Crack cocaine. Medical search

The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.

The misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.

Disorders related to substance abuse.

Actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others.

A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

A histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. It is based on PERIODIC ACID oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. The resulting aldehydes react with Schiff reagent to form a colored product.

Hemosiderin is an iron-containing pigment that originates from the breakdown of hemoglobin and accumulates in tissues, primarily in macrophages, as a result of various pathological conditions such as hemorrhage, inflammation, or certain storage diseases.

People who take drugs for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. The drugs may be legal or illegal, but their use often results in adverse medical, legal, or social consequences for the users.

Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.

Sexual activities of humans.

The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.

A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)

Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.

The small airways branching off the TERTIARY BRONCHI. Terminal bronchioles lead into several orders of respiratory bronchioles which in turn lead into alveolar ducts and then into PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.

Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centers are included.

Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

**I must clarify that there is no recognized or established medical term or definition for 'Texas.' However, if you're asking for a possible humorous play on words using the term 'Texas' in a medical context, here it is:**

The epidemic of cocaine-related juxtapyloric perforations: with a comment on the importance of testing for Helicobacter pylori. (1/175)

OBJECTIVE: This is a report of 50 consecutive patients with juxtapyloric perforations after smoking "crack" cocaine (cocaine base) at one urban public hospital. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although the exact causal relation between smoking crack cocaine and a subsequent juxtapyloric perforation has not been defined, surgical services in urban public hospitals now treat significant numbers of male addicts with such perforations. This report describes the patient set, presentation, and surgical management and suggests a possible role for Helicobacter pylori in contributing to these perforations. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed, supplemented by data from the patient log in the department of surgery. RESULTS: From 1994 to 1998, 50 consecutive patients (48 men, 2 women) with a mean age of 37 had epigastric pain and signs of peritonitis a median of 2 to 4 hours (but up to 48 hours) after smoking crack cocaine. A history of chronic smoking of crack as well as chronic alcohol abuse was noted in all patients; four had a prior history of presumed ulcer disease in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Free air was present on an upright abdominal x-ray in 84% of patients, and all underwent operative management. A 3- to 5-mm juxtapyloric perforation, usually in the prepyloric area, was found in all patients. Omental patch closure was used in 49 patients and falciform ligament closure in 1. Two patients underwent parietal cell vagotomy as well. In the later period of the review, antral mucosal biopsies were performed through the juxtapyloric perforation in five patients. Urease testing was positive for infection with H. pyonri in four, and these patients were prescribed appropriate antimicrobial drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Juxtapyloric perforations after the smoking of crack cocaine occur in a largely male population of drug addicts who are 8 to 10 years younger than the patient group that historically has perforations in the pyloroduodenal area. These perforations are usually 3 to 5 mm in diameter, and an antral mucosal biopsy for subsequent urease testing should be performed if the location and size of the ulcer allow this to be done safely. Omental patch closure is appropriate therapy for patients without a history of prior ulcer disease; antimicrobial therapy and omeprazole are prescribed when H. pylori is present. (+info)

The incidence of T2-weighted MR imaging signal abnormalities in the brain of cocaine-dependent patients is age-related and region-specific. (2/175)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cocaine and its metabolites can produce vasospasm, and cocaine-dependent patients are at increased risk for stroke. Based on previous case reports, we hypothesized that the incidence of hyperintense brain lesions observed on T2-weighted MR images would also be increased in asymptomatic cocaine-dependent individuals. METHODS: Sixty-two male "crack" (smoked) cocaine-dependent participants ranging in age from 25 to 66 years were compared with 116 normal male control participants ranging in age from 25 to 80 years. Those with histories of neurologic symptoms or illnesses were excluded. The severity of hyperintense lesions was rated on a 0- to 3-point scale, and ratings of 3 were used in the data analysis as an indicator of a probable pathologic process. Three regions were separately rated: the cerebral white matter, insular subcortex white matter, and subcortical gray matter (basal ganglia and thalamus region). RESULTS: Significantly increased risk of severe lesions was observed in the two white matter regions of the cocaine-dependent group (odds ratio of 16.7 and 20.3) but not in the subcortial gray matter region (odds ratio of 1.4). In the insula subcortex white matter, the risk of lesions increased with age in the cocaine-dependant sample, but remained essentially absent among normal controls through the age of 80 years. In the cerebral white matter, the relationship of age and risk of lesion among normal participants was similar in shape to that in cocaine-dependent participants, but equivalent risk was seen 20 years earlier among cocaine-dependent participants. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine-dependent participants had a significantly increased age-related risk of white matter damage. The possible clinical implications of this damage are discussed. (+info)

A staff dialogue on a socially distanced patient: psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and caregivers. (3/175)

Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient, support to caregivers, and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members. The following case of an HIV-positive woman who was diagnosed with cervical cancer during a twin pregnancy was discussed at the May, 1999 Schwartz Center Rounds. The patient was in drug rehabilitation having been dependent on crack cocaine, with a past history of syphilis and gonorrhea. She was single and her other children were in foster care. Initially she was suspicious and non-compliant. A plan was negotiated to biopsy the cervical lesion after cesarean section and with confirmation of malignancy she underwent radical surgery and subsequently radiotherapy. Despite the almost insurmountable social and educational distance between her and her caregivers, they managed to bond and facilitate care. Although there were compromises with which staff were uncomfortable, the relationship was maintained and continues. (+info)

Crack-cocaine users as victims of physical attack. (4/175)

This study evaluates the correlates of physical attack among people who use crack cocaine in Dayton, Ohio. Using a retrospective and prospective natural history design, data from baseline and 1-year follow-up interviews were used to calculate the prevalence of physical attack and the annual rate of physical attack suffered by 440 not-in-treatment crack-cocaine users. Logistic regression was used to determine the correlates of physical attack. The lifetime prevalence of physical attack was 63.0%; the annual rate was 36.8%. At baseline, daily crack users were more likely to report a previous attack since they began using crack (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-2.77). Longer duration of crack use was also associated with experiencing an attack (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14). Between baseline and 12-month follow-up, the odds of men being attacked were significantly less than those for women (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23-0.99). Physical attack is widespread among crack-cocaine users, and does not vary by ethnicity. Injuries often result in the need for medical care. Over the short term, women are at increased risk. Accessible and effective drug abuse treatment is needed to diminish the harm this population suffers. (+info)

Quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methylecgonine, and norcocaine in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization (PICI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/175)

