Herbicides that remove leaves from trees and growing plants. They may be either organic or inorganic. Several of the more persistent types have been used in military operations and many are toxic. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Dioxin in Vietnam: fighting a legacy of war. (1/23)

Singapore was the site of an East-West convergence over the week of 27 November-1 December 2000. At the behest of their respective governments, scientists from the United States and Vietnam came together for what promises to be the first of many meetings. Their mission: to explore the possibility of launching a joint research program to study the human and environmental health effects resulting from spraying Agent Orange and other herbicides during the Vietnam War.  (+info)

Developing scientific and policy methods that support precautionary action in the face of uncertainty--the Institute of Medicine Committee on Agent Orange. (2/23)

To be precautionary, decisions must be made to prevent the impacts of potentially harmful activities even though the nature and magnitude of harm have not been proven scientifically. The Institute of Medicine's Committee on the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposures to Herbicides provides a novel example of science and policy structures that support precautionary action in the face of uncertainty. What makes this example unique is the clear set of precautionary decision rules that lowered the standard for evidence, which formed the basis for policy. These rules, established by Congress, strongly influenced the way scientific information was weighed and the subsequent compensation decisions. They encouraged committee members to think outside the confines of their disciplines and develop new tools and methods to fit their unique mandate. The result was a methodology, supported by strong institutional structures, that allowed scientists to discuss the evidence as a whole, reach decisions as a group, and clarify uncertainties.  (+info)

A geographic information system for characterizing exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. (3/23)

Between 1961 and 1971, U.S. military forces dispersed more than 19 million gallons of phenoxy and other herbicidal agents in the Republic of Vietnam, including more than 12 million gallons of dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange, yet only comparatively limited epidemiologic and environmental research has been carried out on the distribution and health effects of this contamination. As part of a response to a National Academy of Sciences' request for development of exposure methodologies for carrying out epidemiologic research, a conceptual framework for estimating exposure opportunity to herbicides and a geographic information system (GIS) have been developed. The GIS is based on a relational database system that integrates extensive data resources on dispersal of herbicides (e.g., HERBS records of Ranch Hand aircraft flight paths, gallonage, and chemical agent), locations of military units and bases, dynamic movement of combat troops in Vietnam, and locations of civilian population centers. The GIS can provide a variety of proximity counts for exposure to 9,141 herbicide application missions. In addition, the GIS can be used to generate a quantitative exposure opportunity index that accounts for quantity of herbicide sprayed, distance, and environmental decay of a toxic factor such as dioxin, and is flexible enough to permit substitution of other mathematical exposure models by the user. The GIS thus provides a basis for estimation of herbicide exposure for use in large-scale epidemiologic studies. To facilitate widespread use of the GIS, a user-friendly software package was developed to permit researchers to assign exposure opportunity indexes to troops, locations, or individuals.  (+info)

Impact of Agent Orange exposure among Korean Vietnam veterans. (4/23)

In order to determine whether Agent Orange exposure was associated with increased frequency of medical problems, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of Korean veterans during 1995-1996. 1,224 Vietnam and 154 non-Vietnam veterans were included in the study. Exposure to Agent Orange was assessed by structured in-depth interview on the participants' history of service in Vietnam. Health outcomes were assessed by a standardized comprehensive clinical investigation by a group of clinical specialists. The differences in the prevalence of various medical diagnoses were assessed by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests comparing the exposure levels of Vietnam veterans, adjusting for age. Multiple logistic regression was performed to estimate the effect of "service in Vietnam" adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, education, and marital status. Vietnam veterans had an increased frequency of eczema (odds ratio [OR] = 6.54), radiculopathy (OR = 3.98), diabetes (OR = 2.69), peripheral neuropathy (OR = 2.39), and hypertension (OR = 2.29), compared to non-Vietnam veterans, adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, higher levels of exposure among Vietnam veterans were associated with increased frequency of ischemic heart disease (p < 0.01), valvular heart disease (p < 0.01), and retinopathy (p < 0.01). We conclude that exposure to Agent Orange is associated with various health impacts in Korean Vietnam veterans.  (+info)

Immunotoxicological effects of Agent Orange exposure to the Vietnam War Korean veterans. (5/23)

Immunomodulatory effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) demonstrated using animals are thymic atrophy, downregulation of cytotoxic T or B lymphocyte differentiation or activation, whereas human immunotoxicities have not been investigated well. This study was undertaken to evaluate overall immunologic spectrum of the Vietnam War Korean veterans exposed to Agent Orange contaminated with TCDD. Quantity of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit in the veterans suffered from chronic diseases associated with Agent Orange exposure (Veterans-patient group) were decreased in comparison with those of the veterans without the diseases and the age-matched healthy controls, but no differences in leukocyte populations. Plasma IgG levels were lowered in the veterans than the controls, owing to significant decrease in the IgG1 levels. Increase in the IgE levels was observed in the plasma from the veterans. Alteration of T cell-mediated immunity was also resulted from activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with polyclonal T cell activators. Production of IFNgamma, a major cytokine mediating host resistance against infection or tumoregenesis, was lowered in the veterans-patient group. However, production of IL-4 and IL-10, representative cytokines involved with hypersensitivity induction, was enhanced in the patient group. Overall, this study suggests that military service in Vietnam and/or Agent Orange exposure disturbs immune-homeostasis resulting in dysregulation of B and T cell activities.  (+info)

'Proximal-type' epithelioid sarcoma: is Agent Orange still at large? (6/23)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Proximal-type epithelioid sarcomas of the perineum are extremely rare. The authors provide an overview of this condition in relation to the history of exposure to Agent Orange. PATIENT AND METHODS: A 54-year-old man presented with a rapidly growing perineal subcutaneous mass that was shown to be a proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. The case is discussed. An Internet Medline search was performed and the current literature reviewed. RESULTS: Only 4 primary perineal sarcomas have been described in the literature. Epithelioid sarcomas are uncommon, aggressive tumours with a propensity for locoregional recurrence. They are recognised by the US Veterans Affairs department as linked to exposure to Agent Orange, an organochlorine defoliant containing the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, the role of Agent Orange in sarcomagenesis is still controversial. CONCLUSION: Unusual soft tissue swellings in a background of chemical exposure should be investigated thoroughly with a view to early, appropriate treatment.  (+info)

