DNA adduct

Mitosene

Adduct

Glyoxal

Glycidamide

Eicosanoid

Tobacco smoking

Smoking

Cigarette

Crosslinking of DNA

Anthracycline

4-Aminobiphenyl

Phenanthriplatin

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

Molecular lesion

Deborah Zamble

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Sudan I

Liver disease

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine

Riddelliine

Aristolochic acid

Long-term effects of alcohol

M1G

DNA repair

Formaldehyde

Aristolochia

Toxicodynamics

Chloroacetaldehyde

DNA damage (naturally occurring)

Minor adducts2

• One major adduct and seven minor adducts were formed from each dihy-drodiol-epoxide. (psu.edu)
• Four major and at least three minor adducts formed with DNA in vitro, which were further analyzed for their base-selectivity. (epa.gov)

Found between DNA adduct levels2

• A tendency of positive correlation was found between DNA adduct levels and AHH inducibility for the all subjects (n=42, r=0.25, p=0.11). (elsevierpure.com)
• An inverse, statistically significant, association has been found between DNA adduct levels and dietary fibre intake (P = 0·02), vitamin E (P = 0·04) and alcohol (P = 0·03) but not with other nutrients or food groups. (repositoriosalud.es)

Studying DNA adduct formation1

• These positions are of interest to researchers studying DNA adduct formation. (wikipedia.org)

Carcinogenesis3

• DNA adducts have been detected at low levels in human endometrium, and there is much interest in determining whether DNA damage plays a role in tamoxifen-induced endometrial carcinogenesis. (mssm.edu)
• Thus, HOCl-induced 8-Cl-dG adduct may be involved in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
• 2015. Cytochrome P450 1b1 in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced skin carcinogenesis: Tumorigenicity of individual PAHs and coal-tar extract, DNA adduction and expression of select genes in the Cyp1b1 knockout mouse. . (oregonstate.edu)

Analysis of DNA adducts2

• Our preliminary results show that analysis of DNA adducts following ex vivo drug treatment is a feasible approach towards a predictive assay, which warrants further investigation. (nih.gov)
• In the present study, electrospray ionization coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS), triple quadrupole MS or quadrupole time-of-flight MS was applied for the analysis of DNA adducts formed by BBQs. (edu.hk)

Biomarkers8

• DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. (wikipedia.org)
• This allows for DNA adducts to serve as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens from the environment. (wikipedia.org)
• Drug-DNA adducts as biomarkers for metabolic activation of the nitro-aromatic nitrogen mustard prodrug PR-104A. (harvard.edu)
• Acetaldehyde, the major metabolite of ethanol, reacts with DNA to produce adducts, which are critical in the carcinogenic process and can serve as biomarkers of exposure and, possibly, of disease risk. (umn.edu)
• Both types of adducts are biomarkers of carcinogen exposure and possibly of cancer risk, and were measured, respectively, in leucocytes and erythrocytes of 1086 (DNA adducts) and 190 (Hb adducts) non-smokers. (repositoriosalud.es)
• Owing for the large toxicity of regular HIV-2 manufacturer anticancer drugs, precision in treatment holds excellent significance to decrease toxic sideeffects and increase efficacy, and this is accomplished by designing drug-based biomarkers (Drug-DNA biomarkers), which could yield appropriateness of drug to which patient may respond [16]. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• designing such biomarkers requires adductomics, which identify and quantify adducts formed on account of anticancer drugs. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• This good correlation witnessed in the majority in the studies demonstrates the high prospective of DNA adductomics in designing drug biomarkers to evaluate the susceptibility in the patient to a specific anticancer drug and offers an chance to markedly shift from a single size fits for all approach to patient-oriented method, customized treatment and precision therapy (Figure three) [15].Int. J. Mol. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)

Forms DNA adducts2

• Aristolochic acid IVa forms DNA adducts in vitro but is non-genotoxic in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
• Adducts derived from either dGp, poly dG-dC, or poly dG comigrated with the DNA adducts in 3 solvent systems indicating that CPP-3,4-epoxide forms DNA adducts almost exclusively with deoxyguanosine. (epa.gov)