A total of 30 human head-hair samples were analyzed for cocaine (COC), cocaethylene (CE), benzoylecgonine (BE), methylecgonine (EME), and norcocaine (NCOC) using a sensitive positive ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) method. All 30 hair samples had been previously submitted to the laboratory and had confirmed positive for cocaine. Hair samples (20 mg each) were cut into small segments (2-5 mm) and incubated overnight at 45 degrees C in 0.1 N HCl after the addition of 50 microL of an internal standard mix of COC-d3 (1.0 ng/mg), BE-d3 (0.5 ng/mg), EME-d3 (0.25 ng/mg), and NCOC-d3 (0.25 ng/mg). The samples were then extracted with Clean Screen extraction columns from United Chemical Technologies, Inc. The final extract was evaporated to dryness and derivatized with 50 microL of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and 50 microL of trifluoroacetic anhydride at 90 degrees C for 15 min. The derivatized samples were allowed to cool to room temperature, evaporated to dryness, and then reconstituted in 50 microL of ethyl acetate. Parent set masses (unbolded ions) and product ions were m/z 304 and m/z 182 and 82 (COC), m/z 307 and m/z 185 and 85 (COC-d3), m/z 318 and m/z 196 and 82 (CE), m/z 440 and m/z 318 and 105 (BE), m/z 443 and m/z 321 and 105 (BE-d3), m/z 296 and m/z 182, and 82 (EME), m/z 299 and m/z 185 and 85 (EME-d3), m/z 403 and m/z 386 and 105 (NCOC), m/z 406 and m/z 389 and 105 (NCOC-d3). Quantitation was accomplished by calculating the area ratio of the higher mass product ion (underlined ions) of analyte to the respective internal standard based on multilevel calibrations from 0.01 to 10.0 ng/mg. The GC-MS-MS method had a limit of detection of 0.01 ng/mg and a limit of quantitation of 0.05 ng/mg for all five analytes. COC, BE, and EME were detected in all 30 samples, and CE and NCOC were found in 19 and 29 samples, respectively. The average relative percentages of each metabolite normalized to the cocaine concentrations were 12.8%, 15.4%, 1.8%, and 2.5% for BE, CE, EME, and NCOC, respectively. (+info)

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. (6/175)

A cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. Logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations. Prevalences of antibodies were as follows: to HSV-2, 44.4%; to HCV, 35.1%; to HBV, 29.5%; to HIV, 2.7%. The prevalence of syphilis was 3.4%; of chlamydia, 3.7%; and of gonorrhea, 1.7%. Of the 407 subjects, approximately 62% had markers for 1 of the STDs. HIV infection was associated with African American race, use of smokable freebase (crack) cocaine, and STD history. HBV infection was associated with age >30 years, injecting drugs, needle sharing, a history of treatment for drug abuse, and African American race. HCV infection was associated with an age >30 years, injecting drugs, and needle sharing, and HSV-2 infection with an age >30 years, female sex, and African American race. Syphilis was associated with a history of STDs. High prevalences of STDs among drug abusers indicate the need for integration of STD screening and treatment into drug treatment programs. (+info)

Hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention opportunities among young injection drug users in Chicago, 1997-1999. (7/175)

The prevalence, risk factors, and prevention opportunities of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were studied in a large sample of 698 young adult injection drug users (IDUs) in Chicago, 18-30 years old. Participants were recruited between 1997 and 1999 by using street outreach, targeted advertising, and chain-referral methods. HCV infection prevalence was 27% and was strongly associated with both age and duration of injecting (P<.001). In multivariable analysis, sexual behaviors were unrelated to seropositivity. Independent drug-related risk factors included frequent injection, heavy crack smoking, injecting in a shooting gallery, and syringe-mediated sharing. Urban residents were more likely than suburban residents to be infected. Most research on hepatitis C has shown rapid spread of infection among IDUs, but these findings underscore that opportunities to identify IDUs uninfected with HCV may be greater than assumed and emphasize the need to target younger, newer IDUs. (+info)

Sexually transmitted infections among HIV seropositive men and women. (8/175)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of identified STIs and recognised symptoms of STIs and their association with health status, substance use, and sexual risk behaviour in a sample of HIV seropositive men and women. METHODS: 223 men, 112 women, and five transsexual people living with HIV infection completed confidential surveys. Participants were recruited through community based services, community health clinics, and snowball (chain) recruitment techniques in Atlanta, GA, USA in December 1999. RESULTS: We found that (263) 78% of participants had been sexually active in the previous 3 months. For the entire sample, 42 (12%) participants reported an STI in the past 3 months and 40 (11%) experienced symptoms of an STI without indicating a specific diagnosis in that time. Gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis, and newly diagnosed herpes simplex virus (HSV) were identified at similar rates among men, whereas trichomonas, gonorrhoea, and newly diagnosed HSV occurred most often in women. STIs were associated with substance use in men and women, with "crack" cocaine users having the greatest likelihood of an STI relative to non-crack users. STIs were also associated with continued practice of sexual risk behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: This sample of people living with HIV-AIDS reported high rates of diagnoses and symptoms of STIs. There were significant associations between STIs, substance use, and continued high risk sexual practices in men and women. These findings support the need for studies that confirm prevalence of STIs using clinical laboratory tests. (+info)

Crack cocaine is a potent and highly addictive form of the drug cocaine, which is made into a rock crystal that can be smoked. The term "crack" refers to the crackling sound heard when it is heated and vaporized. Crack cocaine is abused for its euphoric effects, which are intensified and more immediate than those of powdered cocaine. Its use can lead to severe health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular complications, respiratory problems, and neurological damage.

Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). It is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that affects the brain and body in many ways. When used recreationally, cocaine can produce feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and mental alertness; however, it can also cause serious negative consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, seizures, and death.

Cocaine works by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. This leads to the pleasurable effects that users seek when they take the drug. However, cocaine also interferes with the normal functioning of the brain's reward system, making it difficult for users to experience pleasure from natural rewards like food or social interactions.

Cocaine can be taken in several forms, including powdered form (which is usually snorted), freebase (a purer form that is often smoked), and crack cocaine (a solid form that is typically heated and smoked). Each form of cocaine has different risks and potential harms associated with its use.

Long-term use of cocaine can lead to a number of negative health consequences, including addiction, heart problems, malnutrition, respiratory issues, and mental health disorders like depression or anxiety. It is important to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling with cocaine use or addiction.

"Cocaine-Related Disorders" is a term used in the medical and psychiatric fields to refer to a group of conditions related to the use of cocaine, a powerful stimulant drug. These disorders are classified and diagnosed based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.

The two main categories of Cocaine-Related Disorders are:

1. Cocaine Use Disorder: This disorder is characterized by a problematic pattern of cocaine use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two symptoms within a 12-month period. These symptoms may include using larger amounts of cocaine over a longer period than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cocaine use, spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of cocaine, and continued use despite physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by cocaine.
2. Cocaine-Induced Disorders: These disorders are directly caused by the acute effects of cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. They include:
* Cocaine Intoxication: Presents with a reversible syndrome due to recent use of cocaine, characterized by euphoria, increased energy, and psychomotor agitation. It may also cause elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, as well as pupillary dilation.
* Cocaine Withdrawal: Occurs when an individual who has been using cocaine heavily for a prolonged period abruptly stops or significantly reduces their use. Symptoms include depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, vivid and unpleasant dreams, and insomnia.

Cocaine-Related Disorders can have severe negative consequences on an individual's physical health, mental wellbeing, and social functioning. They often require professional treatment to manage and overcome.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug, which means it alters perception, thoughts, and feelings. It can cause hallucinations and a distorted sense of time, place, and reality. PCP abuse refers to the use of this substance in a manner that is not medically indicated and/or in a way that is harmful to the individual or others. This could include using PCP more frequently or in larger quantities than intended, continuing to use PCP despite negative consequences, or experiencing cravings or withdrawal symptoms when not using PCP. It's important to note that PCP abuse can lead to serious health issues, both physical and psychological, and can be addictive.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Dangerous behavior is a term used to describe any action or inaction that has the potential to cause harm, injury, or damage to oneself or others. This can include a wide range of behaviors, such as:

* Physical violence or aggression towards others
* Substance abuse, including alcohol and drug use
* Risky sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex or multiple partners
* Self-harm, such as cutting or burning oneself
* Suicidal ideation or attempts
* Reckless driving or operating machinery while impaired
* Neglecting one's own health or the health of others

Dangerous behavior can be the result of a variety of factors, including mental illness, substance abuse, trauma, environmental factors, and personality traits. It is important to note that dangerous behavior can have serious consequences for both the individual engaging in the behavior and those around them. If you or someone you know is engaging in dangerous behavior, it is important to seek help from a qualified medical professional as soon as possible.

