The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.
An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness.
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.
Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, commitment of mentally ill, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.
Branch of psychiatry concerned with the provision and delivery of a coordinated program of mental health care to a specified population. The foci included in this concept are: all social, psychological and physical factors related to etiology, prevention, and maintaining positive mental health in the community.
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years.
A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged.
A legal concept that an accused is not criminally responsible if, at the time of committing the act, the person was laboring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act done or if the act was known, to not have known that what was done was wrong. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed)
The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996).
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
A discipline concerned with the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
Hospital department responsible for the organization and administration of psychiatric services.
The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.
Branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of Armed Forces personnel.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
A republic located south of HUNGARY, west of ROMANIA and BULGARIA, and part of the former YUGOSLAVIA. The capital is Belgrade.
A subfield of psychiatry that emphasizes the somatic substructure on which mental operations and emotions are based, and the functional or organic disturbances of the central nervous system that give rise to, contribute to, or are associated with mental and emotional disorders. (From Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)
Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems.
Non-optimal interval of time between onset of symptoms, identification, and initiation of treatment.
Modern medical literature refers to peer-reviewed articles, journals, and books published from the late 19th century to the present, encompassing advancements in medical knowledge, research, technology, and evidence-based practices that have contributed to significant improvements in diagnostic techniques, treatment methods, and public health interventions.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
Actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Persons with psychiatric illnesses or diseases, particularly psychotic and severe mood disorders.
Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
Medical philosophy is a branch of philosophy that deals with the concepts, values, and nature of medicine, including its ethical implications, epistemological foundations, and societal impact, aimed at informing and improving medical practice, research, and education.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
Selection of a type of occupation or profession.
A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one.
Use of all social work processes in the treatment of patients in a psychiatric or mental health setting.
The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.
Organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
The determination of the nature of a disease or condition, or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the likes. Computerized programs may be used to enhance the decision-making process.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The relation between the mind and the body in a religious, social, spiritual, behavioral, and metaphysical context. This concept is significant in the field of alternative medicine. It differs from the relationship between physiologic processes and behavior where the emphasis is on the body's physiology ( = PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY).
The use of force or intimidation to obtain compliance.
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
Indifference to, or rejection of, RELIGION or religious considerations. (From Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
Programs of training in medicine and medical specialties offered by hospitals for graduates of medicine to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
An occupation limited in scope to a subsection of a broader field.
The practice of caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment with resultant effects on the individual, the individual's family, the community, and the health care system.
Application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem.
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)
The art and science of studying, performing research on, preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.
The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
The process by which individuals internalize standards of right and wrong conduct.
The ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the individual is engaged. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Conscious or unconscious emotional reaction of the therapist to the patient which may interfere with treatment. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Written or other literary works whose subject matter is medical or about the profession of medicine and related areas.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A psychologic theory, developed by John Broadus Watson, concerned with studying and measuring behaviors that are observable.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Conclusions derived from the nursing assessment that establish a health status profile for the patient and from which nursing interventions may be ordered.
Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.
A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society.
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
A branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. It differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.
Philosophic formulations which are basic to psychoanalysis. Some of the conceptual theories developed were of the libido, repression, regression, transference, id, ego, superego, Oedipus Complex, etc.
A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
The rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.
A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Time period from 1701 through 1800 of the common era.
An imagined sequence of events or mental images, e.g., daydreams.
Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
The attempt to improve the PHENOTYPES of future generations of the human population by fostering the reproduction of those with favorable phenotypes and GENOTYPES and hampering or preventing BREEDING by those with "undesirable" phenotypes and genotypes. The concept is largely discredited. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A massive slaughter, especially the systematic mass extermination of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps prior to and during World War II.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a term that has a medical definition. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in various fields such as entertainment, politics, sports, science, and arts. If you have any medical or health-related terms you would like me to define, please let me know!
Use for general articles concerning medical education.
The unconscious transfer to others (including psychotherapists) of feelings and attitudes which were originally associated with important figures (parents, siblings, etc.) in one's early life.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Israel" is a country in the Middle East and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!
The reciprocal interaction of two or more professional individuals.
The interrelationship of psychology and religion.
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) cannot be provided as a medical definition, as it is not a medical term; it refers to a former political state that existed from 1922 until 1991 and was dissolved into multiple independent countries.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
An ethical system which emphasizes human values and the personal worth of each individual, as well as concern for the dignity and freedom of humankind.
The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Communications via an interactive conference between two or more participants at different sites, using computer networks (COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS) or other telecommunication links to transmit audio, video, and data.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
"In the context of medicine, 'History' refers to the detailed narrative account of a patient's past and present health conditions, symptoms, treatments, lifestyle, and other relevant information, obtained through interviewing the patient or their significant others."
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.
Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurrence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-V)
A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.
The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.
Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA.
The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. A psychiatrist is a medically trained doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and they are qualified to assess both the mental and physical aspects of psychological problems. They can use a variety of treatments, including psychotherapy, medications, psychoeducation, and psychosocial interventions, to help patients manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Psychiatrists often work in multidisciplinary teams that include other mental health professionals such as psychologists, social workers, and mental health nurses. They may provide services in a range of settings, including hospitals, clinics, community mental health centers, and private practices.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate and helpful information, my responses should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you or someone else has concerns about mental health, it is always best to consult with a qualified healthcare provider.

Biological psychiatry is a branch of medicine that aims to understand and treat mental disorders by studying the biological mechanisms underlying behavior, cognition, and emotion. This can include the study of genetics, neurochemistry, brain structure and function, and other physiological processes that may contribute to the development and expression of mental illnesses.

Biological psychiatrists use a variety of approaches to understand and treat mental disorders, including psychopharmacology (the use of medications to treat psychiatric symptoms), neurostimulation techniques (such as electroconvulsive therapy or transcranial magnetic stimulation), and behavioral interventions (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy).

The ultimate goal of biological psychiatry is to develop more effective treatments for mental illnesses by gaining a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to their development and expression.

Child psychiatry is a medical subspecialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and their families. It incorporates various disciplines, including psychology, pediatrics, neurology, social work, nursing, and education, to provide comprehensive care for children with complex needs.

Child psychiatrists use a biopsychosocial approach to understand the underlying causes of a child's difficulties, considering genetic, biological, developmental, environmental, and psychological factors. They are trained to perform comprehensive evaluations, including diagnostic interviews, cognitive and neuropsychological testing, and psychiatric assessments, to develop individualized treatment plans.

Treatment modalities may include psychotherapy (individual, family, or group), medication management, psychoeducation, and coordination with other healthcare professionals and community resources. Child psychiatrists often work in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, schools, and residential treatment facilities, to ensure that children receive the necessary support and care for their mental health concerns.

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that intersects with the law. It involves providing psychiatric expertise to legal systems and institutions. Forensic psychiatrists conduct evaluations, provide treatment, and offer expert testimony in criminal, civil, and legislative matters. They assess issues such as competency to stand trial, insanity, risk assessment, and testamentary capacity. Additionally, they may be involved in the treatment of offenders in correctional settings and providing consultation on mental health policies and laws. Forensic psychiatry requires a thorough understanding of both psychiatric and legal principles, as well as the ability to communicate complex psychiatric concepts to legal professionals and laypersons alike.

Community psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on providing mental health services within the context of a person's community, rather than in a traditional clinical setting such as a hospital or clinic. The goal of community psychiatry is to provide comprehensive, accessible, and personalized mental health care that is integrated into the individual's natural support systems, including their family, friends, and social networks.

Community psychiatrists work closely with other mental health professionals, social workers, and community organizations to develop and implement treatment plans that address the unique needs of each individual. They may provide services in a variety of settings, such as community mental health centers, group homes, schools, and primary care clinics.

The approach of community psychiatry recognizes that mental illness affects not only the individual but also their family, friends, and larger community. Therefore, interventions often focus on improving social determinants of health, such as housing, employment, and education, in addition to providing traditional mental health treatments like medication and therapy.

Overall, community psychiatry aims to reduce stigma around mental illness, improve access to care, and promote recovery and resilience in individuals with mental health conditions.

Adolescent Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders in adolescents, which are individuals typically ranging in age from 13 to 18 years old. This field requires specialized knowledge, training, and expertise in the unique developmental, emotional, and behavioral challenges that adolescents face. Adolescent psychiatrists provide comprehensive assessments, including medical and psychological evaluations, and develop individualized treatment plans that may involve psychotherapy, medication management, and/or coordination with other healthcare professionals and community resources. They also work closely with families to help them understand their adolescent's mental health needs and support their recovery process.

Geriatric psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that focuses on the mental health concerns of older adults, usually defined as those aged 65 and over. This field addresses the biological and psychological changes that occur with aging, as well as the social and cultural issues that impact the mental health of this population.

The mental health conditions commonly seen in geriatric psychiatry include:

1. Dementia (such as Alzheimer's disease)
2. Depression and anxiety disorders
3. Late-life schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
4. Substance abuse and addiction
5. Neurocognitive disorders due to medical conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or stroke
6. Sleep disturbances and insomnia
7. Delirium and other cognitive changes related to acute illness or hospitalization
8. Mental health concerns related to chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease
9. End-of-life issues and palliative care
10. Issues related to grief, loss, and transitions in later life

Geriatric psychiatrists are trained to recognize and manage these conditions while also considering the potential impact of medications, physical health problems, sensory impairments, and social supports on mental health treatment outcomes. They often work closely with primary care physicians, neurologists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care for older adults.

The Insanity Defense is a legal concept, rather than a medical one, but it is based on psychological and psychiatric assessments of the defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime. It is used as a criminal defense in which the defendant claims that they should not be held criminally responsible for their actions due to mental illness or disorder that prevented them from understanding the nature and wrongfulness of their behavior.

The specific criteria for an insanity defense vary by jurisdiction, but generally, it requires evidence that the defendant had a severe mental illness or cognitive impairment that significantly affected their ability to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of their conduct or to conform their behavior to the requirements of the law. If successful, the insanity defense can result in an acquittal, hospitalization, or other dispositions that do not involve incarceration.

It's important to note that the insanity defense is not a determination of whether the defendant is "crazy" or "insane," but rather an assessment of their mental state at the time of the offense and its impact on their legal responsibility for their actions.

Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a therapeutic method that aims to treat psychological disorders by understanding and bringing to consciousness unconscious wishes and motivations. It was developed by Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to psychoanalytic theory, the human mind is divided into three parts: the id (primitive instincts), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral standards). Psychoanalysis involves exploring the unconscious mind through techniques such as free association (encouraging patients to say whatever comes to mind) and dream analysis. The goal of psychoanalysis is to help individuals understand and resolve their inner conflicts, leading to improved mental health and well-being.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Preventive psychiatry is a subspecialty within psychiatry that focuses on the prevention and early intervention of mental illnesses. The primary goal is to reduce the incidence, prevalence, and burden of mental disorders in individuals, families, and communities. It involves identifying risk factors, promoting protective factors, providing early interventions, and implementing population-based strategies to improve overall mental health. This can include initiatives such as public education campaigns, screening programs, and evidence-based treatments for at-risk populations. The ultimate aim is to enhance resilience, promote well-being, and optimize psychosocial functioning across the lifespan.

A Psychiatric Department in a hospital is a specialized unit that provides diagnostic, treatment, and management services for patients with various mental disorders. This department is typically staffed by psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and other mental health professionals who work together to evaluate, diagnose, and treat a wide range of mental health conditions such as:

* Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder)
* Anxiety disorders (e.g., panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder)
* Personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder)
* Psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia)
* Substance use disorders (e.g., drug addiction, alcoholism)
* Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa)
* Neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)

The Psychiatric Department may offer both inpatient and outpatient services, including individual and group therapy, medication management, psychoeducation, and crisis intervention. Inpatient units provide 24-hour care for patients who require intensive treatment and monitoring, while outpatient services allow patients to receive treatment while continuing to live in their communities.

The Psychiatric Department may also be involved in research, teaching, and community outreach programs aimed at promoting mental health awareness, reducing stigma, and improving access to mental health care.

Psychopharmacology is a branch of psychopharmacology that deals with the study of the effects of drugs on mood, thinking, and behavior. It involves researching how various substances interact with the brain and nervous system to produce changes in perception, cognition, consciousness, and emotion. This field also includes the development and testing of medications used to treat mental disorders, as well as the study of the potential misuse and abuse of drugs. Psychopharmacologists may work in academia, research institutions, or the pharmaceutical industry, and they often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists and neurologists, to develop and implement treatment plans for patients.

Military psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and psychological issues in military personnel. It involves providing care to active-duty military members, veterans, and their families who are experiencing problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and other psychological challenges related to combat or military life. Military psychiatrists also play a crucial role in developing policies and programs that promote mental health and resilience within the military community. They may serve in various settings, including military treatment facilities, deployed units, and veteran affairs medical centers.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

A psychiatric hospital is a type of medical facility that specializes in the treatment and care of patients with mental illnesses or disorders. These hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services, including evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy for various psychiatric conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders.