Estrogen-DNA adducts4

• Ultraviolet A light induces DNA damage and estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy causing females to be more affected. (harvard.edu)
• Loss of NQO1 generates genotoxic estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. (harvard.edu)
• Estrogen metabolism and formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in estradiol-treated MCF-10F cells. (nebraska.edu)
• Dive into the research topics of 'Estrogen metabolism and formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in estradiol-treated MCF-10F cells. (nebraska.edu)

Carcinogen6

• The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal. (wikipedia.org)
• In the direct case, a carcinogen can bind to DNA and cause it to distort or become cross-linked. (wikipedia.org)
• dT linter duplex has been determined by incorporating intramolecular and carcinogen-DNA proton-proton distances defined by lower and upper bounds deduced from NOESY data sets as restraints in molecular mechanics computations in torsion angle space. (psu.edu)
• These stereochemically induced structural differences between isomeric [BPh]dA lesions derived from the binding of chiral (+)- and (-)-anti-BPhDE enantiomers may in turn profoundly influence the interactions of the carcinogen-modified DNA with repair and replication enzymes in the cell. (psu.edu)
• Impact: Our results provide some of the first conclusive evidence linking exposure to a lifestyle carcinogen and kinetics of DNA adduct formation in humans. (umn.edu)
• Bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts commonly cause replicative polymerases to stall, leading to a switch to bypass polymerases. (nyu.edu)

Deoxyguanosine6

• The study demonstrated 2-monobromobenzoquinone and 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone could covalently bind to deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA in vitro. (edu.hk)
• The reactions of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane with 2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxycytidine, thymidine, and calf thymus DNA have been studied in aqueous buffered solutions. (ncl.ac.uk)
• AA IVa reacted with 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) and 2'- deoxyguanosine (dG) to form three dA and five dG adducts as identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry , among which two dA and three dG adducts were detected in reactions of AA IVa with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA ). (bvsalud.org)
• The major adduct was, in each case, characterized by its pH-dependent partition coefficient, stability to base, mass spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum as a deoxyguanosine derivative resulting from addition of the exocydic amino group of deoxyguanosine to the benzyiic carbon of the epoxide ring of the dihydrodiol-epoxide. (psu.edu)
• One of the consequences caused by both substances is an oxidative DNA damage and DNA adducts 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) production as a biomarker of cancer risk. (ui.ac.id)
• 8-Chloro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-Cl-dG) is a major DNA adduct formed by HOCl and has been detected from the liver DNA and urine of rats administered lipopolysaccharide in an inflammation model. (elsevierpure.com)

Vitro3

• In brief, although it could form DNA adducts in vitro , AA IVa was non-genotoxic in vivo, which was attributed to its low reactivity and biotransformation into an easily excreted metabolite rather than bioactivation. (bvsalud.org)
• Both DE-I and DE-II were individually reacted with calf thymus DNA in vitro. (psu.edu)
• 2-Nitrotoluene was genotoxic in a range of in vitro and in vivo assays, was notably clastogenic in human peripheral lymphocytes and formed DNA adducts in exposed rodents. (gc.ca)

Pyrene2

• Reactive quinone and epoxide metabolites of similar compounds, such as benzo[a]pyrene, have been shown to enact their carcinogenecity through DNA adduct formation. (nih.gov)
• Reaction of Cyclopent(c,d)pyrene-3,4-epoxide with DNA and Deoxynucleotides. (epa.gov)

High performance li1

• The DNA was enzymatically hydrolyzed to deoxyribonudeosides, and the modified deoxyribonudeosides were separated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. (psu.edu)