Alcian Blue is a type of dye that is commonly used in histology, which is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. It is particularly useful for staining acidic mucopolysaccharides and proteoglycans, which are important components of the extracellular matrix in many tissues.

Alcian Blue binds to these negatively charged molecules through ionic interactions, forming a complex that can be visualized under a microscope. The dye is often used in combination with other stains to provide contrast and highlight specific structures within tissues.

The intensity of the Alcian Blue stain can also provide information about the degree of sulfation or carboxylation of the mucopolysaccharides, which can be useful in diagnosing certain diseases or abnormalities. For example, changes in the staining pattern of proteoglycans have been associated with various types of arthritis and other joint disorders.

Overall, Alcian Blue is an important tool in the field of histology and has contributed significantly to our understanding of tissue structure and function.

The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is a histological staining method used to detect the presence of certain carbohydrates, such as glycogen and glycoproteins, in tissues or cells. This technique involves treating the tissue with periodic acid, which oxidizes the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the carbohydrates, creating aldehydes. The aldehydes then react with Schiff's reagent, forming a magenta-colored complex that is visible under a microscope.

The PAS reaction is commonly used to identify and analyze various tissue components, such as basement membranes, fungal cell walls, and mucins in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also be used to diagnose certain medical conditions, like kidney diseases, where abnormal accumulations of carbohydrates occur in the renal tubules or glomeruli.

In summary, the Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction is a staining method that detects specific carbohydrates in tissues or cells, which can aid in diagnostic and research applications.

Hemosiderin is a golden-brown pigment that consists of iron-containing protein complexes called ferritin and ferrikinase. It is insoluble in water and forms as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin in the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in macrophages. Hemosiderin deposits can be found in various tissues and organs, such as the spleen, liver, and brain, under conditions of increased red blood cell destruction or impaired iron metabolism. These deposits are often associated with diseases such as hemochromatosis, thalassemia, and chronic inflammation.

A "drug user" is a person who uses or consumes illegal drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine, or misuses prescription medications for recreational purposes or to self-medicate. It's important to note that the term "drug user" can have stigmatizing connotations and may not accurately reflect the complexity of an individual's relationship with drugs. Many prefer terms like "person who uses drugs" or "substance user," which emphasize the personhood and agency of the individual rather than reducing them to their drug use.

It's also worth noting that there is a wide range of drug use behaviors, from occasional recreational use to heavy, dependent use. The medical community recognizes that problematic drug use can lead to negative health consequences, but it's important to approach individuals who use drugs with compassion and understanding rather than judgment. Providing access to evidence-based treatments and harm reduction services can help reduce the risks associated with drug use and support individuals in making positive changes in their lives.

Dopamine uptake inhibitors are a class of medications that work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, into the presynaptic neuron. This results in an increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse, leading to enhanced dopaminergic transmission and activity.

These drugs are used in various medical conditions where dopamine is implicated, such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. They can also be used to treat substance abuse disorders, such as cocaine addiction, by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and reducing the rewarding effects of the drug.

Examples of dopamine uptake inhibitors include:

* Bupropion (Wellbutrin), which is used to treat depression and ADHD
* Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), which is used to treat ADHD
* Amantadine (Symmetrel), which is used to treat Parkinson's disease and also has antiviral properties.

It's important to note that dopamine uptake inhibitors can have side effects, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety. They may also have the potential for abuse and dependence, particularly in individuals with a history of substance abuse. Therefore, these medications should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.

Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.

It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.

"Harm reduction" is a public health strategy and philosophy that seeks to minimize the negative health, social, and economic consequences associated with various human behaviors, including the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The goal of harm reduction is not necessarily to eliminate these behaviors but rather to reduce the potential harm that can come from them.

Examples of harm reduction strategies include providing access to clean needles for people who inject drugs, in order to prevent the spread of bloodborne diseases like HIV and hepatitis C; offering supervised consumption sites where people can use drugs under medical supervision, reducing the risk of overdose; and providing opioid agonist therapy (such as methadone or buprenorphine) to help individuals manage their dependence on opioids and reduce the risks associated with illicit drug use.

Harm reduction recognizes that abstinence may not be a realistic goal for everyone, and seeks to meet people where they are at in terms of their substance use, while still providing them with the support and resources they need to improve their health and well-being.

British Columbia is a province located on the west coast of Canada. It is not a medical term or concept. The province has a diverse geography, with mountains, forests, and coastal areas. Its largest city is Vancouver, and its capital is Victoria. The province is known for its natural beauty and outdoor recreational opportunities, as well as its vibrant cities and cultural attractions. It is home to a number of medical facilities and healthcare providers, and the provincial government plays a role in regulating and funding healthcare services within the province.

In the context of medicine, risk-taking refers to the decision-making process where an individual or a healthcare provider knowingly engages in an activity or continues a course of treatment despite the potential for negative outcomes or complications. This could include situations where the benefits of the action outweigh the potential risks, or where the risks are accepted as part of the process of providing care.

For example, a patient with a life-threatening illness may choose to undergo a risky surgical procedure because the potential benefits (such as improved quality of life or increased longevity) outweigh the risks (such as complications from the surgery or anesthesia). Similarly, a healthcare provider may prescribe a medication with known side effects because the benefits of the medication for treating the patient's condition are deemed to be greater than the potential risks.

Risk-taking can also refer to behaviors that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes, such as engaging in high-risk activities like substance abuse or dangerous sexual behavior. In these cases, healthcare providers may work with patients to identify and address the underlying factors contributing to their risky behaviors, such as mental health issues or lack of knowledge about safe practices.

Bronchioles are the smallest airways in the respiratory system that carry air into the lungs. They are branching tubes within the lungs that further divide and become smaller than bronchi, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. Bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls, unlike larger bronchi, making them more flexible and able to adjust to changes in lung volume during breathing.

I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "crime" is typically not used in a medical context. A crime is a violation of laws or regulations established by a government and enforced by its authorities. It's a legal concept, not a medical one. However, there are some overlaps between criminal behavior and mental health, as certain mental health conditions may increase the risk of criminal behavior. But it's essential to understand that having a mental health condition does not automatically make someone a criminal.

Self-administration, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refers to the act of an individual administering medication or treatment to themselves. This can include various forms of delivery such as oral medications, injections, or topical treatments. It is important that individuals who self-administer are properly trained and understand the correct dosage, timing, and technique to ensure safety and effectiveness. Self-administration promotes independence, allows for timely treatment, and can improve overall health outcomes.

HIV seropositivity is a term used to describe a positive result on an HIV antibody test. This means that the individual has developed antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), indicating that they have been infected with the virus. However, it's important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS, as there can be a long period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.

Substance abuse treatment centers are healthcare facilities that provide a range of services for individuals struggling with substance use disorders (SUDs), including addiction to alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription medications, and other substances. These centers offer comprehensive, evidence-based assessments, interventions, and treatments aimed at helping patients achieve and maintain sobriety, improve their overall health and well-being, and reintegrate into society as productive members.