Psychiatric hospitals typically have a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients. The treatment modalities used in psychiatric hospitals may include medication management, individual and group therapy, psychoeducation, and milieu therapy.

Psychiatric hospitals may also offer specialized programs for specific populations, such as children and adolescents, older adults, or individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. The goal of psychiatric hospitals is to stabilize patients' symptoms, improve their functioning, and help them develop the skills necessary to manage their mental health condition in the community.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Serbia" is not a medical term. It is a country in Europe, located in the Balkan region. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Neuropsychiatry is a subspecialty that focuses on the integration of neurology and psychiatry, combining knowledge from both fields to understand, diagnose, and treat disorders that involve both the brain and behavior. It addresses conditions where mental disorders (such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders) are thought to be caused or influenced by underlying neurological conditions (such as epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson's disease). Neuropsychiatrists evaluate, manage, and treat patients with complex neurobehavioral disorders using a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors.

The "commitment of the mentally ill" refers to a legal process where a person who is deemed to have a mental illness and poses a danger to themselves or others is involuntarily placed in a psychiatric hospital or treatment facility for their own safety and well-being. The specific criteria and procedures for commitment vary by jurisdiction, but generally require a formal evaluation and court order.

The purpose of commitment is to provide intensive treatment and supervision for individuals who are unable to make informed decisions about their own care due to the severity of their mental illness. This legal process is designed to balance the need to protect the individual's civil liberties with the need to ensure public safety and provide necessary medical treatment.

It's important to note that commitment is typically a last resort, after other less restrictive options have been tried or considered. The goal of commitment is to stabilize the individual's condition and help them develop the skills and resources they need to live safely and independently in the community.

Delayed diagnosis is a term used in the medical field to describe a situation where a medical condition or disease was not diagnosed in a timely manner, despite the patient having sought medical attention and presented with symptoms that should have led to an earlier diagnosis. This can occur due to various reasons such as failure to recognize symptoms, misinterpretation of test results, lack of appropriate follow-up care, or communication breakdowns between healthcare providers and patients.

A delayed diagnosis can result in worsening of the medical condition, increased severity of symptoms, decreased treatment options, and potentially poorer outcomes for the patient. It may also lead to additional medical expenses, longer recovery times, and emotional distress for the patient and their family members. In some cases, a delayed diagnosis may be considered medical malpractice if it can be shown that the healthcare provider failed to meet the standard of care required in diagnosing the condition.

I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "Modern" is a term that refers to a period in time, specifically the modern period which is generally considered to be from the late 19th century to the present. "Literature," on the other hand, is a broad term that refers to written works, especially those considered to have artistic or intellectual value.

So, when you ask for a medical definition of "Literature, Modern," it's not entirely clear what you are looking for. If you are asking for examples of modern literature that deal with medical themes or issues, there are many notable works to choose from, including:

* "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot, which explores the ethical implications of medical research using human cells without consent.
* "The Hot Zone" by Richard Preston, a thriller about the Ebola virus and its potential to cause a global pandemic.
* "Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science" by Atul Gawande, a collection of essays that examine the challenges and uncertainties of medical practice.
* "Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness" by Susannah Cahalan, a memoir about the author's experience with a rare autoimmune disorder that affected her brain.

If you are looking for something else, please let me know and I will do my best to assist you!

"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:

The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:

1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.

Dangerous behavior is a term used to describe any action or inaction that has the potential to cause harm, injury, or damage to oneself or others. This can include a wide range of behaviors, such as:

* Physical violence or aggression towards others
* Substance abuse, including alcohol and drug use
* Risky sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex or multiple partners
* Self-harm, such as cutting or burning oneself
* Suicidal ideation or attempts
* Reckless driving or operating machinery while impaired
* Neglecting one's own health or the health of others

Dangerous behavior can be the result of a variety of factors, including mental illness, substance abuse, trauma, environmental factors, and personality traits. It is important to note that dangerous behavior can have serious consequences for both the individual engaging in the behavior and those around them. If you or someone you know is engaging in dangerous behavior, it is important to seek help from a qualified medical professional as soon as possible.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

Early diagnosis refers to the identification and detection of a medical condition or disease in its initial stages, before the appearance of significant symptoms or complications. This is typically accomplished through various screening methods, such as medical history reviews, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Early diagnosis can allow for more effective treatment interventions, potentially improving outcomes and quality of life for patients, while also reducing the overall burden on healthcare systems.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Mentally ill persons are individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental disorder or mental illness, which is characterized by a syndrome of symptoms that significantly interferes with their cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral abilities. These disorders can range from mild to severe and may include conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders, among others. It's important to note that a mental illness is not the same as intellectual disability or developmental disorder, although these conditions can also co-occur with mental illnesses.

Mentally ill persons require appropriate evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment from qualified mental health professionals to help them manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. It's essential to approach mentally ill individuals with compassion, respect, and understanding, as stigma and discrimination can exacerbate their challenges and hinder their recovery.

Psychoanalytic theory is a psychological framework developed primarily by Sigmund Freud and his followers, which seeks to explain psychic phenomena in terms of unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences. It posits that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id (primitive instincts), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral standards). The theory emphasizes the importance of resolving unconscious conflicts, making the unconscious conscious, and analyzing defense mechanisms in order to alleviate psychological distress and promote mental health. It also includes various concepts such as the Oedipus complex, psychosexual development stages, and transference/countertransference phenomena.

Medical philosophy is a branch of philosophy that deals with the concepts, issues, and arguments specific to medicine and healthcare. It involves the application of philosophical inquiry and reasoning to various aspects of medicine, such as:

1. Ethics: Examining moral principles and values that guide medical practice, including patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes issues related to end-of-life care, informed consent, research ethics, and resource allocation.
2. Epistemology: Exploring the nature of knowledge in medicine, including how medical knowledge is acquired, validated, and disseminated. It also involves examining the limitations and uncertainties of medical knowledge.
3. Metaphysics: Examining the fundamental nature of reality as it relates to medicine, such as the nature of disease, health, and the human body. This includes exploring questions about the mind-body relationship and the role of emergent properties in understanding health and illness.
4. Logic and Rationality: Applying logical reasoning and critical thinking skills to medical decision making, including the evaluation of evidence, the assessment of risks and benefits, and the formulation of clinical guidelines.
5. Aesthetics: Exploring the role of values and subjective experience in medicine, such as the importance of empathy, compassion, and communication in the patient-physician relationship. This also includes examining the ethical implications of medical aesthetics, such as cosmetic surgery and enhancement technologies.

Medical philosophy is an interdisciplinary field that draws on insights from a variety of disciplines, including philosophy, medicine, ethics, law, psychology, and sociology. It seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the complex issues that arise in medical practice and to inform the development of evidence-based, ethical, and compassionate healthcare policies and practices.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

A career choice refers to the decision or selection of a job or profession that an individual makes, typically based on their interests, skills, values, and personal goals. It involves considering various factors such as education and training requirements, job outlook, salary potential, and work-life balance. A well-informed career choice can lead to long-term job satisfaction, success, and fulfillment. It is essential to note that career choices can change over time due to various reasons, including personal growth, industry trends, or changes in life circumstances.

Psychosomatic medicine is a branch of medicine that explores the relationships between social, psychological, and behavioral factors and their impact on bodily illnesses. It recognizes the role of mental factors in physical health and disease, and it treats the whole person, not just the physical symptoms. Psychosomatic medicine physicians use integrative medical techniques to treat both the mind and body, often working closely with other healthcare professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers.

The American Psychosomatic Society defines psychosomatic medicine as "the scientific study of the interactions of emotional, mental, social, and behavioral factors with bodily processes and the role of these factors in health and disease." This definition highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the field and its focus on understanding the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to illness and wellness.

In summary, psychosomatic medicine is a holistic approach to medical care that recognizes the importance of mental and emotional factors in physical health and disease. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive assessment and treatment plan that addresses both the mind and body.

Social work, psychiatric, is a specialized field of social work practice that focuses on the mental, emotional, and behavioral well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities. It involves the application of social work principles, theories, and interventions to address the psychosocial needs and challenges of people living with mental illness or experiencing psychological distress.

Psychiatric social workers collaborate with other mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses, to provide comprehensive care for individuals with psychiatric disorders. They conduct biopsychosocial assessments, develop treatment plans, provide counseling and therapy, coordinate services, advocate for patients' rights, and engage in case management and discharge planning.

Psychiatric social workers also play a critical role in promoting mental health awareness, reducing stigma associated with mental illness, and advocating for policies that support the mental health needs of individuals and communities. They may work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, community mental health centers, private practices, and residential treatment facilities.

Neurosciences is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the structure, function, development, and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It incorporates various scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science to understand the complexities of the nervous system at different levels, from molecular and cellular mechanisms to systems and behavior.

The field encompasses both basic research and clinical applications, with the aim of advancing our knowledge of the nervous system and developing effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Specialties within neurosciences include neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurobiology, neuroimmunology, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, and computational neuroscience, among others.

Emergency services in psychiatry, also known as crisis intervention services, refer to immediate and urgent mental health services provided to individuals who are experiencing an acute mental health emergency. These services aim to assess, manage, and stabilize the individual's mental health crisis and ensure their safety, as well as the safety of others.

Psychiatric emergency services may include:

1. Crisis hotlines: 24-hour telephone support lines that provide immediate assistance and referral to appropriate mental health services.
2. Mobile crisis teams: Mental health professionals who provide on-site assessment, intervention, and referral services in the community.
3. Psychiatric emergency departments: Specialized units within hospitals that provide urgent psychiatric evaluation, treatment, and short-term stabilization for individuals in a mental health crisis.
4. Inpatient psychiatric units: Short-term hospitalization for individuals who require intensive psychiatric care and monitoring during a crisis.
5. Respite care services: Temporary supportive housing and care for individuals in a mental health crisis, providing relief for both the individual and their family or caregivers.

The primary goal of psychiatric emergency services is to provide timely and effective interventions that can help prevent further deterioration of the individual's mental health, reduce the risk of suicide or self-harm, and promote recovery and stabilization.

Mental health services refer to the various professional health services designed to treat and support individuals with mental health conditions. These services are typically provided by trained and licensed mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors, and marriage and family therapists. The services may include:

1. Assessment and diagnosis of mental health disorders
2. Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" to help individuals understand and manage their symptoms
3. Medication management for mental health conditions
4. Case management and care coordination to connect individuals with community resources and support
5. Psychoeducation to help individuals and families better understand mental health conditions and how to manage them
6. Crisis intervention and stabilization services
7. Inpatient and residential treatment for severe or chronic mental illness
8. Prevention and early intervention services to identify and address mental health concerns before they become more serious
9. Rehabilitation and recovery services to help individuals with mental illness achieve their full potential and live fulfilling lives in the community.

Psychotropic drugs, also known as psychoactive drugs, are a class of medications that affect the function of the central nervous system, leading to changes in consciousness, perception, mood, cognition, or behavior. These drugs work by altering the chemical neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood, thought, and behavior.

Psychotropic drugs can be classified into several categories based on their primary therapeutic effects, including:

1. Antipsychotic drugs: These medications are used to treat psychosis, schizophrenia, and other related disorders. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.
2. Antidepressant drugs: These medications are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some chronic pain conditions. They work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain, which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.
3. Mood stabilizers: These medications are used to treat bipolar disorder and other mood disorders. They help regulate the ups and downs of mood swings and can also be used as adjunctive treatment for depression and anxiety.
4. Anxiolytic drugs: Also known as anti-anxiety medications, these drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and insomnia. They work by reducing the activity of neurotransmitters such as GABA, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
5. Stimulant drugs: These medications are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They work by increasing the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

It is important to note that psychotropic drugs can have significant side effects and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.

Psychoanalytic therapy, also known as psychoanalysis, is a type of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious motivations and internal conflicts into conscious awareness. It was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based on the theory that people's behavior and feelings are strongly affected by unconscious motives.

The therapy involves regular, often frequent, sessions with a psychoanalyst. The patient is encouraged to talk freely about whatever comes to mind, including dreams, fantasies, and free associations. The analyst listens carefully and interprets the underlying meanings and patterns in the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help the patient understand and resolve their internal conflicts, which are often rooted in early childhood experiences. This can lead to improved mental health, better relationships, and increased self-awareness. It's important to note that this type of therapy requires a significant time commitment and can be emotionally challenging.

A diagnosis is the process of determining a disease or condition based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and diagnostic tests. It is the conclusion reached by a healthcare professional after evaluating all available information about the patient's health. A diagnosis can be simple or complex, depending on the presenting symptoms and the underlying cause.