Exposure opportunity models for Agent Orange, dioxin, and other military herbicides used in Vietnam, 1961-1971. (7/23)

Nearly 19.5 million gallons of herbicides were sprayed on the Republic of Vietnam between 1961 and 1971 for military purposes. Amounts of spray and patterns of applications are available in an electronic file called HERBS that contains records of 9141 defoliation missions, including detailed coordinates of US Air Force Ranch Hand aircraft flight paths, along with chemical agent and gallonage sprayed. Two classes of models for use in epidemiological and environmental studies that utilize the HERBS data for estimating relative exposure opportunity indices are presented: a discrete "hits" model that counts instances of proximity in time and space to known herbicide applications, and a continuous exposure opportunity index, E4, that takes into account type and amount of herbicide sprayed, distance from spray application, and time interval when exposure may have occurred. Both direct spraying and indirect exposure to herbicide (or dioxin) that may have remained in the local environment are considered, using a conservative first-order model for environmental disappearance. A correction factor for dermal versus respiratory routes of entry has been incorporated. E4 has a log-normal distribution that spans six orders of magnitude, thus providing a substantial amount of discrimination between sprayed and unsprayed areas. The models improve on earlier ones by making full use of the geometry of the HERBS spray flight paths of Ranch Hand aircraft. To the extent possible so many decades after the War, the models have been qualitatively validated by comparison with recent dioxin soil and biota samples from heavily contaminated areas of Vietnam, and quantitatively validated against adipose dioxin obtained in epidemiological studies of Vietnamese. These models are incorporated within a geographic information system (GIS) that may be used, as one would expect, to identify locations such as hamlets, villages, and military installations sprayed by herbicide. In a novel application, the GIS also facilitates quantitative risk assessment in epidemiological and ecological studies by applying the models within a framework of historical reconstruction of exposure history of individuals based upon their location histories.  (+info)

Differences in plastic responses to defoliation due to variation in the timing of treatments for two species of Sesbania (Fabaceae). (8/23)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plastic responses to stress in components of reproduction can have important effects on plant fitness and can vary both within and between species. Responses may also depend on when in the life cycle stress occurs. Here, it is predicted that the timing of initiation of a stress, defoliation, would affect the pattern of plastic responses. These differences should occur because some components of reproduction, such as flower number, are determined earlier in a plant's life than others, such as individual seed mass. METHODS: To test this prediction, 50 % artificial defoliation treatments were initiated at four different times for Sesbania macrocarpa and S. vesicaria. Responses were measured in plant size, number of flowers, number of flowers/plant size, fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, individual seed mass and total seed mass per plant. KEY RESULTS: For S. vesicaria, changes in the timing of stress changed the severity, but not the pattern of response. For S. macrocarpa, plastic responses to defoliation varied strikingly between early and late treatments. Late treatments resulted in over-compensation in this species. Sesbania macrocarpa was generally more plastic than S. vesicaria and the species showed opposite responses for most components of reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: While there were effects of timing of defoliation and differences between species, the nature of these effects did not precisely fit our predictions. Our results suggest that differences in the length and flexibility of the life cycles of the two species allowed for unexpected variation in responses. For example, because flower production continued after the last treatment in S. vesicaria, responses were not constrained to reductions in individual seed mass.  (+info)

Defoliants are chemical agents that cause plants to shed their leaves. They are often used in agricultural practices to facilitate harvesting, prevent the spread of disease, or improve the appearance of crops. In some cases, defoliants may also be used as a military tactic to destroy enemy crops and vegetation, denying cover and sustenance to enemy forces. The most well-known example of this is Agent Orange, a herbicide used during the Vietnam War. Prolonged or excessive exposure to chemical defoliants can have harmful effects on human health, including skin irritation, damage to the respiratory system, and potential long-term consequences such as cancer and reproductive issues.

