Dimethylformamide
Body Mass Index
Severity of Illness Index
Oral Hygiene Index
Solvents
Oxyquinoline
Body Burden
Glycemic Index
Inhalation Exposure
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa
Airway Remodeling
Dental Caries
Urinalysis
Immunosuppressive Agents
Obesity
Risk Factors
Ankle Brachial Index
The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children. (1/406)
BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that water fluoridation dramatically reduces dental caries, but the effect that water fluoridation has upon reducing dental health inequalities is less clear. The aim of this study is to describe the effect that water fluoridation has upon the association between material deprivation and dental caries experience in 5-year-old children. METHODS: It is an ecological descriptive study of dental caries experience using previously obtained data from the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry's biennial surveys of 5-year-old children. This study examined the following data from seven fluoridated districts and seven comparable non-fluoridated districts in England: 1) dental caries experience using the dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index; 2) the Townsend Deprivation Index of the electoral ward in which the child lived; 3) whether fluoride was present at an optimal concentration in the drinking water or not. RESULTS: A statistically significant interaction was observed between material deprivation (measured by the Townsend Deprivation Index) and water fluoridation (P < 0.001). This means that the social class gradient between material deprivation and dental caries experience is much flatter in fluoridated areas. CONCLUSION: Water fluoridation reduces dental caries experience more in materially deprived wards than in affluent wards and the introduction of water fluoridation would substantially reduce inequalities in dental health. (+info)Patients' expectations for oral health care in the 21st century. (2/406)
BACKGROUND: This article examines trends in patient demographics and dental disease patterns. Data suggest the patient expectations about oral health are increasing, as is their knowledge of oral health services. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Changing patient demographics and technological advances will lead to higher patient expectations and greater demands for oral health care in the 21st century than they had been during most of the 20th century. (+info)Dental caries in Quebec adults aged 35 to 44 years. (3/406)
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in Quebec adults aged 35 to 44. METHODS: A stratified sample was used. The participation rate was 77% for the questionnaire and 44.5% for the oral examination. A total of 2,110 people were examined. The World Health Organization's caries criteria were used. Examiner agreement with gold standard dentist was excellent at the end of the nine-day training session (Kappa index > 0.8). RESULTS: The level of caries experience is very high in Quebec adults aged 35 to 44. Almost half of dental surfaces (65 of 148) have been affected. These surfaces are mostly missing (39.3) or filled (23.9). However, there were 1.8 decayed surfaces in need of treatment per adult, and more than half the people (55.5%) had no untreated decayed surfaces. Almost three-quarters of decayed surfaces were present in only 14% of the people; lower family income and lower education are risk factors. CONCLUSION: Comparison between Quebec and industrialized countries (United States, England and the Netherlands) shows that in adults 35 to 44, the mean number of decayed teeth is low (between 1.0 and 2.2) and the mean number of filled teeth is relatively similar (between 9.6 and 11.1); however, Quebec has a higher percentage than the United States of edentulous people. As well, in dentate adults, there are 1.6 times more missing teeth among Quebecers than among Americans. (+info)The association between caries and childhood lead exposure. (4/406)
Epidemiologic studies suggest an association between lead exposure and caries. Our objective was to establish whether children with a higher lead exposure as toddlers had more caries at school age than children with a lower lead exposure. We used a retrospective cohort design. A sample of children who attended second and fifth grades in the Rochester, New York, public schools during the 1995-1996 and 1996-1997 school years were examined for caries through a dental screening program. For each child we assessed the number of decayed, missing, or filled surfaces on permanent teeth (DMFS), and the number of decayed or filled surfaces on deciduous teeth (dfs); the number of surfaces at risk (SAR) was also recorded. Lead exposure was defined as the mean of all blood lead levels collected between 18 and 37 months of age by fingerstick [provided the blood lead level was [less than/equal to] 10 microg/dL)] or venipuncture. A total of 248 children (197 second graders and 51 fifth graders) were examined for caries and had a record of blood lead levels to define lead exposure. The mean dfs was 3.4 (range 0-29); the mean DMFS was 0.5 (range 0-8). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the proportion of children with DMFS [Greater/equal to] 1, and the proportion with dfs [Greater/equal to] 1, and lead exposure [< 0.48 micromol/L vs. [Greater/equal to] 0.48 micromol/L (< 10 microg/dL vs. [Greater/equal to] 10 microg/dL)] while controlling for SAR, age at examination, and grade in school. For DMFS, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-2.09; p = 0.89); for dfs, the odds ratio was 1.77 (95% CI, 0.97-3.24; p = 0.07). This study did not demonstrate that lead exposure > 10 microg/dL as a toddler was a strong predictor of caries among school-age children. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously because of limitations in the assessment of lead exposure and limited statistical power. (+info)Disease activity and need for dental care in a capitation plan based on risk assessment. (5/406)
