Cowpox virus
Cowpox
Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae
Vaccinia virus
Variola virus
Ectromelia virus
Serpins
Herpestidae
Vaccinia
Rodent Diseases
Arvicolinae
Inclusion Bodies, Viral
Smallpox
Virus Replication
Organophosphonates
Cercopithecus aethiops
Molecular Sequence Data
Receptors, Virus
A 43-nucleotide RNA cis-acting element governs the site-specific formation of the 3' end of a poxvirus late mRNA. (1/120)
The 3' ends of late mRNAs of the ati gene, encoding the major component of the A-type inclusions, are generated by endoribonucleolytic cleavage at a specific site in the primary transcript [Antczak et al., (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 12033-12037]. In this study, sequence analysis of cDNAs of the 3' ends of ati mRNAs showed these mRNAs are 3' polyadenylated at the RNA cleavage site. This suggests that ati mRNA 3' end formation involves cleavage of a late transcript, with subsequent 3' polyadenylation of the 5' cleavage product. The RNA cis-acting element, the AX element, directing orientation-dependent formation of these mRNA 3' ends, was mapped to a 345-bp AluI-XbaI fragment. Deletion analyses of this fragment showed that the boundaries of the AX element are within -5 and +38 of the RNA cleavage site. Scanning mutagenesis showed that the AX element contains at least two subelements: subelement I, 5'-UUUAU downward arrowCCGAUAAUUC-3', containing the cleavage site ( downward arrow), separated from the downstream subelement II, 5'-AAUUUCGGAUUUGAAUGC-3', by a 10-nucleotide region, whose composition may be altered without effect on RNA 3' end formation. These features, which differ from those of other elements controlling RNA processing, suggest that the AX element is a component of a novel mechanism of RNA 3' end formation. (+info)Vaccinia virus strains Lister, USSR and Evans express soluble and cell-surface tumour necrosis factor receptors. (2/120)
Poxviruses encode a broad range of proteins that interfere with host immune functions such as soluble versions of cytokine receptors. Soluble virus tumour necrosis factor receptors (vTNFRs) were described originally in myxoma and Shope fibroma viruses. Cowpox virus (CPV) encodes three vTNFRs (CrmB, CrmC and CrmD). The genes equivalent to CrmB and CrmC in vaccinia virus (VV) Copenhagen are mutated and are named B28R/C22L and A53R, respectively. CrmD was identified recently in CPV and ectromelia virus but the gene is absent in VV Copenhagen. We have tested for expression of soluble binding activity for human TNF in cultures infected with 18 orthopoxviruses and have found that TNFRs are mostly absent but are produced by VV strains Lister, USSR and Evans, by the CPV elephantpox and by camelpox virus. Interestingly, we also found TNFR activity on the surface of cells infected with VV Lister, USSR and Evans. Sequence analysis of the relevant regions in VV Lister identified an intact A53R gene and an inactive B28R gene. Expression of VV Lister A53R in baculovirus and VV Western Reserve demonstrated that gene A53R encodes an active soluble vTNFR of 22 kDa. Expression and characterization of recombinant vTNFRs from VV Lister (A53R) and CPV (CrmB and CrmC) showed a similar binding specificity, with each receptor binding TNF from man, mouse and rat, but not human lymphotoxin-alpha. Lastly, the VV Lister and CPV vTNFRs bind human TNF with high affinity and prevent the binding of TNF to cellular receptors. (+info)Myxoma virus Serp2 is a weak inhibitor of granzyme B and interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme in vitro and unlike CrmA cannot block apoptosis in cowpox virus-infected cells. (3/120)
The Serp2 protein encoded by the leporipoxvirus myxoma virus is essential for full virulence (F. Messud-Petit, J. Gelfi, M. Delverdier, M. F. Amardeilh, R. Py, G. Sutter, and S. Bertagnoli, J. Virol. 72:7830-7839, 1998) and, like crmA of cowpox virus (CPV), is reported to inhibit the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1) (F. Petit, S. Bertagnoli, J. Gelfi, F. Fassy, C. Boucraut-Baralon, and A. Milon, J. Virol. 70:5860-5866, 1996). Serp2 and CrmA both contain Asp at the P1 position within the serpin reactive site loop and yet are only 35% identical overall. Serp2 protein was cleaved by ICE but, unlike CrmA, did not form a stable complex with ICE that was detectable by native gel electrophoresis. Attempts to covalently cross-link ICE-serpin inhibitory complexes were successful with CrmA, but no complex between ICE and Serp2 was visible after cross-linking. Purified His10-tagged Serp2 protein was a relatively poor inhibitor of ICE, with a Ki of 80 nM compared to 4 pM for CrmA. Serp2 protein resembled CrmA in that a stable complex with the serine proteinase granzyme B was detectable after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, Serp2 was less effective at inhibiting granzyme B activity (Ki = 420 nM) than CrmA (Ki = 100 nM). Finally, Serp2 was tested for the ability to replace CrmA and inhibit apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells infected with a CPV recombinant deleted for CrmA but expressing Serp2. Unlike wild-type-CPV-infected cells, apoptosis was readily observed in cells infected with the recombinant virus, as indicated by the induction of both nuclear fragmentation and caspase-mediated cleavage of DEVD-AMC [acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-(amino-4-methyl coumarin)]. These results indicate that Serp2 is unable to functionally substitute for CrmA within the context of CPV and that the inhibition spectra for Serp2 and CrmA are distinct. (+info)Cowpox: reservoir hosts and geographic range. (4/120)