The medical definition of 'Substance Abuse Treatment Centers' encompasses various levels and types of care, such as:

1. **Medical Detoxification:** This is the first step in treating substance abuse, where patients are closely monitored and managed for withdrawal symptoms as their bodies clear the harmful substances. Medical detox often involves the use of medications to alleviate discomfort and ensure safety during the process.
2. **Inpatient/Residential Treatment:** This level of care provides 24-hour structured, intensive treatment in a controlled environment. Patients live at the facility and receive various therapeutic interventions, such as individual therapy, group counseling, family therapy, and psychoeducation, to address the underlying causes of their addiction and develop coping strategies for long-term recovery.
3. **Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP):** Also known as day treatment, PHPs offer structured, intensive care for several hours a day while allowing patients to return home or to a sober living environment during non-treatment hours. This level of care typically includes individual and group therapy, skill-building activities, and case management services.
4. **Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP):** IOPs provide flexible, less intensive treatment than PHPs, with patients attending sessions for a few hours per day, several days a week. These programs focus on relapse prevention, recovery skills, and addressing any co-occurring mental health conditions.
5. **Outpatient Treatment:** This is the least restrictive level of care, where patients attend individual or group therapy sessions on a regular basis while living at home or in a sober living environment. Outpatient treatment often serves as step-down care after completing higher levels of treatment or as an initial intervention for those with milder SUDs.
6. **Aftercare/Continuing Care:** Aftercare or continuing care services help patients maintain their recovery and prevent relapse by providing ongoing support, such as 12-step meetings, alumni groups, individual therapy, and case management.

Each treatment modality has its unique benefits and is tailored to meet the specific needs of individuals at various stages of addiction and recovery. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional or an addiction specialist to determine the most appropriate level of care for each person's situation.

In the context of medical terminology, "powders" do not have a specific technical definition. However, in a general sense, powders refer to dry, finely ground or pulverized solid substances that can be dispersed in air or liquid mediums. In medicine, powders may include various forms of medications, such as crushed tablets or capsules, which are intended to be taken orally, mixed with liquids, or applied topically. Additionally, certain medical treatments and therapies may involve the use of medicated powders for various purposes, such as drying agents, abrasives, or delivery systems for active ingredients.

Substance abuse, intravenous, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances that are introduced directly into the bloodstream through injection, for non-medical purposes. This behavior can lead to a range of short- and long-term health consequences, including addiction, dependence, and an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Intravenous substance abuse often involves drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, and is characterized by the repeated injection of these substances using needles and syringes. The practice can also have serious social consequences, including disrupted family relationships, lost productivity, and criminal behavior.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Texas." It is primarily used as the name of a state in the United States, located in the southern region. If you're referring to a specific medical term or concept that I might not be aware of, please provide more context or clarify your question.

If you meant to ask for an explanation of a medical condition named 'Texas', it is likely a typo or a misunderstanding, as there is no widely recognized medical condition associated with the name 'Texas'.

Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use ... Crack cocaine, commonly known simply as crack, and also known as rock, is a free base form of the stimulant cocaine that can be ... Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria, supreme confidence, loss of ... Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine

Gleiberman, Owen (2021-01-09). "'Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy' Review: An Eye-Opening Look at the Crack Epidemic, a ... Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy at IMDb v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy is a 2021 American documentary film made for Netflix and directed by Stanley Nelson. ... "Watch Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy , Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2021-11-22. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack:_Cocaine,_Corruption_&_Conspiracy

... cocaine and crack cocaine use doubled in the city between 1986 and 1987. A private study estimated that one in six African ... Haley, John (2009). "Crack Cocaine". In Golden, Robert N.; Peterson, Fred L. (eds.). The Truth About Drugs. New York: Facts on ... By this time, Washington, D.C., was suffering from an epidemic of crack cocaine use. The drug made an appearance in the United ... By 1990, the District of Columbia had the nation's highest rate of drug addiction (32.9 per 1,000 residents). The crack cocaine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_City_Council

"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Retrieved 10 April 2015. "Reagan Says Saudi Talked of Contra Aid". tribunedigital- ... "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations". Retrieved 10 April 2015. The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity ... With the civil war opening up cracks in the national revolutionary project, the FSLN's military budget grew to more than half ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution

21-. ISBN 978-1-61044-861-1. "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". "Cocaine - Sniffing Incident - The Washington Post". The ... Congress ultimately ignored Carter's support for decriminalization, alarmed by a sharp increase in the use of cocaine, and ... Shortly thereafter, Bourne's alleged use of cannabis and cocaine (which Bourne had previously characterized as being "acutely ... Carter supported softer enforcement regarding cannabis and cocaine, while maintaining a stricter stance against the perceived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration

"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Osborn, Barbara Bliss (March 1, 1998). "'Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?' ... and the spread of crack cocaine into the United States. Letter to U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey ... an American who worked with Blandon distributing crack cocaine in this country. These individuals represent a much broader and ... in the Los Angeles crack epidemic of the 1980s, Waters called for an investigation. She asked whether "U.S.-government paid or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Waters

"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2015. "Conclusions ... linking the origins of crack cocaine in California to the CIA-Contra alliance. Webb's allegations were repudiated by reports ... one of the main characters is an undercover CIA agent selling cocaine to local drug dealers with the intent of using the money ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front

In some tinfoil, with a glass pipe, is your guitar." This refers to crack cocaine. Cocaine and many other drugs are referenced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times_(song)

"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy - Epilogue". "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". oig.justice.gov. Retrieved April 18, ... The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions (December, 1997 ... ISBN 1-55652-483-8. Webb, Gary (1999). Dark Alliance: CIA, the Contras and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. Seven Stories Press, U. ... and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. An internal CIA journal denounces continued support for Webb and echoing of his claims, saying ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking

It contains crack cocaine and cash. Steve finds it in their place and steals it. When J.T. shows up looking for it, it's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Junky

She became addicted to crack cocaine. As a result, she began to engage in riskier sex work. She ultimately found herself in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_Borjas

Rose and Jay-Z talked about how the rapper used to sell crack cocaine. Rose asked "You never used it?" Jay-Z responded "No. ... Crack cocaine? No. [laughter] Come on, man. [more laughter] That's hardcore, man. A little weed. Ballantine Ale. Guinness Stout ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Ballantine_and_Sons_Brewing_Company

"Top 7 songs about crack cocaine". o.canada.com. Retrieved March 2, 2016. "15 Songs You Didn't Know Were About Drugs". Rolling ... "Cocaine" by J.J. Cale (covered most notably by Eric Clapton) "Cocaine Blues" composed by T. J. "Red" Arnall (performed by ... particularly in terms of crack cocaine abuse, is often described in clearly antagonistic, unglamorous fashions. Tobacco, ... However, Jazz and Folk music tend to branch off of this popular trend and instead incorporate drugs like acid and cocaine into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_use_in_music

Ford admitted to having smoked crack cocaine saying, "Yes, I have smoked crack cocaine but ... am I an addict? No. Have I tried ... Toronto police learned of an alleged video that appears to show Mayor Rob Ford smoking crack-cocaine as part of a year-long ... Cook, John (May 16, 2013). "For Sale: A Video of Toronto Mayor Rob Ford Smoking Crack Cocaine". Gawker. Archived from the ... "Toronto Mayor denies crack cocaine allegations". CBC News. May 17, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2015. "Ford calls ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Rob_Ford

"Federal Crack Cocaine Sentencing", January 2016. The Sentencing Project: A 30-Year March Toward Justice "6 Million Lost Voters ... disparities in sentences associated with convictions for possessing or trafficking in crack cocaine compared to powder cocaine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentencing_Project