This article describes a capitation model of care which would stimulate both dentists and patients to apply existing preventive knowledge. (+info)Caries among 3-year-olds in greater Manchester. (6/406)
OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of caries, including nursing caries, amongst 3-year-old children in three districts of Greater Manchester in the North West of England. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of 762 randomly selected 3-year-old children using the dmft and dmfs indices. Three definitions of nursing caries were used in order to assess the varying prevalence of the disease according to which definition was applied. SUBJECTS: Children, aged 36-48 months, attending day nurseries, play groups and nurseries attached to primary schools were examined by three trained examiners under standardised conditions in three health districts in Greater Manchester. A random selection process was used to produce a quota sample to reflect the balance of childcare provision in each district. RESULTS: The overall proportion of children affected by general caries was 32%. The mean dmft score was 1.4 (sd = 2.8) and the mean dmfs was 2.8 (sd = 7.3). There were significant differences across the three districts. The prevalence of nursing caries varied widely when differing definitions of types were applied; 1.6% of the children had nursing caries according to the narrow definition, 7.2% showed the wider definition type and 9.8% had nursing caries of the broadest definition. In total 19% of children had caries which affected their upper incisors. Children of Asian origin had the highest levels of nursing and overall caries. CONCLUSIONS: Caries is a widespread problem in some very young children in the districts involved. Caries of upper anterior teeth contributes significantly to the overall level of caries in each of the localities in question. The prevalence of nursing caries is highly dependent on the case definition used. (+info)Dental caries experience in Indians of the Upper Xingu, Brazil. (7/406)
The present study describes the experience of dental caries in Indians communities of the Xingu, in order to supply parameters for further analysis of trends of the disease in Indians. We performed oral health examination in 288 Indians from four communities (Yawalapiti, Aweti, Mehinaku and Kamaiura) living in the southern part of the Xingu National Park, using international criteria defined by the World Health Organization. The outcome measures were the DMFT and dmft scores, and the care index. Indians of the Upper Xingu presented high levels of caries, in all age groups. The average DMFT for 11 to 13-year-old children - 5.93 - was lower than the index measured in 1993 for 12-year-old schoolchildren in nearby cities - 8.23 -, whose United Nations' human development index ranked medium. However, Indians presented a much lower care index, per age group, than these cities, and a high ratio of missing teeth for persons above 20 years old. These observations indicate low incorporation of dental care services. The irregularity of the services programmed for these communities, and the changing dietary and cultural patterns, mainly derived from their contact with the non-indigenous population of Brazil, reinforce the pressing need for health promotion initiatives aimed at these groups. (+info)Association of Streptococcus mutants with human dental decay. (8/406)
The association of Streptococcus mutans with human dental decay was investigated by using several types of samples: (i) paraffin-stimulated saliva samples taken from children with from 0 to 15 decayed teeth; (ii) pooled occlusal and approximal plaque taken from children with no decayed or filled teeth, or from children with rampant caries of 10 or more teeth; (iii) plaque removed from single occlusal fissures that were either carious or noncarious. The results showed a significant association between plaque levels of S. mutans and caries. The strongest association, P < 0.0001, was found when plaque was removed from single occlusal fissures. Seventy-one percent of the carious fissures had S. mutans accounting for more than 10% of the viable flora, whereas 70% of the fissures that were caries free had no detectable S. mutans. Sixty-five percent of the pooled plaque samples from the children with rampant caries had S. mutans accounting for more than 10% of the viable flora, whereas 40% of the pooled samples from children that were caries free had no detectable S. mutans. Saliva samples tended to have low levels of S. mutans and were equivocal in demonstrating a relationship between S. mutans and caries. (+info)I'm not aware of a medical definition for "DMF Index." The abbreviation "DMF" could potentially stand for many things, as it is used in various contexts across different fields. In the field of dentistry, DMF stands for Decayed, Missing, and Filled teeth/surfaces, which is a method for measuring dental caries or tooth decay. However, there is no standard medical definition for "DMF Index." If you could provide more context or specify the field of study or practice, I would be happy to help further!