It is generally accepted that the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus are wild rodents, although direct evidence for this is lacking for much of the virus's geographic range. Here, through a combination of serology and PCR, we demonstrate conclusively that the main hosts in Great Britain are bank voles, wood mice and short-tailed field voles. However, we also suggest that wood mice may not be able to maintain infection alone, explaining the absence of cowpox from Ireland where voles are generally not found. Infection in wild rodents varies seasonally, and this variation probably underlies the marked seasonal incidence of infection in accidental hosts such as humans and domestic cats. (+info)Structure of a soluble secreted chemokine inhibitor vCCI (p35) from cowpox virus. (5/120)
Most poxviruses, including variola, the causative agent of smallpox, express a secreted protein of 35 kDa, vCCI, which binds CC-chemokines with high affinity. This viral protein competes with the host cellular CC-chemokine receptors (CCRs), reducing inflammation and interfering with the host immune response. Such proteins or derivatives may have therapeutic uses as anti-inflammatory agents. We have determined the crystal structure to 1.85-A resolution of vCCI from cowpox virus, the prototype of this poxvirus virulence factor. The molecule is a beta-sandwich of topology not previously described. A patch of conserved residues on the exposed face of a beta-sheet that is strongly negatively charged might have a role in binding of CC-chemokines, which are positively charged. (+info)Caspase inhibitors. (6/120)
Caspases are the key effector molecules of the physiological death process known as apoptosis, although some are involved in activation of cytokines, rather than cell death. They exist in most of our cells as inactive precursors (zymogens) that kill the cell once activated. Caspases can be controlled in two ways. The processing and activation of a caspase can be regulated by molecules such as FADD, APAF-1, Bcl-2 family members, FLIP and IAPs. Active caspases can be controlled by a variety of inhibitors that directly interact with the protease. This review describes the later direct caspase inhibitors that have been identified, products of both viral and cellular genes, and artificial caspase inhibitors that have been developed both as research tools and as pharmaceutical agents to inhibit cell death in vivo. (+info)Transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen within and between wildlife host species. (7/120)
The transmission dynamics of the cowpox virus infection have been quantified in two mixed populations of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), through analyses of detailed time-series of the numbers of susceptible, infectious and newly infected individuals. The cowpox virus is a zoonosis which circulates in these rodent hosts and has been shown to have an adverse effect on reproductive output. The transmission dynamics within species is best described as frequency dependent rather than density dependent, contrary to the 'mass action' assumption of most previous studies, both theoretical and empirical. Estimation of a transmission coefficient for each species in each population also allows annual and seasonal variations in transmission dynamics to be investigated through an analysis of regression residuals. Transmission between host species is found to be negligible despite their close cohabitation. The consequences of this for the combining ability of hosts as zoonotic reservoirs, and for apparent competition between hosts, are discussed. (+info)Alastrim smallpox variola minor virus genome DNA sequences. (8/120)
Alastrim variola minor virus, which causes mild smallpox, was first recognized in Florida and South America in the late 19th century. Genome linear double-stranded DNA sequences (186,986 bp) of the alastrim virus Garcia-1966, a laboratory reference strain from an outbreak associated with 0.8% case fatalities in Brazil in 1966, were determined except for a 530-bp fragment of hairpin-loop sequences at each terminus. The DNA sequences (EMBL Accession No. Y16780) showed 206 potential open reading frames for proteins containing >/=60 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of the putative proteins were compared with those reported for vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen and the Asian variola major strains India-1967 and Bangladesh-1975. About one-third of the alastrim viral proteins were 100% identical to correlates in the variola major strains and the remainder were >/=95% identical. Compared with variola major virus DNA, alastrim virus DNA has additional segments of 898 and 627 bp, respectively, within the left and right terminal regions. The former segment aligns well with sequences in other orthopoxviruses, particularly cowpox and vaccinia viruses, and the latter is apparently alastrim-specific. (+info)Cowpox virus is a species of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is a double-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects cows and occasionally other animals such as cats, dogs, and humans. The virus causes a mild disease in its natural host, cattle, characterized by the development of pustular lesions on the udder or teats.
