Deltaproteobacteria
Geologic Sediments
Hydrothermal Vents
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
DNA, Ribosomal
Bacteria
Archaea
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Biodiversity
Proteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Methane
Biota
Genes, rRNA
Metagenome
Molecular Sequence Data
Cluster Analysis
Soil Microbiology
Oxidation-Reduction
Role of humic-bound iron as an electron transfer agent in dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. (1/238)
The dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer Geobacter metallireducens reduced Fe(III) bound in humic substances, but the concentrations of Fe(III) in a wide range of highly purified humic substances were too low to account for a significant portion of the electron-accepting capacities of the humic substances. Furthermore, once reduced, the iron in humic substances could not transfer electrons to Fe(III) oxide. These results suggest that other electron-accepting moieties in humic substances, such as quinones, are the important electron-accepting and shuttling agents under Fe(III)-reducing conditions. (+info)Unexpected population distribution in a microbial mat community: sulfate-reducing bacteria localized to the highly oxic chemocline in contrast to a eukaryotic preference for anoxia. (2/238)
The distribution and abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and eukaryotes within the upper 4 mm of a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat community were characterized at high resolution with group-specific hybridization probes to quantify 16S rRNA extracted from 100-microm depth intervals. This revealed a preferential localization of SRB within the region defined by the oxygen chemocline. Among the different groups of SRB quantified, including members of the provisional families "Desulfovibrionaceae" and "Desulfobacteriaceae," Desulfonema-like populations dominated and accounted for up to 30% of total rRNA extracted from certain depth intervals of the chemocline. These data suggest that recognized genera of SRB are not necessarily restricted by high levels of oxygen in this mat community and the possibility of significant sulfur cycling within the chemocline. In marked contrast, eukaryotic populations in this community demonstrated a preference for regions of anoxia. (+info)Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oxic and anoxic regions of a microbial mat characterized by comparative analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes. (3/238)
Sequence analysis of genes encoding dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) was used to identify sulfate-reducing bacteria in a hypersaline microbial mat and to evaluate their distribution in relation to levels of oxygen. The most highly diverse DSR sequences, most related to those of the Desulfonema-like organisms within the delta-proteobacteria, were recovered from oxic regions of the mat. This observation extends those of previous studies by us and others associating Desulfonema-like organisms with oxic habitats. (+info)Cloning, sequencing and heterologous expression of pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase from Pelobacter acidigallici. (4/238)
A genomic lambda-library of Pelobacter acidigallici has been established. Proteolytic digestion of homogeneous pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase from the same microorganism afforded polypeptide fragments whose N-terminal sequences allowed the generation of oligonucleotide primers. Together with primers deduced from the known N-terminal sequences of the two intact subunits these were used in PCR experiments to obtain three amplificates. Screening the lambda-library with the three amplificates led eventually to clones containing the whole gene coding for the transhydroxylase. Sequencing the gene revealed two open reading frames coding for 875 and 275 amino acids which correspond to the alpha- and beta-subunits of THL, respectively. The two subunits are separated by a 48-bp noncoding region. Comparison of the sequence with those of other molybdopterin cofactor (MoCo)-enzymes places THL in the dimethylsulfoxide reductase family. Possible contact sites to the MoCo and to the iron-sulphur clusters were spotted. Using the expression vectors pQE 30 and pT 7-7 three constructs harbouring the THL gene were created. One of them carried a His6-tag at the N-terminus of the alpha-subunit, another at the C-terminus of the beta-subunit. Immunoblot analysis showed high expression of THL, but the inclusion bodies could not be refolded to active enzyme. (+info)Extracellular metal-binding activity of the sulphate-reducing bacterium Desulfococcus multivorans. (5/238)
Polarography was used to measure the copper-binding ability of culture filtrates from a range of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), including pure cultures and environmental isolates. Of those tested, Desulfococcus multivorans was shown to have the greatest copper-binding capacity and this organism was used for further experiments. Extracellular copper- and zinc-binding activities of Dc. multivorans culture filtrates from batch cultures increased over time and reached a maximum after 10 d growth. The culture filtrate was shown to bind copper reversibly and zinc irreversibly. Twelve-day-old Dc. multivorans culture filtrates were shown to have a copper-binding capacity of 3.64 +/- 0.33 micromol ml(-1) with a stability constant, log10K, of 5.68 +/- 0.64 (n=4). The metal-binding compound was partially purified from culture growth media by dichloromethane extraction followed by HPLC using an acetonitrile gradient. (+info)Psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from permanently cold arctic marine sediments: description of Desulfofrigus oceanense gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfofrigus fragile sp. nov., Desulfofaba gelida gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfotalea psychrophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desulfotalea arctica sp. nov. (6/238)