"Rob Ford Admits to Smoking Crack Cocaine". Global News. Casey, Liam (November 5, 2013). "One bad day in the life of the Ford ... asked the question that resulted in Ford's admission of crack cocaine use while mayor. During an investigation he uncovered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Proskow

... crack cocaine was associated with violent crime; youth were more likely to be drawn to crack cocaine; crack cocaine was ... Smith claimed that the severe sentences for crack cocaine were justified by a high correlation between crack cocaine arrests ... Dvorak, Richard (1999-2000), Cracking the Code: De-Coding Colorblind Slurs during the Congressional Crack Cocaine Debates, vol ... for powder cocaine. The organization also stated that the enhanced penalties for crack cocaine "have proven useful, and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Sentencing_Act

Fryer, Roland (April 2006). "Measuring Crack Cocaine and Its Impact" (PDF). Harvard University Society of Fellows: 3, 66. ... The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families, with an increase in the number of children in foster care. In 1986, ... Crack addiction impacted communities and families. Between 1984 and 1989, the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 ... Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s crack epidemic, which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X

They have been dubbed the "crack cocaine" of gambling by critics. In response to this criticism, in 2014, bookmakers ... the crack cocaine of gambling". The Guardian. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_odds_betting_terminal

For fourteen years, he sold crack cocaine. Talk about protecting black neighborhoods? Start at home". Beyoncé requested to use ... Ear-Crack". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021. Knowles, Beyoncé (June 2016 ... "hard-cracking consonant sounds and precisely-measured alliteration" that make the lyrics satisfying to recite. "Formation" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(song)

... the rise of the crack cocaine epidemic; the rapid growth of development in Emeryville; the passage of the anti-immigration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Express

The crack cocaine epidemic had a devastating effect on Black America. As early as 1981, reports of crack were appearing in Los ... Retrieved 2015-03-07 Fryer, Roland (April 2006). "Measuring Crack Cocaine and Its Impact" (PDF). Harvard University Society of ... The beginning of the crack epidemic coincided with the rise of hip hop music in the Black community in the mid-1980s, strongly ... In 1984, in some major cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Houston, Los Angeles, and Detroit, one dosage unit of crack could ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post–civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history

... starting thinking about the crack cocaine epidemic...started thinking about all the injustices and atrocities that my people go ... "possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, possession of a firearm for drug trafficking and possession of a firearm by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Fresno_shootings

"The crack cocaine of online auction websites", and stated that "in essence, what your 60¢ bidding fee gets you at Swoopo is a ... The crack cocaine of auction sites". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2009. Oswald, Ed (17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoopo

"Cops: Hershey's Mints Are Crack Cocaine-y". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03. KXAS-TV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Breakers_candy

In June 2010, it was reported that Phil would develop an addiction to crack cocaine after his troubled personal life leads to ... Depressed, Phil embarks on a sexual relationship with drug addict Rainie Cross (Tanya Franks) and begins to use crack cocaine ... Subsequently, Phil becomes addicted to crack cocaine. Producers worked closely with drug and alcohol charities, including ... developing an addiction to crack cocaine that sparks the events of The Queen Vic Fire Week; his ongoing struggle to bond with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mitchell

... and disproportionately criminalized crack cocaine over cocaine. Some have argued this bill led directly to the U.S.' rise of ... as the rising prices for crack cocaine became a way for desperate youth to make money. Over time, however, drug markets were ... as the result of both the expansion of cocaine markets and widespread socioeconomic changes in the United States. Manufacturing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans

Nicholas Mormando became hooked on crack cocaine. Sammy later said about Nicholas: He became like a renegade. He went berserk. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paruta

Hunt later became addicted to crack cocaine. Eventually, with the prayer of his wife and children and his Church, The Brooklyn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Hunt_(singer)

Super Hans develops a crack cocaine addiction. At Sophie's dance class, Jez meets, falls in love with and starts a relationship ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)

The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)

It is alleged that on July 25 and on August 15, 2019, Pereira sold 20 grams of crystal meth for $360, and that between October 1, 2019, and January 28, 2020, he allegedly delivered between 1.45 and 7 grams of crack cocaine for between $100 and $300. (justice.gov)
It is alleged that during Friday's pre-dawn search of Pereira's residence, agents and officers seized over 140 grams of crystal meth, 8 grams of crack cocaine, and various items used in the preparation, packaging, and distribution of crystal meth and crack cocaine. (justice.gov)
Pursuant to a search of Bangmon's Jeep, police located 12 individually wrapped baggies containing 37 grams of crack cocaine located in the arm rest of the driver's side door. (dea.gov)
Grant County Sheriff's Department deputies seized 8.8 ounces of heroin and approximately 3 grams of crack cocaine Thursday, Dec. 15, at 9: 35 a. m., during a traffi c stop in southern Grant County on New Mexico 146 at mile marker 8. (scdailypress.com)

The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. (wikipedia.org)
Smartphone gambling apps could be even more addictive than the controversial 'crack cocaine' casino-style betting terminals in bookmakers, a leading psychologist has warned. (dailymail.co.uk)
The Daily Mail has led a campaign to cut the £100 limit that can be staked each turn on casino-style fixed-odds betting terminals (FOBTs), which have been likened to 'crack cocaine' by some critics because they are so addictive. (dailymail.co.uk)
Cocaine and crack are highly addictive. (saltworks.org)
According to the Addiction Center , crack cocaine - a highly addictive and potent powdered form of cocaine - is shockingly prevalent in the United States, with nearly half of all high school seniors reporting it "fairly" or "very" easy to get. (grunge.com)
Contributing to crack cocaine's addictive properties - among many other negative physical, emotional, and psychological consequences - the resulting high from the substance can rewire the pleasure and reward centers in the brain. (grunge.com)
Bust cocaine is one associated with the just about all highly addictive drugs the fact that exists today. (tannhauser-thegame.com)
Due to its addictive nature, crack cocaine tends to control the user's life completely an ends up pulling him down. (drug-overdose.com)

Habitually smoking crack cocaine causes pulmonary damage (crack lung) ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
Smoking crack cocaine can produce a particularly aggressive paranoid behavior in users. (drugfreenj.org)

A separate category was included for hard-drug users not known to use crack cocaine to have a group with comparable levels of social deprivation, addiction related problems, and difficulty in accessing health services. (cdc.gov)
Crack Cocaine Addiction Help The hardest part about help is getting it, even though there is a lot of help available. (drug-addiction-support.org)
In one episode, the Methamphetamine addict, who is destroying her health, her family's property and all of her relationships, is steadfastly in denial that there is any problem of any kind and refuses Crack Cocaine addiction help. (drug-addiction-support.org)
No Crack Cocaine addiction help is possible! (drug-addiction-support.org)
Crack Cocaine addiction is a community problem Crack Cocaine addiction is not just a family problem. (drug-addiction-support.org)
Crack Cocaine addiction help from a professional is needed to treat all parties involved in the addiction.Once the family and friends are onboard with the need for professional help, and new communication patterns and boundaries are established by the professional, "their" problem will become the addict's problem. (drug-addiction-support.org)
If you know someone that needs Crack Cocaine addiction help or if you're struggling with an addiction, and need help call 1-800-662-HELP. (drug-addiction-support.org)
And according to a recent article in Politico , "survey data from Transit, a local help center and shelter for people with drug and alcohol addiction, found that crack was the most consumed substance among hard drug takers in 2022, used by 67 percent of people surveyed. (scientologynews.org)
According to The New York Times , President Joe Biden's son, Hunter Biden, recounted his crack cocaine addiction in his 2021 memoir "Beautiful Things" and the effect it had on his life, including a drug-induced affair with his brother's widowed wife. (grunge.com)
So why Is definitely Casino slot Models Gambling Deemed "This Crack Cocaine" regarding Casino Addiction? (tannhauser-thegame.com)
Slot machine addiction is considered to help be the "crack cocaine" of gambling regarding some sort of few different causes. (tannhauser-thegame.com)
Basically, it is very easy to compare slot machine game addiction to crack crack craving. (tannhauser-thegame.com)
There are very many people fighting crack cocaine globally using various addiction treatments. (drug-overdose.com)

