Culex
Insect Vectors
Culicidae
Larva
Aedes
West Nile virus
Insecticides
Mosquito Control
West Nile Fever
Chemosterilants
Flavivirus
Pest Control, Biological
Disease Vectors
Filariasis
Oviposition
Wolbachia
Oviparity
Music Therapy
Pitch Perception
An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (1/958)
Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost. (+info)Replication of dengue type 2 virus in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). (2/958)
We were able to infect Culex quinquefasciatus by the parenteral route with dengue virus type 2. The percentage of mosquitoes infected was dose dependent and we obtained a rate of 45.6% infected Cx. quinquefasciatus when a 10(5.9) MID50 (mosquito infectious dose for 50% of the individuals as measured in Aedes aegypti) of dengue virus type 2 per mosquito was used. Infection was detected by an immunofluorescent assay performed on mosquito head squashes 14 days after infection. The replication of dengue virus in Cx. quinquefasciatus was either at a very low level of magnitude or generated a large number of noninfectious particles since the triturated bodies of infected Cx. quinquefasciatus did not infect Ae. aegypti mosquitoes when inoculated parenterally. We were unable to infect Cx. quinquefasciatus females orally with an artificial meal that infected 100% of Ae. aegypti females. These findings lead us to agree with the consensus that Cx. quinquefasciatus should not be considered a biological vector of dengue viruses. (+info)Can vector control play a useful supplementary role against bancroftian filariasis? (3/958)
A single campaign of mass treatment for bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in Makunduchi, a town in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, combined with elimination of mosquito breeding in pit latrines with polystyrene beads was followed by a progressive decline over a 5-year period in the microfilarial rate from 49% to 3%. Evidence that vector control had contributed to this long-term decline was obtained by comparison with another town, Moga, where a DEC campaign was used without vector control and where resurgence of microfilariae could be observed 3-6 years after the campaign. In Zanzibar town, treatment of 3844 wet pit latrines and cesspits with polystyrene beads reduced the adult mosquito population in houses by about 65%. Supplementary treatment of open drains and marshes with Bacillus sphaericus produced little or no additional reduction compared to a sector of the town where only pit treatment with polystyrene was carried out. The cost and effort of achieving the 65% reduction in mosquito population could hardly be justified for its impact on filariasis alone, but its noticeable impact on biting nuisance might help to gain community support for an integrated programme. (+info)Bancroftian filariasis on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania: an update on the status in urban and semi-urban communities. (4/958)
Cross-sectional clinical, parasitological and entomological surveys for bancroftian filariasis were conducted in Konde, Chake Chake and Kengeja, three urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island, and the results were compared with similar surveys done 15 years earlier. The overall prevalences of clinical manifestations among males aged 15 years or more (n = 614) was remarkably similar to those recorded 15 years earlier: elephantiasis 1.4% in 1975 and 1.1% in 1990; hydrocele, 22.4% and 21.8%, respectively. However, when the communities were compared individually, there was a reduction in the hydrocele prevalence in Konde from 22.4% to 11.5% and an increase in Kengeja from 27.0% to 35.5%. The overall microfilarial prevalence found during night blood surveys of all individuals aged 1 year or more (n = 2687) was 9.7%, compared to 14.2% recorded in 1975. The reduction was most pronounced in Konde. Of 1052 female mosquitoes caught with CDC light traps, 95% were Culex quinquefasciatus and 5% Anopheles gambiae s.l. Infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were found only in the former. The filariasis situation in urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island appears not to have changed considerably over the last 15 years. (+info)Use of base excision sequence scanning for detection of genetic variations in St. Louis encephalitis virus isolates. (5/958)
Twenty-two isolates of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus of various geographical origins (Brazil, Argentina, Panama, Texas, Missouri, Maryland, California, and Florida) were examined for genetic variation by the base excision sequence scanning (BESS T-scan) method. A fragment was amplified in the envelope gene with the forward primer labeled in the PCR. The BESS T-scan method determined different clusters according to the profiles generated for the isolates and successfully grouped the isolates according to their geographical origins. Two major clusters, the North American cluster (cluster A) and the South and Central American cluster (cluster B), were defined. Two subgroups, the Texas-California subgroup (subgroup A1) and the Missouri-Maryland-Florida subgroup (subgroup A2), were distinguished within group A. Similarly, group B strains were subclustered to a South American subgroup (subgroup B1) and a Central American subgroup (subgroup B2). These results were consistent with those obtained by DNA sequencing analysis. The ability of the BESS T-scan method to discriminate between strains that present with high degrees of nucleotide sequence similarity indicated that this method provides reliable results and multiple applications for other virus families. The method has proven to be suitable for phylogenetic comparison and molecular epidemiology studies and may be an alternative to DNA sequencing. (+info)Study on the transmission threshold value of bancroftian filariasis. (6/958)