A defoliant is any herbicidal chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause their leaves to fall off. Defoliants are widely ... Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and thidiazuron. According to a 1998 report by the U.S ... A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical herbicides used as ... The use of defoliants aids in the effective harvesting of cotton and finer lint quality. The effectiveness of defoliant use in ...
Herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft. Historical records of DOW chemical show that " ... The herbicides and defoliants deployed by the British contained Trioxone, an ingredient which was also formed part of the ... The aircrews charged with spraying the defoliant used a sardonic motto-"Only you can prevent forests"-a shortening of the U.S. ... Super Orange was known to have been tested by representatives from Fort Detrick and DOW chemical in Texas, Puerto Rico, and ...
The use of defoliants and herbicides leads to the Mekong Delta becoming a desert. The heavy use of chemicals has made large ...
Among those chemicals were DDT, banned by international convention, and several defoliants and herbicides. In addition to the ... Cotton farmers and their families are at particular risk from the overuse of agricultural chemicals, both from direct physical ... By 1991 heavy use of mineral fertilizers and agricultural chemicals was a major cause of pollution in the republic. ... which increased soil salinity and carried toxic agricultural chemicals downstream to other fields, the Aral Sea, and populated ...
Defoliants are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and concealment. Chemical warfare can also be used ... Chemical weapons, Chemical warfare, Chemical weapons demilitarization, Weapons of mass destruction). ... A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According ... Chemical weapons are said to "make deliberate use of the toxic properties of chemical substances to inflict death". At the ...
Salt and dust storms and the spraying of pesticides and defoliants for the cotton crop have led to severe degradation of air ... Post-Soviet policies have become even more dangerous; in the early 1990s, the average application of chemical fertilizers and ... Poor water management and heavy use of agricultural chemicals also have polluted the air. ... defoliants, and fertilizers in the fields; and construction of industrial enterprises without regard to human or environmental ...
"Chemical fertilizers in our water - An analysis_of nitrates in the groundwater in Punjab" (PDF). Greenpeace India Society. ... and defoliants; which, as of 2014, are derived from crude oil, making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction ... Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation. In ... Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial ...
Vietnamese resented the stereotype that "Asians placed less value on life". American military used "napalm, chemical defoliants ...
Ranch Hand was a herbicidal warfare program which used herbicides and defoliants such as Agent Orange. The chemicals were color ... Chemical soldiers were also involved in smoke generation missions. Chemical mortar battalions used the 4.2-inch chemical mortar ... In 1946, the Chemical Warfare Service was re-designated as the "U.S. Army Chemical Corps", a name the branch still uses. With ... The U.S. and its allies officially argued that herbicides and defoliants fall outside the definition of "chemical weapons", ...
Fort Detrick, Frederick MD: Plant Sciences Laboratories, US Army Chemical Corps. p. 30. A Resume of the Activities of the ... Darrow, Robert A. (September 1971). Historical, Logistical, Political and Technical Aspects of the Herbicide/Defoliant Program ... for the Joint Technical Coordinating Group/Chemical-Biological. "0800031 Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) Delivery by ...
... is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It was used by the U.S. ... Thompson Hayward Chemical Co., United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal), Thompson Chemical Co., Hoffman-Taff Chemicals, Inc., ... In Malaya, the local unit of Imperial Chemical Industries researched defoliants as weed killers for rubber plantations. ... he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an ...
... is used as an industrial solvent,[citation needed] and as an intermediate for cotton defoliants. It is sometimes ... 1-Butanethiol is a very noxious and caustic chemical compound, and at sufficiently high concentrations, it produces serious ... NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0083". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "n-Butyl ... "n-BUTYL MERCAPTAN". International Chemical Safety Cards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from ...
... s and defoliants were also sprayed from Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft. The use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by ... Knowing about herbicide chemical family grouping could serve as a short-term strategy for managing resistance to site of action ... Defoliant, similar to herbicides, but designed to remove foliage (leaves) rather than kill the plant. The basis of selectivity ... The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in Vietnam were exposed to the defoliant, and as many as three ...
These include: Defoliants and herbicides that destroy vegetation, but are not immediately toxic or poisonous to human beings. ... The chemical used in warfare is called a chemical warfare agent (CWA). About 70 different chemicals have been used or ... 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord Ali Hassan al-Majid Area denial weapon Chemical weapon designation Chemical weapons and the United ... Tooele Chemical Disposal Facility, Umatilla Chemical Disposal Facility, and Deseret Chemical Depot. The U.S. closed each site ...
In addition to work done in the anti-crop theater, the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated in the ... By FY 1962 contracts for synthesis and testing of a thousand chemical defoliants were in the process of negotiation. ... Chemical warfare, Herbicides, Weather modification, Chemical weapons of the United States). ... The use of a chemical or biological agents to destroy Japan's rice was contemplated by the Allies during World War II. In 1945 ...
defoliant Any herbicidal chemical which causes leaves or other foliage to detach and drop from a plant. Defoliants are ... chemical fallow The use of chemical herbicides to prevent the growth of vegetation on fallow land. chemigation The practice of ... cropdusting The use of an agricultural aircraft to apply protective chemicals or other amendments, especially pesticides and ... It combines elements of mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and food science, among other ...
Cotton also uses far more pesticides and defoliants than other crops, and application of these chemicals often is mishandled by ... In the early 1990s, the use of some pesticides and defoliants declined drastically because of the country's shortage of hard ... Contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-saturation of soil due to poor ... of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil, and subsequently into the ...
The defoliant Agent Orange contained trace amounts of dioxin impurities and caused severe health issues as a result. The wood ... "Dioxin" can also refer to 1,4-dioxin or p-dioxin, the basic chemical unit of the more complex dioxins. This simple compound is ... Dioxins - ToxFAQs: Chemical Agent Briefing Sheets (CABS) "15th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Program. Dopico, M; ... Most intake of dioxin-like chemicals is from food of animal origin: meat, dairy products, or fish predominate, depending on the ...
Other applications include defoliant, herbicide, and an additive to rubber to protect it against oxygen and ozone. In 2000, ... This decision was justified by the widespread use of the chemical in industry and its decomposition to the toxic and flammable ... Ingram, G.; Toms, B. A. (1961). "The reactions of sodium ethyl xanthate with ethanol and with water". Journal of the Chemical ... 43-45 Report 5 (1995) p. 17 Report 5 (1995) p. 1 Report 5s (2000) p. vi Priority existing chemical Report No. 5 Sodium Ethyl ...