The process of making a diagnosis typically involves taking a thorough medical history, performing a physical examination, and ordering diagnostic tests such as blood tests, imaging studies, or genetic testing. The results of these tests are then analyzed to determine the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms. In some cases, a definitive diagnosis may not be possible, and the healthcare professional may use a process of elimination to narrow down the list of possible causes.

Once a diagnosis is made, the healthcare professional can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the patient. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, as it allows healthcare professionals to target the underlying cause of the patient's symptoms and avoid unnecessary or ineffective treatments.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

I'm happy to help! However, I would like to clarify that the term "Metaphysical" in this context might be misleading. Mind-body relations is a well-established field within psychology, neuroscience, and medicine, while "metaphysical" generally refers to philosophical questions beyond the physical world or the realm of scientific inquiry. Therefore, I will provide a definition for "Mind-Body Relations" without the metaphysical aspect.

Mind-Body Relations:
Mind-body relations is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the connection and interaction between mental processes (thoughts, emotions, beliefs, attitudes) and physical health or bodily functions. It explores how psychological factors can influence physiological responses and contribute to health outcomes, as well as how physical conditions can impact mental states.

Some key concepts within mind-body relations include:

1. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): The study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system, examining how stress and emotions affect immunity and susceptibility to illness.
2. Placebo effects: Positive therapeutic outcomes resulting from patients' beliefs or expectations in a treatment, even when the treatment itself has no active ingredients or specific mechanisms of action.
3. Biofeedback: A technique that uses electronic monitoring of bodily functions (e.g., heart rate, skin temperature, brain waves) to train individuals to consciously control these processes, often used to manage stress and improve health outcomes.
4. Mindfulness-based interventions: Practices derived from meditation and yoga that aim to cultivate non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, which have been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression while improving overall well-being.

While there is a metaphysical aspect to mind-body relations in some philosophical or spiritual contexts (e.g., mind-body dualism, holistic approaches), these perspectives are not typically considered part of the medical definition.

Coercion, in a medical context, refers to the use of threat, manipulation, or intimidation to force someone to make a specific healthcare decision that they might not have made willingly or that is against their better judgment. This can occur in various situations, such as when a patient is pressured to undergo a treatment they do not fully understand or agree with, or when a healthcare provider makes decisions on behalf of an incapacitated patient without considering their previously expressed wishes or values. Coercion undermines the principles of informed consent and autonomy and can lead to negative outcomes for patients, including decreased trust in their healthcare providers and poorer health outcomes.

The term "hysteria" is an outdated and discredited concept in medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychology. Originally, it was used to describe a condition characterized by dramatic, excessive emotional reactions and physical symptoms that couldn't be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms often included things like paralysis, blindness, or fits, which would sometimes be "hysterical" in nature - that is, they seemed to have no physical cause.

However, the concept of hysteria has been largely abandoned due to its lack of scientific basis and its use as a catch-all diagnosis for symptoms that doctors couldn't explain. Today, many of the symptoms once attributed to hysteria are now understood as manifestations of other medical or psychological conditions, such as conversion disorder, panic attacks, or malingering. It's important to note that using outdated and stigmatizing terms like "hysteria" can be harmful and misleading, so it's best to avoid them in favor of more precise and respectful language.

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment used primarily to treat mental health disorders and other emotional or behavioral issues. It involves a therapeutic relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a patient, where they work together to understand the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, identify patterns that may be causing distress, and develop strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and others. The specific approach used will depend on the individual patient's needs and preferences, as well as the training and expertise of the therapist.

Psychotherapy can be conducted in individual, group, or family sessions, and may be provided in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, or online platforms. The goal of psychotherapy is to help patients understand themselves better, develop coping skills, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall quality of life.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

I'm assuming you are asking for a definition of "medical students." Here it is:

Medical students are individuals who are enrolled in a program of study to become medical doctors. They typically complete four years of undergraduate education before entering a medical school, where they spend another four years studying basic sciences and clinical medicine. After completing medical school, they become physicians (M.D.) and continue their training through residency programs in their chosen specialties. Some medical students may choose to pursue a research career and complete a Ph.D. during or after medical school.

Diagnostic errors refer to inaccurate or delayed diagnoses of a patient's medical condition, which can lead to improper or unnecessary treatment and potentially serious harm to the patient. These errors can occur due to various factors such as lack of clinical knowledge, failure to consider all possible diagnoses, inadequate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and problems with testing or interpretation of test results. Diagnostic errors are a significant cause of preventable harm in medical care and have been identified as a priority area for quality improvement efforts.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

Secularism is not a medical term, but rather a sociopolitical concept. It refers to the separation of church and state, where government institutions are neutral and do not favor any particular religion or religious perspective. This means that medical practices and healthcare policies should also be based on evidence-based medicine and scientific principles, rather than religious beliefs or doctrine.

However, it is worth noting that cultural and religious factors can influence health behaviors, attitudes towards medical treatment, and access to care. Therefore, healthcare providers must be aware of and sensitive to the cultural and religious backgrounds of their patients while maintaining a commitment to evidence-based medicine and scientific principles.

Internship: In medical terms, an internship is a supervised program of hospital-based training for physicians and surgeons who have recently graduated from medical school. The duration of an internship typically ranges from one to three years, during which the intern engages in a variety of clinical rotations in different departments such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and neurology. The primary aim of an internship is to provide newly graduated doctors with hands-on experience in patient care, diagnosis, treatment planning, and communication skills under the close supervision of experienced physicians.

Residency: A residency is a structured and intensive postgraduate medical training program that typically lasts between three and seven years, depending on the specialty. Residents are licensed physicians who have completed their internship and are now receiving advanced training in a specific area of medicine or surgery. During this period, residents work closely with experienced attending physicians to gain comprehensive knowledge and skills in their chosen field. They are responsible for managing patient care, performing surgical procedures, interpreting diagnostic tests, conducting research, teaching medical students, and participating in continuing education activities. Residency programs aim to prepare physicians for independent practice and board certification in their specialty.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

In the context of medicine, specialization refers to the process or state of a physician, surgeon, or other healthcare professional acquiring and demonstrating expertise in a particular field or area of practice beyond their initial general training. This is usually achieved through additional years of education, training, and clinical experience in a specific medical discipline or subspecialty.

For instance, a doctor who has completed medical school and a general residency program may choose to specialize in cardiology, dermatology, neurology, orthopedics, psychiatry, or any other branch of medicine. After completing a specialized fellowship program and passing the relevant certification exams, they become certified as a specialist in that field, recognized by professional medical organizations such as the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC).

Specialization allows healthcare professionals to provide more focused, expert care for patients with specific conditions or needs. It also contributes to the development and advancement of medical knowledge and practice, as specialists often conduct research and contribute to the evidence base in their respective fields.

Deinstitutionalization is a social policy aimed at transitioning individuals with mental illness or developmental disabilities out of long-term institutional care and reintegrating them into community-based settings. This process typically involves the closure of large institutions, such as psychiatric hospitals and state-run developmental centers, and the development of community-based services, such as group homes, supported housing, and case management.

The goal of deinstitutionalization is to provide individuals with disabilities more autonomy, dignity, and quality of life while also promoting their inclusion in society. However, it has been a controversial policy, with some critics arguing that insufficient community-based services have led to homelessness, incarceration, and other negative outcomes for some individuals who were deinstitutionalized.

Deinstitutionalization became a significant social movement in many developed countries during the mid-to-late 20th century, driven by changing attitudes towards disability, human rights advocacy, and evidence of the harmful effects of institutionalization. However, its implementation has varied widely across different regions and populations, with varying degrees of success.

Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the diagnostic process. It involves the use of advanced algorithms and data analysis techniques to analyze medical images, laboratory results, and other patient data to help healthcare professionals make more accurate and timely diagnoses. CAD systems can help identify patterns and anomalies that may be difficult for humans to detect, and they can provide second opinions and flag potential errors or uncertainties in the diagnostic process.

CAD systems are often used in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods, such as physical examinations and patient interviews, to provide a more comprehensive assessment of a patient's health. They are commonly used in radiology, pathology, cardiology, and other medical specialties where imaging or laboratory tests play a key role in the diagnostic process.

While CAD systems can be very helpful in the diagnostic process, they are not infallible and should always be used as a tool to support, rather than replace, the expertise of trained healthcare professionals. It's important for medical professionals to use their clinical judgment and experience when interpreting CAD results and making final diagnoses.

Psychophysiologic Disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders, refer to a category of mental health conditions where psychological stress and emotional factors play a significant role in causing physical symptoms. These disorders are characterized by the presence of bodily complaints for which no physiological explanation can be found, or where the severity of the symptoms is far greater than what would be expected from any underlying medical condition.

Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include:

* Conversion disorder: where physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing occur in the absence of a clear medical explanation.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): where abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are thought to be caused or worsened by stress and emotional factors.
* Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES): where episodes that resemble epileptic seizures occur without any electrical activity in the brain.
* Chronic pain syndromes: where pain persists for months or years beyond the expected healing time, often accompanied by depression and anxiety.

The diagnosis of psychophysiologic disorders typically involves a thorough medical evaluation to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment usually includes a combination of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, stress management, and sometimes medication for co-occurring mental health conditions.

Medicine is a branch of healthcare that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and illness. It encompasses a variety of health profession practices, including but not limited to, the services provided by physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dentists, and allied health professionals.

Medicine can also refer to the substances or compounds used in the treatment and prevention of disease, often referred to as medications or drugs. These substances can be administered in various forms, such as oral (pills, liquids), topical (creams, ointments), injectable (shots, IVs), or inhaled (aerosols, nebulizers).

Overall, medicine is a multidisciplinary field that combines scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient values to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment for individuals and communities.

Medical education, undergraduate, refers to the initial formal educational phase in which students learn the basic sciences and clinical skills required to become a physician. In the United States, this typically involves completing a four-year Bachelor's degree followed by four years of medical school. The first two years of medical school are primarily focused on classroom instruction in subjects such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and pathology. The final two years involve clinical rotations, during which students work directly with patients under the supervision of licensed physicians. After completing medical school, graduates must then complete a residency program in their chosen specialty before they are eligible to practice medicine independently.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Psychopathology is a branch of psychology and medicine that involves the study and classification of mental disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various methods and perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain abnormal behavior and mental processes.

The term "psychopathology" can also refer specifically to the presence of a mental disorder or to the symptoms and features of a particular mental disorder. For example, one might say that someone has a psychopathology or that they exhibit certain psychopathological symptoms.

Psychopathology is often contrasted with normal psychology, which focuses on understanding and explaining typical behavior and mental processes. However, it is important to note that the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior is not always clear-cut, and many psychological phenomena exist on a continuum rather than falling neatly into one category or the other.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Moral Development" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that primarily belongs to the fields of psychology and philosophy.

Moral development refers to the process by which individuals acquire, construct, and systematize moral knowledge and make moral judgments. This concept was popularized by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg through his stages of moral development theory, which posits that individuals go through distinct stages in their understanding and interpretation of moral dilemmas. These stages range from a focus on avoiding punishment (pre-conventional morality) to considering the rights and welfare of others (post-conventional morality).

While medical professionals may take into account a patient's moral development when providing care or counseling, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition.

Mental competency, also known as mental capacity, is a legal term that refers to a person's ability to make informed decisions and understand the nature and consequences of their actions. In a medical context, mental competency is often assessed in patients who are making decisions about their own medical care, such as whether to consent to a particular treatment or procedure.

A determination of mental competency typically involves an evaluation of a person's ability to:

* Understand and retain information about their medical condition and the proposed treatment
* Evaluate the risks and benefits of different treatment options
* Make and communicate a clear and consistent decision based on this information
* Understand the potential consequences of their decision

Mental competency can be affected by various factors, including mental illness, cognitive impairment, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. A healthcare provider may seek a formal evaluation of a patient's mental competency if there are concerns about their ability to make informed decisions about their care. This evaluation may involve input from psychiatrists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals.

It is important to note that mental competency is not the same as legal competency, which refers to a person's ability to understand and participate in legal proceedings. A person may be deemed mentally competent for medical purposes but not for legal purposes, or vice versa.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Community Mental Health Services (CMHS) refer to mental health care services that are provided in community settings, as opposed to traditional hospital-based or institutional care. These services are designed to be accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated, with the goal of promoting recovery, resilience, and improved quality of life for individuals with mental illnesses.

CMHS may include a range of services such as:

1. Outpatient care: Including individual and group therapy, medication management, and case management services provided in community clinics or healthcare centers.
2. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT): A team-based approach to providing comprehensive mental health services to individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses who may have difficulty engaging in traditional outpatient care.
3. Crisis intervention: Including mobile crisis teams, emergency psychiatric evaluations, and short-term residential crisis stabilization units.
4. Supported housing and employment: Services that help individuals with mental illnesses to live independently in the community and to obtain and maintain competitive employment.
5. Prevention and early intervention: Programs that aim to identify and address mental health issues before they become more severe, such as suicide prevention programs, bullying prevention, and early psychosis detection and treatment.
6. Peer support: Services provided by individuals who have personal experience with mental illness and can offer support, guidance, and advocacy to others who are struggling with similar issues.
7. Family education and support: Programs that provide information, resources, and support to family members of individuals with mental illnesses.