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NCHO. It is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a mild, characteristic odor. DMF is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It is widely used as a commercial solvent, due to its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar compounds.
In the medical field, exposure to dimethylformamide can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion during its production, use, or disposal. Acute exposure to high levels of DMF may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Chronic exposure has been associated with liver damage, neurological effects, and reproductive issues in both humans and animals.
It is essential to handle dimethylformamide with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety glasses, and lab coats, to minimize exposure. Engineering controls, such as fume hoods, should also be used when working with this chemical to ensure adequate ventilation and reduce the risk of inhalation exposure.
Fumarates are the salts or esters of fumaric acid, a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula HO2C-CH=CH-CO2H. In the context of medical therapy, fumarates are used as medications for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.
One such medication is dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which is a stable salt of fumaric acid. DMF has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and it's used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
The exact mechanism of action of fumarates in these conditions is not fully understood, but they are thought to modulate the immune system and have antioxidant effects. Common side effects of fumarate therapy include gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain, as well as flushing and skin reactions.
Formamides are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the structure R-C(=O)NH2, where R can be a hydrogen atom or any organic group. The simplest formamide is formic acid amide (methanamide), which has the formula HC(=O)NH2. Formamides are important in biological systems and are also used in industry as solvents and intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:
Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2
According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:
* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese
It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.
A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.
Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.
It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.
The Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) is a dental measurement used to assess and quantify the cleanliness of a patient's teeth. It was developed by Greene and Vermillion in 1964 as a simple, reproducible method for oral hygiene evaluation. The index takes into account the amount of debris (food particles, plaque) and calculus (tartar) present on the tooth surfaces.
The OHI consists of two components: the Debris Index (DI) and the Calculus Index (CI). Each component is scored separately for six designated teeth (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, and 46) on a scale from 0 to 3. The scores are then summed up and averaged to obtain the final OHI score:
1. Debris Index (DI): Assesses the soft debris or plaque accumulation on the tooth surfaces. The scoring is as follows:
- Score 0: No debris present
- Score 1: Debris found on up to one-third of the tooth surface
- Score 2: Debris found on more than one-third but less than two-thirds of the tooth surface
- Score 3: Debris found on more than two-thirds of the tooth surface
2. Calculus Index (CI): Evaluates the hard calculus or tartar accumulation on the tooth surfaces. The scoring is similar to the DI:
- Score 0: No calculus present
- Score 1: Supragingival calculus found on up to one-third of the tooth surface
- Score 2: Supragingival calculus found on more than one-third but less than two-thirds of the tooth surface, or the presence of individual flecks of subgingival calculus
- Score 3: Supragingival calculus found on more than two-thirds of the tooth surface, or a continuous heavy band of subgingival calculus
The OHI score ranges from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating poorer oral hygiene. This index is widely used in dental research and clinical settings to evaluate the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions and to assess overall oral health status.
Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.
However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.