... the Chemical Corps had let or were negotiating contracts for over one thousand chemical defoliants. The Okinawa tests evidently ... According to the document, the 267th Chemical Company was activated on Okinawa on December 1, 1962, as the 267th Chemical ... Chemical warfare, Defoliants, Herbicides, Japan-United States relations, Johnston Atoll, Non-combat military operations ... and plant reaction to biological and chemical warfare in various combinations of climate and terrain. The U.S. Army Chemical ...
In 2001 a study into the effects of defoliants on Vietnam veterans and their children was conducted by Veterans Affairs NZ. ... chemical companies that manufactured the product. Following further investigations by the U.S. and Australian governments into ... New Zealand member of parliament from New Plymouth stated that he had evidence that New Zealand supplied Agent Orange chemicals ... Minister Helen Clark's government apologised to Vietnam War veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange or other toxic defoliants ...
Largely inspired by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency, it was one of the so-called " ... Agent White was a proprietary product of the Dow Chemical Company. Agent White was often used when Agent Orange was not ...
Several health defects have been correlated with the use of the chemical dioxin, also known as Agent Orange, during the ... Resistance War Against America (Vietnam War). Dioxin was used by U.S military forces in the war as a defoliant and is now ...
Furthermore, the Canadian and the American Defence departments worked together to test chemical defoliants for use in Vietnam, ... In June 1966, the chemical was sprayed over nearly 600 acres (2.4 km2) of forest inside the base. There are differing opinions ... In 1981, a government report revealed that Agent Orange, the controversial defoliant, had been tested at CFB Gagetown, New ... The goods included relatively benign items like boots, but also aircraft, munitions, napalm, and commercial defoliants, the use ...
... he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an ... 95% of the herbicides and defoliants used in the war were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand. The ... The use of herbicides as a defoliant had long-term destructive effects on the people of Vietnam and their land and ecology, as ... The herbicides were procured by the U.S. military from Dow Chemical Company (all but Agent Blue), Monsanto (Agent Orange, Agent ...
Blue Spruce Chemical, stored the defoliant "Agent Orange" and admitted to recklessly acting and putting others at risk by ... Blue Spruce Chemical was known to have been involved in storing a defoliant labelled "Agent Orange" consisting of 2,4- ... Three companies were identified as being involved in the contamination: Blue Spruce Chemical, Jame Fine Chemicals Inc., and ... Jame Fine Chemical Inc. had discharged unpermitted water into the Raritan River, and analysis of nearby pond samples showed ...
... sales assisted Vietnam Veterans during the 1983 Royal Commission into the effects of Agent Orange and other chemical defoliants ...
... the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated. By the end of fiscal year 1962, the Chemical Corps had ... stockpile of chemical weapons. The Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was built to destroy all the chemical ... U.S. chemical weapons in Japan were deployed to Okinawa in the early 1950s. The Red Hat mission deployed additional chemical ... The operation deployed chemical agents to the 267th Chemical Platoon on Okinawa during the early 1960s under Project 112. The ...
... over 3.2 million liters and kilograms of chemical defoliants were used at the base between the years 1956 to 1984. Article by ... The chemical herbicides used include 50/50 mixtures of 2,4-D/ 2,4,5-T, and Tordon 101, also known as Agent Orange and Agent ... These chemicals have been known to produce extremely toxic byproducts, including dioxins and hexachlorobenzenes. Exposure to ... Gagetown is a 2009 documentary film that looks into the massive defoliant spray program that was used at CFB Gagetown since ...
... the AEC returned the facility to the Army for use as a defoliant production plant. The defoliant project was canceled before ... Four TNT and two DNT production lines were situated on what was to be the Chemical Plant. These operations resulted in ... In 1985, the Army transferred full custody of the Chemical Plant to the United States Department of Energy (DOE), at which time ... In 1984, the Army repaired several of the buildings at the Chemical Plant, decontaminated some of the floors, walls, and ...
A defoliant is any herbicidal chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause their leaves to fall off. Defoliants are widely ... Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and thidiazuron. According to a 1998 report by the U.S ... A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical herbicides used as ... The use of defoliants aids in the effective harvesting of cotton and finer lint quality. The effectiveness of defoliant use in ...
Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... Chemical-reactions; Defoliants; Nerve-damage; Neurological- ...
Defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in agricultural practices for weed ...
Defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in agricultural practices for weed ...
DPR Chemical Code: 190. *Chemical Class: Organophosphate. *Pesticide Types Registered: Defoliant. *Fumigant: No ... Product/Label Search , Chemical Search , Register a Product , Notices , Resources , Fees , Forms ... January 1978 - Human Health and Safety Problems with Phosphate Cotton Defoliants in California with Emphasis on 1976 and 1977 ( ... October 1984 - Potential Exposure of Workers to Selected Pesticides and Defoliants While Harvesting Cotton in Imperial Valley ( ...
Chemicals, such as defoliants (eg, Agent Orange) and hair dyes, have been associated with lymphoma. ... Viruses and chemicals. Viruses have been implicated as etiologic factors for lymphomas, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ...
Chemicals, such as defoliants (eg, Agent Orange) and hair dyes, have been associated with lymphoma. ... Viruses and chemicals. Viruses have been implicated as etiologic factors for lymphomas, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ...
... conceived a plan in 1959 for employing chemical defoliants for-this purpose. The U.S. supplied the chemicals, and the delivery ... EFFECTS OF DEFOLIANTS ON MAN. There have been instances of concern as to possible adverse effects upon exposure to chemical ... a. Defoliants have been used for over twenty years with no cases of harm or injury to man or animal.. b. Defoliants are non- ... 110-gallon defoliant tank on a UH-1B Iroquois Helicopter 20 March 1970. 184th Chemical Company - 1st Cavalry Division Phuoc ...
Helena Chemical Company is the leading distributor of crop inputs across the Cotton Belt and the country. We offer crop ... Defoliant: FOLEX®. AMVAC operates manufacturing facilities in Los Angeles, CA and Axis, AL. For more information, visit www. ... AMVAC Chemical Corporation manufactures and markets the following crop protection products for cotton growers in the United ... Global sales for Dow AgroSciences, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company, are $3.8 billion. Learn more at www. ...
Summary: Tribufos is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a skunk-like odor; it is used only as a defoliant (a chemical that ... ToxGuide - Quick reference guide providing information such as chemical and physical properties, sources of exposure, routes of ...