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the transmission dynamic and epidemic trend of bancroftian filariasis occurred under the condition with no control measure taken 5 years after elimination of filariasis. METHODS: A 10-year longitudinal observation (from 1984 to 1994) was made in Huayuan Village in Shengli Township of Tancheng County, which used to be a high bancroftian filariasis-endemic area in southern part of Shandong Province. RESULTS: The microfilarial rate decreased from 0.56% before the study to 0.12% after the study and 8 out of the 9 previous microfilaria-positive cases became negative gradually. During the study period, 6 new microfilaremia cases were detected, 5 of which became negative naturally within 3 to 4 years. Eighty-eight point eight nine per cent of the detected patients with microfilaremia converted into IgG4-negative after 10 years. The natural infective rate of vectors decreased year by year and became zero by the tenth year of the study, the annual transmission potency decreased also from 3.47 to zero by the tenth year. CONCLUSIONS: It showed that under the local natural environment the biting rate representing the vector density which was obtained by capture method was from 24.1 to 52.5 person/night among the residents who did not use mosquito nets, and 13.5 to 21 person/night among the residents who used mosquito nets. The microfilarial rate of 0.56% in population with the average microfilarial density of 6.6 to 20.7 capita/60 microliters ear blood of residual microfilaria-positive patients might be considered as the terminal threshold of transmission. (+info)Model ecosystem evaluation of the environmental impacts of the veterinary drugs phenothiazine, sulfamethazine, clopidol, and diethylstilbestrol. (7/958)
Four veterinary drugs of dissimilar chemical structures were evaluated for environmental stability and penchant for bioaccumulation. The techniques used were (1) a model aquatic ecosystem (3 days) and (2) a model feedlot ecosystem (33 days) in which the drugs were introduced via the excreta of chicks or mice. The model feedlot ecosystem was supported by metabolism cage studies to determine the amount and the form of the drug excreted by the chicks or mice. Considerable quantities of all the drugs were excreted intact or as environmentally short-lived conjugates. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Clopidol were the most persistent molecules, but only DES bioaccumulated to any appreciable degree. Phenothiazine was very biodegradable; sulfamethazine was relatively biodegradable and only accumulated in the organisms to very low levels. Data from the aquatic model ecosystem demonstrated a good correlation between the partition coefficients of the drugs and their accumulation in the fish. (+info)Production of Cry11A and Cry11Ba toxins in Bacillus sphaericus confers toxicity towards Aedes aegypti and resistant Culex populations. (8/958)
Cry11A from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Cry11Ba from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan were introduced, separately and in combination, into the chromosome of Bacillus sphaericus 2297 by in vivo recombination. Two loci on the B. sphaericus chromosome were chosen as target sites for recombination: the binary toxin locus and the gene encoding the 36-kDa protease that may be responsible for the cleavage of the Mtx protein. Disruption of the protease gene did not increase the larvicidal activity of the recombinant strain against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. Synthesis of the Cry11A and Cry11Ba toxins made the recombinant strains toxic to A. aegypti larvae to which the parental strain was not toxic. The strain containing Cry11Ba was more toxic than strains containing the added Cry11A or both Cry11A and Cry11Ba. The production of the two toxins together with the binary toxin did not significantly increase the toxicity of the recombinant strain to susceptible C. pipiens larvae. However, the production of Cry11A and/or Cry11Ba partially overcame the resistance of C. pipiens SPHAE and Culex quinquefasciatus GeoR to B. sphaericus strain 2297. (+info)'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.
A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.
The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.
In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.
It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.
"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.
Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.
Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.
'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.