In humans, cowpox virus infection can cause a localized skin infection, typically following contact with an infected animal or contaminated fomites. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1-2 weeks without specific treatment. However, in rare cases, the virus may spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe symptoms.
Historically, cowpox virus has played a significant role in medical research as it was used by Edward Jenner in 1796 to develop the first successful vaccine against smallpox. The similarity between the two viruses allowed for cross-protection, providing immunity to smallpox without exposing individuals to the more deadly disease. Smallpox has since been eradicated globally, and vaccination with cowpox virus is no longer necessary. However, understanding the biology of cowpox virus remains important due to its potential use as a model organism for studying poxvirus infections and developing countermeasures against related viruses.
Cowpox is a mild and self-limiting viral disease that primarily affects cattle. Historically, it was known for providing immunity against smallpox in humans who came into contact with the virus. The cowpox virus belongs to the Poxviridae family and is closely related to the variola virus, which causes smallpox.
The infection in cows typically results in pustular lesions on their udders or teats. When a human milkmaid or farmer handling an infected animal develops cowpox, they usually experience flu-like symptoms and form pustular skin lesions, primarily on the hands and fingers. These lesions eventually scab over and heal within 1-2 months without medical intervention.
The transmission of cowpox from animals to humans is rare nowadays due to widespread vaccination against smallpox and improved hygiene practices in dairy farming. However, it remains an occupational hazard for those working closely with cattle or other susceptible animals.
Orthopoxvirus is a genus of large, complex, enveloped DNA viruses in the family Poxviridae. It includes several species that are significant human pathogens, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and also known to cause cowpox and buffalopox), Monkeypox virus, and Camelpox virus. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild rashes to severe disease and death, depending on the specific species and the immune status of the infected individual. Historically, smallpox was one of the most devastating infectious diseases known to humanity, but it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 due to a successful global vaccination campaign. However, other Orthopoxviruses continue to pose public health concerns and require ongoing surveillance and research.
Poxviridae is a family of large, complex, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes many significant pathogens affecting humans and animals. The most well-known member of this family is the Variola virus, which causes smallpox in humans, a highly contagious and deadly disease that has been eradicated through global vaccination efforts. Other important human pathogens in this family include the Monkeypox virus, which can cause a smallpox-like illness, and the Molluscum contagiosum virus, which causes benign skin tumors.
Poxviruses have a unique ability to replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. They also have a complex structure, with a large, brick-shaped virion that contains a lateral body, a core, and an outer envelope. The genome of poxviruses is relatively large, ranging from 130 to 375 kilobases in length, and encodes many genes involved in viral replication, host immune evasion, and modulation of host cell processes.
Poxviridae is further divided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae, which includes viruses that infect vertebrates, and Entomopoxvirinae, which includes viruses that infect insects. The Chordopoxvirinae subfamily is divided into several genera, including Orthopoxvirus (which includes Variola, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia viruses), Parapoxvirus (which includes Orf virus and Bovine papular stomatitis virus), and Yatapoxvirus (which includes Yaba monkey tumor virus and Tanapox virus).
Overall, Poxviridae is a diverse family of viruses that pose significant public health and agricultural threats, and continue to be the subject of ongoing research and development efforts aimed at understanding their biology and developing new vaccines and therapies.
Poxviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Poxviridae family of viruses, which are large, complex viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. This family includes several pathogens that can infect humans, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and can rarely cause infection), Monkeypox virus, and Cowpox virus.
These viruses typically cause skin lesions or pocks, hence the name "Poxviridae." The severity of the disease can vary depending on the specific virus and the immune status of the host. Smallpox, once a major global health threat, was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 thanks to a successful vaccination campaign. However, other Poxviridae infections continue to pose public health concerns, particularly in regions with lower vaccination rates and where animal reservoirs exist.
Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.
The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.
Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.
Variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, a highly contagious and deadly disease that was eradicated in 1980 due to a successful global vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization (WHO). The virus belongs to the family Poxviridae and genus Orthopoxvirus. It is a large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with a complex structure that includes a lipoprotein membrane and an outer protein layer called the lateral body.
The Variola virus has two main clinical forms: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is more severe and deadly, with a mortality rate of up to 30%, while variola minor is less severe and has a lower mortality rate. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, such as clothing or bedding.