The goal of CMHS is to provide accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated care that meets the unique needs of each individual and helps them to achieve their recovery goals in the community setting.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

"Medicine in Literature" is not a medical term per se, but rather a field of study that explores the representation and interpretation of medicine, health, and illness in literature. It is an interdisciplinary approach that combines literary analysis with medical humanities to understand the cultural, historical, and social contexts of medical practices, theories, and experiences as depicted in various forms of literature. This field often examines how literature reflects and shapes societal attitudes towards health, disease, and medical care, and how it can contribute to medical education and empathic understanding of patients' experiences.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Medical ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in medical care, research, and practice. It provides a framework for addressing questions related to patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, distributive justice, beneficentia (doing good), and non-maleficence (not doing harm). Medical ethics also involves the application of ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to specific medical cases and situations. It is a crucial component of medical education and practice, helping healthcare professionals make informed decisions that promote patient well-being while respecting their rights and dignity.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Behaviorism is a theory of learning and psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, rather than on internal thoughts, feelings, or motivations. It asserts that behavior is shaped by environmental factors, particularly through the process of conditioning. There are two main types of behaviorism: methodological and radical. Methodological behaviorists study observable behaviors and their environmental causes and effects, while radical behaviorists argue that behavior is exclusively determined by environmental factors and that internal mental states do not exist or are irrelevant.

In medical terms, behaviorism can be applied to the understanding and treatment of various psychological and behavioral disorders. For example, therapies based on behavioral principles, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), focus on modifying maladaptive behaviors and beliefs through techniques like exposure, reinforcement, and extinction. These interventions aim to help individuals learn new, adaptive behaviors that can improve their mental health and well-being.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

A Nursing Diagnosis is a clinical judgment about an individual's response to actual or potential health conditions. It is the foundation for selecting nursing interventions and expected outcomes, and it is based on assessment data, nursing knowledge, and clinical reasoning. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) provides standardized nursing diagnoses that are classified into 13 domains, such as nutrition, elimination, breathing, and comfort.

The purpose of a nursing diagnosis is to identify the patient's problems or needs that can be addressed through nursing interventions. It helps nurses to communicate effectively with other healthcare professionals about the patient's condition, plan care, evaluate outcomes, and make decisions about the most appropriate interventions. The nursing diagnosis should be individualized to each patient based on their unique needs, values, and preferences.

Examples of nursing diagnoses include "Risk for Infection," "Impaired Gas Exchange," "Ineffective Coping," "Activity Intolerance," and "Pain." Each nursing diagnosis has defining characteristics, related factors, and risk factors that help nurses to identify and document the diagnosis accurately. The use of standardized nursing diagnoses also enables researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions and contribute to evidence-based practice.

Expert testimony is a type of evidence presented in court by a qualified expert who has specialized knowledge, education, training, or experience in a particular field that is relevant to the case. The expert's role is to provide an objective and unbiased opinion based on their expertise to assist the judge or jury in understanding complex issues that are beyond the knowledge of the average person.

In medical cases, expert testimony may be presented by healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, or other medical experts who have specialized knowledge about the medical condition or treatment at issue. The expert's testimony can help establish the standard of care, diagnose a medical condition, evaluate the cause of an injury, or assess the damages suffered by the plaintiff.

Expert testimony must meet certain legal standards to be admissible in court. The expert must be qualified to testify based on their education, training, and experience, and their opinion must be based on reliable methods and data. Additionally, the expert's testimony must be relevant to the case and not unduly prejudicial or misleading.

Overall, expert testimony plays a critical role in medical cases by providing objective and unbiased evidence that can help judges and juries make informed decisions about complex medical issues.

Communism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless, stateless society in which all property and resources are owned in common and shared equally. In a communist system, the means of production, such as factories and land, are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, rather than by private individuals or corporations.

In medical terms, communism itself is not a disease or condition, but like any political ideology, it can have implications for healthcare policy and access to care. For example, in some communist countries, the government may provide universal healthcare coverage to all citizens, while in others, healthcare may be less accessible due to economic constraints or other factors.

It's important to note that the implementation of communism varies widely depending on the specific historical and cultural context, and there is no one "medical definition" of communism that applies universally.

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders are conditions that affect cognitive abilities such as thinking, memory, perception, and judgment. Here are brief medical definitions of each:

1. Delirium: A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. Delirium often comes on suddenly and can be caused by various factors such as medication side effects, infection, or illness.
2. Dementia: A chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities that affects memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other conditions such as vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia can also cause it. Dementia can significantly interfere with daily life and activities.
3. Amnestic Disorders: A group of conditions that primarily affect memory. These disorders can be caused by brain injury, illness, or substance abuse. The most common amnestic disorder is Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by alcohol abuse and results in significant memory loss and confusion.
4. Other Cognitive Disorders: This category includes a range of conditions that affect cognitive abilities but do not fit into the categories of delirium, dementia, or amnestic disorders. Examples include mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is a decline in cognitive abilities that does not interfere significantly with daily life, and various cognitive disorders caused by brain injury or disease.

It's important to note that these conditions can overlap and may co-occur with other mental health or neurological disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional.

Medical psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the application of psychological principles and methods to understanding, diagnosing, and treating physical illnesses and disorders. It involves the collaboration between psychologists and medical professionals to address the psychological, behavioral, and emotional aspects of medical conditions. Medical psychologists may provide assessments, interventions, and treatments for patients dealing with chronic illnesses, pain management, adjustment to disability, adherence to medical regimens, and other health-related concerns. They also conduct research in the area of health psychology and may provide consultation services to healthcare organizations and professionals.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

In the context of medical terminology, "attitude" generally refers to the position or posture of a patient's body or a part of it. It can also refer to the mental set or disposition that a person has towards their health, illness, or healthcare providers. However, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition like other medical terminologies do.

For example, in orthopedics, "attitude" may be used to describe the position of a limb or joint during an examination or surgical procedure. In psychology, "attitude" may refer to a person's feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards a particular object, issue, or idea related to their health.

Therefore, the meaning of "attitude" in medical terminology can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Freudian theory, also known as psychoanalytic theory, is a psychological clinical and theoretical framework proposed by Sigmund Freud and his followers. It focuses on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences in shaping an individual's behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

The theory posits that the human mind is divided into three parts: the id (primitive instincts), the ego (rational thought), and the superego (moral standards). According to Freudian theory, conflicts between these parts of the mind shape an individual's personality and behavior.

Freud also proposed several concepts such as the Oedipus complex, penis envy, and defense mechanisms, which are used to explain the development of personality and psychopathology. These concepts have been widely debated and criticized in the field of psychology, but Freudian theory has still had a significant impact on our understanding of human behavior and mental health.

A biography is a written or oral account of someone’s life. It can be written in either objective or subjective style, depending on the author’s approach and purpose. A biography typically includes information about the person’s birth, major life events, relationships, accomplishments, and death. It may also include an analysis of the person’s character and impact on society.

Biographies can be written about people from all walks of life, including politicians, artists, scientists, religious figures, and historical figures. They can be used for a variety of purposes, such as to educate readers about a particular person or period in history, to inspire or entertain, or to provide insight into the human experience.

Biographies can be classified into several types, including:

1. Autobiography: A biography written by the subject themselves.
2. Memoir: A type of autobiography that focuses on specific events or aspects of the author's life.
3. Authorized biography: A biography written with the cooperation and approval of the subject or their estate.
4. Unauthorized biography: A biography written without the subject's cooperation or approval.
5. Collective biography: A biography that covers multiple subjects who share a common theme, such as members of a particular family, group, or profession.
6. Fictionalized biography: A biography that includes fictional elements to enhance the narrative or fill in gaps in the historical record.

Regardless of the type, a well-written biography can provide valuable insights into the life and times of its subject, shedding light on their achievements, struggles, and contributions to society.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "freedom" is a philosophical or abstract concept and not a medical term. It refers to the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you.

I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "crime" is typically not used in a medical context. A crime is a violation of laws or regulations established by a government and enforced by its authorities. It's a legal concept, not a medical one. However, there are some overlaps between criminal behavior and mental health, as certain mental health conditions may increase the risk of criminal behavior. But it's essential to understand that having a mental health condition does not automatically make someone a criminal.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "history" in medical terms usually refers to the detailed account of a patient's symptoms, illnesses, and treatments received, which is used by healthcare professionals to understand their health status and provide appropriate care. It is not typically associated with a specific century like the 18th century.

If you are asking for information about the medical practices or significant developments in the field of medicine during the 18th century, I would be happy to provide some insight into that! The 18th century was a time of great advancement and change in the medical field, with many notable discoveries and innovations. Some examples include:

* The development of smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796
* The discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley in 1774
* The invention of the thermometer by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714
* The publication of "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae" by Edward Jenner in 1798, which helped to establish the concept of vaccination
* The founding of the Royal Society of Medicine in London in 1773
* The development of new surgical techniques and instruments, such as the use of tourniquets and catgut sutures.

In medical terms, a "fantasy" is generally defined as a mental image or scenario that is not based in reality and is often used for entertainment, relaxation, or sexual gratification. Fantasies can range from relatively harmless daydreams to more complex and detailed scenarios that may involve fictional characters or situations.

While fantasies are a normal part of human cognition and imagination, they can sometimes become problematic if they interfere with a person's ability to function in daily life or cause distress or harm to themselves or others. For example, some people may develop maladaptive sexual fantasies that involve non-consensual or harmful behaviors, which can lead to problems in their relationships or even criminal behavior.

It is important to note that having fantasies does not necessarily mean that a person will act on them, and many people are able to distinguish between their fantasies and reality. However, if you are concerned about your own fantasies or those of someone else, it may be helpful to speak with a mental health professional for guidance and support.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "History" is a subject that refers to events, ideas, and developments of the past. It's not something that has a medical definition. However, if you're referring to the "21st century" in a historical context, it relates to the period from 2001 to the present. It's an era marked by significant advancements in technology, medicine, and society at large. But again, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you meant something else, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Preimplantation Diagnosis (PID) is a genetic testing procedure performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), before they are implanted in the uterus. The purpose of PID is to identify genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities in the embryos, allowing only those free of such issues to be transferred to the uterus, thereby reducing the risk of passing on genetic diseases to offspring. It involves biopsying one or more cells from an embryo and analyzing its DNA for specific genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. PID is often recommended for couples with a known history of genetic disorders or those who have experienced multiple miscarriages or failed IVF cycles.

Eugenics is a scientific movement that advocates for the improvement of human genetic qualities through various measures such as controlled breeding, selective immigration, and even forced sterilization. The goal of eugenics is to increase the number of individuals who possess desirable traits and decrease the number of those with undesirable traits in order to improve the overall genetic makeup of the population.

The term "eugenics" was coined by Sir Francis Galton, a British scientist, in 1883. He believed that intelligence and other positive traits were heritable and could be improved through selective breeding. The eugenics movement gained popularity in the early 20th century, particularly in the United States and Germany, where it was used to justify forced sterilization and other coercive measures aimed at controlling the reproduction of certain groups of people.

Today, the concept of eugenics is widely discredited due to its association with discrimination, racism, and human rights abuses. However, the principles of genetics and heredity that underlie eugenics continue to be studied and applied in fields such as medicine and agriculture.

I must clarify that the term "Holocaust" is primarily used in a historical and cultural context, rather than in a medical one. It refers to the systematic state-sponsored persecution and genocide of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. This atrocity took place from 1941 to 1945 and is widely considered to be one of the darkest chapters in human history.

However, if you are looking for a medical term that may have some thematic or conceptual similarities to the Holocaust, you might consider "mass casualty incident" or "mass atrocity." These terms describe events where numerous individuals suffer serious injuries or fatalities due to intentional human actions or natural disasters.

Medical Definition:

Mass Casualty Incident (MCI): An event in which the number of injured or deceased victims exceeds the local resources available to respond effectively. MCIs can result from natural disasters, transportation accidents, or intentional acts such as terrorist attacks.

Mass Atrocity: A large-scale and deliberate act of violence committed against a civilian population, often involving multiple incidents of murder, torture, forced displacement, or other forms of human rights abuses. The Holocaust is an example of a mass atrocity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in the public sphere due to their achievements, contributions, or notoriety in various fields such as entertainment, politics, science, sports, and arts. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Medical education is a systematic process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and values necessary for becoming a healthcare professional, such as a doctor, nurse, or allied health professional. It involves a combination of theoretical instruction, practical training, and experiential learning in clinical settings. The goal of medical education is to produce competent, compassionate, and ethical practitioners who can provide high-quality care to patients and contribute to the advancement of medicine. Medical education typically includes undergraduate (pre-medical) studies, graduate (medical) school, residency training, and continuing medical education throughout a healthcare professional's career.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Medical education, graduate refers to the post-baccalaureate programs of study leading to a doctoral degree in medicine (MD) or osteopathic medicine (DO). These programs typically include rigorous coursework in the basic medical sciences, clinical training, and research experiences. The goal of medical education at this level is to prepare students to become competent, caring physicians who are able to provide high-quality medical care to patients, conduct research to advance medical knowledge, and contribute to the improvement of health care systems.