West Nile Fever is defined as a viral infection primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus responsible for this febrile illness, known as West Nile Virus (WNV), is maintained in nature between mosquito vectors and avian hosts. Although most individuals infected with WNV are asymptomatic, some may develop a mild, flu-like illness characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. A minority of infected individuals, particularly the elderly and immunocompromised, may progress to severe neurological symptoms such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or acute flaccid paralysis (sudden weakness in the limbs). The diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory tests, such as serological assays or nucleic acid amplification techniques. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for West Nile Fever. Preventive measures include personal protection against mosquito bites and vector control strategies to reduce mosquito populations.
Chemosterilants are chemical agents that are used to sterilize or inhibit the reproduction of insects and other pests. These chemicals work by interfering with the normal functioning of the reproductive system, either by preventing the formation or maturation of gametes (sex cells) or by preventing the successful fertilization and development of offspring.
Chemosterilants are often used in public health programs to control the spread of disease-carrying insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks. They can also be used in agricultural settings to manage pests that damage crops or stored food products.
Some common chemosterilants include:
* Aziridines: These are a group of chemicals that work by alkylating (adding an alkyl group to) the DNA of cells, which can prevent them from dividing and reproducing. Aziridines are often used to sterilize male insects.
* Dinitrophenols: These chemicals disrupt the energy production in cells, which can lead to sterility or death. Dinitrophenols are sometimes used to sterilize female insects.
* Spinosad: This is a natural compound produced by a soil bacterium that acts as a neurotoxin to insects. It can be used to control a wide range of pests, including flies, mosquitoes, and moths.
It's important to note that chemosterilants are not typically used in medical treatments for humans or other animals. They are primarily used as tools for controlling pest populations in public health and agricultural settings.
Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. They are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. Many flaviviruses cause significant disease in humans, including dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, and Zika fever. The name "flavivirus" is derived from the Latin word for "yellow," referring to the yellow fever virus, which was one of the first members of this genus to be discovered.
Biological pest control, also known as biocontrol, is a method of managing or eliminating pests such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases using natural enemies or other organisms. These biological control agents include predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors that regulate pest populations and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Biological pest control is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and has minimal impact on the environment compared to traditional pest control methods.
A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.
Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. The infection is spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can lead to various symptoms depending on the type of filarial worm, including lymphatic dysfunction (elephantiasis), eye damage (onchocerciasis or river blindness), and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. The disease is prevalent in tropical areas with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and sleeping under mosquito nets. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.
Oviposition is a medical/biological term that refers to the process of laying or depositing eggs by female organisms, including birds, reptiles, insects, and fish. In humans and other mammals, the term is not applicable since they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs.
'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.
There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.
Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that naturally infects a wide variety of arthropods (insects, spiders, mites) and filarial nematodes (roundworms). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, often through the cytoplasm of eggs. Wolbachia can manipulate the reproductive biology of their hosts in various ways, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility, which favor the spread and maintenance of the bacteria within host populations. The interactions between Wolbachia and their hosts have implications for insect pest management, disease transmission, and evolutionary biology.
Insect repellents are substances that are applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to deter insects from landing or crawling on that surface. They work by masking the scents that attract insects or by repelling them with unpleasant odors. Insect repellents can be chemical-based, such as those containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), picaridin, or IR3535, or they can be natural, such as those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or citronella. These substances work by interfering with the insect's ability to detect human scent, making it less likely that they will come into contact with the person using the repellent. Insect repellents are an important tool in preventing insect-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.
Wuchereria is a genus of parasitic nematode worms that are known to cause lymphatic filariasis, a tropical disease also known as elephantiasis. The two species that are most commonly associated with this disease are Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.
Wuchereria worms are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites migrate to the lymphatic system, where they can cause inflammation, blockages, and damage to the lymph vessels and nodes. Over time, this can lead to a range of symptoms, including swelling of the limbs, genitals, and breasts, as well as skin thickening and discoloration.
Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, affecting an estimated 120 million people. The disease can be prevented through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and mass drug administration programs that target the mosquito vectors and the parasitic worms, respectively.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.
However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:
1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.
Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.
Oviparity is a form of reproduction in which an animal lays eggs with externally developing embryos. The eggs are usually equipped with a protective shell and all the nutrients necessary for the development of the embryo, which allows the female to lay and abandon them, without any further care. This method of reproduction is common in many species of fish, reptiles, insects, and birds.
