disorders of the respiratory and digestive systems, including the mouth, throat, lungs and esophagus. (choa.org)
- Objective: Considering that the patients with Turner syndrome (TS) have a high prevalence of autoimmune disease, an early investigation for digestive system diseases should be carried out in those with TS.Case 1: A 13-year-old girl, followed for Turner s syndrome with characteristic facial dysmorphia, developed glaring diarrhea. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Consultation) patients who have suffered or are suffering from any clinically serious diseases such as circulatory system, endocrine system, nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system, hematology, immunology, psychiatry and metabolic abnormalities or any other diseases that can interfere with the test results (such as known severe bleeding tendency, etc. (who.int)
Disorders2
- Less than 1% of digestive disease research funding, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is allocated for functional disorders. (iffgd.org)
- These include stomach disorders such as ulcers, cancers, biliary and liver abnormalities, hernias and strictures as well as cancer of the colon, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. (mtw.nhs.uk)
Pancreas4
- People with cystic fibrosis can experience complications in the pancreas, liver, and intestines that can lead to malnutrition, constipation, liver disease, and other digestive issues - including abdominal pain and poor appetite. (cff.org)
- Pancreas The pancreas is an organ that contains two types of glandular tissue: Pancreatic acini Islets of Langerhans (See also Overview of the Digestive System. (msdmanuals.com)
- Medical conditions affecting the digestive system, such as abnormalities with the bile duct or pancreas. (crystalrunhealthcare.com)
- Pancreatic cancer is a malignant growth in the glandular organ of the digestive system called pancreas. (youaskmdanswers.com)
Liver abnormalities2
- The team will determine the causes of specific liver abnormalities and treat them accordingly. (cff.org)
- Introduction: Liver abnormalities are rarely observed in thyrotoxicosis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Behavioral abnormalities2
- In contrast, the manifestations of late-onset form range from episodic hyperammonemia triggered by acute infection or stress to cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, and/or learning disabilities in the absence of any documented episodes of hyperammonemia. (beds.ac.uk)
- Here, we describe 13 individuals with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, and subtle facial dysmorphology with heterozygous HNRNPC germline variants. (bvsalud.org)
Respiratory and digestive systems1
- The aerodigestive clinic specializes in treating children with complex conditions that affect both respiratory and digestive systems. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Developmental4
- Functional or developmental birth defects cause a body part or system not to work properly. (healthline.com)
- Functional or developmental birth defects include metabolic defects, sensory problems, and nervous system problems. (healthline.com)
- Infants born to women who were poisoned with methylmercury had developmental abnormalities and cerebral palsy. (cdc.gov)
- Ultrasonographic prenatal imaging of fetus with developmental abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
Renal1
- Before operation at the preanesthesia policlinic, no cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and renal systems abnormalities were detected. (ispub.com)
Disorder4
- The disorder also impairs the rhythmic muscle contractions that propel food through the intestines (peristalsis), causing a digestive condition called intestinal pseudo-obstruction . (medlineplus.gov)
- The disorder can also affect the digestive system, kidneys, and genitalia. (nih.gov)
- This disorder is characterized by abnormalities in mucus-producing glands, resulting in secretions disrupting airways with thick and sticky mucus that clogs the lungs, and can lead to death. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A functional disorder or disease occurs when the main abnormality is the way the body works. (iffgd.org)
Abdominal pain1
- In addition to digestive symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea, gluten intolerance can cause symptoms elsewhere in the body. (healthline.com)
Structural2
- Congenital structural abnormalities of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)
- No inflammatory, infectious, or structural abnormality can be seen by commonly used examination, x-ray, or laboratory test. (iffgd.org)
Biliary1
- Liver biopsy should always be done even if an obvious biliary abnormality is the predominant disease process, because underlying histologic liver lesions will guide recommended treatment. (merckvetmanual.com)
Nervous1
- Large amounts of methylmercury eaten over weeks to months have caused damage to the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Jaundice3
- Dr. Ward provides hospital care for babies that are born prematurely or have other health concerns like jaundice, heart malformations and digestive difficulties that need to be monitored. (drreedward.com)
- When babies are born with health conditions of concern such as jaundice, heart malformations and digestive difficulties, the baby may require a short term stay in the hospital so their condition can be monitored. (drreedward.com)