Graduate medical education (GME) typically includes residency programs, which are postgraduate training programs that provide specialized clinical training in a particular field of medicine. Residency programs typically last three to seven years, depending on the specialty, and provide hands-on experience in diagnosing and treating patients under the supervision of experienced physicians.

Medical education at the graduate level is designed to build upon the foundational knowledge and skills acquired during undergraduate medical education (UME) and to prepare students for licensure and certification as practicing physicians. Graduates of GME programs are eligible to take licensing exams and apply for certification in their chosen specialty through professional organizations such as the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Israel" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Interprofessional relations, in the context of healthcare, refers to the interactions and collaborative practices between different healthcare professionals (such as physicians, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, social workers, etc.) when providing care for patients. It involves developing and maintaining positive and effective communication, respect, trust, and collaboration among various healthcare disciplines to ensure coordinated, safe, and high-quality patient care. The goal of interprofessional relations is to enhance collaborative practice, improve patient outcomes, and promote a supportive work environment.

Religion: This is a complex and multifaceted concept that refers to beliefs, practices, rituals, ethics, worldviews, and moral codes that are often centered around a higher power or supernatural being(s). Religions can provide a sense of community, identity, purpose, and meaning for individuals. They can also influence attitudes, behaviors, values, and emotions.

Psychology: This is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, including thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, motivations, and sensations. It seeks to understand how people interact with their environment, how they process information, and how they make decisions. Psychology also examines the biological, social, developmental, and cultural factors that influence human behavior and mental health.

Religion and Psychology: The intersection of religion and psychology is a growing field of study that explores the complex relationships between religious beliefs, practices, and experiences, and psychological processes, outcomes, and disorders. This field examines how religious beliefs and practices can influence mental health, coping strategies, social support, and well-being, as well as how psychological factors can shape religious attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. It also investigates the potential benefits and risks of religious involvement for mental health, such as the role of religion in promoting resilience and meaning-making versus the potential for religious trauma or conflict. Additionally, this field considers ethical issues related to the integration of religious and psychological approaches to treatment and care.

Affective disorders, psychotic are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. These disorders combine the symptoms of both mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia).

In psychotic affective disorders, individuals experience severe changes in their mood, such as prolonged periods of depression or mania, along with psychotic features like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking and speech. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life and may require intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.

Examples of psychotic affective disorders include:

1. Psychotic Depression: A severe form of major depressive disorder that includes psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, often with a theme of guilt or worthlessness.
2. Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features: During manic or depressive episodes, some individuals with bipolar disorder may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may require hospitalization and intensive treatment.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with significant changes in mood.

It is essential to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a psychotic affective disorder. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

I must clarify that there is no such thing as "Schizophrenic Psychology." The term schizophrenia is used to describe a specific and serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's important not to use the term casually or inaccurately, as it can perpetuate stigma and misunderstanding about the condition.

Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based on reality), disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. These symptoms can impair a person's ability to function in daily life, maintain relationships, and experience emotions appropriately.

If you have any questions related to mental health conditions or psychology, I would be happy to provide accurate information and definitions.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

In the context of medical education, a curriculum refers to the planned and organized sequence of experiences and learning opportunities designed to achieve specific educational goals and objectives. It outlines the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that medical students or trainees are expected to acquire during their training program. The curriculum may include various components such as lectures, small group discussions, clinical rotations, simulations, and other experiential learning activities. It is typically developed and implemented by medical education experts and faculty members in consultation with stakeholders, including learners, practitioners, and patients.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the abbreviation "USSR" stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which was a socialist state in Eastern Europe and northern and central Asia that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Humanism" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, their capacities and responsibilities, and concerns for their survival, dignity, and well-being.

However, in a broader context, Humanism in healthcare often refers to a approach that focuses on treating patients with respect, dignity, and compassion, recognizing their individual needs and preferences, and promoting patient autonomy and informed decision-making. This approach is consistent with the principles of patient-centered care and shared decision-making, which are widely recognized as important components of high-quality healthcare.

"Forecasting" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a general term used in various fields, including finance, economics, and meteorology, to describe the process of making predictions or estimates about future events or trends based on historical data, trends, and other relevant factors. In healthcare and public health, forecasting may be used to predict the spread of diseases, identify potential shortages of resources such as hospital beds or medical equipment, or plan for future health care needs. However, there is no medical definition for "forecasting" itself.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "videoconferencing" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Videoconferencing generally refers to the use of technology to communicate and share information remotely through real-time video and audio interactions. It can be used in various settings, including healthcare, for telemedicine consultations, remote patient monitoring, continuing medical education, and professional meetings or conferences.

In a medical context, videoconferencing is often utilized as part of telemedicine services to connect patients with healthcare providers over long distances. This can help improve access to care, especially in rural or underserved areas where specialized medical expertise might not be readily available. However, the term "videoconferencing" itself does not have a unique medical definition and is used more broadly across various industries and fields.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

In the context of medical terminology, "history" refers to the detailed narrative of the patient's symptoms, illnesses, treatments, and other related information gathered during a medical consultation or examination. This is usually obtained by asking the patient a series of questions about their past medical conditions, current health status, family medical history, lifestyle habits, and any medications they are taking. The information collected in the medical history helps healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat, and manage the patient's health concerns more effectively. It is also an essential part of continuity of care, as it provides valuable insights into the patient's health over time.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Substance-induced psychosis is a type of psychosis that is caused by the use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder as follows:

A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:

1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).

B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a combination of substances.

C. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal, or after exposure to a medication.

D. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

E. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

It's important to note that the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis requires a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation to determine if the symptoms are caused by substance use or another underlying mental health condition.

Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.

A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:

1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.

Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.

A physician is a healthcare professional who practices medicine, providing medical care and treatment to patients. Physicians may specialize in various fields of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, or radiology, among others. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and disorders; prescribing medications; ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests; providing counseling and education to patients; and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. Physicians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and academic medical centers. To become a physician, one must complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree program and pass licensing exams to practice medicine in their state.

"Personnel Selection," in a medical context, refers to the process of choosing and hiring healthcare professionals for various positions within a healthcare organization or setting. This process typically involves several steps, including job analysis, recruitment, application screening, interviews, testing, background checks, and reference checks. The goal is to identify and select the most qualified, competent, and suitable candidates who possess the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors to perform the job duties effectively and safely, while also aligning with the organization's mission, values, and culture. Personnel selection in healthcare aims to ensure high-quality patient care, improve patient outcomes, reduce medical errors, and enhance overall organizational performance.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

In the context of medical science, culture refers to the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, under controlled conditions in a laboratory setting. This process is used to identify and study the characteristics of these microorganisms, including their growth patterns, metabolic activities, and sensitivity to various antibiotics or other treatments.

The culture medium, which provides nutrients for the microorganisms to grow, can be modified to mimic the environment in which the organism is typically found. This helps researchers to better understand how the organism behaves in its natural habitat.

In addition to its use in diagnosis and research, culture is also an important tool in monitoring the effectiveness of treatments and tracking the spread of infectious diseases.

Crisis intervention is a immediate, short-term emergency response to help individuals who are experiencing an acute distress or destabilizing event and are at risk of harm to themselves or others. The goal of crisis intervention is to restore equilibrium and ensure the person's safety, while also addressing any immediate needs or concerns. This may involve various strategies such as:

1. Psychoeducation: Providing information about the crisis situation, common reactions, and coping skills.
2. Emotional support: Offering a safe and non-judgmental space for the person to express their feelings and concerns.
3. Problem-solving: Helping the person identify potential solutions to the crisis situation and make informed decisions.
4. Safety planning: Developing a plan to ensure the person's safety and prevent future crises.
5. Referral: Connecting the person with appropriate resources and services for ongoing support and care.

Crisis intervention is often provided by mental health professionals, such as counselors, social workers, or psychologists, in various settings including hospitals, emergency departments, crisis hotlines, and community mental health centers.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a rare but serious condition in which children fail to form a healthy emotional attachment with their primary caregivers, such as parents or guardians. This disorder typically develops before the age of 5 and is often related to neglectful, abusive, or otherwise disrupted early childhood experiences.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), RAD has two subtypes:

1. Inhibited type: Children with this subtype are extremely reluctant to initiate or respond to social interactions. They may appear withdrawn, fearful, or excessively cautious around caregivers and have difficulty seeking comfort when distressed.
2. Disinhibited type: Children with this subtype exhibit overly familiar or indiscriminate behavior towards strangers, lack wariness of potential dangers, and seek comfort from virtually anyone, including complete strangers.

It is essential to note that RAD is a complex disorder requiring professional evaluation and treatment. Early intervention and support from mental health professionals, as well as stable, nurturing caregiving relationships, can significantly improve the prognosis for children with Reactive Attachment Disorder.

Conversion disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing, that cannot be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms are thought to be caused by psychological factors, such as stress or trauma, and may be a way for the individual to express emotional distress or avoid certain situations.

The symptoms of conversion disorder are typically dramatic and can interfere significantly with a person's daily life. They may include:

* Loss of or alteration in physical senses (such as blindness, deafness, or loss of touch)
* Weakness or paralysis in a part or all of the body
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Seizures or convulsions
* Inability to move certain parts of the body
* Tremors or shaking
* Loss of consciousness

It is important to note that conversion disorder is not a fake or intentional condition. Rather, it is a genuine medical condition that requires treatment. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying psychological issues and helping the individual develop more effective ways of coping with stress and emotional distress.

Educational measurement is a field of study concerned with the development, administration, and interpretation of tests, questionnaires, and other assessments for the purpose of measuring learning outcomes, abilities, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in an educational context. The goal of educational measurement is to provide valid, reliable, and fair measures of student achievement and growth that can inform instructional decisions, guide curriculum development, and support accountability efforts.

Educational measurement involves a variety of statistical and psychometric methods for analyzing assessment data, including classical test theory, item response theory, and generalizability theory. These methods are used to establish the reliability and validity of assessments, as well as to score and interpret student performance. Additionally, educational measurement is concerned with issues related to test fairness, accessibility, and bias, and seeks to ensure that assessments are equitable and inclusive for all students.

Overall, educational measurement plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of educational programs and policies, and helps to promote student learning and achievement.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment most commonly used in cases of severe or treatment-resistant major depression, bipolar disorder, and catatonia. In ECT, a brief electrical current is passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a seizure. The purpose and specific effects of this procedure are not fully understood, but it's believed to cause changes in brain chemistry that can help relieve symptoms of certain mental health conditions.

The treatment is typically administered under general anesthesia and is usually given two to three times a week for a total of six to twelve treatments. While ECT has been associated with certain risks, such as memory loss and confusion, it is generally considered safe when performed by trained medical professionals. It's important to note that ECT should only be used in cases where other treatment options have been exhausted or have proven ineffective.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Jurisprudence" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Jurisprudence refers to the theory and philosophy of law, or the study of legal systems, principles, and practices. It is a subject that falls under the purview of lawyers, judges, and scholars of law. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those!

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Ambulatory care is a type of health care service in which patients are treated on an outpatient basis, meaning they do not stay overnight at the medical facility. This can include a wide range of services such as diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care for various medical conditions. The goal of ambulatory care is to provide high-quality medical care that is convenient, accessible, and cost-effective for patients.

Examples of ambulatory care settings include physician offices, community health centers, urgent care centers, outpatient surgery centers, and diagnostic imaging facilities. Patients who receive ambulatory care may have a variety of medical needs, such as routine checkups, chronic disease management, minor procedures, or same-day surgeries.

Overall, ambulatory care is an essential component of modern healthcare systems, providing patients with timely and convenient access to medical services without the need for hospitalization.