Five psychrophilic, Gram-negative, sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from marine sediments off the coast of Svalbard. All isolates grew at the in situ temperature of -1.7 degrees C. In batch cultures, strain PSv29T had the highest growth rate at 7 degrees C, strains ASv26T and LSv54T had the highest growth rate at 10 degrees C, and strains LSv21T and LSv514T had the highest growth rate at 18 degrees C. The new isolates used the most common fermentation products in marine sediments, such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate and hydrogen, but only strain ASv26T was able to oxidize fatty acids completely to CO2. The new strains had growth optima at neutral pH and marine salt concentration, except for LSv54T which grew fastest with 1% NaCl. Sulfite and thiosulfate were used as electron acceptors by strains ASv26T, PSv29T and LSv54T, and all strains except PSv29T grew with Fe3+ (ferric citrate) as electron acceptor. Chemotaxonomy based on cellular fatty acid patterns and menaquinones showed good agreement with the phylogeny based on 16S rRNA sequences. All strains belonged to the delta subclass of Proteobacteria but had at least 9% evolutionary distance from known sulfate reducers. Due to the phylogenetic and phenotypic differences between the new isolates and their closest relatives, establishment of the new genera Desulfotalea gen. nov., Desulfofaba gen. nov. and Desulfofrigus gen. nov. is proposed, with strain ASv26T as the type strain of the type species Desulfofrigus oceanense sp. nov., LSv21T as the type strain of Desulfofrigus fragile sp. nov., PSv29T as the type strain of the type species Desulfofaba gelida sp. nov., LSv54T as the type strain of the type species Desulfotalea psychrophila sp. nov. and LSv514T as the type strain of Desulfotalea arctica sp. nov. (+info)Random transposition by Tn916 in Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans allows for isolation and characterization of halorespiration-deficient mutants. (7/238)
To allow for the molecular analysis of halorespiration by the strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans, halorespiration-deficient mutants were selected and characterized following insertional mutagenesis by the conjugative transposon Tn916. To facilitate rapid screening of transconjugants, a highly efficient method for the growth of single colonies on solidified medium has been developed. A streptomycin-resistant mutant of D. dehalogenans was isolated and mated with Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 carrying Tn916. Insertion of one or two copies of Tn916 into the chromosome of D. dehalogenans was observed. From a total of 2,500 transconjugants, 24 halorespiration-deficient mutants were selected based upon their inability to use 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as an electron acceptor. Physiological characterization led to the definition of three phenotypic classes of mutants that differed in their ability to use the additional terminal electron acceptors nitrate and fumarate. The activities of hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase were determined, and the transposon insertion sites in selected mutants representing the different classes were analyzed on the sequence level following amplification by inverse PCR. The results of the molecular characterization as well as the pleiotropic phenotypes of most mutants indicate that genes coding for common elements shared by the different respiratory chains present in the versatile D. dehalogenans have been disrupted. (+info)A proton-NMR investigation of the fully reduced cytochrome c7 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. Comparison between the reduced and the oxidized forms. (8/238)
The solution structure via 1H NMR of the fully reduced form of cytochrome c7 has been obtained. The protein sample was kept reduced by addition of catalytic amounts of Desulfovibrio gigas iron hydrogenase in H2 atmosphere after it had been checked that the presence of the hydrogenase did not affect the NMR spectrum. A final family of 35 conformers with rmsd values with respect to the mean structure of 8.7 +/- 1.5 nm and 12.4 +/- 1.3 nm for the backbone and heavy atoms, respectively, was obtained. A highly disordered loop involving residues 54-61 is present. If this loop is ignored, the rmsd values are 6.2 +/- 1.1 nm and 10.2 +/- 1.0 nm for the backbone and heavy atoms, respectively, which represent a reasonable resolution. The structure was analyzed and compared with the already available structure of the fully oxidized protein. Within the indetermination of the two solution structures, the result for the two redox forms is quite similar, confirming the special structural features of the three-heme cluster. A