Dermatologic agents are medications, chemicals, or other substances that are applied to the skin (dermis) for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. They can be used to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, and wounds. Dermatologic agents include topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and many others. They can come in various forms such as creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, and patches. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully to ensure safety and effectiveness.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oxyquinoline" does not have a specific medical definition as it is not a widely recognized medical term or a medication used in human healthcare. Oxyquinoline is an organic compound that contains a quinoline ring substituted with an alcohol group (hydroxyl) at position 8. It has been used in the past as a disinfectant and antiseptic, but it's not common in modern medical practice.
If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, please provide more context so I can offer a more accurate and helpful response.
The Mitotic Index (MI) is a measure of cell proliferation that reflects the percentage of cells in a population or sample that are undergoing mitosis, which is the process of cell division. It is often expressed as the number of mitotic figures (dividing cells) per 100 or 1,000 cells counted in a microscopic field. The Mitotic Index is used in various fields, including pathology and research, to assess the growth fraction of cells in tissues or cultures, and to monitor the effects of treatments that affect cell division, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
"Body burden" is a term used in the field of environmental health to describe the total amount of a chemical or toxic substance that an individual has accumulated in their body tissues and fluids. It refers to the overall load or concentration of a particular chemical or contaminant that an organism is carrying, which can come from various sources such as air, water, food, and consumer products.
The term "body burden" highlights the idea that people can be exposed to harmful substances unknowingly and unintentionally, leading to potential health risks over time. Some factors that may influence body burden include the frequency and duration of exposure, the toxicity of the substance, and individual differences in metabolism, elimination, and susceptibility.
It is important to note that not all chemicals or substances found in the body are necessarily harmful, as some are essential for normal bodily functions. However, high levels of certain environmental contaminants can have adverse health effects, making it crucial to monitor and regulate exposure to these substances.
Flavones are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant and fungal metabolites. They are characterized by a phenylbenzopyrone structure, consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) linked through a heterocyclic pyrone ring (C). Flavones specifically have a double bond between the second and third carbon atoms in the C ring, which contributes to their planar structure.
Flavones are found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs, and they have been studied for their potential health benefits. Some common flavones include luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in laboratory studies, but more research is needed to determine their effectiveness and safety in humans.
The Glycemic Index (GI) is a measure of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels, compared to a reference food (usually pure glucose). It is expressed as a percentage on a scale from 0 to 100. A food with a high GI raises blood glucose levels more rapidly and higher than a food with a low GI.
Foods are ranked based on the speed at which they cause an increase in blood sugar levels, with high GI foods causing a rapid spike and low GI foods causing a slower, more gradual rise. This can be useful for people managing diabetes or other conditions where maintaining stable blood glucose levels is important.
It's worth noting that the glycemic index of a food can vary depending on factors such as ripeness, cooking method, and the presence of fiber or fat in the meal. Therefore, it's best to consider GI values as a general guide rather than an absolute rule.
Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.
The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:
1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any
Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.
It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine protein kinases that play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways linked to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. They are so named because they were initially discovered as protein kinases that phosphorylate the 40S ribosomal protein S6, a component of the ribosome involved in translation regulation.
RSKs consist of four isoforms (RSK1-4) encoded by separate genes but sharing similar structures and functions. They have an N-terminal kinase domain, a C-terminal kinase domain, and a linker region containing several regulatory phosphorylation sites. RSKs are activated through the Ras/MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) signaling cascade, where Ras activates Raf, which in turn activates MEK, ultimately leading to the activation of ERK. Activated ERK then phosphorylates and activates RSKs by promoting a conformational change that allows for autophosphorylation and full kinase activity.
Once activated, RSKs can phosphorylate various substrates involved in transcriptional regulation, cytoskeletal reorganization, protein synthesis, and cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of RSK signaling has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, where they contribute to tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, RSKs are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
Airway remodeling is a term used to describe the structural changes that occur in the airways as a result of chronic inflammation in respiratory diseases such as asthma. These changes include thickening of the airway wall, increased smooth muscle mass, and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix components. These alterations can lead to narrowing of the airways, decreased lung function, and increased severity of symptoms. Airway remodeling is thought to be a major contributor to the persistent airflow obstruction that is characteristic of severe asthma.
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.