"Antisocial Behavior and Drug Addiction: Dual Diagnosis". Dual Diagnosis. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved ... Robins LN (August 1998). "The intimate connection between antisocial personality and substance abuse". Social Psychiatry and ... There is no official diagnosis for anti-social behaviour. However, we can have a look at the official diagnosis for Antisocial ... The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnoses persistent anti- ...
ISBN 978-1-4051-1768-5. James T. Webb; Edward R. Amend; Nadia Webb (2005). Misdiagnosis and Dual Diagnoses of Gifted Children ... ISBN 978-0-910707-67-1. Frank C. Verhulst; Jan van der Ende (2006). Assessment Scales in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. CRC ... The Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale (GADS) is a tool for assisting the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome. More specifically, it ... Child and adolescent psychiatry. Blackwell Publishing. p. 1672. ...
... otherwise known as patients with dual diagnosis. Addiction psychiatrists treat a wide variety of patients of all ages with ... Addiction psychiatry is a medical subspecialty within psychiatry that focuses on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of ... Addiction psychiatry is a relatively new subspecialty of psychiatry. As of October 1991, the American Board of Psychiatry and ... Addiction Psychiatry", 2012, "[4]", 2/2/13 American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, "Addiction Psychiatry", 2012, "[5] ...
... and self-reinforcing starvation and alcohol disorders are gaining recognition in the fields of dual diagnosis, psychiatry, and ... Journal of Dual Diagnosis. 4 (4): 414-416. doi:10.1080/15504260802086677. S2CID 216134769. Barry PhD, Adam E.; Piazza-Gardner ... Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52 (6): e12. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.04.038. University of Missouri (2011). MU study finds ... Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52 (6): e12. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.04.038. "'Drunkorexia:' A Recipe for Disaster". ...
Hans, specializing in forensic psychiatry and dual diagnosis is under the authority of the psychiatric department of the ... the hospital now has 180 beds and offers specialized treatment in the areas of forensic psychiatry and dual diagnosis. The ...
"Dual diagnosis in the suburbs: prevalence, need, and in-patient service use". Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. 35 ... Dual diagnosis (also called co-occurring disorders (COD) or dual pathology) is the condition of having a mental illness and a ... Dual Diagnosis -Co-occurring Disorders". New York State Commission on Quality of Care Publication (28). Samet S, Nunes E, ... "Best Practices for Dual Diagnosis Treatment and Program Development: Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Disorders in ...
... the hospital now has 180 beds and offers specialized treatment in the areas of forensic psychiatry and dual diagnosis. Peter ... The Sankt Hans psychiatric hospital serves the Capital Region with specialized facilities for forensic psychiatry. The ...
Dual diagnosis in the suburbs: violence and offending, Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 13(1), pp. 35-52. Walburn, J., Gray, R ... Advances in Dual Diagnosis Vol. 10: 1- 3 Marel C, Mills KL, Kingston R, Gournay K, Deady M, Kay-Lambkin F, Baker A, Teesson M ( ... A randomised controlled trial of integrated mental health care for dual diagnosis: Mental Health, Social functioning and ... He serves as a member of the Psychiatry Council of the Royal Society of Medicine. He is a supporter and season ticket holder of ...
... (born November 27, 1967) is an American psychiatrist who is Chief of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis ... She earned her M.D. at Stanford University School of Medicine in 1995 and completed her residency in psychiatry, also at ... "Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic". stanfordhealthcare.org. Retrieved 2022-01-08. "Anna Lembke". stanfordhealthcare.org ... The mission of Stanford's Dual Diagnosis Clinic is to support patients with substance use disorders, behavioral addictions, and ...
... and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. Child and adolescent psychiatry - ... Forensic psychiatry - interface between law and psychiatry. Geriatric psychiatry - branch of psychiatry dealing with the study ... Liaison psychiatry - branch of psychiatry that specializes in the interface between other medical specialties and psychiatry. ... of Psychiatry Canadian Psychiatric Association Chinese Society of Psychiatry Democratic Psychiatry German Society of Psychiatry ...
... and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. Biological psychiatry is an ... Diagnosis and differential diagnosis in psychiatry and the question of situation referred prognostic diagnosis]" [Diagnosis and ... as in various forms of dementia Community psychiatry Cross-cultural psychiatry Emergency psychiatry Evolutionary psychiatry ... Emergency psychiatry is the clinical application of psychiatry in emergency settings. Forensic psychiatry utilizes medical ...
... and patients with dual diagnoses. The facility takes patients regardless of their immigration status, race, gender, language, ... The facility contains 11 patient units, including general psychiatry units as well as specialty units such as those dedicated ... dual diagnoses, anger, paranoia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorders, adjustment disorders, and possibly more. ... The facility provides diagnosis, limited psychotherapy, medication, referrals to MHMRA clinics where the patients can get free ...
2002 Cultural Psychiatry, Community Effect Harlem Hospital Center, General Psychiatry Department, February 2003 Dual Diagnosis ... American Psychiatric Association, Minority Fellowship Cultural Research in Psychiatry, ... she had an interest in pursuing both surgery and psychiatry, and intended to eventually practice both. While at Howard, she ... Forensic Psychiatry Landmark Cases American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Washington, DC, February 2008 Innovative Forensic ...
Community Psychiatry Clinic Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Service Developmental Dual Diagnosis Program East Region Mental ... Eating Disorders Program Emergency Psychiatry Services Forensic Psychiatry Program Mental Health and Wellness Resource Centre ... Mental health services available include: Acute Psychiatry Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic (ATRC) Bridge To Recovery ... this McMaster University Campus contribute to a reduction in disability and the stigma that often comes attached to diagnosis ...
"Dual Diagnosis and the Avoidant Personality Disorder". The Dual Diagnosis Pages: From Our Desk. Archived from the original on ... Reich, James (2009). "Avoidant personality disorder and its relationship to social phobia". Current Psychiatry Reports. 11 (1 ... It is a requirement of ICD-10 that all personality disorder diagnoses also satisfy a set of general personality disorder ... Sperry, Len (2003). "Avoidant Personality Disorder". Handbook of diagnosis and treatment of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders. ...
The court left open whether this applies also to persons with a dual diagnosis. The impact of involuntary commitment on the ... American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatry Association. 127 (12): 1698. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.12.1698. PMID 5565860. ... A small number of individuals in the U.S. have opposed involuntary commitment in those cases in which the diagnosis forming the ... The Libertarian Party opposes the practice in its platform.[citation needed] Thomas Szasz and the anti-psychiatry movement have ...
The terms "dual diagnosis" or "co-occurring disorders", refer to having a mental health and substance use disorder at the same ... Am J Psychiatry. 160 (6): 1041-52. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041. PMC 2919168. PMID 12777258. Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; ... Historically most individuals with dual diagnosis either received treatment only for one of their disorders or they didn't ... Evans, Katie; Sullivan, Michael J. (1 March 2001). Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser (2nd ed.). ...
Evans, Katie; Sullivan, Michael J. (1 March 2001). Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser (2nd ed.). ... Psychiatry Online. 38 (2): 160-1. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71493-2. PMID 9063050. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06- ... Satel SL (May 1993). "Should protracted withdrawal from drugs be included in DSM-IV?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (5 ... Riba, Michelle B.; Ravindranath, Divy (12 April 2010). Clinical manual of emergency psychiatry. Washington, DC: American ...
... "dual diagnosis"] or who have additional needs such as mobility and sensory impairments. Additionally, many mental health ... Mental health Mental illness Psychiatric rehabilitation Psychiatry Anti-psychiatry List of counseling topics Supported housing ... dual diagnosis treatment, individual and family psychoeducation, adult day care, foster care, family services and mental health ... "How Do I Find Dual Diagnosis Treatment ? , Rehabs.com". Drug Rehab Options. Retrieved 2020-11-12. Anthony, W. & Blanch, A. ( ...
Political abuse of psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, detention and treatment for the purposes of obstructing ... Dual personalities: Why are criminals considered healthy, while public figures are considered complete madmen?]. Наша версия [ ... Some critics of psychiatry consider the practice as a political use of psychiatry and regard psychiatry as promoting ... Psychiatry in Former Socialist Countries: Implications for North Korean Psychiatry. Psychiatry Investigation. October 2014 [ ...
Some psychiatrists doing this work have dual training in learning disability and forensic psychiatry or learning disability and ... that the Canadian criminal justice system discriminates based on DSM IV diagnosis within the context of Part XX of the Criminal ... Forensic psychiatry is a subspeciality of psychiatry and is related to criminology. It encompasses the interface between law ... American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, "Ethics Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry". Adopted May, 2005. ...
Some clinicians and dual diagnosis specialists have voiced concerns that the model creates a safe environment for increased ... British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 248-254. A manual for ACT start-up: based on the PACT model of community treatment for ... Minkoff, K. & Drake, R. E. (Eds.) (1991). Dual diagnosis of major mental illness and substance disorder. New Directions for ... such as integrated dual disorder treatment for people with co-occurring mental health and substance use diagnoses, supported ...
It also hosts an annual international congress on dual diagnosis. Robert L. Schalock, Pamela C. Baker, M. Doreen Croser; ... Psychiatry John Wiley & Sons 2011, ISBN 978-1-119-96540-4 DM-ID: Testemonials News-Medical.net: "Mindfulness" for reducing ... It provided services and advocation for people who have a dual diagnosis of mental health disorders and developmental ...
Misdiagnosis and Dual Diagnoses of Gifted Children and Adults: ADHD, Bipolar, OCD, Asperger's, Depression, and Other Disorders ... "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry. 56: 14-34. doi:10.1016/j. ... Thus the apparent ability to concentrate in certain limited situations does not exclude the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD. Priory ... and lack of diagnosis and treatment may lead to further co-morbidity. In ADHD, formulation and thinking can be slower than in ...
Behavioral Science and dual diagnosis. She evaluated existing health and education facilities, identified defects, waste, ... 1992-1996 Clinical Faculty, Psychiatry Dept., Medical College of VA, Richmond, VA. 1995-1996 Director, Staff Development and ... 1992-1996 Clinical Faculty, Psychiatry Dept., Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA. 1985-2005 Service Award, Common Wealth ...
Martin, Emily; Rhodes, Lorna A. "Resources on the History of Psychiatry" (PDF). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 6 May ... 2004). "A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor" (PDF). Journal ... Kirk, Stuart (2013). Mad science : psychiatric coercion, diagnosis, and drugs. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. ... Eisenberg, Leon; Guttmacher, Laurence (August 2010). "Were we all asleep at the switch? A personal reminiscence of psychiatry ...
Journal of Dual Diagnosis. 6 (3-4): 266-278. doi:10.1080/15504263.2010.537515. S2CID 70666093. Olney N, Rosen H (April 2010). " ... ISRN Psychiatry. 2013: 546030. doi:10.1155/2013/546030. PMC 3706070. PMID 23864983. Media related to Dextromethorphan at ... can dextromethorphan be used as a dual probe for both CTP2D6 and CYP3A activities?". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 29 (11): ...
Compared to other widely used checklists for youths, the CASI maps more closely to DSM diagnoses, with scoring systems that map ... originated as dual measures intended to aid clinicians in gathering information from caregivers about youths. Developed in the ... providing a clearer connection to the diagnostic approach used in psychiatry and other professions. The creators sought to ... The goal was to categorize them based on learning and behavioral problems relevant to conventional psychiatric diagnoses, ...
Misdiagnosis And Dual Diagnoses Of Gifted Children And Adults: Adhd, Bipolar... - Webb, p.50-51]: Notes prior research into " ... The primary definition of perseveration in biology and clinical psychiatry involves some form of response repetition or the ... Thus the apparent ability to concentrate in certain limited situations does not exclude the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD." Taking ... "Psychiatric Glossary of Terms in Psychiatry". priory.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Iversen, Susan D.; Mishkin ...
A new direction for work in her imaging group now is dual diagnosis patients with comorbid schizophrenia and cannabis abuse. ... She is a psychiatry professor and vice-chair of research at Stony Brook University and professor emerita at the Columbia ... She was previously the Chief of the Division of Translational Imaging in the Psychiatry Department at Columbia. She also served ... She is the deputy editor of imaging for both neuropsychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, President of the American ...
Dual Diagnosis. We have a Dual Diagnosis Program for youth, ages 8 to 17, with a primary psychiatric diagnosis and a secondary ... Our forensic psychiatry evaluations will include psychological testing when necessary.. Fragile X Research and Treatment Center ... Forensic Psychiatry. We provide comprehensive psychiatric evaluations for the courts in a timely fashion. ... diagnoses of intellectual disabilities, pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), fetal alcohol syndrome, non-verbal learning ...
Lifespan Psychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, Tallahassee, FL, 32308, (850) 735-7483, I have a vast array of knowledge ... Dual Diagnosis * Eating Disorders * Elderly Persons Disorders * Emotional Disturbance * Family Conflict * Grief ... Lifespan Psychiatry. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP. (she, her) Verified by Psychology Today ... Call or Email Lifespan Psychiatry now for a free 15 minute consultation - (850) 735-7483 ...
Patterns Psychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, Houston, TX, 77027, (713) 538-2180, Negative thought patterns can leave ... Dual Diagnosis * Grief * Impulse Control Disorders * Lesbian * LGBTQ+ * Life Coaching * Marital and Premarital ... Patterns Psychiatry. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP, BC. (she, her) Verified by Psychology Today ... Take the first step to help. Call or Email Patterns Psychiatry now - (713) 538-2180 ...