useful comparison can be made with the available crystal structures of cytochromes c3, which appear to be highly homologous except for the presence of a further heme. Finally, an analysis of the factors affecting the reduction potentials of the heme irons was performed, revealing the importance of net charges in differentiating the reduction potential when the other parameters are kept constant. (+info)Deltaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, which are a group of gram-negative bacteria. Deltaproteobacteria are characterized by their unique arrangement of flagella and their ability to perform anaerobic respiration, which means they can grow without oxygen. They play important roles in various environments such as soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, where they are involved in processes like sulfur cycling and denitrification. Some members of this class are also known to cause diseases in humans, such as the genera Myxococcus, Bdellovibrio, and Desulfovibrio.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "hydrothermal vents" is not typically used in medical definitions. Hydrothermal vents are a geological phenomenon found on the ocean floor, where heated water rich in minerals from the Earth's crust escapes into the ocean. They are of interest in various scientific fields, including geology, marine biology, and astrobiology, but they do not have a direct relevance to medical definitions.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of bacteria that chemically reduce sulfates to produce hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and other sulfur compounds. They are anaerobic, meaning they do not require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria are commonly found in environments like soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals, including humans.
In the medical context, SRB can be associated with certain health conditions. For example, they can contribute to dental cavities by producing acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. They can also cause infections in people with compromised immune systems or implanted medical devices, such as heart valves or joint replacements. These infections can lead to the production of harmful sulfur compounds that can damage tissues and cause symptoms like pain, swelling, and discharge.
SRB are also known to play a role in some types of anaerobic digestion, where they help break down organic matter in wastewater treatment plants and other industrial settings. However, their ability to produce corrosive sulfur compounds can cause problems in these environments, such as damage to pipes and equipment.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Epsilonproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, which are a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several genera of bacteria that are commonly found in various environments, including the human body. Epsilonproteobacteria are known to be microaerophilic or anaerobic, meaning they can grow in low oxygen conditions. Some members of this class are associated with gastrointestinal diseases and have been found in the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract. They have also been isolated from environments such as volcanic vents and sediments. Epsilonproteobacteria are characterized by their unique morphology and metabolic properties, which distinguish them from other classes of proteobacteria.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles. They are characterized by the unique structure of their cell walls, membranes, and ribosomes. Archaea were originally classified as bacteria, but they differ from bacteria in several key ways, including their genetic material and metabolic processes.
Archaea can be found in a wide range of environments, including some of the most extreme habitats on Earth, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, and highly saline lakes. Some species of Archaea are able to survive in the absence of oxygen, while others require oxygen to live.
Archaea play important roles in global nutrient cycles, including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. They are also being studied for their potential role in industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and the treatment of wastewater.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.
Proteobacteria is a major class of Gram-negative bacteria that includes a wide variety of pathogens and free-living organisms. This class is divided into six subclasses: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta proteobacteria. Proteobacteria are characterized by their single circular chromosome and the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. They can be found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Some notable examples of Proteobacteria include Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia pestis.
Gammaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of Gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several important pathogens that can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Some examples of Gammaproteobacteria include Escherichia coli (a common cause of food poisoning), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections), Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), and Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague).