The process of dental caries development involves several stages:
1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.
Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.
Urinalysis is a medical examination and analysis of urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and liver problems. A urinalysis can also help monitor medications and drug compliance. The test typically involves checking the color, clarity, and specific gravity (concentration) of urine. It may also include chemical analysis to detect substances like glucose, protein, blood, and white blood cells, which could indicate various medical conditions. In some cases, a microscopic examination is performed to identify any abnormal cells, casts, or crystals present in the urine.
Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.
Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test used to diagnose and evaluate peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels outside of the heart. The ABI measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, which can indicate whether there is reduced blood flow to the legs due to PAD.
To perform the test, healthcare professionals measure the blood pressure in both arms and ankles using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler ultrasound device. The systolic blood pressure (the higher number) is used for the calculation. The ABI value is obtained by dividing the highest ankle pressure by the highest arm pressure.
In healthy individuals, the ABI values typically range from 0.9 to 1.3. Values below 0.9 suggest that there may be narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, indicating PAD. The lower the ABI value, the more severe the blockage is likely to be. Additionally, an ABI of 1.4 or higher may indicate calcification of the arteries, which can also affect blood flow.
In summary, the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test that measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, providing valuable information about peripheral artery disease and overall circulatory health.
Radiation-sensitizing agents are drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. These agents work by increasing the ability of radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, which can lead to more effective tumor cell death. This means that lower doses of radiation may be required to achieve the same therapeutic effect, reducing the potential for damage to normal tissues surrounding the tumor.
Radiation-sensitizing agents are often used in conjunction with radiation therapy to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer. They can be given either systemically (through the bloodstream) or locally (directly to the tumor site). The choice of agent and the timing of administration depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the specific radiation therapy protocol being used.
It is important to note that while radiation-sensitizing agents can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, they may also increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of potential toxicities are essential during treatment.
Decay-missing-filled index
DMF
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Decay-missing-filled index - Wikipedia
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Dimethylformamide1
- Request for assistance in preventing adverse health effects from exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF). (cdc.gov)
Caries14
- The decay-missing-filled (DMF) index or decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index is one of the most common methods in oral epidemiology for assessing dental caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations and has been used for about 75 years. (wikipedia.org)
- This index is based on in-field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe, mirror and cotton rolls, and simply counts the number of decayed, missing (due to caries only) and restored teeth. (wikipedia.org)
- Because the DMF index is done without X-ray imaging, it underestimates real caries prevalence and treatment needs. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the most common index for assessing dental caries and dental treatment needs is DMFT. (nature.com)
- The authors undertook an updated systematic review of the relationship between body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)
- All empirical papers that tested associations between body mass index and dental caries in child and adolescent populations (aged 0 to 18 years) were included. (biomedcentral.com)
- Dental caries is associated with both high and low body mass index. (biomedcentral.com)
- A non-linear association between body mass index and dental caries may account for inconsistent findings in previous research. (biomedcentral.com)
- We recommend future research investigate the nature of the association between body mass index and dental caries in samples that include a full range of body mass index scores, and explore how factors such as socioeconomic status mediate the association between body mass index and dental caries. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recent national data from Sweden[ 5 ] suggest a positive correlation between dental caries and Body Mass Index (BMI), and showed that obesogenic behaviour such as snacking in early childhood predicted caries development in adolescence. (biomedcentral.com)