Redwood Unit - Dual Diagnosis Inpatient Unit. A psychiatric inpatient hospital experience dedicated to the treatment and care ... Psychiatry & Therapy*Assessments *Groups & Classes*ECT*TMS*Inpatient Services*Day Programs*Residential ... Psychiatry & Therapy*Assessments *Groups & Classes*ECT*TMS*Inpatient Services*Day Programs*Residential ... Psychiatry Residency & Fellowships*APP Psychiatric Training*Neuropsychology Postdoctoral Fellowship*Psychology Predoctoral ...
Fagan PJ, Schmidt CW, Wise TN, Derogatis LR . Sexual dysfunction and dual psychiatric diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29: 278 ... Reynolds RD . Sertraline-induced anorgasmia treated with intermittent nefazodone [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 89. ... Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA ...
"Antisocial Behavior and Drug Addiction: Dual Diagnosis". Dual Diagnosis. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved ... Robins LN (August 1998). "The intimate connection between antisocial personality and substance abuse". Social Psychiatry and ... There is no official diagnosis for anti-social behaviour. However, we can have a look at the official diagnosis for Antisocial ... The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnoses persistent anti- ...
Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) * Female * Health Surveys * Humans * Male * Mental Disorders / diagnosis* * Mental Disorders / ... Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;61(11):1107-15. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107. ...
... specializes in Psychiatry and is on staff at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital. Click here for more information and to ... Dual Diagnosis * Dysthymia * Eating Disorders * Executive Function Disorder * Gender Dysphoria * Generalized Anxiety Disorder ...
Fellows will evaluate and co-manage treatment of adolescent patients with dual diagnosis; as well as lead an adolescent group ... Department of Psychiatry Education and Training * Department of Psychiatry Home * Department of Psychiatry * About * Career ... psychiatry/addiction psychiatry as well as pain psychologists, pain pharmacist, advanced nurse practitioner, physical ... Addiction Psychiatry fellows will be imbedded in Recovery Pathways at Kaiser Permanentes Interstate clinic. Recovery Pathways ...
This concurrence has received little attention in the past; dual diagnoses are still uncommon in psychiatry. The nosological, ...
... our dual diagnosis program not only treats addiction to drugs. ... Dual diagnosis treatment in Delray Beach is available through ... Download Our FREE Psychiatry:. Redefine Ebook!. Dr. Rodriguez founded the Delray Center in 2003 and built it on a foundation of ... About Our Dual Diagnosis Program. Our dual diagnosis program not only treats addiction to drugs but the co-occurring illness as ... This is called dual diagnosis disorders. Those suffering with dual diagnosis disorders experience not only the pain of chemical ...
JAMA psychiatry has published this article in November; Study reveals promising results in improving the patients irrespective ... JAMA Psychiatry. Retrieved Dec. 8, 2016, from http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2587076. 2. Robert H ...
Director, Dual Diagnosis Clinic. Judith Badner, MD. Westgate Faculty Clinical Practice (1645 W. Jackson, Suite 600). Faculty. ... Assistant Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences. Blake Schroedter, PsyD. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral ... Assistant Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences. K. Ranga Krishnan, MB, ChB. Chief Executive Officer, Rush University ...
The main indications for invasive EEG are dual or possibly multiple potential epileptogenic pathologies, bilateral hippocampal ... Flink R, Pedersen B, Guekht AB, et al. Guidelines for the use of EEG methodology in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Acta Neurol ... NICE guidelines: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: ... Electrographic diagnosis is relatively easy in generalised absence status (de novo absence status of late onset, or in patients ...
Pregnenolone for cognition and mood in dual diagnosis patients. Psychiatry Res. 2010 Jul 30;178(2):309-12. ... J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;71(10):1351-62.. 48. Khalsa DS. Integrated medicine and the prevention and reversal of memory loss ... Life Extension does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All Contents Copyright ©2023 Life Extension. All ...
Students are exposed to issues with children, adults, geriatric patients, dual diagnosis population (substance disorders), and ... Psychiatry. Rotations include inpatient, outpatient, and consultation services. Students are under the direct supervision of ... differential diagnosis, and disposition of patients. Students gain hands-on experience with common emergency procedures and ...
Her clinical work has focused on addiction psychiatry, including both substance use disorders and dual diagnosis issues. She ... She did her addiction psychiatry fellowship at the Yale University School of Medicine. She has been on the faculty at both Yale ... She completed medical school at Bankura Sammilani Medical College in India and did her psychiatry residency training at St. ...
... and chief of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic. ... Williams, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, has received a $3.8 million, four-year U01 grant from the National ... The $50,000 award recognizes a major breakthrough in the science of biological psychiatry. Deisseroth is being honored for his ... Her clinical focus is on neuro-ophthalmology, including the diagnosis and treatment of brain, nerve and muscle disorders that ...
Child psychiatry for both cognitive and behavioral disorders (dual diagnosis). *Adolescent gynecology ... Our Special Care Clinic has dedicated palliative care to support any child with a life-threatening or life-limiting diagnosis. ... the relief of symptoms caused by Ehlers-Danlos syndrome to help your child live a fulfilling life despite their EDS diagnosis. ...
1 block of outpatient addiction psychiatry at Crouse Healths Outpatient clinic which includes services for dual diagnoses and ... Psychiatry *Patient Care*Adult Psychiatric Services*Psychiatry Faculty Outpatient Programs*Psychiatry High Risk Program ... 3.5 blocks Consult-Liaison Psychiatry, including child CL. *1 block outpatient triage psychiatry as NPOD at the VA Medical ... During this year, residents are exposed to ECT, forensics, triage/evaluation service at the VAMC, addiction psychiatry, and ...
Adult Dual Diagnosis Inpatient Treatment - Directed toward men and women with concurrent, acute psychiatric and substance abuse ... Fieldstone Center: BCHS Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. Mental illness affects more than 100 million Americans ... staff provides prompt evaluation and stabilization of psychiatric illness using the latest techniques of diagnosis, ...
This elective is an excellent opportunity to work with adolescents with psychiatric and dual diagnosis disorders in a managed ... Students will work closely with attending psychiatrists as well as psychiatry residents, consultation-liaison psychiatry ... 303.0 Emergency Psychiatry. Rotation Director: Alison Duncan, M.D. , [email protected] PES Attending Physicians, including ... This course is not intended solely for those interested in psychiatry as a specialty, but especially for those interested in ...
... or other substance-related disorders and of individuals with the dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric ... 5 Nunes, E. V., Kunz, K., Galanter, M., & OConnor, P. G. (2020). Addiction Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine: The Evolution of ... For more information on diagnosis and treatment, see the following:. *The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ... Discomfort with discussing a SUD may lead to inadequate screening and diagnosis. Education in the science of addiction coupled ...
Stigma among people with dual diagnosis and implications for health services. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 3 (1). pp. 4-7. ISSN ... ORCID: 0000-0003-4691-2630, Jarrett, Manuela, McCrone, Paul and Thornicroft, Graham (2008) Clinical pathways in psychiatry. ... British Journal of Psychiatry, 202 (s55). s89-s94. ISSN 0007-1250 ... British Journal of Psychiatry, 202 (s55). s95-s101. ISSN 0007-1250 ...
... skills and work history to help you curate your own perfect resume for Registered Nurse Psychiatry Dual Unit With Medical ... Check Out one of our best Registered Nurse Psychiatry Dual Unit With Medical Surgical Intervention resume samples with ... Looking for Registered Nurse Psychiatry Dual Unit With Medical Surgical Intervention resume examples online? ... Take note of patients medical histories and diagnoses, document interventions and clinical data on patients medical charts. ...
dAddiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall dHebron Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), ... dual diagnosis). The reasons for the non-adherence to treatment are poor disease awareness, side effects, low efficacy and ... Perception of Spanish professionals on therapeutic adherence of dual diagnosis patients. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2013;41:319-329. ...
Dual diagnosis. Annual Review of Psychiatry 14:83-104.. Woody GE, McLellan AT, Luborsky L, OBrien CP. 1995b. Psychotherapy in ... Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54(10 Suppl.):64-77.. Selwyn PA, OConnor PG. 1992. Diagnosis and treatment of substance users ... Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnoses in treated opiate addicts. Archives of General Psychiatry 39:161-166. ... Private sector coverage of people with dual diagnoses. Journal of Mental Health Administration. ...
The residencies I did in psychiatry and narcology complement each other very well, because of the overlap between disorders and ... Psychiatry and narcology are complementary specialties, as patients often have a dual diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and ... Psychiatry is a field where one has to look into the human soul, so there must be a reciprocal and respectful attitude between ... Psychiatry as a field has not been particularly encouraged up till now. What is the situation currently?. To describe the ...
  • Dr. Gabbay attended medical school training at UCLA and completed both general adult psychiatry residency and fellowship training in child and adolescent psychiatry at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. (projectknow.com)
  • This fellowship program is fully accredited as a one-year program for residents entering in their fifth year of post-graduate training after completion of a General Psychiatry Residency Program. (pinerest.org)
  • She completed medical school at Bankura Sammilani Medical College in India and did her psychiatry residency training at St.Vincent's Hospital in Staten Island, New York and the Yale University School of Medicine. (voiceamerica.com)
  • The residencies I did in psychiatry and narcology complement each other very well, because of the overlap between disorders and treatment options,' says Logins who chose to do his residency at the Strenči Psychoneurological Hospital ( Strenču psihoneiroloģiskā slimnīca ). (rsu.lv)
  • Seminars focus on advanced clinical psychiatry, basics of psychotherapy including a yearlong biopsychosocial formulation class, and psychological testing. (upstate.edu)
  • Our interdisciplinary staff provides prompt evaluation and stabilization of psychiatric illness using the latest techniques of diagnosis, psychotherapy and medication as indicated. (bchealth.com)
  • The diagnosis of drug addiction should be treated urgently, including medical detox and psychotherapy. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Weekly team meetings and case conferences sharpen skills at formulation, diagnosis, making treatment decisions, and conducting psychotherapy. (challiance.org)
  • We have a Dual Diagnosis Program for youth, ages 8 to 17, with a primary psychiatric diagnosis and a secondary diagnoses of intellectual disabilities, pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), fetal alcohol syndrome, non-verbal learning disabilities and autism. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • For these reasons, it does not cover diagnoses such as pervasive developmental disorders, speech and language disorders, or the organic brain syndromes. (cdc.gov)
  • The Pine Rest Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship offers a one-year fully immersive clinical training program for psychiatrists to become experts in diagnosing and caring for people with substance use disorders. (pinerest.org)
  • She did her addiction psychiatry fellowship at the Yale University School of Medicine. (voiceamerica.com)
  • She is Medical Director of Stanford Addiction Medicine, Program Director for the Stanford Addiction Medicine Fellowship, and Chief of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic. (nshss.org)
  • SATP includes an intake team, an Outpatient/Aftercare track and two specialty case management programs (dual recovery program and geriatric substance recovery program). (ohsu.edu)
  • This course is not intended solely for those interested in psychiatry as a specialty, but especially for those interested in the areas of general medicine and primary care. (bu.edu)
  • Ophthalmology is a specialty in which diagnoses are most often made by using visual clues. (medscape.com)
  • The successful completion of this ACGME accredited program will qualify these psychiatrists to be well prepared to sit for the subspecialty certification from ABPN (American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology) and not only function independently, but excel in practice as an addiction psychiatrist. (pinerest.org)
  • The American Board of Medical Specialties describes a practitioner of the subspecialty of addiction psychiatry as "a psychiatrist who focuses on the evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance-related disorders and of individuals with the dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Addiction Psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that focuses on evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance-related disorders, and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Schizophrenia was the commonest psychiatric diagnosis in both types of diabetes. (who.int)
  • Individuals in our dual diagnosis residential treatment program have a primary psychiatric diagnosis, such as major depression , bipolar illness , schizophrenia , or an anxiety disorder , with a co-occurring substance use disorder. (skylandtrail.org)
  • At Kaiser, Dr. Williams treated a wide range of individuals, including those with "dual diagnoses"-individuals who suffered from a substance abuse diagnosis in addition to a primary psychiatric diagnosis. (hgexperts.com)
  • The training experience occurs in the context of multidisciplinary care involving psychiatry, psychology, social work, nursing, occupational therapy, and other forms of intervention. (challiance.org)
  • According to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, one-third of adults with substance use disorder also have depression. (recoveryranch.com)
  • He has had extensive training within the realm of emergency psychiatry room, inpatient, residential, and outpatient treatment settings. (projectknow.com)
  • Patients can also pick from many recovery approaches meant to deliver effective services for their needs: cognitive/behavior therapy, matrix model, contingency management/motivational incentive, group therapy, dual diagnosis drug rehab, behavior modification. (drug-rehabs.org)
  • As such, this alcohol and drug rehabilitation program has been providing services like cognitive/behavior therapy, matrix model, contingency management/motivational incentive, group therapy, dual diagnosis drug rehab, behavior modification and more, which is in line with its philosophy of the treatments that actually work to help addicts recover from their condition (s). (drug-rehabs.org)
  • Students will work closely with attending psychiatrists as well as psychiatry residents, consultation-liaison psychiatry fellows, and addictions psychiatry fellows. (bu.edu)