- While jaundice, heart defects and digestive problems are the most common reasons for a short term hospital stay, there may be other concerns based on the baby's first physical that Dr. Ward may want to monitor under hospital care for the well-being of the newborn. (drreedward.com)
Enzymes3
- Gas is the byproduct of enzymes, bacteria, and other digestive fluids breaking down the food you eat. (healthline.com)
- The acini produce digestive enzymes. (msdmanuals.com)
- It is a glandular organ secreting both digestive enzymes and hormones. (youaskmdanswers.com)
Lungs1
- Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease affecting multiple organ systems, including the lungs and digestive system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Diagnosis7
- In 2004, there were an estimated 72 million ambulatory care visits with a first-listed diagnosis of a digestive disease and more than 104 million visits with an all-listed diagnoses, which equated to a rate of 35,684 visits per 100,000 U.S. population (Table 1). (nih.gov)
- In other words, for every 100 U.S. residents, there were 35 ambulatory care visits at which a digestive disease diagnosis was noted. (nih.gov)
- There were approximately 4.6 million discharges of patients with digestive disease as first-listed diagnosis and 13.5 million discharges as all-listed diagnoses. (nih.gov)
- With a rate of all-listed diagnoses of 4,608 per 100,000, there were nearly five overnight hospital stays per 100 U.S. residents that included a discharge diagnosis of at least one digestive disease. (nih.gov)
- 3 Rates of all-listed hospitalization with a digestive disease diagnosis fell between 1983 and 1988, a pattern that occurred for all hospitalizations in the United States. (nih.gov)
- Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs) are a classification system used to group together diagnosis codes for the purpose of reimbursement and healthcare management. (icdlist.com)
- In this system patients are grouped together based on their principal diagnosis in areas referred to as Major Diagnostic Categories (MDC). (icdlist.com)
Disease3
- This trend in increased rates of ambulatory care visits started at least as early as 1985, when there were 22.4 digestive disease diagnoses per 100 population. (nih.gov)
- For people with celiac disease, intake of a protein called gluten can cause the body's immune system to attack the small intestine and result in serious health problems. (drbatras.com)
- Kapha abnormalities lead to respiratory disease, feeble mindedness, weakness and lethargy. (indianetzone.com)
Stomach1
- Most swallowed air is later belched up, and very little passes from the stomach into the rest of the digestive system. (merckmanuals.com)
Syndrome3
- affected individuals have a heart rhythm abnormality called sick sinus syndrome . (medlineplus.gov)
- Sick sinus syndrome (also known as sinus node dysfunction) is an abnormality of the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is an area of specialized cells in the heart that functions as a natural pacemaker. (medlineplus.gov)
- Between 5 and 10 percent of people with Jacobsen syndrome inherit the chromosome abnormality from an unaffected parent. (nih.gov)
Symptoms2
- it regulates the immune system and provides relief from the symptoms at the physical level. (drbatras.com)
- Lactose intolerance can lead to digestive symptoms like cramping, bloating and diarrhea. (drbatras.com)
Bile1
- Cholestasis is a condition that impairs the release of bile (a digestive juice) from liver cells. (nih.gov)
Endoscope1
- Abnormalities can be treated through the endoscope as well. (osfhealthcare.org)
Occur2
- Genetic abnormalities occur when a gene becomes flawed due to a mutation, or change. (healthline.com)
- At low vapor concentrations over a long time, neurological disturbances, memory problems, skin rash, and kidney abnormalities may occur. (cdc.gov)
Upper2
- Upper GI endoscopy is more accurate than X-rays for detecting abnormal growths and for examining the inside of the upper digestive system. (osfhealthcare.org)
- Across both sites a small team of specialist nurses is available for direct access by patients who have been diagnosed with upper or lower digestive cancer. (mtw.nhs.uk)
Gastrointestinal1
- Gastrointestinal motility is defined by the movements of the digestive system , and the transit of the contents within it. (iffgd.org)
Discharge1
- Dr. Ward, along with the hospital staff, will evaluate the newborn's feeding and digestive progress to determine if discharge or an extended stay is necessary. (drreedward.com)
Functional1
- A functional anomaly of the digestive system. (mcw.edu)
Immune system1
- In general, transplant recipients have an increased risk for all types of cancer because the medications they must take to prevent rejection weaken the immune system. (cff.org)
Problems1
- If repeatedly eaten or applied to the skin over long period of time, some inorganic mercury compounds can cause effects similar to what is seen with long term mercury vapor exposure, including neurological disturbances, memory problems, skin rash, and kidney abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
Cancer2
Specific1
- in people with specific severe heart abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Body's1
- Ayurvedic herbs are the most vital components of the Ayurvedic system of medicine that help to support the body's natural functioning and healing. (indianetzone.com)