Formation19

• Adduct formation is determined by the structures of reactive chemicals, the movement(s) of electrophiles, and the capacity of the compounds to bind with DNA, potentially driving adduct formation to specific nucleophilic sites. (wikipedia.org)
• New data show that the HMCES protein suppresses DNA double-strand break formation by cross-linking to and thereby stabilizing an abasic site generated during replication-coupled repair of a DNA interstrand cross-link, thus demonstrating a physiological role of HMCES in DNA repair. (nature.com)
• DNA damage during chromothripsis is caused by deoxyinosine formation on accumulated RNA-DNA hybrids in micronuclei that are then recognized by N -methyl-purine DNA glycosylase and cleaved by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. (nature.com)
• 1. Investigations concerning the correlation between exposure to chemicals and formation of DNA adducts. (europa.eu)
• 2. Correlation between DNA adduct formation and biological effect. (europa.eu)
• Response to cisplatin-therapy is assumed to be related to the formation of platinum (Pt)-DNA adducts. (nih.gov)
• The overall dA/dG ratios were lower with denatured DNA, indicating the importance of the secondary structure of DNA for both adduct formation and chemical selectivity. (uri.edu)
• Bao, Y , Bacon, J & Williamson, G 2001, Effect of phytochemicals on phIP-DNA adduct formation in human HepG2 cells and hepatocytes . (uea.ac.uk)
• We have previously developed the technology to quantify acetaldehyde-DNA adducts in human tissues, but there are no studies in the literature defining the formation and removal of acetaldehyde-DNA adducts in people who consumed alcohol. (umn.edu)
• Conclusion: These results show an effect of alcohol on oral cell DNA adduct formation, strongly supporting the key role of acetaldehyde in head and neck cancer caused by alcohol drinking. (umn.edu)
• Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a family of natural compounds with AA I and AA II being known carcinogens , whose bioactivation causes DNA adducts formation. (bvsalud.org)
• The initial events responsible for these carcinogenic and irreversible mutations involve DNA adduct formation, which is the focus of this paper. (biomedcentral.com)
• Formation of estrogen metabolites that react with DNA is thought to be a mechanism of cancer initiation by estrogens. (nebraska.edu)
• Inclusion of Ro41-0960 and E 2 in the medium blocked formation of methoxy CE, and depurinating adducts were observed. (nebraska.edu)
• We conclude that low COMT activity and increased formation of depurinating adducts can be critical factors leading to initiation of breast cancer. (nebraska.edu)
• Fibres could reduce the formation of DNA adducts in different manners, by diluting potential food mutagens and carcinogens in the gastrointestinal tract, by speeding their transit through the colon and by binding carcinogenic substances. (repositoriosalud.es)
• In this study we examined the time course and interindividual variation of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHP-gluc) excretion in urine and PAH-DNA adduct formation in peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) after charbroiled (CB) beef consumption. (johnshopkins.edu)
• ole in BaP metabolism at the same time as DNA adduct formation. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• Secondly, patients might be injected with micro doses of DNA alkylating drugs and look for adduct formation in tumor tissue biopsy and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (lrrk2inhibitor.com)

Vivo4

• We determined Pt-GG and Pt-AG adduct levels by use of 32P-postlabeling after ex vivo cisplatin treatment of fragments of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts (five lines), and of tumor biopsies from patients with HNSCC (n = 8) and testicular cancer (n = 8). (nih.gov)
• When patient tumor fragments were exposed ex vivo to 80 microM cisplatin for one hour, adduct levels were similar in HNSCC and testicular cancer. (nih.gov)
• Finally, cancer cell and regular cells are exposed to DNA modifying agent's ex vivo to determine if there's any adducts are formed. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)

Correlation6

• We have investigated the correlation between DNA adduct levels and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in peripheral lymphocyte samples obtained from 42 lung cancer patients. (elsevierpure.com)
• There was no statistically significant correlation between DNA adduct levels and non-induced or MC- induced AHH activity. (elsevierpure.com)
• In addition, similar correlation of DNA adducts with AHH inducibility was also observed in the GSTM1 present genotype (n = 17, r = 0.44, p = 0.07) and GSTP1-AA genotype (n = 29, r = 0.37, p = 0.05) individuals. (elsevierpure.com)
• After multivariate regression analysis these inverse correlations remained statistically significant, except for the correlation adducts v. fruit intake. (repositoriosalud.es)
• To further potentiate above outcomes, similarly there was positive correlation was observed in preclinical and clinical information for Drug induced DNA adduct and physiological response. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• The correlation coefficients between DNA adduct levels and styrene exposure, albumin adduct levels and SO exposure, and SCEs and SO exposure were higher among nonsmokers than among smokers. (cdc.gov)

Calf-thymus3

• In general, lower percentages were observed with denatured calf-thymus DNA. (uri.edu)
• As for base selectivity, 2 showed a greater affinity for dA relative to dG (dA/dG ratio, 0.79) than 3 (0.56) when reacted with native calf-thymus DNA. (uri.edu)
• Reaction of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane with calf thymus DNA gave all of the adducts observed from the individual nucleosides except dGII and dGIII. (ncl.ac.uk)