  • I see that the stigmatisation of psychiatry and psychiatrists is still prevalent. (rsu.lv)
  • JAMA Psychiatry reported that psychiatrists were the ones who were the most likely to refuse to accept health insurance. (oceanhillsrecovery.com)
  • The Pine Rest Addiction Psychiatry treatment facility and its partner sites will provide clinical training in the full continuum of care including inpatient, drug and alcohol detox, residential, partial hospitalization, outpatient programs, co-occurring treatment, addiction consulting service, Mary Free Bed Pain Rehabilitation. (pinerest.org)
  • Adult Dual Diagnosis Inpatient Treatment - Directed toward men and women with concurrent, acute psychiatric and substance abuse illnesses. (bchealth.com)
  • Dual diagnosis poses particular challenges for inpatient mental health services. (hud.ac.uk)
  • This often leads to confrontation and poor engagement.In order to improve the capabilities of the workers to deliver more effective interventions for this group of service users, dual diagnosis training should be a high priority for acute inpatient services. (hud.ac.uk)
  • Our most intensive level of care for adult clients with a primary mood, thought or anxiety disorder and co-occurring alcohol or substance use is our dual diagnosis program. (skylandtrail.org)
  • As a treatment center for dual diagnosis, Skyland Trail integrates multiple evidence-based therapeutic approaches to address the symptoms and challenges of both a mood, thought, or anxiety disorder and a substance use problem. (skylandtrail.org)
  • The dual diagnosis program at Skyland Trail is designed to treat clients with a primary mood, thought, or anxiety disorder who have a co-occurring substance use issue. (skylandtrail.org)
  • For example, a client may be a part of the cognitive behavioral therapy recovery community focused on depression or anxiety , and also participate in the dual diagnosis program to address a problem with alcohol or marijuana use. (skylandtrail.org)
  • An alcohol intoxication can present depressive or manic symptoms, a cannabis delirium can present as a psychosis while stimulants use can suggest the diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. (uzh.ch)
  • During this year, residents are exposed to ECT, forensics, triage/evaluation service at the VAMC, addiction psychiatry, and Consultation Liaison service at University Hospital. (upstate.edu)
  • Under close supervision, students in this elective will work as integral members of the consultation-liaison psychiatry service at the VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury Campus. (bu.edu)
  • In addition to daily patient care, students will complete two brief, informal presentations on clinical questions related to their patients, as well as a thirty-minute formal presentation at the end of the rotation on a topic relevant to consultation-liaison psychiatry. (bu.edu)
  • Those suffering with dual diagnosis disorders experience not only the pain of chemical dependency and addiction but also a co-occurring psychiatric illness such as Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Personality Disorders, Gambling Addiction, and Eating Disorders. (delraycenter.com)
  • Students are exposed to issues with children, adults, geriatric patients, dual diagnosis population (substance disorders), and liaison services. (conemaugh.org)
  • Substance use disorders are becoming an increasingly significant problem in general hospitals and hence play a key role in consultation- and liaison psychiatry. (uzh.ch)
  • Obtaining dual diagnoses by identifying substance-induced and non-substance-induced psychopathologies is clinically challenging.The aim of this article is to systematically describe the psychopathology, pathophysiology and therapeutic options of substance-use disorders particularly relevant for consultation and liaison psychiatry. (uzh.ch)
  • Pasca , assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, and Scherrer , assistant professor of anesthesiology, perioperative and pain medicine and of neurosurgery, were named 2017 New York Stem Cell Foundation Robertson Investigators. (stanford.edu)
  • Myra Lynette Mathis, M.D., assistant professor in the department of psychiatry, addiction psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical Center. (wnypapers.com)
  • Fortunately, dual diagnosis treatment in Delray Beach is available through The Delray Center for Healing. (delraycenter.com)
  • At times the symptoms associated with a dual diagnosis can overlap and seem like 1 disorder making diagnosis and treatment more difficult. (delraycenter.com)
  • The Delray Center for Healing has information and answers through our dual diagnosis treatment in Delray Beach. (delraycenter.com)
  • It includes information about addiction medicine, diagnosis and treatment decisions for substance use disorders, effective communication strategies for talking with patients, and the role of care coordination in treating substance use disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Addiction medicine specialists provide evidence-based prevention, evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and medical management services for patients with unhealthy substance use or substance-related health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • A diagnosis of drug abuse may also require treatment, but most clients in treatment have the more serious diagnosis of dependence. (nationalacademies.org)
  • His dual specialisation allows him to work out more targeted treatment options of patients with various types of psychiatric disorders and substance abuse disorders. (rsu.lv)
  • She has a strong interest in the empathic treatment of substance use and dual diagnosis patients. (baystatehealth.org)
  • Fortunately, many rehabilitation centers can address addiction and suicide with dual diagnosis treatment OC . (oceanhillsrecovery.com)
  • It is important that those who are addicted to drugs and also suffering from a mental illness receive dual diagnosis treatment OC because the addiction often cannot be separated from the mental illness. (oceanhillsrecovery.com)
  • Clients who admit to our residential dual diagnosis program may step-down to our nonresidential day treatment and intensive outpatient programs as their skills improve. (skylandtrail.org)
  • What is a dual diagnosis residential treatment program? (skylandtrail.org)
  • When you contact Skyland Trail, your admissions counselor will work with our psychiatry team to assess your treatment needs. (skylandtrail.org)
  • The dual diagnosis program is available as an additional area of focus to adult clients in all of our specialized recovery communities in our mental health residential treatment and day treatment programs. (skylandtrail.org)
  • A Dual Diagnosis Drug Addiction treatment facility treats both opioid abuse and mental disorders simultaneously, regardless of when they manifest. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • At Recovery Ranch Tennessee, we treat both disorders at the same time with our dual diagnosis treatment center . (recoveryranch.com)
  • Patients with psychiatric illnesses including the psychoses, major affective disorders, dual diagnosis (co-occurring major mental illness and chemical dependency), and severe post-traumatic stress disorders receive stepdown stabilization, intervention, and treatment planning for after-care. (challiance.org)
  • Mathis is currently the medical director for Strong Recovery, UR Medicine's outpatient dual-diagnosis clinic, which houses an opioid treatment program and provides a full range of addiction and psychiatric services. (wnypapers.com)
  • As a contributing author to several peer-reviewed articles and book chapters, Mathis' academic interests include racial health equity and social justice in psychiatry and addiction, and medical education for students, residents, and fellows in the treatment of substance use disorders. (wnypapers.com)
  • People with a dual diagnosis need specialized treatment that we'll explain here. (fiamc.org)
  • Experts in the field, including former presidents of the American Psychiatric Association and heads of major academic psychiatry departments, have described the results as "remarkable," "very promising," and "a critical advancement" that might "open a new era" in drug treatment in psychiatry. (medscape.com)
  • There I had my first experience with psychiatry, because the patients were often consulted by Lūcija Arāja, Head Physician of the Riga Psychiatry and Narcology Centre ( Rīgas psihiatrijas un narkoloģijas centrs ). (rsu.lv)
  • Students will participate in daily rounds and attend the Department of Psychiatry Grand Rounds. (bu.edu)
  • Anna Lembke, MD, is a professor in the department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University School of Medicine. (nshss.org)
  • Dr. Williams was chair of the Psychiatry Department Peer Review Committee at that medical center for 11 years. (hgexperts.com)
  • Drs. Porcelan, Caujolle-Alls, and Gentile are with the Department of Psychiatry at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. (innovationscns.com)
  • Allison E. Cowan, MD, is an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. (innovationscns.com)
  • The new findings have "the potential to transform the care of cancer patients with psychological and existential distress, but beyond that, it potentially provides a completely new model in psychiatry of a medication that works rapidly as both an antidepressant and anxiolytic and has sustained benefit for months," Stephen Ross, MD, director of Substance Abuse Services, Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU), Langone Medical Center, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • 1 block of outpatient addiction psychiatry at Crouse Health's Outpatient clinic which includes services for dual diagnoses and Medication Assisted Therapy. (upstate.edu)
  • Psychiatry and narcology are complementary specialties, as patients often have a dual diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and depression or schizophrenia. (rsu.lv)
  • If you have depression and substance use disorders, it is called a dual diagnosis. (recoveryranch.com)
  • The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) recognizes two medical subspecialties that focus on providing care for patients with substance use disorders (SUDs): addiction psychiatry and addiction medicine. (cdc.gov)
  • A Dual Diagnosis is characterized as a patient who has been diagnosed with both a substance abuse disorder and a mental health problem. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • His clinical experience encompasses providing medication management and therapy services to a diverse range of clients, with specialized intensive clinical training with dual diagnosis clients (patients with substance abuse disorders and co-occurring mental health disorders). (projectknow.com)
  • The findings may be a therapeutic game changer for psychiatry. (medscape.com)
  • Students will evaluate and treat patients in the emergency room and acute medical setting for whom psychiatry consultation is requested. (bu.edu)
  • The elective will expose students to a wide variety of psychiatric diagnoses, with a focus on how psychiatric issues interact with acute medical illness. (bu.edu)
  • Our programming was designed exclusively to meet the unique needs of military service members facing various challenges, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, comprehensive or complex trauma, substance-related and addictive disorders, acute mental disorders and dual diagnosis. (emeraldcoastbehavioral.com)
  • Williams, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, has received a $3.8 million, four-year U01 grant from the National Institutes of Health Human Connectome Project. (stanford.edu)
  • Zeitzer was appointed associate professor (research) of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, effective Nov. 1. (stanford.edu)
  • Clinical and genetic analysis of children with a dual diagnosis of Tourette syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. (cdc.gov)
  • The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnoses persistent anti-social behaviour as antisocial personality disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • EEG continues to play a central role in diagnosis and management of patients with seizure disorders-in conjunction with the now remarkable variety of other diagnostic techniques developed over the last 30 or so years-because it is a convenient and relatively inexpensive way to demonstrate the physiological manifestations of abnormal cortical excitability that underlie epilepsy. (bmj.com)
  • The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) is a fully structured diagnostic instrument that assesses thirty-four common psychiatric diagnoses of children and adolescents. (cdc.gov)
  • He has a strong interest in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and enjoys basketball, music including playing guitar, and visiting aquariums and natural history museums. (baystatehealth.org)
  • She has a strong interest in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and in improving psychiatric services for under-served patients such as those with neurodevelopmental disabilities and immigrants. (baystatehealth.org)
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51 (4), 423-431. (ucsd.edu)
  • That is potentially earth shattering and a big paradigm shift within psychiatry," Dr Ross told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and user profile of electronic cigarettes among Spanish adults and evaluate the potential dual use of these devices with combustible or conventional tobacco in 2014 in Spain. (who.int)
  • Clinical information is gathered from multiple sources (client, family, school, therapist, nursing, and outside referral sources) in order to make an informed decision regarding a definitive diagnosis and appropriate medication recommendations. (projectknow.com)
  • Team meetings and case conferences enhance understanding of the diagnosis and stabilization of those with severe and persistent forms of mental illness. (challiance.org)
  • Third-year students work directly with board-certified and board-prepared emergency physicians to participate in history and physical examination, differential diagnosis, and disposition of patients. (conemaugh.org)
  • Take note of patients' medical histories and diagnoses, document interventions and clinical data on patients' medical charts. (livecareer.com)
  • In addition, students will work closely with psychiatry residents and social work staff. (bu.edu)
  • There is a shortage of professionals in in all fields, not just in psychiatry, and regional hospitals are trying to retain, support, and motivate residents through various means. (rsu.lv)
  • His research focuses on developing imaging technology to improve diagnosis of middle ear conditions and swallowing dysfunction. (stanford.edu)
  • 6 Another review found that the majority of studies evaluated had statistically significant improvements in at least half of the outcome measures used and concluded that CBT has a positive evidence base for treating patients with ID and comorbid mental health diagnoses 13 . (innovationscns.com)
  • In this journey as a Mental health Nurse Practitioner, I bring compassionate care, hope, and knowledge to the client I serve at Patterns Psychiatry. (psychologytoday.com)
  • To train compassionate Addiction Psychiatry experts who will provide person-centered care, champion the needs of patients and challenge the stigma surrounding addiction. (pinerest.org)
  • Each client in the dual diagnosis program has a consistent daily group focused on their psychiatric symptoms. (skylandtrail.org)
  • IV) diagnoses, essentially by ascertaining the presence or absence of symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • When someone is diagnosed with a mental health disorder as well as an addiction, this is called a dual-diagnosis. (fiamc.org)
  • I became particularly interested in psychiatry during my fourth year of studies, when, during placements in various hospitals where I met real patients, I noticed that many disorders lack objective pathological findings. (rsu.lv)