Smallpox was once a major public health threat worldwide, causing millions of deaths and severe illnesses. However, since its eradication, Variola virus has been kept in secure laboratories for research purposes only. The virus is considered a potential bioterrorism agent, and efforts are being made to develop new vaccines and antiviral treatments to protect against possible future outbreaks.
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and Orthopoxvirus genus. It's the causative agent of monkeypox, a zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to smallpox but milder in nature. The virus was first discovered in 1958 in laboratory monkeys, hence its name.
There are two clades of MPXV: the Central African (Congo Basin) clade and the West African clade. The former is more severe and has a higher mortality rate, while the latter tends to cause less severe disease with lower fatality rates.
The virus is primarily transmitted to humans from infected animals such as rodents and primates, through direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or rash material of an infected animal. Human-to-human transmission can occur via respiratory droplets, direct contact with lesions, or contaminated objects.
Monkeypox typically presents with fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a distinctive rash that progresses from macules to papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs before falling off. The incubation period ranges from 5-21 days, and the illness usually lasts for 2-4 weeks.
Vaccination against smallpox has been found to provide some cross-protection against monkeypox, but its efficacy wanes over time. Currently, there are no approved vaccines specifically for monkeypox, although research is ongoing to develop new vaccines and antiviral treatments for this disease.
Ectromelia virus, also known as mousepox virus, is a species of Poxviridae family that specifically infects mice. It is the causative agent of a disease called ectromelia or mousepox, which is similar to smallpox in humans. The virus primarily affects the spleen, liver, and lungs of the host, leading to symptoms such as rash, fever, weight loss, and hind limb paralysis. Ectromelia virus has been used as a model organism to study poxvirus immunology and pathogenesis.
SERPINs are an acronym for "serine protease inhibitors." They are a group of proteins that inhibit serine proteases, which are enzymes that cut other proteins. SERPINs are found in various tissues and body fluids, including blood, and play important roles in regulating biological processes such as inflammation, blood clotting, and cell death. They do this by forming covalent complexes with their target proteases, thereby preventing them from carrying out their proteolytic activities. Mutations in SERPIN genes have been associated with several genetic disorders, including emphysema, cirrhosis, and dementia.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Herpestidae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic family that includes mongoose species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!
Vaccinia is actually not a medical term with a specific definition, but it refers to the virus used in the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is related to, but less harmful than, the variola virus that causes smallpox. When vaccinia virus is introduced into the skin, it leads to an immune response that protects against smallpox.
The term "vaccinia" also refers to the characteristic pockmark-like lesion that forms on the skin as part of the body's reaction to the vaccine. This lesion is a result of the infection and replication of the vaccinia virus in the skin cells, which triggers an immune response that helps protect against smallpox.
It's worth noting that while the smallpox vaccine is no longer routinely administered due to the eradication of smallpox, it may still be used in certain circumstances, such as in laboratory workers who handle the virus or in the event of a bioterrorism threat involving smallpox.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.
Arvicolinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes voles, lemmings, and muskrats. These small mammals are characterized by their short legs, rounded bodies, and short tails. They are primarily found in the northern hemisphere, with the majority of species living in North America and Eurasia.
Arvicolines are known for their high reproductive rate and ability to survive in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, forests, tundra, and wetlands. They have a unique set of teeth called hypsodont teeth, which continue to grow throughout their lives. This adaptation allows them to wear down their teeth as they gnaw on tough plant material.
Many arvicoline species are important prey animals for larger predators, such as hawks, owls, and foxes. Some species, like the muskrat, are also hunted by humans for their fur or meat. In recent years, some arvicoline populations have experienced dramatic fluctuations in size due to changes in their habitats and food supplies, leading to concerns about their conservation status.
Laboratory personnel are individuals who work in a laboratory setting and are responsible for conducting various types of tests, experiments, and research activities. They may include, but are not limited to, the following roles:
1. Medical Technologists/Clinical Scientists: These professionals typically have a bachelor's or master's degree in medical technology or a related field and are responsible for performing complex laboratory tests, analyzing specimens, and reporting results. They may specialize in areas such as hematology, microbiology, chemistry, immunology, or molecular biology.
2. Laboratory Technicians: These individuals typically have an associate's degree or a certificate in medical laboratory technology and assist medical technologists in performing routine tests and maintaining laboratory equipment. They may prepare specimens, operate automated instruments, and perform quality control checks.
3. Research Assistants/Associates: These professionals work under the supervision of principal investigators or research scientists and are responsible for conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing samples in support of scientific research.
4. Laboratory Managers/Supervisors: These individuals oversee the day-to-day operations of the laboratory, ensuring that all procedures are followed correctly, maintaining quality control, managing staff, and handling administrative tasks such as ordering supplies and maintaining records.