Gammaproteobacteria are characterized by their single flagellum, which is used for motility, and their outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharides that can elicit an immune response in host organisms. They are found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the guts of animals. Some species are capable of fixing nitrogen, making them important contributors to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
It's worth noting that while Gammaproteobacteria includes many pathogenic species, the majority of proteobacteria are not harmful and play important roles in various ecological systems.
Methane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is often mentioned in the context of medicine and health. Medically, methane is significant because it is one of the gases produced by anaerobic microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter in the gut, leading to conditions such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. Excessive production of methane can also be a symptom of certain digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
In broader terms, methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the primary component of natural gas. It is produced naturally by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cows and humans. Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame.
In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.
Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.
In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.
It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.
'Biota' is a term that refers to the total collection of living organisms in a particular habitat, ecosystem, or region. It includes all forms of life such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Biota can be used to describe the communities of living things in a specific area, like a forest biota or marine biota, and it can also refer to the study of these organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. In medical contexts, 'biota' may specifically refer to the microorganisms that inhabit the human body, such as the gut microbiota.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is not a type of gene itself, but rather a crucial component that is transcribed from genes known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In cells, rRNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis by assembling with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are complex structures where the translation of mRNA into proteins occurs. There are multiple types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs in eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions during protein synthesis.
In summary, 'Genes, rRNA' would refer to the genetic regions (genes) that code for ribosomal RNA molecules, which are vital components of the protein synthesis machinery within cells.
A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.
Archaeal DNA refers to the genetic material present in archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus. Like bacteria, archaea have a single circular chromosome that contains their genetic information. However, archaeal DNA is significantly different from bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in terms of its structure and composition.
Archaeal DNA is characterized by the presence of unique modifications such as methylation patterns, which help distinguish it from other types of DNA. Additionally, archaea have a distinct set of genes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination, many of which are more similar to those found in eukaryotes than bacteria.
One notable feature of archaeal DNA is its resistance to environmental stressors such as extreme temperatures, pH levels, and salt concentrations. This allows archaea to thrive in some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth, including hydrothermal vents, acidic hot springs, and highly saline lakes.
Overall, the study of archaeal DNA has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth and the unique adaptations that allow these organisms to survive in extreme conditions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.
Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:
1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.
Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.
Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.
Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.
I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."
In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.
Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.
Myxobacteria
Myxococcota
Bacteriovoracaceae
Plesiocystis pacifica
Gene transfer agent
Pfl RNA motif
Hippea alviniae
Hippea
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
Ribosomal protein L20 leader
Geobacter daltonii
Adventurous motility
Carpediemonas
Bacterial phyla
Plastic degradation by marine bacteria
Desulfococcus oleovorans
Desulfocapsa
Desulfocapsa sulfexigens
Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms
Pxr sRNA
Mangrove
Desulfohalobiaceae
Geobacter uraniireducens
Bacteriovoracales
Desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfatirhabdium
Geoalkalibacter
Thermodesulfobacteriota
Geobacteraceae
Desulfatibacillum
deltaproteobacteria - Revyuh
Discriminative biogeochemical signatures of methanotrophs in different chemosynthetic habitats at an active mud volcano in the...
Myxobacteria - Wikipedia
Myxococcota - Wikipedia
Characterization of citrate synthase from Geobacter sulfurreducens and evidence for a family of citrate synthases similar to...
MBL Scientist | Marine Biological Laboratory
Frontiers | A comparative study of microbial diversity and community structure in marine sediments using poly(A) tailing and...
SAR324 clade bacterium JGI 01 N5 - SRA - NCBI
Frontiers | The Right Place at the Right Time: Seasonal Variation of Bacterial Communities in Arid Avicennia marina Soils in...
Biofilms: An Extra Coat on Macroalgae | IntechOpen
Metapangenomics reveals depth-dependent shifts in metabolic potential for the ubiquitous marine bacterial SAR324 lineage |...