Agent Orange was a defoliant, not a chemical weapon.. That didnt stop people from getting sick. ... It also isnt a chemical weapon. We are signtory to the Chemical Weapons Convention which defines chemical weapons. See here:. ... The presence of Chemical weapons in Iraq would mean that Bush was not lying about WMD, but the absence of chemical weapons does ... The presence of Chemical weapons in Iraq would mean that Bush was not lying about WMD, but the absence of chemical weapons does ...
19 million gallons of defoliant chemicals were poured over the country. The effects could last for 100 years or more. Already, ... being safer than chemicals previously used as they were very stable and didnt easily react with other chemicals. They are ... The disaster in Bhopal, when in 1984 a US-owned chemical factory exploded, killed at least 3,000 people with some estimates as ... World-wide the number of major chemical accidents has increased since Bhopal, there were 74 major accidents, while in the eight ...
This can be a chemical or a microorganism, such as a bacterium or a virus. In some cases, the chemical confuses the insects, or ... Some lesser known pesticides are disinfectants, plant defoliants, etc. All pesticides contain active substances which are the ... However, the effectiveness of any control measure with chemical compounds depends largely on the chemical that comes into ... The availability of a wider range of chemicals and global marketing of pesticides has led to a global growth in their usage. ...
The tortures, use of chemical weapons, destruction of the ecology by defoliants carried on for another seven years. Imperial ...
1964 U.S. military tests aerial applications of Agent Orange and other chemical defoliants in Thailand. ... Stellmans team also was able to build a maps showing where defoliants were sprayed in relation to U.S. troops on the ground - ... However, chemical herbicides continue to be sprayed by helicopter and ground troops around U.S. fire bases. ... 25, 1967 Arthur W. Galston, a Yale botany professor, warns that the use of defoliants in Vietnam might harm people living in ...
This paper seeks to establish a more concrete link between the chemical defoliants and these diseases. Despite the overwhelming ... This study provides evidence for causation, not just correlation, between chemical warfare and the resulting spike in pregnancy ... paper highlights concentrated efforts to improve widespread knowledge about the physical and environmental effects of chemical ... the United States military dropped nineteen-million gallons of a chemical defoliant commonly known as Agent Orange. In the ...
6.5.8. Oxidizing materials, such as lime powder, chemical bleaches and peroxides;. 6.5.9. Toxic and infectious substances, such ... as arsenic, cyanides, insecticides and defoliants;. 6.5.10. Radioactive materials;. 6.5.11. Corrosive materials, such as ...
Minutes: A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Support Conference, 25 and 26 August 1966. Description: Corporate Author ... Description: Corporate Author: Biological Branch, Bio-Chemical Division, Air Force Armament Lab ... Report of Test USATECOM Project Numbers 5-4-3001-01 and -02, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System ...
It wanted to use helicopters to spray the forests with chemical defoliants. That meant spraying peoples homes and livestock, ...
This hammock is 100% organic cotton, grown without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and defoliants. ...
April 28, 1972 An Israeli Piper plane flew over the Arab village of Akraba, spraying a chemical defoliant over the villagers ...
Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file ... DEF Defoliant; Fos-Fall A; Fosfall; S,S,S-Tributyl trithiophosphate; TBTP; Butifos; Butyl phosphorotrithioate; Chemagro 1,776; ... E-Z-Off D; Ortho phosphate defoliant; S,S,S-Tributyltrithiofosfat; Tribuphos; Tributyl phosphorotrithioate; Merphos-oxon; ...
... the victims of Agent Orange and fund a total cleanup of the areas in Vietnam that remain contaminated by the toxic chemical. We ... and U.S policymakers have finally started the first phase to clean up environmental damage leftover from the chemical defoliant ... "The usage of Agent Orange and military defoliants in Okinawa is one of the best kept secrets of the Cold War," according to Jon ... They only know that the defoliant used by the US military during the Vietnam war called Agent orange caused this. More than 30 ...
... chemical warfare in Vietnam. Part one provides historical background to the issue; the next will cover the victims and their ... The U.S. argued that since defoliants target trees and vegetation, it couldnt be considered a chemical weapon because chemical ... This chemical is often considered the most toxic chemical known to science. It has horrible effects on humans and animals and ... The following article is the first installment in a two-part series on U.S. chemical warfare in Vietnam. Part one provides ...
... dropping defoliants and other toxic chemicals throughout the war zone. A 1982 United Nations study reported that 15,000 square ... To come here to England it was like a gift, like being a lucky person to finally escape from war and chemical attack and ... It has contributed towards bans on ozone-destroying chemicals, reduced trade in rainforest timber and increased support for ... Several decades of Green Revolution agriculture -- the intensive use of water and chemical pesticides and fertilisers on hybrid ...
The United States saw the conflict not only as a military playground for experimenting with chemical defoliants such as Agent ... and chemical weapons and for lavish gifts for his elite regime members. The countless pictures and billboards of Saddam that ...
Title: USE OF GRASS FILTER STRIPS TO REMOVE DEFOLIANT RESIDUES IN RUNOFF FROM LAND IN COTTON PRODUCTION Author. Potter, Thomas ... Of particular concern are residues of the chemicals used to defoliate prior to picking. Studies conducted in Tift County ... Citation: POTTER, T.L., HUBBARD, R.K., BEDNARZ, C., GATES, R.N., HANNA, W.W. USE OF GRASS FILTER STRIPS TO REMOVE DEFOLIANT ... The levels of defoliants in runoff following four post-application rain storms were reduced by 5 to 36 times when the ...
Examples Defoliants, Chemical. Substances having this pharmacologic action: dinoseb; acifluorfen; monomethylarsonic acid; ... Organic Chemicals Herbicides. Sb Lek 1990;92(2-3):92 edil 129420-93-5 Organic Chemicals Herbicides. Gig Sanit 1986;(2):81 EPTC ... Organic Chemicals Herbicides. Gig Sanit (8):77;1979 devrinol 15299-99-7 N,N-. diethyl-. 2-. (1-. naphthyloxy)propionamide * ... Organic Chemicals Herbicides. Sud Med Ekspert 1993 Jan-Mar;36(1):41-3 Zeazin S 40 92308-83-3 ...
resist them, including, the Times notes without irony, Dow Chemical. Co., which hopes to market seeds resistant to 2,4-D, a ... Agent Orange - the defoliant we used to ravage Vietnam between 1962 and. 1971. ... resist them, including, the Times notes without irony, Dow Chemical. Co., which hopes to market seeds resistant to 2,4-D, a ... resist them, including, the Times notes without irony, Dow Chemical. Co., which hopes to market seeds resistant to 2,4-D, a ...
  • It contained the deadly chemical dioxin, which has poisoned an estimated 3 million people throughout that country. (huffpost.com)
  • Together with Dow Chemical, Monsanto produced the dioxin- containing defoliant 'Agent Orange', based on the herbicide 2,4D, that the US military used in Vietnam. (theecologist.org)
  • They were contaminated with the most toxic man-made chemical known, the dioxin TCDD. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Whether spreading dioxin-laden defoliants and rainmaking chemicals over the Ho Chi Minh trail, or creating sunlight-reflecting clouds over the US homeland, the attrition of planes and personnel in waging 'eco war' has always been high. (rense.com)
  • Wilcox quotes Dr. Arthur Westing, one of the world's foremost chemical experts on the TCCD-dioxin found in AO, as summarizing the general U.S. approach in the war as being characterized by "long term systematic fury inflicted… upon the environment of an enemy dependent for its survival upon a rural natural-resource-based economy. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • The herbicides contained trace amounts of TCDD dioxin, which has been said to be the most toxic chemical known to science. (vn-agentorange.org)