5. Pathologists' Assistants: They work under the direction of pathologists to provide support in autopsy and surgical specimen examination, preparation, and histology.
6. Histotechnicians/Histology Technicians: These professionals prepare tissue samples for microscopic examination by cutting thin sections, staining them with dyes, and mounting them on slides. They work closely with pathologists and laboratory technologists to ensure accurate results.
7. Phlebotomists: Although not strictly laboratory personnel, phlebotomists are essential members of the healthcare team who draw blood samples from patients for laboratory testing. They must follow strict protocols to ensure proper specimen collection and handling.
8. Other Specialist Roles: Depending on the specific laboratory setting, there may be additional specialist roles such as cytogenetic technologists, virologists, or toxicologists who have specialized knowledge and skills in their respective fields.
Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.
The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.
Smallpox is a severe, contagious, and fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It's characterized by fever, malaise, prostration, headache, and backache; followed by a distinctive rash with flat, red spots that turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, then pus, and finally crust, scab, and fall off after about two weeks, leaving permanent scarring. There are two clinical forms of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the severe and most common form, with a mortality rate of 30% or higher. Variola minor is a less common presentation with milder symptoms and a lower mortality rate of about 1%.
Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 following a successful global vaccination campaign, and routine smallpox vaccination has since been discontinued. However, due to concerns about bioterrorism, military personnel and some healthcare workers may still receive smallpox vaccinations as a precautionary measure.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.
There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:
1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.
RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.
A Laboratory Infection, also known as a laboratory-acquired infection (LAI), is an infection that occurs in individuals who are exposed to pathogens or other harmful microorganisms while working in a laboratory setting. These infections can occur through various routes of exposure, including inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated materials.
Laboratory infections pose significant risks to laboratory workers, researchers, and even visitors who may come into contact with infectious agents during their work or visit. To minimize these risks, laboratories follow strict biosafety protocols, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper handling and disposal of contaminated materials, and adherence to established safety guidelines.
Examples of laboratory infections include tuberculosis, salmonella, hepatitis B and C, and various other bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and implementation of appropriate infection control measures are crucial to prevent the spread of these infections within the laboratory setting and beyond.
Organophosphonates are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbon-phosphorus bond. They contain a phosphonic acid group, which consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen or nitrogen atoms, with one of those bonds being replaced by a carbon atom.
In a medical context, organophosphonates are commonly used as radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, such as bone scans. These compounds have the ability to bind to hydroxyapatite, the mineral component of bones, and can be labeled with radioactive isotopes for imaging purposes. They may also be used in therapeutic settings, including as treatments for conditions such as tumor-induced hypercalcemia and Paget's disease of bone.
It is important to note that organophosphonates are distinct from organophosphates, another class of compounds that contain a phosphorus atom bonded to three oxygen or sulfur atoms and one carbon atom. Organophosphates have been widely used as pesticides and chemical warfare agents, and can pose significant health risks due to their toxicity.
Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.
Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.
Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.
DNA contamination refers to the unintended presence of extraneous DNA in a sample or experimental setup that can interfere with the accuracy and interpretation of the results. This can occur at various stages, including during sample collection, storage, extraction, amplification, or analysis. It is crucial to avoid DNA contamination in molecular biology research, genetic testing, and forensic science to prevent false positive or negative results. Common sources of DNA contamination include skin cells, hair, bodily fluids, microorganisms, reagents, and previous samples. Specific measures must be taken to minimize the risk of DNA contamination, such as using dedicated equipment, maintaining clean laboratory conditions, and implementing rigorous quality control procedures.
Cytosine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid molecules DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). The single-letter abbreviation for cytosine is "C."
Cytosine base pairs specifically with guanine through hydrogen bonding, forming a base pair. In DNA, the double helix consists of two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by these base pairs, such that the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other. This property is critical for DNA replication and transcription, processes that are essential for life.
Cytosine residues in DNA can undergo spontaneous deamination to form uracil, which can lead to mutations if not corrected by repair mechanisms. In RNA, cytosine can be methylated at the 5-carbon position to form 5-methylcytosine, a modification that plays a role in regulating gene expression and other cellular processes.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.
The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:
1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.
Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.