Associate Professor Nadeem Kaakoush
Soil microbial responses to drought and exotic plants shift carbon metabolism | The ISME Journal
Mapping a multiplexed zoo of mRNA expression | Development | The Company of Biologists
Name Taxonomy in SILVA v123
Assessment of the Carbon Monoxide Metabolism of the Hyperthermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus VC-16 by...
Older Adults: Plant-Based Snacks Benefit Plasma Antioxidants and Microbiome | Natural Medicine Journal
Apatite and chitin amendments promote microbial activity and augment metal removal in marine sediments
HOMD :: Genus
You searched for domain - Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online
An Interesting Collaboration Revealed - Přírodovědecká fakulta UK
Proteobacteria - wikidoc
J rgen F. H. Strassert - Google Scholar
Geology - Research & Scholarship - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Flow Cytometry - Protocol, Principle, Basics, Applications and Results
What are Lichens? - What do they do?
Roman A. Barco
Epsilonproteobacteria1
- It includes groups like Epsilonproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria . (eol.org)
Bacteria1
- This symbiotic consortium is comprised of two distinct bacteria, Candidatus Syntrophus pelomyxae (class Deltaproteobacteria) and Candidatus Vesiculincola pelomyxae (class Clostridia), along with a methanogen known as Candidatus Methanoregula pelomyxae. (cuni.cz)
Clade1
- SAR324 is a ubiquitous but poorly understood uncultivated clade of Deltaproteobacteria that inhabits the entire water column, from ocean surface waters to its deep interior. (biomedcentral.com)
Alphaproteobacteria2
- Community structures were also altered under treatments with increase of relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria and decrease of Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , and Nitrospirae . (stroudcenter.org)
- [ 6 ] [ 9 ] Análises filoxenéticas e indeis conservados en gran cantidade doutras proteínas fornecen evidencias de que as Alphaproteobacteria se ramificaron antes ca moitos outros filos e clases de bacterias, agás as Betaproteobacteria e Gammaproteobacteria . (wikipedia.org)
Sequences1
- The poly(A) tailing method indicated that Desulfobacterales were the predominant Deltaproteobacteria, while most of the sequences in libraries constructed using RT-PCR were derived from Desulfuromonadales. (frontiersin.org)
Class1
- Deltaproteobacteria class. (wikipedia.org)
Marine2
- An ecological basis for dual genetic code expansion in marine deltaproteobacteria. (mbl.edu)
- While the dominating ANME-1 population was observed as free-living cells in chains, high abundances of either Deltaproteobacteria and Candidate division JS-1, or Deep Sea Archaeal Group (DSAG) and Marine Group 1 (MG-1) were found in ANME-2 dominated horizons in the cores. (uib.no)
Proteobacteria2
- Deltaproteobacteria is a class of Proteobacteria. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- All species of this group are, like all Proteobacteria, gram-negative.The Deltaproteobacteria comprise a branch of predominantly aerobic genera, the fruiting-body-forming Myxobacteria which release myxospores in unfavorable environments, and a. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Desulfuromonadales1
- Deltaproteobacteria, predominately members of the Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales, are the most abundant diazotrophs detected, and display the most microdiversity of associated nifH sequences. (stanford.edu)
Lineage1
- Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed strain SCBM(T) into a distinct lineage within the class Deltaproteobacteria. (nih.gov)
Amino acid1
- They also discovered that taurine, a multi-functional amino acid naturally produced by the body, plays a pivotal role in the development of colonization resistance as it serves as the trigger for Deltaproteobacteria activity. (naturalnews.com)
Trigger1
- Further analysis led them to identify taurine as the trigger for Deltaproteobacteria activity. (nih.gov)
Protein1
- 2021) Large scale protein level comparison of Deltaproteobacteria reveals cohesive metabolic groups. (utexas.edu)
Taurine1
- The Deltaproteobacteria produce an antimicrobial compound from taurine called sulfide. (nih.gov)
Family1
- D. alkaliphilus AHT2(T) is Gram-negative and belongs to the family Desulfobulbaceae within the Deltaproteobacteria. (escholarship.org)