  • Yet, since the war ended 35 years ago, Congress has set aside just $6 million to assist Vietnam with herbicide-related issues, despite evidence that large numbers of civilians in the south - people in whose name the war was fought - were exposed to defoliants that have since been outlawed in the U.S. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Believing the chemicals were harmless, South Vietnamese soldiers often sold empty barrels containing as much as five gallons of herbicide residue to civilians in such places as Da Nang and Bien Hoa, government records state. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • The widespread employment of the defoliant and herbicide Agent Orange (AO) by the U.S. military during its barbarous war against the peoples of Vietnam should by all accounts be considered one of the greatest war crimes of the twentieth century. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • Worldwide use of defoliants, along with the development of other herbicides and pesticides, allowed for the Green Revolution, an increase in agricultural production in mid-20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • The availability of a wider range of chemicals and global marketing of pesticides has led to a global growth in their usage. (differencebetween.net)
  • Pesticides are chemical substances used to control, prevent, or mitigate the growth of pests or weeds in crops. (differencebetween.net)
  • Some lesser known pesticides are disinfectants, plant defoliants, etc. (differencebetween.net)
  • Active ingredients are the chemical substances in pesticides that destroy or repel the pests, and make up a small portion of the whole product. (differencebetween.net)
  • For years huge amounts of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and defoliants have been poured on cotton fields. (aglabs.com)
  • Kirkus Reviews praises "Our Daily Poison, From Pesticides to Packaging, How Chemicals Have Contaminted the Food Chain and Are Making Us Sick": "For readers with a strong interest in environmental and public health and food safety policy, this may be one of the most important books of the year. (truthout.org)
  • In the United States, plant or insect growth regulators, defoliants, and desiccants also are referred to as pesticides ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the United Kingdom during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s and the United States during the Vietnam War to defoliate regions of Vietnam from 1961 to 1971, has been linked to several long-term health issues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Members of the Air Force Ranch Hand and the Army Chemical Corps who served in the Vietnam War were occupationally exposed to Agent Orange have a higher incidence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and chronic respiratory diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The start of Agent Orange is told in an unsigned article called The Chemist that gives the background of U.S. Army Chemical Officer Richard Grimes. (psywarrior.com)
  • He explained, We tested chemical warfare systems, and safety, always safety first Ranch Hand was Agent Orange, plain and simple. (psywarrior.com)
  • During the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the United States military dropped nineteen-million gallons of a chemical defoliant commonly known as Agent Orange. (umass.edu)
  • It's time to fully compensate the victims of Agent Orange and fund a total cleanup of the areas in Vietnam that remain contaminated by the toxic chemical. (huffpost.com)
  • They only know that the defoliant used by the US military during the Vietnam war called Agent orange caused this. (huffpost.com)
  • One day when U.S. aircraft dropped Agent Orange, however, the noxious chemical proved to be too much for the gas mask to filter out. (peoplesworld.org)
  • He is among approximately three million victims poisoned by Agent Orange and other similar chemicals during the American War in Vietnam. (peoplesworld.org)
  • In August of that year, the U.S. launched "Operation Ranch Hand," which saw the U.S. and South Vietnamese Air Forces spray Agent Orange and other similar chemicals on the jungles and countryside. (peoplesworld.org)
  • The United States saw the conflict not only as a military playground for experimenting with chemical defoliants such as Agent Orange but also as a testing ground for psychological warfare. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • Co., which hopes to market seeds resistant to 2,4-D, a component of Agent Orange - the defoliant we used to ravage Vietnam between 1962 and 1971. (commondreams.org)
  • Steve House, who told U.S. media that he buried hundreds of barrels of Agent Orange at Camp Carroll in 1978, arrived in Seoul to give testimony with Phil Steward, who admitted disposing of the defoliant into a major river in Korea. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • Diseases such as diabetes, Hodgkin's disease and cancer have been linked to Agent Orange, a chemical defoliant used by the United States in the jungles of Vietnam during the war. (bhopal.net)
  • America extended the air war to North Vietnam, used chemical defoliants and Agent Orange, but lost. (vijayvaani.com)
  • These are the same paddies Kieu tended as a teenager during the Vietnam War, and she still remembers the planes that came in the mornings to spray Agent Orange and other defoliants while she worked. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Chloracne is an inflammatory skin disease closely associated with exposure to the Agent Orange defoliant used in Vietnam or along the DMZ in Korea in the 1960s and 70s. (hillandponton.com)
  • More generally, chloracne is usually caused by exposure to halogen aromatic hydrocarbons called dioxins one of which was a chemical associated with Agent Orange. (hillandponton.com)
  • Dioxins are toxic chemical compounds that were once common in insecticides and defoliants, including Agent Orange. (hillandponton.com)
  • Chloracne is closely associated with exposure to the Agent Orange defoliant in the Vietnam War and along the DMZ in Korea . (hillandponton.com)
  • From 1961 until 1971, the U.S. military dropped more than 19 million gallons of toxic chemicals- defoliants or herbicides, including Agent Orange-on 4.8 million Vietnamese. (longreads.com)
  • A Post investigation last month revealed villagers in Svay Rieng living with birth defects commonly associated with Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the US military during the Vietnam War. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • Under U.S. law, veterans who served in Vietnam between 1962 and 1975 are eligible for monetary compensation for exposure to Agent Orange, and in 1984, seven chemical companies paid $180 million to U.S. veterans, but didn't accept liability for the chemicals' effects. (vn-agentorange.org)
  • Britain used herbicides and defoliants in the Malayan Emergency which ended in 1960. (psywarrior.com)
  • Among other occupations, farmers are at a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease due to a greater chance of defoliant exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • ToxGuide - Quick reference guide providing information such as chemical and physical properties, sources of exposure, routes of exposure, minimal risk levels, children's health, and health effects for a substance. (cdc.gov)
  • Environmental chemical exposure could affect liver disease development. (aspetjournals.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Environmental chemical exposure significantly contributes to the development of cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Three studies evaluated the acute exposure to the chemical factory accident in Seveso, Italy, and found a non-significant increase in the risk of thyroid cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this May 1966 file photo, a U.S. Air Force C-123 flies low along a South Vietnamese highway spraying defoliants on dense jungle growth. (peoplesworld.org)