Cowpox
History of surgery
Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae
Beate Sodeik
Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies
Jet stream
Dairy
List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
Smallpox
Raccoonpox virus
Smallpox vaccine
Serpin
Balmis Expedition
Vaccinia
Apoptosis
Social history of viruses
B13R (virus protein)
Marginal zone
DNA vaccine
Inhibitor of apoptosis
Zoonosis
Subunit vaccine
Progressive vaccinia
Interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR1) family
Immunity (medical)
History of smallpox
Paravaccinia virus
Mozart and smallpox
Benjamin Jesty
Cowpox Virus in Llama, Italy - Volume 17, Number 8-August 2011 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Human Cowpox Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Poxvirus Diseases | Pox Viruses | CDC
Cowpox - Wikipedia
cowpox
Clinical Considerations for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Mpox Infection in People Who are Immunocompromised| Mpox | Poxvirus |...
What is monkeypox and what do we know about the cases in the U.K. and Europe? : Goats and Soda : NPR
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Orthopoxvirus and monkeypox coding & guidance | American Medical Association
CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: DUF1406
Herd Immunity: Flawed Science and Mass Vaccination Failures
"A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Various Vaccines, or Cow-Pox, 1800" | On Vaccination Against Smallpox...
KEGG Selected Viruses
Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
History of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC
First Person: A plea for the life-saving properties of vaccines - Global Issues
A History of Vaccines
Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
COVID-19 UPDATE / July 3, 2022, Happy 4th of July!
Cancer Cures Media Articles
Issue 184: Part I (Newsletters: Educating Instead of Medicating) 11/27/2006 781380
Save Our Children from Medical Experimentation Act
- Institute on the Constitution
Clinical Lab Products
Guy Salvesen - Google Scholar
SMART: CLECT domain annotation
The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus | Microbiology Society
A New Twist for Ebola: Reston-Infected Pigs in the Philippines | Blogs | CDC
Publications - Professor Michael A. ('Mike') Skinner
Vaccinia virus27
- The preventive effect of vaccination, or intentional inoculation with the vaccinia virus, was demonstrated by English surgeon Edward Jenner in 1796, following the observation that milkmaids who had been infected by cowpox during milking subsequently were immune to smallpox. (britannica.com)
- The vaccinia virus used in modern vaccines , though descended from cowpox, differs genetically from the existing cowpox virus. (britannica.com)
- The virus, part of the genus Orthopoxvirus, is closely related to the vaccinia virus. (wikipedia.org)
- At some point in the 1800s, the virus used to make the smallpox vaccine changed from cowpox to vaccinia virus. (cdc.gov)
- Vaccinia virus produces four different types of virion from each infected cell called intracellular mature virus (IMV), intracellular enveloped virus (IEV), cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Nucleotide sequence of 21·8 kbp of variola major virus strain Harvey and comparison with vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Loss of immunogenic properties of vaccinia virus inactivated by formaldehyde. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The mode of entry of vaccinia virus into L cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Origin of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Role of cell-associated enveloped vaccinia virus in cell-to-cell spread. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Sequence analysis, expression, and deletion of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a homolog of profilin, a eukaryotic actin-binding protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (VTT) was used to vaccinate against smallpox in China 42 years ago. (nature.com)
- MPXV belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which is genetically closely linked to other Orthopoxvirus viruses, such as variola virus (VARV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and cowpox virus (CPXV). (nature.com)
- ACAM2000, a replicating vaccinia virus-based second generation smallpox vaccine, can provide effective protection even after exposure to MPXV. (nature.com)
- The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine) and cowpox virus. (mhanet.com)
- Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796, after he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. (onteenstoday.com)
- It is closely related to the variola virus that causes human smallpox, as well as the vaccinia virus used in smallpox vaccines, and the cowpox virus. (dognews.com)
- Vaccinia Virus Binds to the Scavenger Receptor MARCO on the Surface of Keratinocytes. (medscape.com)
- Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015. (medscape.com)
- Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G. Candidate influenza vaccines based on recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. (medscape.com)
- Verheust C, Goossens M, Pauwels K, Breyer D. Biosafety aspects of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vectors used for gene therapy or vaccination. (medscape.com)
- Contact transmission of vaccinia virus from smallpox vaccinees in the United States, 2003-2011. (medscape.com)
- Disruption of TNF-a/TNFR1 function in resident skin cells impairs host immune response against cutaneous vaccinia virus infection. (medscape.com)
- Egan C, Kelly CD, Rush-Wilson K, Davis SW, Samsonoff WA, Pfeiffer H. Laboratory-confirmed transmission of vaccinia virus infection through sexual contact with a military vaccinee. (medscape.com)
Edward Jenner10
- More than 200 years ago, in one of the first demonstrations of vaccination, Edward Jenner inoculated a young English boy with cowpox material from a dairymaid and showed that the boy became resistant to smallpox. (medscape.com)