In oviparous animals, the fertilization of the egg may occur either internally or externally. In internal fertilization, the male deposits sperm directly into the female's reproductive tract, which then travel to the ova and fertilize them. The fertilized eggs are subsequently laid by the female. In external fertilization, the male and female release their gametes (sperm and eggs) into the surrounding environment, where fertilization takes place.
Oviparity is distinct from viviparity, a reproductive strategy in which the embryo develops inside the mother's body and receives nutrients through a placenta. In viviparous animals, such as mammals (excluding monotremes), the young are born live instead of hatching from eggs.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "music" is not a term that has a medical definition. Music is a form of art that uses sound organized in time. It may include elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics. While music can have various psychological and physiological effects on individuals, it is not considered a medical term with a specific diagnosis or treatment application. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Music therapy is a clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program.
The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as the "use of musical experiences, either created or selected, by a trained music therapist to help clients improve or restore physical, psychological, and social functions." The aim is to facilitate positive changes in emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, sensory-motor skills, communication, and quality of life.
Music therapists use various techniques such as singing, playing instruments, listening to music, and discussing lyrics to engage clients in the therapeutic process. These interventions can be tailored to meet the unique needs and preferences of each individual, making it a versatile form of therapy that can benefit people of all ages and abilities.
Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.
Pitch discrimination, in the context of audiology and neuroscience, refers to the ability to perceive and identify the difference in pitch between two or more sounds. It is the measure of how accurately an individual can distinguish between different frequencies or tones. This ability is crucial for various aspects of hearing, such as understanding speech, appreciating music, and localizing sound sources.
Pitch discrimination is typically measured using psychoacoustic tests, where a listener is presented with two sequential tones and asked to determine whether the second tone is higher or lower in pitch than the first one. The smallest detectable difference between the frequencies of these two tones is referred to as the "just noticeable difference" (JND) or the "difference limen." This value can be used to quantify an individual's pitch discrimination abilities and may vary depending on factors such as frequency, intensity, and age.
Deficits in pitch discrimination can have significant consequences for various aspects of daily life, including communication difficulties and reduced enjoyment of music. These deficits can result from damage to the auditory system due to factors like noise exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions, such as hearing loss or neurological disorders.
Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).
Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.
Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.
The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.
Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.
Culex
Culex (disambiguation)
Culex sinensis
Culex nigropunctatus
Sphegina culex
Bulbophyllum culex
Culex marksae
Culex halifaxi
Culex rubithoracis
Culex campilunati
Culex malayi
Culex castrensis
Culex infantulus
Culex minutissimus
Culex pipiens
Culex mimulus
Culex pluvialis
Culex pseudovishnui
Culex pallidothorax
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
Culex restuans
Culex biscaynensis
Culex whitmorei
Culex jenseni
Culex lasiopalpis
Culex salinarius
Culex nigripalpus
Culex rajah
Culex vishnui
Fisher Culex
Culex - Wikipedia
CULEX insect screen | Blue Angel
Estudos sistemáticos do subgênero Microculex de Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) ocorrentes...
First Record and Larval Habitat Description of Culex (Melanoconion) pilosus from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Diptera.info - Discussion Forum: Culex from spanish pyrenees...
Effect of life stage and pesticide exposure on the gut microbiota of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens L | Scientific Reports
BASi® | Culex® Mouse and Rat Tubing Sets
BASi® | Culex - Scintillation Vials for I-cup
Occurrence of avian Plasmodium and West Nile virus in culex species in Wisconsin | U.S. Geological Survey
Super Mario RPG secret boss location - where to find Culex - Polygon
Voltage-dependent Na+ channels in pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens L mosquitoes | IRAC
Viruses | Free Full-Text | West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Vector Competence of Indigenous Culex and Aedes Mosquitoes from Germany at...
Development of Conventional and Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays to Detect Tembusu Virus in...
The Role of Climatic and Density Dependent Factors in Shaping Mosquito Population Dynamics: The Case of Culex pipiens in...
Genetic and Anatomic Determinants of Enzootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus
A Deltamethrin Shampoo (0.07%) - To Prevent Culex Pipiens Pipiens Feeding on Dogs for 2 Weeks - WSAVA2004 - VIN
SciELO - Public Health - Resistência a inseticidas organofosforados e carbamatos em população de Culex quinquefasciatus...