Benzo2

• Characterization of DNA adducts derived from syn-benzo[ghi]fluoranthen" by Hui-Fang Chang, Duane M. Huffer et al. (uri.edu)
• This adduct is derived from the covalent binding of (-)-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-l, 2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[c]phenanthrene [(-)-anti-BPhDE] to N6 of dA6 in this duplex sequence. (psu.edu)

Nucleotide3

• The N3 and N7 locations (nucleotide positioning) of guanine and adenine are believed to be the most nucleophilic, and hence, they form adducts selectively over exocyclic oxygen atoms. (wikipedia.org)
• Adducted plasmids were transfected into nucleotide excision repair proficient (GM00637) or deficient (GM04429, XPA) human fibroblasts. (mssm.edu)
• We have investigated nucleotide incorporation opposite the major adduct of 2-amino-1-methyl-6- phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the DinB family polymerase, Dpo4, using molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. (nyu.edu)

Bulky4

• vii) Further development of post-labelling methods for other than bulky DNA adducts. (europa.eu)
• Three basic types of conformers have been discovered for PAH-DNA adducts (Table 4, Figures 11, 12, and 18): (1) minor groove external binding sites, (2) base-displaced intercalative structures, and (3) intercalative insertions of the bulky PAH residues into the helix without base displacement (modified classical intercalation). (nyu.edu)
• Versatility of Y-family Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase Dpo4 in translesion synthesis past bulky N2-alkylguanine adducts. (neb.com)
• Finally, bulky C8-dG adducts, situated in the major groove, are likely to impede translocation in this polymerase (Rechkoblit et al. (nyu.edu)

HPLC4

• ii) Development of HPLC separation systems using an electrochemical detector, which would allow the detection of certain unlabelled adducts. (europa.eu)
• The adducts from the nucleosides were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC, and characterized by their UV absorbance and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric features. (ncl.ac.uk)
• Estrogen metabolites and depurinating DNA adducts in culture medium were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. (nebraska.edu)
• The 8-OHdG DNA adducts was analyzed using a reverse phase HPLC chromatography with UV/vis detector at the wavelength of 254 nm. (ui.ac.id)

Damage18

• Carcinogens are chemical or physical agents that cause DNA damage, which may later develop into cancer. (wikipedia.org)
• Exposure to them can directly or indirectly cause DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
• Many compounds require enzyme metabolic activation to become mutagenic and cause DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
• ROS and RNS are known to cause DNA damage via oxidative processes. (wikipedia.org)
• Research has indicated that many different chemicals may change human DNA and that lifestyle and host characteristics can impact the extent of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
• Humans are constantly exposed to a diverse combination of potentially dangerous substances that might cause DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
• DNA adducts are a form of DNA damage caused by covalent attachment of a chemical moiety to DNA. (nature.com)
• Protective effects of Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, on alcohol-derived DNA damage in the esophagus of human ALDH2*2 (Glu504Lys) knock-in mice. (harvard.edu)
• A series of model compounds which include methylating and ethylating agents were used to determine the nature and the frequency of different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by the chemicals. (europa.eu)
• Parallel to the measurements of DNA damage the frequency of mutations was determined in different organisms which include cultured mammalian cells, mouse germ cells, Drosophila, yeast, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. (europa.eu)
• Furthermore, removal of certain type of DNA damage from actively transcribed genes is likely to be faster than from the genome overall. (europa.eu)
• Differential damage and repair of DNA-adducts induced by anti-cancer drug cisplatin across mouse organs. (unc.edu)
• Cisplatin interacts with DNA mainly in the form of Pt-d(GpG) di-adduct, which stalls cell proliferation and activates DNA damage response. (unc.edu)
• We find different DNA damage and repair spectra across mouse organs, which are associated with tissue-specific transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles. (unc.edu)
• Detecting drug-DNA adducts could also be a predictive biomarker for cancer drug induced DNA harm, to ascertain drug induced DNA damage you can find 3 major exposure approaches are made use of. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• C8-Substituted Imidazotetrazine Analogs Overcome Temozolomide Resistance by Inducing DNA Adducts and DNA Damage FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY. (nottingham.ac.uk)
• In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
• Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)

Exposure1

• There is evidence that the distribution of DNA adducts over the genome immediately after exposure is not random, but that certain DNA sequences are damaged to a higher extent. (europa.eu)