Several pulmonary complications are associated with the inhalation of crack cocaine (e.g., intensive cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, acute bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, thermal airway injury, pneumothorax and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, production of carbonaceous sputum, and exacerbation of asthma) ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
We hypothesize that crack cocaine use increases the risk for smear-positive pulmonary TB and that a component of this risk relates to lung damage caused by crack cocaine inhalation. (cdc.gov)
Unusual sources of exposure resulting in silicosis include inhalation of crack cocaine, scouring powder, exposure in the electronics industry, grinding maize, farm ing, living in desert- like terrain, and the cutting of gemstones. (cdc.gov)

Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. (wikipedia.org)

We used univariate analyses to compare the characteristics of crack cocaine users, other hard-drug users (predominantly heroin users but excluding those who used only alcohol and marijuana), and those not known to use drugs. (cdc.gov)
The Say No to Drugs Association distributes information kits containing 14 booklets on the most commonly abused substances, from crack and cocaine to heroin, marijuana and prescription drugs. (scientologynews.org)

(25) After reading a newspaper article on August 29, 1996, alleging that Blandon was involved in the sale of cocaine to fund the Contras, INS Supervisory Special Agent (SSA) Robert Butler, in the San Diego INS District Office, Investigations Branch, reviewed Blandon's alien file. (justice.gov)
It's well documented through reporting at the time that there were lots of Contras that were selling cocaine to the two dealers in the United States. (wshu.org)

Cocaine belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants, which tend to give a temporary illusion of limitless power and energy that leaves the user feeling depressed, edgy, and craving more. (saltworks.org)
More research is needed to fully understand the connection between stimulants like crack cocaine and mental health, though. (grunge.com)
The rest, the other one in 10, might inject stimulants, like crack cocaine, and some inject various drugs or mixture of drugs. (cdc.gov)

The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is Coc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl With ammonium bicarbonate: Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O With ammonium carbonate: 2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form, although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. (wikipedia.org)
Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. (wikipedia.org)
However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice (containing citric acid) or white vinegar (containing acetic acid), a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack. (wikipedia.org)
When (powder) cocaine is dissolved and injected, the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked, and similar euphoria may be experienced. (wikipedia.org)
The House Judiciary Committee passed legislation today overturning federal sentencing policies that treat crack cocaine offenses one hundred times more severely than powder cocaine offenses. (drugpolicy.org)
It makes no more sense to punish crack cocaine offenders more harshly than powder cocaine offenders than it does to punish wine drinkers more harshly than beer drinkers. (drugpolicy.org)
Crack and powder cocaine are two forms of the same drug," said Jasmine Tyler, deputy director of national affairs for the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for alternatives to the war on drugs. (drugpolicy.org)

Coke bugs, or formication, are just one of many profound psychological side effects of prolonged crack cocaine use, which can include paranoia, hallucinations, and something called cocaine psychosis, which affects nearly 90% of all cocaine users, according to The Recovery Village . (grunge.com)
There are several leading theories why prolonged use of crack cocaine can lead to psychosis, such as the negative effects of massive amounts of dopamine on the brain, or possibly the drug's effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a substance found in the brain of those experiencing psychotic episodes. (grunge.com)
Crack cocaine users who start young are more prone to cocaine psychosis, according to a study published in Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría . (grunge.com)
The method by which it's consumed and how much is taken, whether the drug is ingested with other substances known to have effects on mental well-being, and any underlying mental health issues in a user may also play a part in the development of cocaine psychosis. (grunge.com)

High doses of cocaine and/or prolonged use can trigger paranoia. (drugfreenj.org)

Illicit substances like crack cocaine vary in their consistency, so no two crack users react the same, but from the outset, there are a number of serious potential physical side effects from the drug. (grunge.com)
Data's from the worldwide report about drugs shows that in the last decades there were elevated use of cocaine and crack , however the magnitude of illicit drugs has maintained itself stable among the adult population (1) . (bvsalud.org)

Loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. (wikipedia.org)
Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F), much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F). Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect), crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in eight seconds. (wikipedia.org)
Cocaine is distributed on the street in two main forms: cocaine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder and 'crack' is cocaine hydrochloride that has been processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water into a freebase cocaine - chips, chunks, or rocks. (drugfreenj.org)

Meanwhile, some 1.4 million Americans over age 12 reported a cocaine use disorder in the past year, according to 2021 data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse . (grunge.com)

TB patients who used crack cocaine were predominantly 20-49 years of age. (cdc.gov)
This fascicle of SMAD consists of six articles (original studies) that address specific issues related to alcohol and other psychoactive substances, predominantly cocaine/ crack . (bvsalud.org)

QUEENSBURY, N.Y. ( NEWS10 ) - State Police in Queensbury Sunday arrested Saquan Lamont, 37, of Brooklyn, NY after they reportedly found him to be in possession of over 11 ounces of crack cocaine, approximately 1.48 ounces of heroin, and drug paraphernalia commonly used to package and sell drugs. (news10.com)
BRUNSWICK COUNTY - Five people were arrested following a traffic stop that led to the seizure of several ounces of cocaine in Leland. (portcitydaily.com)
The sheriff's Office special operations unit performed the stop, and a canine search of the vehicle led to the seizure of 4 ounces of crack cocaine. (portcitydaily.com)

Crack cocaine users and other drug users were significantly more likely than non-drug users to have been born in the United Kingdom, of white or black Caribbean ethnic origin, homeless, alcohol abusers, or have a history of imprisonment. (cdc.gov)
The results of the National Alcohol and Drug research allowed to outline a view of the use of cocaine and its derivatives ( crack , merla, oxi) in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
Using crack cocaine and alcohol both at the same time are usually in much more danger than people who use only one of the substances. (drug-overdose.com)

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. (wikipedia.org)
Ramsey traces the advent of crack to a group of chemistry students at U.C. Berkeley who devised a recipe for freebasing cocaine using water and baking soda. (wshu.org)
Crack cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant produced by dissolving powdered cocaine in a mixture of water and ammonia or baking soda. (drugrehab.com)
The first thing you need to do is to get the cocaine, water, baking soda, a pyrex glass, and a pot. (netlify.app)

Crack cocaine, commonly known simply as crack, and also known as rock, is a free base form of the stimulant cocaine that can be smoked. (wikipedia.org)
Crack is a stimulant derived from powdered cocaine. (drugrehab.com)

Once it reaches the brain, crack cocaine works by increasing levels of dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. (drugrehab.com)