- The basis for vaccination began in 1796 when the English doctor Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. (cdc.gov)
- A British physician, Edward Jenner, noticed that milkmaids who had been infected with cowpox - a related disease - were more or less immune from smallpox. (globalissues.org)
- About 200 years ago, Dr. Edward Jenner used the relatively harmless cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox with extreme effectiveness. (cdc.gov)
- Its close resemblance to the mild form of smallpox and the observation that dairy farmers were immune to smallpox inspired creation of smallpox vaccine by the English physician Edward Jenner, using the cowpox virus. (equimed.com)
- In 1796, the British doctor Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus. (onteenstoday.com)
- Coming back to 1796, Edward Jenner, a physician, noticed that the milkmaids who had previously been infected with cowpox were not infected with smallpox, and also he had observed that people who survived smallpox once were then not infected by it. (spotlightnepal.com)
- British physician Edward Jenner tested the hypothesis that infection with the cowpox virus (vaccinia) could protect an individual from a much more deadly infection from smallpox (caused by the variola virus). (bioedonline.org)
- In 1796, a British physician named Edward Jenner noticed that people who had cowpox when they were younger never seemed to catch smallpox. (listverse.com)
- Later that century, English doctor Edward Jenner discovered that inoculation with a closely related virus, cowpox, also conferred immunity to smallpox but was much safer . (inverse.com)
Variola virus11
- The most well known member of the genus is variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. (cdc.gov)
- This difference may be a result of documented contamination of earlier vaccine cultures with variola virus, creating a hybrid that still confers immunity to smallpox infection. (britannica.com)
- Once vaccinated, a patient develops antibodies that make them immune to cowpox, but they also develop immunity to the smallpox virus, or Variola virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Smallpox was a serious illness caused by the variola virus. (clevelandclinic.org)
- One of the first methods for controlling smallpox was variolation, a process named after the virus that causes smallpox (variola virus). (cdc.gov)
- Months later, Jenner exposed Phipps several times to variola virus, but Phipps never developed smallpox. (cdc.gov)
- Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus , in the Poxviridae family (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. (medscape.com)
- Unlike other DNA viruses, the variola virus multiplies in the cytoplasm of parasitized host cells. (medscape.com)
- After vaccination, humans develop antibodies that make them immune to cowpox, but also immune to smallpox (Variola virus). (equimed.com)
- LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. (bvsalud.org)
Immunity12
- cowpox , uncommon mildly eruptive disease of animals , first observed in cows and occurring particularly in cats , that when transmitted to otherwise healthy humans produces immunity to smallpox . (britannica.com)
- though this usually produces a self-limiting local ulcer like cowpox infection, it can cause a systemic smallpoxlike disease in patients whose immunity is compromised, and it has-though rarely-been found to cause encephalitis . (britannica.com)
- A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration to an individual stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Eventually, people realized that young women who worked on dairy farms who contracted cowpox would develop immunity to smallpox. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Variolation became known as the technique where samples of smallpox itself were used to develop immunity, and vaccination was the technique that used the safer cowpox virus. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Cowpox virus "scarification" by Jenner, used to induce protective immunity against smallpox, is not a single species but a group of up to 5 virus species that infects cows, humans, and other animals. (medscape.com)
- The virus can spread rapidly through a herd and affect cows for several weeks or months, but recovered cows have immunity that can last several years. (equimed.com)
- Discover the mechanism behind cowpox immunity and its potential for vaccine development. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- Therefore, protective vaccines based on cross-reactive regions of AIDS viruses can provide broad immunity, and may be useful against viruses that are currently evolving in a new host, such as HIV infection of humans," Yamamoto said. (mongabay.com)
- Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite and variolation (smearing of a skin tear with cowpox to confer immunity to smallpox) was practiced in 17th century China. (immune.org.nz)
- Rubella Virus Infected Macrophages and Neutrophils Define Patterns of Granulomatous Inflammation in Inborn and Acquired Errors of Immunity. (cdc.gov)
- A subsequent challenge with the smallpox virus, obtained from a vesicle on a smallpox patient, did not result in any lesions on Phipps, indicating complete immunity. (medscape.com)
Vaccine28
- citation needed] Naturally occurring cases of cowpox were not common, but it was discovered that the vaccine could be "carried" in humans and reproduced and disseminated human-to-human. (wikipedia.org)
- The new method used cows to manufacture the vaccine using a process called "retrovaccination", in which a heifer was inoculated with humanized cowpox virus, and it was passed from calf to calf to produce massive quantities efficiently and safely. (wikipedia.org)