- The mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT), and Significant Caries (SiC) Index were determined for dental caries and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (T-F) for fluorosis. (bvsalud.org)
- The prevalence of untreated dental caries in the final sample was 40.3% and the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth) 2.32, there was no statistical difference between cities. (bvsalud.org)
- L'objectif était de constater la situation des caries dentaires et de comparer les différentes expériences en la matière dans la totalité des neuf districts médicaux. (who.int)
- The prevalence of caries was 51.8%, with the mean dmf-t equal to 1.92 (± 2.72) and the decayed (c) component responsible for 94.2% of the index. (bvsalud.org)
DMFT7
- This study was conducted to investigate the association between decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and nutritional status measured by Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), in Iranian adults. (nature.com)
- DMFT index was employed as a measurement of oral health. (nature.com)
- A meta-analysis study in 2018 indicated that the DMFT index of Iranian children and adults is 2.30 and 8.60, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
- Since there are few investigations about DMFT and nutritional status in Iran, this study was conducted to investigate the association between DMFT index and nutritional status based on HEI-2015 among Iranian adults. (nature.com)
- DMFT index. (who.int)
- For the data collection, clinical exams were performed, using the DMFT index, and the application of two semistructured questionnaires to adolescents and their parents. (bvsalud.org)
- The mean decayed/missing/filled teeth (dmft) index was 5.1, ranging from 3.8 in Ajman to 6.6 in Dubai. (who.int)
Teeth3
- Moreover, undergoes to the Approximal Plaque Index (API), the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and the number of decayed teeth (DT) and missing teeth (MT). All data were analyzed using different statistical procedures. (unime.it)
- 4 dmf teeth. (who.int)
- The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF/T) Index, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index , and details regarding edentulism, nutrition habits , and socioeconomic factors were collected. (bvsalud.org)
Chloride1
- I tried the same reaction several times (pure DMF not dry and lauryl chloride instead of palmitoyl chloride), adjusting the concentration of the polymer, or mixing it for more than 3 h (I actually went for 8, 16 and 24 h) but every time I got the same result that is two fractions: one soluble and another which does not dissolve in water and I don't really understand why. (chemicalforums.com)
Statistical1
- Dynamic Management Views (DMVs) and Functions (DMF) are a new feature in SQL Server 2005 to help gather statistical information on particular portions of SQL Server from the core database engine to new features such as the CLR or Service Broker. (mssqltips.com)
Polydispersity2
- Radiolabeled NPs present increased diameters, with identical low polydispersity indexes and negative zeta potentials in comparison to non-radiolabeled NPs. (frontiersin.org)
- PDI (polydispersity index) of our linear PEG is 1.02-1.05 with very narrow MW distribution. (creativepegworks.com)
Dental1
- Dental medicine students are intensively paying attention for their oral health according with their higher level of education and all of that have an impact on DMF index. (edu.mk)
Fragmentation9
- Luckily, fragmentation is a manageable problem that is resolved by re-building the indexes to reduce the fragmentation at the index or table level. (mssqltips.com)
- Determining the tables that have high levels of fragmentation was a potentially time consuming process in the SQL Server 2000 environment because DBCC SHOWCONTIG had to be issued against the table or index. (mssqltips.com)
- Then this data needed to be analyzed to determine which indexes required rebuilding based on your personal tolerance for fragmentation. (mssqltips.com)
- Some DBAs use a threshold in the 90% range while other DBAs were closer to the 70% range, but it seems that DBAs agree beyond the 70% fragmentation range that the indexes should be rebuilt. (mssqltips.com)
- This table should be considered healthy as it pertains to fragmentation because the indexes have been recently rebuilt. (mssqltips.com)
- The sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats DMF addresses database fragmentation and can be queried directly for specific index fragmentation. (mssqltips.com)
- This column indicates the percentage of fragmentation for the table or index. (mssqltips.com)
- The mode is the parameter (DEFAULT, NULL, LIMITED, SAMPLED, or DETAILED) to determine the level of detail when scanning the table or index for fragmentation statistics. (mssqltips.com)
- The output shows three entries for the table with the overall table being free of corruption, but 1 of the non clustered indexes having 16% fragmentation based on the value from the avg_fragementation_in_percent column. (mssqltips.com)
20001