  • The South Vietnamese government, in turn, sought to convince its citizens that the chemicals were safe. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Civil servants and cadres explain to the people there the harmlessness of the defoliation by spraying defoliant on the body and water and drinking it before the people," said an October 1963 report from the South Vietnamese government. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Of particular concern are residues of the chemicals used to defoliate prior to picking. (usda.gov)
  • The levels of defoliants in runoff following four post-application rain storms were reduced by 5 to 36 times when the concentrations of residues in samples collected at the edge of the cotton fields were compared to concentrations of samples collected in the middle and the end of the grass-filters. (usda.gov)
  • Defoliants have also been used in warfare as a means to deprive an enemy of food crops and/or hiding cover, most notably by the United Kingdom during the Malayan Emergency and the United States in the Vietnam War. (wikipedia.org)
  • US Secretary of State Dean Rusk advised America s new President, John F. Kennedy, that the British use of herbicides/defoliants in Malaya had set a precedent for their use in warfare. (psywarrior.com)
  • Others, however, doubted the effectiveness of such a tactic and worried that such operations would both alienate friendly Vietnamese and open the United States to charges of barbarism for waging a form of chemical warfare. (psywarrior.com)
  • This study provides evidence for causation, not just correlation, between chemical warfare and the resulting spike in pregnancy termination due to developmental defects. (umass.edu)
  • In addition, the paper highlights concentrated efforts to improve widespread knowledge about the physical and environmental effects of chemical warfare, as well as the ways the United States and Vietnam have addressed the issue in the forty years since the end of the war. (umass.edu)
  • The following article is the first installment in a two-part series on U.S. chemical warfare in Vietnam. (peoplesworld.org)
  • Scarier than the weapons of conventional warfare were the chemical weapons. (peoplesworld.org)
  • Aware of the risk of chemical warfare, Mr. Sơn and the other soldiers in his unit were assigned gas masks to protect them. (peoplesworld.org)
  • Chemical warfare is illegal according to both the 1925 Geneva Protocols and other international laws. (peoplesworld.org)
  • While some questioned the legality of using these chemicals in warfare, Secretary of State Dean Rusk assured then-President John F. Kennedy that the British had shown it was an acceptable means of warfare. (peoplesworld.org)
  • In the course of developing agents of chemical warfare, some of the chemicals developed in the laboratory were found to be lethal to insects. (truthout.org)
  • Continuing in the traditions practiced previously by Indochina's French administrators of violently defending colonial relations-and, indeed, vastly extending the scope of these traditions-the U.S. military came to subject the Vietnamese people to a "chemical holocaust," as writes Fred A. Wilcox, journalist and author of Scorched Earth: Legacies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam . (dissidentvoice.org)
  • For this time, we have made suggestions to confirm about the treaty," Banh added, referencing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banning the use of tear gas in warfare. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • Tribufos (also called S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) is a defoliant, a chemical that removes the leaves from plants. (cdc.gov)
  • A published study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry reported that through successive surface runoff events in defoliated cotton fields, defoliant concentrations decreased exponentially within the test area and could negatively affect marine life in the runoff zones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and thidiazuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to a 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), tribufos and thidiazuron accounted for 60% of crop area that was treated by defoliants during that crop year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two weeks prior to machine picking on September 28, 2000, a tank mixture containing two commercial defoliant products, DEF and Dropp, was applied. (usda.gov)
  • Studies conducted in Tift County Georgia showed that up to 15 % of the active ingredients contained in the two most widely used defoliants may be carried from fields in runoff. (usda.gov)
  • Runoff samples were collected following four storm events during the three-week period after defoliant application. (usda.gov)
  • Her vivid memories are supported by data from spraying missions analyzed by the Tribune, which show at least seven sorties that dispensed nearly 13,000 gallons of defoliants passed over Kieu's fields. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • The disaster in Bhopal, when in 1984 a US-owned chemical factory exploded, killed at least 3,000 people with some estimates as high as 10,000. (socialistalternative.org)
  • AMVAC Chemical Corporation manufactures and markets the following crop protection products for cotton growers in the United States: Insecticides: BIDRIN ® , ORTHENE ® and DIBROM ® 8. (cotton.org)
  • Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to eradicate or prevent the growth of fungi or their spores. (differencebetween.net)
  • However, the effectiveness of any control measure with chemical compounds depends largely on the chemical that comes into contact with the pest that needs to be destroyed, which in turn depends on how the formulation is prepared. (differencebetween.net)
  • This chemical is often considered the most toxic chemical known to science. (peoplesworld.org)
  • In some cases, the chemical confuses the insects, or in some cases, makes the crop less palatable for insects or pests. (differencebetween.net)
  • Defoliants are widely used for the selective removal of weeds in managing croplands and lawns. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery did not come by chance: insects were widely used to test chemicals as agents of death for men. (truthout.org)
  • The effectiveness of defoliant use in cotton harvesting depends on the type of defoliant(s) used, the number of applications, the amount applied, and environmental variables. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) concluded that the use of agricultural defoliants led to increased risks of water contamination and dangers to freshwater and marine life. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, Vietnamese and U.S policymakers have finally started the first phase to clean up environmental damage leftover from the chemical defoliant. (huffpost.com)
  • An organochlorine is an organic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine atoms, forming an extremely stable chemical structure that is therefore resistant to environmental degradation. (truthout.org)
  • Plaintiffs aim to hold more than 30 U.S. chemical companies liable for billions of dollars in compensatory damages and environmental cleanup costs for producing and supplying defoliants during the Vietnam War. (vn-agentorange.org)
  • However, the effects and the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with FXR to affect BA homeostasis are only emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Search for pesticide registrant/chemical company names, numbers, or addresses. (ca.gov)
  • Decades after the Vietnam War ended, the most contentious question surrounding the use of defoliants by the U.S. military is the impact on the health of untold numbers of Vietnamese. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • Vietnamese soldiers went so far as to douse themselves in the chemicals and even drink them with water, according to documents from the National Archives. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • The tortures, use of chemical weapons, destruction of the ecology by defoliants carried on for another seven years. (versobooks.com)