SUPER MARIO RPG LEGEND OF THE SEVEN STARS - CULEX BATTLE THEME INTERACTIVE TAB (ver 2) by Misc Computer Games @ Ultimate-Guitar...
Response of Culex spp. larvae and their natural insect predators to two inoculation rates with Dugesia dorotocephala ...
Culex scottii Theobald, 1912 | Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU)
Culex tsengi Lien, 1968 | Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU)
Culex modestus - Detail - Biodiversity Maps
Sex Recognition through Midflight Mating Duets in Culex Mosquitoes Is Mediated by Acoustic Distortion<...
Culex pipiens pallens cuticular protein CPLCG5 participates in pyrethroid resistance by forming a rigid matrix | Parasites &...
Correlation between carboxylesterase alleles and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex from China | Parasites &...
West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000.
Piano - Culex
Culex pipiens
Mosquitoes19
- Culex or the typical mosquitos are a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Diseases borne by one or more species of Culex mosquitoes vary in their dependence on the species of vector. (wikipedia.org)
- Some are rarely and only incidentally transmitted by Culex species, but Culex and closely related genera of culicine mosquitoes readily support perennial epidemics of certain major diseases if they become established in a particular region. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Cat Que Virus (CQV) has been largely reported in Culex mosquitoes in China and in pigs in Vietnam. (wikipedia.org)
- Nematode infections, mainly forms of filariasis may be borne by Culex species, as well as by other mosquitoes and bloodsucking flies. (wikipedia.org)
- The subgenus Microculex of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) are a mosquitoes group composed for species almost exclusively associated with bromeliads as their main breeding sites. (usp.br)
- New species of mosquitoes from Taiwan (Diptera: Culicidae) Part V. Three new subspecies of Aedes and seven new species of Culex . (si.edu)
- We demonstrate sexual recognition through matching of flight-tone harmonics in Culex mosquitoes and suggest that difference tones are used as an error signal for frequency matching beyond the frequency range of the JO's sensory-neural range. (brighton.ac.uk)
- West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. (cdc.gov)
- This soft, dusty brow insect with a body less than a quarter inch long, is probably Culex pipiens, one of more than 2,500 different species of mosquitoes. (allmosquitos.com)
- If Culex pipiens and all the other mosquitoes never developed beyond the larval stage they would still be beautiful and fascinating animals. (allmosquitos.com)
- As one of seven major species of vector mosquitoes in China, the Culex pipiens complex has evolved to be resistant to all types of chemical insecticides, except carbamates, in many regions [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex are considered to be involved in the transmission of a range of pathogens, including West Nile virus (WNV). (fmach.it)
- Here, we studied the naïve responses of Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes to typical flower odors and assessed the learning capacity of mosquitoes to floral volatiles. (uni-bayreuth.de)
- Mosquitoes in general and Culex quinquefasciatus in particular have for a long time been a source of nuisance due to diseases they transmit, punctures and annoying buzzes. (ijsr.net)
- The rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas raised many questions about the role of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in transmission, in addition to the key role played by the vector Aedes aegypti. (pasteur.fr)
- To investigate blood - feeding pattern of Culex pipiens, engorged mosquitoes were collected on a weekly basis at 50 sites throughout Suffolk, Virginia , using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps, BG-Sentinel traps, and modified Reiter gravid traps. (bvsalud.org)
- 1. Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by a filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti, that is transmitted mainly by female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. (who.int)
- You will analyze hyperspectral imaging data in Matlab for 4 species of mosquitoes from tropical and sub-tropical regions and both sexes, including Anopheles and Culex. (lu.se)
Quinquefasciatus10
- Here we show frequency matching in Culex quinquefasciatus, where the wing-beat frequencies of males and females differ considerably. (brighton.ac.uk)
- How to cite (IEEE): D. A. Wulandari, R. Hestiningsih, L. D. Saraswati, and S. Rahayu, "Pengaruh Pemberian Brusein A dari Biji Buah Makasar (Brucea javanica L. Merr) terhadap Kematian Larva Culex quinquefasciatus Say," Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas , vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 113-118, Aug. 2020. (undip.ac.id)