- In an effort to make the website more dynamic, the community part of the site was added around 2000, in the form of message boards and an indexed search engine. (wikipedia.org)
Health2
- The authors searched Medline, Web of Science (ISI), Cochrane, Scopus, Global Health and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
- DMF-ELISA results were compared with reference ELISA results tested at DRC's National Public Health Laboratory and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
Results1
- Results: According to results, DMF index is on satisfactory level in correlation with oral hygiene. (edu.mk)
Death Mast2
- Board-certified genealogists working in forensic genealogy should read the new regulations for access to the most recent three years of deaths in the Social Security Death Index (SSDI), also called the Public Death Master File (Public DMF). (bcgcertification.org)
- earlier this year I testified before the Subcommittee on Social Security at separate hearings on SSA's Disability Insurance program and the Death Master File (DMF). (ssa.gov)
Oral2
Data4
- All subjects were clinicаlly examined and DMF index data were noted. (edu.mk)
- These data provide a using the CPITN index [community peri- means for tracking changes in quantifiable odontal index of treatment needs]. (who.int)
- SQL Server uses the Index Allocation Map (IAM) pages to track and scan the data pages allocated by the table. (sqlservercentral.com)
- During inserts, SQL Server has to do the hard work of finding space for the row among the data pages, unlike a clustered index where a row has a definitive location based on the clustering key, which determines where it goes. (sqlservercentral.com)
Database2
- Would you like to be NTIS-certified but are uncertain about the user query system on their DMF database? (bcgcertification.org)
- To fine tune the output, the query accepts 5 parameters which are database_id, object_id, index_id, partition_number and the mode as well as WHERE clause parameters as an example. (mssqltips.com)
Rebuilt2
- Unfortunately, there was and still remains little agreement on the threshold when indexes should be rebuilt. (mssqltips.com)
- In both cases, if there are any non-clustered indexes on the table, they are rebuilt as the heap's row-ids change post rebuild or when we create a clustered index on it wherein the row-id is the clustering key. (sqlservercentral.com)
Manual1
- Do you also use DMF or manual focus with focus peaking? (wetpixel.com)
Water1
- DMF is an excellent polar aprotic solvent that is miscible with water and with most organic solvents. (iroamine.com)
Comments1
- If your small business has been hit by the 2013 law and regulations restricting the SSDI/Public DMF, your comments are specifically requested. (bcgcertification.org)
Life1
- Starting from July 1, 2019, Google has made a pivotal shift by defaulting to Mobile-First indexing for every new website that comes to life. (dmfwebsitedesigns.com)
Digital2
- With Google's shift to Mobile-First indexing, it's a compelling reminder of where the digital future lies. (dmfwebsitedesigns.com)
- We evaluated the performance of a prototype rapid digital microfluidics powered (DMF) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) assessing measles and rubella infection, by testing for immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunity from natural infection or vaccine, by testing immunoglobulin G (IgG), in outbreak settings. (cdc.gov)
Application1
- Procedures for enrolling, accessing, and navigating the DMF Entry application. (in.gov)
Website1
- The Mod Archive is a website dedicated to the indexing and archival of playable music module files. (wikipedia.org)
Page3
- SQL Server uses the Index Allocation Map or IAM pages to find the extents that belong to the table in question, and from there, it uses PFS pages to track the free space on the pages and stuffs the row on a page with enough room to accommodate it. (sqlservercentral.com)
- If we must mark the blank page deallocated, we must either rebuild the heap table using the alter table….rebuild statement or create a clustered index to establish a logical order for all the rows based on the clustering key. (sqlservercentral.com)
- The changed row stays in the same location on the same page, and this is true regardless of whether the table is a heap or one with a clustered index. (sqlservercentral.com)
Responsible1
- After that time, genealogists needing to locate the recently dead had to qualify for a certification program instituted and developed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), the entity responsible for selling the Public DMF produced by Social Security Administration. (bcgcertification.org)
Quality1
- The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a valid index for the measurement of diet quality. (nature.com)
Increase1
- DMF is hydrophilic and polar aprotic solvent, which could increase the SN2 reaction. (iroamine.com)
High1
- DMF is a colorless to yellow transparent liquid with high boiling point with a faint, specific amine-like odor. (iroamine.com)
Program1
- /Techref/member/roger_froud-virgin-/index.htm Here's a handy little program for a 18F2480 that allows you to embed a string in your program which is accessed by the preceding call. (piclist.com)