  • The delivery systems included artillery shells, generators pushing the chemical downwind, but the agent was usually delivered from spray tanks on helicopters or airplanes. (psywarrior.com)
  • So you'd get farmers dousing their fields with not one but two broad-spectrum herbicides-blotting out biodiversity while conjuring up a few super- duper -weeds that will need their own chemical/GMO "solution" in the near future. (grist.org)
  • In Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the Rainbow Herbicides were a group of tactical-use chemicals used by the United States military. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defoliants have a practical use in the harvesting of certain crops, particularly cotton, in the United States as well as a number of other cotton-producing countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Agricultural Chemical Usage 1998 Field Crops Summary. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is interesting about this is that the United States and the GVN needed to convince the local population that the chemicals used to defoliate were no danger. (psywarrior.com)
  • Two former U.S. officers testified during a National Assembly hearing Monday about their involvement in the U.S. Forces Korea's (USFK) alleged burial of a toxic defoliant in Korea. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • The 55-year-old said he decided to return to Korea three decades after his service to reveal the truth about the case and raise awareness of the dangers of the toxic chemicals that he buried. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • Phill Steward, who served at Camp Peterson near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that separates two Koreas in the late 1960s, apologized for his involvement in the release of harmful chemicals in Korea. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • The toxic defoliant was used in Korea to clear plants near the DMZ areas in the late 1960s to improve detection of North Korean infiltrations. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • Though sulfur is used in its natural state, some other specific forms of sulfur produced by chemical reactions are also used. (differencebetween.net)
  • But dioxins are still common byproducts of chemical reactions and processes. (hillandponton.com)
  • Oh, and btw- if WP is a chemical weapon, Saddam DID have a chemical weapons program and you can stop calling Bush a liar about WMD. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The only way to use it inappropriately would be to use it on civilians, and then it STILL WOULD NOT BE A CHEMICAL WEAPON. (balloon-juice.com)
  • No. WP is not a chemical weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • It's just a chemical that can be used as a weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The debate about WP centres partly though not wholly on whether it is really a chemical weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • If on the other hand the toxic properties of white phosphorus, the caustic properties, are specifically intended to be used as a weapon, that of course is prohibited, because the way the Convention is structured or the way it is in fact applied, any chemicals used against humans or animals that cause harm or death through the toxic properties of the chemical are considered chemical weapons. (balloon-juice.com)
  • Downsized 40% after a secret biowar that killed at least 12,000 US troops hit by chemical and biological agents (and sickened hundreds of thousands of service personnel, spouses and children with Gulf War Illness), the Air Force was next ordered to commit almost half of its remaining people and planes to bombing Kosovo. (rense.com)
  • Our Foreign Affairs Ministry will urge the United Nations to recognise that Cambodia has remnants of chemical weapons," Manith said, calling on the US to offer financial and technical support. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • A psychological operation was developed to tell the people that the chemicals were not dangerous and contaminated food and water was safe to ingest. (psywarrior.com)
  • And yes, if you assert that our troops used 'chemical weapons' on people, you are smearing the troops. (balloon-juice.com)
  • In her conclusion, Robin calls for a new precautionary approach to approving chemicals that errs on the side of protecting people rather than industry. (truthout.org)
  • The ruling has implications for beleaguered rural life in Colombia due to far-reaching effects of the chemical. (theecologist.org)
  • The mass spraying of glyphosate in Colombia, both on farmland and in the 'war on drugs', is a direct an attack on small scale farmers, rural communities and FARC rebels, writes W.T. Whitney Jr. But since the chemical was declared a 'probable carcinogen' Colombia has restricted aerial applications. (theecologist.org)
  • The chemicals have seeped into the water supply, poisoning tens of thousands. (aglabs.com)
  • A defoliant is any herbicidal chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause their leaves to fall off. (wikipedia.org)
  • A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • it is used only as a defoliant (a chemical that removes leaves) for cotton plants. (cdc.gov)
  • Such weapons are outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) to which the United States is a party. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The CWC is monitored by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, based in The Hague. (balloon-juice.com)
  • Since their first encounter with nuclear weapons tests in the 1940s, U.S. servicemembers have been exposed to atomic radiation, toxic defoliants and choking burn pits, among other contaminations that, while slower-acting, are often just as lethal as bullets and bombs. (legion.org)
  • Defence Minister Tea Banh, Health Minister Mam Bunheng and Prime Minister Hun Sen's son Hun Manith all visited Svay Rieng's Koki commune last week, calling on the US to take responsibility for chemical weapons found there and blaming US chemical bombs for causing deformities in villagers. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • But U.S. officials bristle at acknowledging connections between the defoliants and illnesses in Vietnam. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • During the war, U.S. officials assured the Republic of Vietnam that the defoliants were harmless. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • World-wide the number of major chemical accidents has increased since Bhopal, there were 74 major accidents, while in the eight years afterwards there were 106. (socialistalternative.org)
  • DONG NAI PROVINCE, Vietnam - Part 3 of a Tribune investigation finds that the role of defoliants in Vietnam's high rate of birth defects remains a contentious question decades after U.S. spraying missions ended. (dmzhawaii.org)
  • To quote just one, reports confirming that the defoliant 2,4,5-T causes birth defects were continuously shelved during the time that enormous quantities of the chemical were being used to strip bare about an eighth of South Vietnam. (newscientist.com)
  • There are birth defects such as big heads, disproportionate mouths and skin allergies … I believe that it is caused by the US chemical bombs," Bunheng told Fresh News. (phnompenhpost.com)
  • Defoliants were also used by Indonesian forces in various internal security operations. (wikipedia.org)
  • But in late June, 2002, Air Traffic Controllers across the United States continue to report that they are being ordered to divert commercial jets beneath large formations of tanker planes spewing chemicals at airliner altitudes that degrade their radars. (rense.com)
  • House said he and his colleagues participated in the burial of 55-gallon barrels, some bearing an orange stripe and yellow lettering that read "Chemical Agent, Type: Orange" and dated 1967. (koreatimes.co.kr)