It was originally 100-to-1, meaning that you got essentially 100 times the amount of [prison] time for crack than you would for the same substance in powder form," he says. (wshu.org)
Crack use peaked in the late 1980s, but the drug continues to be a common substance of abuse in communities across the United States. (drugrehab.com)
Crack cocaine is among the abused substances that have long been declared illegal and using the substance can lead to being arrested and eventually incarcerated. (drug-overdose.com)
This means that cocaine is mixed with other crack ingredients to create the substance. (netlify.app)

Cravings for crack cocaine that are on the extreme. (drug-overdose.com)

Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F). Crack cocaine sold on the streets may be adulterated (or "cut") with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack to increase bulk. (wikipedia.org)

Cocaine use among heroin users in Spain: the diffusion of crack and cocaine smoking. (bmj.com)

Under the influence of crack cocaine, the cell is unable to reabsorb the dopamine, causing an influx of the neurotransmitter in the brain. (drugrehab.com)
These regions primarily operate via the transmission of dopamine, and crack cocaine can restructure such pathways from the very first time it's tried. (grunge.com)

Smoking crack brings a quicker and more powerful sense of euphoria than snorting cocaine, but the high from crack doesn't last long. (drugrehab.com)

Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. (wikipedia.org)

Meanwhile, instead of treating the issue as a public health emergency, politicians instituted sentencing guidelines that punished users of crack more harshly than users of powdered cocaine. (wshu.org)

The middle man for my dope connect (who was a white all around cool guy who destroyed suburban lives by giving them coke, crack, and dope) was an African-American living in one of America's most crime notorious East coast cities (gotta' reprasent that much) who would allow my dealer, and later, me to wait at his home (a crackhouse) while he got the drugs. (erowid.org)
Among the most serious side effects of crack cocaine use is something called "coke bugs," or the hallucination that there are bugs or some type of living creatures under the user's skin - leading some to pick, dig, or cut at themselves for relief, according to Archstone Behavioral Health . (grunge.com)

It might as well be called Invasion of the Drug Aliens from Planet Cocaine . (cracked.com)
PROVIDENCE - A Providence man currently serving a term of state probation, having completed a sentence of eight years with 30 months to serve at the ACI for drug trafficking, today was ordered detained in federal custody following an investigation and his arrest by members of the FBI Safe Streets Gang Task Force into his alleged trafficking of crystal methamphetamine (meth) and crack cocaine. (justice.gov)
Looking back now, author and journalist Donovan X. Ramsey describes Bush's press conference as a form of propaganda designed to create a panic about the crack epidemic and to "demonize drug dealers and also addicts. (wshu.org)
As the epidemic took hold, the media presented apocalyptic views of Black neighborhoods transformed by the drug, and warned of a coming wave of "crack babies. (wshu.org)
In a case-control study of TB in London, 19 (86%) of 22 crack cocaine users with pulmonary TB were smear positive compared with 302 (36%) of 833 non-drug users. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory damage caused by crack cocaine may predispose drug users to infectivity. (cdc.gov)
The United Kingdom has seen a substantial increase in the prevalence of drug use in the past decade, particularly crack cocaine use ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Prosecutors say gang members built a lucrative drug market in outstate Minnesota because they could make more money selling crack and heroin in areas where drugs are in short supply, when compared to Minneapolis. (mprnews.org)
Luz Maida was thrown into the hands of her mother's drug dealer boyfriend for just a few pieces of crack cocaine. (humanevents.com)
When users smoke crack, the drug enters the bloodstream through the lungs. (drugrehab.com)
Minden Police arrested Lagreta Terrell Smith, 55, of the 700 block of Plum Street, on charges of being on the wrong side of the road, possession of crack cocaine, possession of drug paraphernalia and open container. (press-herald.com)
Patel, co-owner of the Munchies convenience store in Solvay, NY, and the Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, located near the Syracuse airport, admitted that he sold crack cocaine on a nearly daily basis to drug customers inside his businesses. (nripulse.com)
According to the Foundation for a Drug-Free World's Truth About Cocaine booklet, crack is not only the drug's most potent form, it is also the riskiest. (scientologynews.org)
Cocaine is a drug extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. (drugfreenj.org)
If you've recently purchased crack cocaine in the Miller County area, local authorities are warning that it may be laced with a deadly chemical and urging local purchasers to bring the drug in for free testing. (sowegalive.com)
Once police became aware of the illegal drug activity, they opened an investigation into the alleged cocaine distribution operation. (morristowncriminallaw.com)
This is a form of cocaine that is meant to be smoked crack cocaine pictures portray a drug with the appearance of soap shavings. (drug-overdose.com)

Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. (wikipedia.org)
Numbers of crack cocaine users assessed while in police custody in London increased 3-fold from 1993 through 2003 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
The pleasurable effects of smoking crack last for only five to 10 minutes, causing users to smoke more to maintain the effects. (drugrehab.com)
Even though the majority of crack users are white, African-Americans make up more than 80 percent of federal defendants sentenced for crack cocaine offenses. (drugpolicy.org)
Some users spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on cocaine and crack each week and will do anything to support their habit. (saltworks.org)
Crack cocaine users lack judgment ability when they are high hence they tend to engage in very risky behaviors that may end up endangering them and other people around them. (drug-overdose.com)
This information has been collected from using in-depth research online (from the best users/cooks) from our crews own experiences, and some brilliant books -or rather one brilliant book -The Cocaine Handbook -from Dave Lee (avail in reprint I believe). (netlify.app)

We hypothesize that crack cocaine is independently associated with smear-positive tuberculosis (TB). (cdc.gov)
To test the hypothesis that smear positivity at diagnosis was associated with crack cocaine use, we used a multivariate model with backwards elimination to exclude variables that did not make a significant contribution to the model. (cdc.gov)
The first quick method is to smear the cocaine onto a flat surface and look over it with a magnifying glass. (netlify.app)

David A. Wood, 31, pleaded guilty to two counts of distribution and possession with intent to distribute fentanyl, one count of distribution and possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine and one count of possession with intent to distribute fentanyl. (justice.gov)
King, 38, of Delco, was charged with possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. (portcitydaily.com)

In order to study the impact of retroactive sentence reduction on recidivism rates, staff analyzed the recidivism rate for a group of crack cocaine offenders whose sentences were reduced pursuant to retroactive application of the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment. (ussc.gov)

Emotionally, crack cocaine use can lead to an almost immediate and constant craving for more, as well as anxiety and restlessness. (grunge.com)

He did not create the cocaine, he did not smuggle it into the country, he simply acted on the opportunity presented to him by the US Government and its agent Blandon. (phibetaiota.net)

In his conclusion, he said: "Mr Perivoitos was taking part in a documentary about illegal drugs, having returned to his home at 10.17pm consumed a quantity of cocaine before becoming unwell. (yahoo.com)
Police recovered cash and two phones from the vehicle and later recovered a quantity of Class A drugs including heroin and crack cocaine. (yahoo.com)
His office made a decision that they wanted to give a big address on drugs and they wanted to use crack cocaine as a prop. (wshu.org)
And so a lot of those drugs, cocaine, ended up in the United States. (wshu.org)
In a December 30 facebook post, the City of Colquitt Police Department warned crack cocaine customers that the deadly chemical "may be contaminated with deadly ingredients" and urged readers to bring the drugs in for testing. (sowegalive.com)
Police recently arrested four people accused of selling crack cocaine and other drugs in Franklin Borough, NJ. (morristowncriminallaw.com)
Crack cocaine is among the most abused drugs in the world. (drug-overdose.com)