- How to cite (Vancouver): Wulandari DA, Hestiningsih R, Saraswati LD, Rahayu S. Pengaruh Pemberian Brusein A dari Biji Buah Makasar (Brucea javanica L. Merr) terhadap Kematian Larva Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (undip.ac.id)
- Result: The results showed that the highest percentage of Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae mortality after administration of various concentrations of brusein A compared with temefos was at a concentration of 27 ppm, which was 55.29 percent. (undip.ac.id)
- The higher the concentration, the higher the percentage of Culex quinquefasciatus Say deaths. (undip.ac.id)
- The longer time used, the higher the percentage of Culex quinquefasciatus Say deaths. (undip.ac.id)
- These control stage 3 larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus are used for these two treatments and placed under the same treatment conditions. (ijsr.net)
- The number of dead quinquefasciatus culex larvae increases in all treatment houses as a function of time. (ijsr.net)
- In sum, Metarhizium anisopliae and Suneem 1 % are both effective against Culex quinquefasciatus stage 3 larvae. (ijsr.net)
- Extracts of 100 coastal plants species from South West coast of India were tested for the larvicidal activity of Culex quinquefasciatus. (indjst.org)
Diptera5
- Estudos sistemáticos do subgênero Microculex de Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) ocorrentes. (usp.br)
- Os mosquitos do subgênero Microculex de Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) pertencem a um grupo composto de espécies associadas quase que exclusivamente a bromélias como seus criadouros principais. (usp.br)
- A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). (si.edu)
- Description of nine new species of Culex , seven from Panama and two from Venezuela (Diptera, Culicidae). (si.edu)
- Culex (A callyntrum ) miyagii (Diptera: Culicidae): New species from Seram Island, Indonesia, with keys to the species of the subgenus. (si.edu)
Culicidae1
- Hello, it's a Culex female (Culicidae). (diptera.info)
Mosquito8
- Depending on the species, the adult Culex mosquito may measure from 4-10 mm (0.2-0.4 in). (wikipedia.org)
- Juan Ignacio Urcola and Sylvia Fischer "First Record and Larval Habitat Description of Culex (Melanoconion) pilosus from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina," Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 31(3), 271-274, (1 September 2015). (bioone.org)
- To measure mosquito mortality and anti-feeding effects, each dog was periodically sedated and exposed for 1.5 h to 50 laboratory-reared Culex pipiens pipiens females inside a mosquito-proof net (60 cm X 40 cm X50 cm). (vin.com)
- Secure in the raft, each Culex pipiens mosquito embryo develops with its head down, resting against a line of fracture encircling its shell. (allmosquitos.com)
- Culex mosquito is a common house mosquito and one of the major types that inhabit the planet. (toropest.com)
- Because mosquitos including the culex mosquito can transmit diseases, you really cannot take your chances. (toropest.com)
- Thus, we decided to control the mosquito larvae of Culex in the wild with biopesticides suneem1 % alone, Metarhizium anisopliae alone and their mixture. (ijsr.net)
- The virus is transmitted among birds and to humans mainly by the culex mosquito but also may be transmitted by blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or occasionally transplacentally to a fetus. (msdmanuals.com)
Species9
- Arbovirus infections transmitted by various species of Culex include West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and Western and Eastern equine encephalitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Brazilian scientists are investigating if Culex species transmit zika virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Protist parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa, such as various forms of avian malaria The Culex pipiens pipiens bioform of Culex pipiens usually inhabits areas above ground and targets avian species. (wikipedia.org)
- Culex scottii species page. (si.edu)
- Culex tsengi species page. (si.edu)
- Species Detail - Culex modestus - Species information displayed is based on all datasets. (biodiversityireland.ie)
- pipiens and its sibling species Culex torrentium occur in sympatry, exhibiting similar bionomic and morphological characters, but only Cx. (fmach.it)
- Culex browni species page. (si.edu)
- The research found the species Culex tarsalis, which is most often associated with transmission of West Nile, is more abundant in Iowa's western-most counties. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Larvae2