Characterization2

• iii) Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against DNA containing specific DNA adducts or against a purified DNA adduct itself. (europa.eu)
• Similar characterization of adducts obtained from the anti-isomer 2 was described in the preceding paper in this issue [Chang et al. (uri.edu)

Polymerase1

• the miscoding frequency and specificity varies depending on the DNA polymerase used. (elsevierpure.com)

Mutagenic2

• The results to date include that measurements of DNA adduct frequencies can give information concerning the mutagenic potency of a genotoxic agent, but these determinations should be accompanied by measurements of the effects of DNA repair mechanisms on the persistence of the DNA lesions. (europa.eu)
• The mutagenic properties of each of these type of adducts can vary significantly. (europa.eu)

Mutations5

• Adducts that are not removed by the cell can cause mutations that may give rise to cancer. (nature.com)
• Relative mutation frequencies increased with the adduct level, with 1.3-3.6-fold higher numbers of mutations in the XP cells compared to the GM00637 cells, indicating that NER plays a significant role in the removal of these particular tamoxifen DNA adducts. (mssm.edu)
• In both cell lines, as the adduct level increased, the proportion of GC → AT transitions decreased and GC → TA transversions, mutations known to arise from the major tamoxifen adducts, increased. (mssm.edu)
• A comprehensive understanding of DNA adducts, one of the most plausible origins of cancer mutations, is still elusive, especially in human tissues in clinical settings. (biomedcentral.com)
• Certain DNA adducts may impede accurate DNA replication and generate mispairing which contribute to DNA mutations [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Cisplatin8

• Measurement of these adducts prior to therapy could be of value to improve cisplatin based cancer therapy. (nih.gov)
• The adduct levels in the samples of two HNSCC patients who received cisplatin chemotherapy were in line with the hypothesis that higher adduct levels are associated with a better response. (nih.gov)
• On the cisplatin-DNA adduct along with the expression and activity of p-glycoprotein. (itkinhibitor.com)
• A. Effects of WYC02 and WYC0209 on cisplatin-DNA adduct. (itkinhibitor.com)
• The percentage of cisplatin-DNA adduct good cells have been measured by flow cytometry and are represented as mean EM of three replications. (itkinhibitor.com)
• Since inhibition of ATR seems to sensitize tumors to cisplatin-induced cell death [15], the elevated cisplatinDNA adducts evident right here might be either an indirectFigure five: Knockdown of Atr or p-glycoprotein with sirNA boost the cisplatin-DNA adduct in 5637 cells. (itkinhibitor.com)
• Effects of siATR knockdown on A. cisplatin-DNA adduct and b. (itkinhibitor.com)
• We show that loss of the DNA repair protein XPA markedly augments the synthetic lethality between MK2 and p53, enhancing anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with cisplatin chemotherapy. (nature.com)

Carcinogens2

• A typical experimental design for studying DNA adducts is to induce them with known carcinogens. (wikipedia.org)
• The presence of endogenous carcinogens contributes to levels of DNA adducts in a patient. (wikipedia.org)

Tumors2

• From 59 subjects who had received gastrectomy for gastric cancer, 306 samples of nontumor tissues and 15 samples of tumors (14 cases) were taken for DNA adductome analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
• The concept has now been extended to embrace synthetic lethal drug sensitivity, such as that observed with PARP inhibitors in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapy in a variety of BRCA defective tumors 10 . (nature.com)

Polycyclic4

• The NMR structural studies have elucidated a variety of strikingly diverse conformational themes among adducts of polycyclic aromatic compounds with DNA. (nyu.edu)
• Remarkably, this theme of opposite orientations persists regardless of (1) the conformer type (minor groove, base-displaced/intercalation, classical intercalation), or (2) the nature of the polycyclic aromatic parent compound (5-MeC, BPh, BP, α-[SO]) and adduct site (guanine or adenine group, see Table 4). (nyu.edu)
• The conformational theme of base-displaced intercalation, observed in the cases of the cis- anti-[BP]N 2 -dG adducts, is also found for adducts derived from polycyclic aromatic amines. (nyu.edu)
• We hypothesize that such equilibria may prevail in other adducts derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and amines, as well. (nyu.edu)