This publication reports on recidivism of crack cocaine offenders who were released immediately before and after implementation of the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment, and followed in the community for five years. (ussc.gov)
Staff then compared that rate to the recidivism rate for a comparison group of offenders who would have been eligible to seek a reduced sentence under the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment, but were released before the effective date of that amendment after serving their full prison terms less good time and other earned credits. (ussc.gov)
The question addressed by this study is: "Were offenders who received a reduced sentence retroactively under the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment more likely to recidivate than similarly situated offenders who did not receive a reduced sentence? (ussc.gov)
As discussed more fully in the report, there is no evidence that offenders whose sentence lengths were reduced pursuant to retroactive application of the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment had higher recidivism rates than a comparison group of crack cocaine offenders who were released before the effective date of the 2007 Crack Cocaine Amendment and who served their full prison terms less earned credits. (ussc.gov)

It is alleged that on at least five occasions between July 25, 2019, and January 28, 2020, while under law enforcement surveillance, Pereira delivered varying amounts of crystal meth and crack cocaine in exchange for cash. (justice.gov)

Other long-time negative consequences of crack cocaine use include liver and lung damage, kidney failure, and death. (grunge.com)

8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)(B). The offense pled to by Blandon in 1992, conspiracy to possess cocaine with the intent to distribute it, clearly fell within this definition. (justice.gov)
According to the charging documents, Wood distributed fentanyl in Boston on Nov. 26 and Dec. 3, 2019, distributed crack cocaine in Boston on Dec. 10, 2019, and on Dec. 19, 2019, possessed fentanyl in Boston with the intent to distribute it. (justice.gov)

Cracked.com does not and never will sell crack or any other form of cocaine. (cracked.com)
Crack is the most dangerous form of cocaine. (drugrehab.com)
Crack is a form of cocaine that has been chemically altered so that it can be smoked. (saltworks.org)
This type of cocaine has an effect that is much stronger than when it is in its powder form as it is much more concentrated and it gets to the brain much faster. (drug-overdose.com)
Crack is simply a heavily cut form of cocaine. (netlify.app)

Cocaine is either "snorted" through the nasal passages or injected intravenously. (saltworks.org)

A three-year-old in Paraguay was reportedly sold by her mother for $17 worth of crack cocaine. (humanevents.com)
Police reportedly seized a large quantity of crack cocaine and a small amount of methadone while searching the suspects' residences. (morristowncriminallaw.com)

Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest. (wikipedia.org)

And he did: he developed an even worse cocaine problem. (cracked.com)
Crack cocaine is even much worse when being abused by pregnant women. (drug-overdose.com)

The search of the vehicle continued, and officers located suspected crack cocaine, weighing one gram, and burnt steel wool in Smith's purse. (press-herald.com)

In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. (wikipedia.org)

Rob Ford is the conservative mayor of Toronto AND a crack cocaine fan, at least according to Gawker , who received word from a tipster that the Chris Christie of the north was recently filmed smoking the cookies, the primetime, the sleet, the tornado, the blotter, the other terms I just learned here . (uproxx.com)
During his tenure as City Hall reporter for Global Toronto he covered the turmoil surrounding Mayor Rob Ford, and at an unscheduled press conference, asked the question that resulted in Ford's admission of crack cocaine use while mayor. (wikipedia.org)

The Supreme Court has held that people 'in the pipeline' -- convicted but not yet sentenced when Fair Sentencing Act reforms took effect -- on federal crack cocaine charges are entitled to be sentenced under the lesser penalties created by the act. (stopthedrugwar.org)
In his new book, When Crack Was King: A People's History of A Misunderstood Era, Ramsey examines the crack epidemic of the 1980s and early '90s from the points of view of four people who lived through it - and considers the lasting harm inflicted on the Black community by the government's response. (wshu.org)
The book compellingly describes the testimony provided to Congress in 1979 and again in 1982, about the forthcoming implications of making a cocaine derivative affordable by the lowest income people in our Nation. (phibetaiota.net)

Apart from the health complications that are associated to crack cocaine abuse, the user may also end up feeling depressed whenever he loses his high. (drug-overdose.com)

Pereira, charged by way of a criminal complaint with distribution of 5 grams or more of crystal methamphetamine and distribution of cocaine base, made his initial appearance in U.S. District Court in Providence today before U.S. District Court Magistrate Judge Patricia A. Sullivan. (justice.gov)

Crack offers a short, intense high to smokers. (wikipedia.org)
As much as crack cocaine is much stronger, its high does not last long. (drug-overdose.com)
Feel the Rush of Cocaine - Experience the High of a Best Seller! (cnepchems.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Geographicals2

The epidemic of cocaine-related juxtapyloric perforations: with a comment on the importance of testing for Helicobacter pylori. (1/175)

The incidence of T2-weighted MR imaging signal abnormalities in the brain of cocaine-dependent patients is age-related and region-specific. (2/175)

A staff dialogue on a socially distanced patient: psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and caregivers. (3/175)

Crack-cocaine users as victims of physical attack. (4/175)

Quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methylecgonine, and norcocaine in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization (PICI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/175)

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. (6/175)

Hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention opportunities among young injection drug users in Chicago, 1997-1999. (7/175)

Sexually transmitted infections among HIV seropositive men and women. (8/175)

Crack Cocaine

Cocaine

Cocaine-Related Disorders

Phencyclidine Abuse

Substance-Related Disorders

Dangerous Behavior

Alcian Blue

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Hemosiderin

Drug Users

Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

Sexual Behavior

Harm Reduction

British Columbia

Risk-Taking

Bronchioles

Crime

Self Administration

HIV Seropositivity

Substance Abuse Treatment Centers

Powders

Substance Abuse, Intravenous

HIV Infections

Texas

The epidemic of cocaine-related juxtapyloric perforations: with a comment on the importance of testing for Helicobacter pylori. (1/175)

The incidence of T2-weighted MR imaging signal abnormalities in the brain of cocaine-dependent patients is age-related and region-specific. (2/175)

A staff dialogue on a socially distanced patient: psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and caregivers. (3/175)

Crack-cocaine users as victims of physical attack. (4/175)

Quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methylecgonine, and norcocaine in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization (PICI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/175)

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. (6/175)

Hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention opportunities among young injection drug users in Chicago, 1997-1999. (7/175)

Sexually transmitted infections among HIV seropositive men and women. (8/175)

Crack cocaine

Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy

Federal City Council

Nicaraguan Revolution

Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration

Maxine Waters

Sandinista National Liberation Front

High Times (song)

Allegations of CIA drug trafficking

Speedway Junky

Lorena Borjas

P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company

Drug use in music

Mayoralty of Rob Ford

The Sentencing Project

Jackson Proskow

Fair Sentencing Act

Generation X

Fixed odds betting terminal

Formation (song)

East Bay Express

Post-civil rights era in African-American history

2017 Fresno shootings

Swoopo

Ice Breakers candy

Phil Mitchell

History of Mexican Americans

Joseph Paruta

Calvin Hunt (singer)

Peep Show (British TV series)

Effects of cocaine include constric1

Grams of crack cocaine4

Addictive8

Smoking Crack Cocaine2

Addiction13

Inhalation3

Forms of cocaine1

Marijuana2

Contras2

Stimulants3

Powder cocaine8

Psychosis4

Paranoia1

Illicit2

Hydrochloride3

20211

Predominantly2

Ounces3