- Larvae of Culex (Melanoconion) pilosus were collected during February-April 2014 in temporary pools in "Bosques de Ezeiza," a large forested park, near Buenos Aires city, Argentina. (bioone.org)
- larvae was also higher than Culex spp. (who.int)
Tarsalis1
- Results: Culex tarsalis is one of the most important vectors of arboviruses (including West Nile virus) in North America, yet it has not been the subject of molecular genetic study. (psu.edu)
Molestus2
- The Culex pipiens molestus bioform, on the other hand, usually inhabits underground cavities and targets human hosts. (wikipedia.org)
- The susceptibility of indigenous Culex pipiens (biotypes pipiens and molestus ) for a German WNV lineage 2 strain was experimentally compared to that of Serbian Cx. (mdpi.com)
Anopheles1
- Dans les essais sur le terrain, en utilisant les dosages recommandés de 1 et 2 L/hectare, la mortalité des larves d' Anopheles spp. (who.int)
Pipiens pallens1
- In order to explore the evolutionary scenario, we analyzed the data from an historical record in 2003 and a recent investigation on five Culex pipiens pallens populations sampled from north China in 2010. (biomedcentral.com)
Super Mar1
- We detail how to find Culex for the first time in Super Mario RPG , and how to take out the additional secret boss below. (polygon.com)
Adult2
- We collected adult Culex pipiens and Cx. (usgs.gov)
- The effect of constant temperatures on the development time from irst instar to adult emergence was studied in Culex eduardoi Casal & GarcÃa reared at 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 33°C. Data were adjusted to the linear degree-day model and the nonlinear Briére model. (scite.ai)
Melanoconion1
- Title : Genetic and Anatomic Determinants of Enzootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus Personal Author(s) : Kenney, Joan L.;Adams, A. Paige;Gorchakov, Rodion;Leal, Grace;Weaver, Scott C. (cdc.gov)
Linnaeus1
- In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: culex. (wikipedia.org)
Mosquitos3
- En Paraguay los virus dengue, fiebre amarilla y Zika fueron detectados en infecciones humanas, pero los estudios de flavivirus en mosquitos son aún escasos. (bvsalud.org)
- Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue implementar un sistema de detección de flavivirus en mosquitos en el IICS-UNA. (bvsalud.org)
- Se prepararon en total 201 pools de 1 a 35 mosquitos cada uno agrupados por especie, localidad, entre otros criterios. (bvsalud.org)
Infection2
Insect1
- Culex insect protection offers solutions for windows, doors, roof windows, cellar shafts and much more. (blauer-engel.de)
Complex1
- Culex pipiens complex has evolved to be resistant to all types of chemical insecticides, especially organophosphates, through carboxylesterases. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus2
- Pueden producir enfermedades en humanos y animales, también incluyen virus especÃficos de insectos que solo infectan y se replican en los insectos, no asà en vertebrados. (bvsalud.org)
- Se realizó la secuenciación de 19/91 pools positivos para flavivirus identificándose flavivirus de insectos (detectándose principalmente Culex Flavivirus, cell fusing agents Flavivirus y Kamiti river virus), evidenciando la elevada distribución de estos virus. (bvsalud.org)
Diseases1
- Dengue is a kind of contagious diseases caused by culex. (sirhealth.com)
Female1
- The groove of the labium also contains five needle-like stylets in a female Culex, they are two mandibles, two maxillae, and a hypo pharynx. (biologydiscussion.com)
Significantly1
- He's significantly harder and beefier than the original Culex fight, so if you've been holding on to items like Rock Candy or Red Essence, now is the time to use them. (polygon.com)
Year1
- Culex has several generations in a year. (biologydiscussion.com)
Battle1
- Once you actually get to the second Culex battle, prepare for the fight of your life. (polygon.com)
Time1
- After beating Smithy and Culex the first time, you'll actually be able to rematch a harder version of Culex. (polygon.com)
Found1
- Culex pipiens is found in temperate regions all over the world, and Culex fatigans throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. (biologydiscussion.com)
Body1
- The body of Culex is small, soft, and covered with small scales. (biologydiscussion.com)
Houses1
- Culex lives in houses, in cities and farms, and is abundant also in rural areas. (biologydiscussion.com)
Effective1
- Deltamethrin-shampoo 3 (0,07% Deltamethrin w/w) was tested to assess if it was effective in protecting dogs from the bites of Culex pipiens pipiens ). (vin.com)
Item1
- This version of Culex rewarded us with a key item that we haven't quite figured out the use for. (polygon.com)