Styrene1

• An additional conformational motif, a major groove adduct structure in the case of α-(N 6 -adenyl)styrene oxide adducts, has been observed (Table 4). (nyu.edu)

Reaction4

• Generally, the reaction mechanism for the DNA adduction involved Michael addition between the electron-deficient carbon from the quinone and the nucleophilic exocyclic nitrogen from the dG followed by reductive cyclization with loss of a small molecule such as H 2 O, or HBrO. (edu.hk)
• It was of particular interest to note that some adducts were generated from the reaction of one dG molecule with two BBQ molecules. (edu.hk)
• The reaction of 2′deoxyadenosine with (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane gave two adducts: N1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2′-deoxyadenosine (dAI) and N6-(3-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2′-deoxyadenosine (dAII). (ncl.ac.uk)
• The competitive reaction of AA I and AA IVa with CT DNA , with adducts levels varying with pH of reaction revealed that AA IVa was significantly less reactive than AA I, probably by hydroxyl deprotonation of AA IVa, which was explained by theoretical calculations for reaction barriers, energy levels of the molecular orbits , and charges at the reaction sites. (bvsalud.org)

Lymphocytes1

• These findings suggest that DNA adduct levels are mediated by CYP1A1 enzyme, and AHH inducibility may be a more relevant indicator than specific AHH activity for explaining the variation of DNA adduct levels in lymphocytes. (elsevierpure.com)

Levels6

• pSP189 plasrnid DNA containing the supF gene was treated with α-acetoxytamoxifen and adduct levels (0.5-8.0 adducts per plasmid) determined by 32 P-postlabeling. (mssm.edu)
• Methods: We investigated levels of N 2 -ethylidene-dGuo, the major DNA adduct of acetaldehyde, in DNA from human oral cells at several time points after consumption of increasing alcohol doses. (umn.edu)
• This study investigated the effect of inhibiting COMT activity on the levels of depurinating 4-OHE 1 (E 2 )-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE 1 (E 2 )-1-N7Gua adducts in human breast epithelial cells. (nebraska.edu)
• Firstly, upon very first therapy with chemotherapeutic agents in individuals, analysis for detecting adducts in different biological samples like circulating tumor cells, tumor tissue biopsy and other tissues at therapeutic levels of chemotherapy. (lrrk2inhibitor.com)
• Mean albumin adduct levels ranged from 0.286 nanomoles per gram (nmol/g) of albumin to 1.68nmol/g. (cdc.gov)
• Mean DNA adduct levels were significantly higher among smokers than among nonsmokers. (cdc.gov)

Substances1

• Due to internal or external factors, chemically reactive substances bind to DNA and form DNA adducts. (biomedcentral.com)

Metabolites2

• The alternation of the genome caused by covalent binding of chemicals or their metabolites to DNA provides a viable mechanism for carcinogenicity. (edu.hk)
• The estrogens estrone (E 1 ) and estradiol (E 2 ) can form catechol estrogen (CE) metabolites, catechol estrogen quinones [E 1 (E 2 )-3,4-Q], which react with DNA to form predominantly depurinating adducts. (nebraska.edu)

Spectra2

• The chemical structures of the DNA adducts were confirmed by accurate mass values, collision-induced fragmentation tandem mass spectra as well as isotopic patterns. (edu.hk)
• A similar spectra of adducts was exhibited by dGp, poly dG-dC and poly dG. (epa.gov)

Assay6

• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS): Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is useful in testing DNA adducts, but does have a different approach than a 32P-postlabeling assay. (wikipedia.org)
• Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): ELISA contains an antigen in solution that can bind with DNA adducts. (wikipedia.org)
• To this end several assay systems were first developed to measure DNA adduct frequencies. (europa.eu)
• vi) Development of a sensitive assay for the measurement of apurinic sites in DNA. (europa.eu)
• However, no DNA adducts were detected in the kidney , liver , and forestomach of orally dosed mice at 40 mg/kg/day for 2 days, and bone marrow micronucleus assay also yielded negative results . (bvsalud.org)
• PAH-DNA adducts were measured in WBCs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to assess macromolecular dose. (johnshopkins.edu)

Conformation2

• The diolepoxides 2 and 3 are rigid structure analogues of anti- and syn-BcPDE (5 and 6), respectively, thus serving as models for probing molecular deformity and diol conformation in diolepoxide - DNA interaction. (uri.edu)
• Ultimately, the complex problem of the role of the protein or enzyme environment in PAH-DNA adduct conformation and function will need to be addressed. (nyu.edu)

Aromatic2

• We have investigated in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort the association between dietary items (food groups and nutrients) and aromatic DNA adducts and 4-aminobiphenyl-Hb adducts. (repositoriosalud.es)
• The present study suggests that fibre intake in the usual range can modify the level of DNA or Hb aromatic adducts, but such role seems to be quantitatively modest. (repositoriosalud.es)

Dpo41

• Our results show that the dG-C8-PhIP adduct can be accommodated in the spacious major groove Dpo4 open pocket, with Dpo4 capable of incorporating dCTP, dTTP or dATP opposite the adduct reasonably well. (nyu.edu)

Mutagenesis1

• They can initiate mutagenesis in DNA by interfering with the replication process. (wikipedia.org)

Certain DNA1

• Fluorescence labeling: Certain DNA adducts can also be detected by the means of fluorescence because they contain fluorescent chromophores. (wikipedia.org)

Human8

• The human gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin alkylates DNA. (harvard.edu)
• Only a few attempts toward this "DNA adductome approach" in human tissues have been reported. (biomedcentral.com)
• Geospatial information on DNA adducts in human organs has been scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
• Mass spectrometry of human gastric mucosal DNA was performed to identify DNA adducts associated with environmental factors. (biomedcentral.com)
• We characterized 7 DNA adducts in the nontumor portion of the human stomach in both gastric cancer subjects and nongastric cancer subjects. (biomedcentral.com)
• A more expansive DNA adductome profile would provide a comprehensive understanding of the origin of human cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
• In this study, we explored the miscoding properties of the 8-Cl-dG adduct generated by human DNA polymerases (pols). (elsevierpure.com)
• The overall objective of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to support innovative research on adducts to cellular macromolecules as indicators of exposures to endogenous and exogenous cancer risk factors relevant to exposures in human populations. (nih.gov)

Identification1

• Recent technological developments have facilitated the identification of multiple DNA adducts in a single experiment. (biomedcentral.com)

Major4

• Guanine's N7 position is exposed in the major groove of double-helical DNA, making it more suitable for adduction than when compared to adenine's N3 position, which is orientated in the minor groove. (wikipedia.org)
• This graph shows the total number of publications written about "DNA Adducts" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "DNA Adducts" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
• This study investigates the mutagenicity of tamoxifen DNA adducts formed by α-acetoxytamoxifen, a reactive ester producing the major DNA adduct formed in livers of tamoxifen-treated rats. (mssm.edu)
• The results of this study show that the major DNA adducts formed from 5-methylchrysene via DEI and DE-II are structurally similar. (psu.edu)

Chemicals1

• Most chemicals induce more than one type of DNA adduct. (europa.eu)

Quantification1

• Further development of methodologies for the detection and quantification of DNA adducts in the genome overall, which will involve: (i) The use of radioactively labelled model compounds which allow the quantification of labelled DNA adducts at low frequency. (europa.eu)

Persistence1

• Persistence of adducts was observed for testicular cancer in the additional drug-free period. (nih.gov)

Structures1

• The structures of nine DNA adducts and two racemic tetraols derived from 3 have been determined spectroscopically. (uri.edu)

Oxidative1

• Furthermore, reactive intermediates can be produced in the body as a result of oxidative stress, thus harming the DNA. (wikipedia.org)

Frequencies1

• a.Determination of DNA adduct frequencies as a function of time in: Different organs of mice, hamsterand rat, including mouse and rat germ cells. (europa.eu)

Chemically1

• The opposite orientations relative to the modified bases of chemically identical adduct pairs derived from chiral pairs of diol epoxide stereoisomers are noteworthy. (nyu.edu)

Correlations1

• These DNA adducts showed considerable correlations with each other. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell2

• These interactions typically cause chemical adducts to form in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
• v) Further development of immuno histochemical methods for the detection of DNA adducts in various organs and cell types of mammals. (europa.eu)

Nucleosides1

• Briefly, DNA was extracted from each sample with antioxidants, digested into nucleosides, separated by liquid chromatography, and then electrospray-ionized. (biomedcentral.com)