- This then led to the next incarnation, "true animal vaccine", which used the same process but began with naturally-occurring cowpox virus, and not the humanized form. (wikipedia.org)
- Scientists have not determined exactly when the change or mutation occurred, but the effects of vaccinia and cowpox virus as vaccine are nearly the same. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] In the years from 1770 to 1790, at least six people who had contact with a cow had independently tested the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- So, basically what a vaccine does is put a dead version of a harmful virus or bacteria in your body such that your immune system can recognize it and fight it off in the future. (everything-everywhere.com)
- It was actually a Cowpox vaccine. (curezone.org)
- Thereafter, Albert Sabin produced an oral polio vaccine using live but weakened (attenuated) virus. (curezone.org)
- One way to make Alzheimer's vaccinations safer would be to use a closely-related, but not human, protein as the vaccine, much like cowpox virus is used for smallpox immunizations. (sciencedaily.com)
- Discover the captivating history and origins of cowpox, its impact on medicine, and its role in developing the smallpox vaccine. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- Discover the remarkable role that cowpox played in vaccine development. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- Vaccinia is a live virus vaccine that was last routinely used in the United States in 1972. (netce.com)
- GAINESVILLE, Fla. - A University of Florida researcher has discovered an unexpected link between the viruses that cause feline and human AIDS: Cats vaccinated with an experimental strain of the human AIDS virus appear to be at least as well-protected against the feline version of the disease as those immunized with the vaccine currently used by veterinarians. (mongabay.com)
- The surprise finding may mean cats with feline immunodeficiency virus, also known as FIV or feline AIDS, could eventually be treated even more effectively using some form of the experimental human vaccine. (mongabay.com)
- Researcher Janet Yamamoto, a professor at UF's College of Veterinary Medicine, also theorizes that these emerging relationships between the two viruses could one day lead to a vaccine for human AIDS. (mongabay.com)
- We were the first to demonstrate that you can make an effective vaccine against a virus in the AIDS family of viruses," said Yamamoto, a co-discoverer of FIV. (mongabay.com)
- To determine the extent to which the human and feline AIDS viruses react to each other, and any implications that might exist for vaccine efficacy, Yamamoto began experimenting with long-term, nonprogressive strains of FIV that led to the current commercial vaccine. (mongabay.com)
- Now she is working on an HIV vaccine consisting of HIV virus from long-term, nonprogressing individuals. (mongabay.com)
- We found that whenever we tried using less virulent strains of virus, we were able to make a better vaccine. (mongabay.com)
- 10 Worse still, in the absence of a vaccine or any drug treatment that selectively targets the virus, there is little that can be done for many vulnerable individuals who develop the most severe forms of Covid-19. (isj.org.uk)
- Why is it that, despite all the scientific expertise available in today's world, so many governments were caught unawares by the spread of the virus, failed to protect the most vulnerable and have few answers about what to do next other than to hope for a vaccine? (isj.org.uk)
- The Covi-Shield vaccine used the viruses that cause flu in chimpanzees which are similar to the Corona Virus. (spotlightnepal.com)
- The search for a vaccine for HIV has been underway for over two decades with little success although scientists have continued to better understand how the virus is able to defeat the body's immune system. (thoughttheater.com)
- The vaccine is what is known as a genetic vaccine, which uses parts of the virus DNA to stimulate the rapid endogenous production of the proteins for which the injected DNA codes. (thoughttheater.com)
- In order to enhance the effect, the researchers also gave the subjects a fourth dose of a vaccine in which parts of the HIV virus DNA had been integrated into another virus (vaccinia = the cowpox virus). (thoughttheater.com)
- The fact that the vaccine is also being tested on HIV positive individuals offers hope that a vaccine could provide therapeutic benefit to those already infected with the virus. (thoughttheater.com)
- The apparent changing epidemiology of the disease, the current reliance on the public health system for testing and access to vaccine, and the need for prompt public health response to identified cases for the purposes of reducing spread all support the need for a standardized case definition and national notifiability for mpox virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Edward Jenner's cowpox vaccine : the history of a medical myth / Peter Razzell. (who.int)
Monkeypox25
- and monkeypox virus. (cdc.gov)
- Other orthopox viruses remain prevalent in certain communities and continue to infect humans, such as the cowpox virus in Europe, vaccinia in Brazil, and monkeypox virus in Central and West Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms of the monkeypox virus are shown on a patient's hand, from a 2003 case in the United States. (npr.org)
- But health officials have little clue where people caught the monkeypox virus. (npr.org)
- Typically, people catch monkeypox from animals in West Africa or central Africa and import the virus to other countries. (npr.org)
- Unlike a respiratory virus like COVID-19 , where self-collection entails a swab around the nose, monkeypox testing entails swabbing a lesion, which can be painful. (clpmag.com)
- On Sept. 7, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that circumstances exist to justify the authorization of emergency use of in vitro diagnostics for detection and diagnosis of monkeypox virus. (clpmag.com)
- ARCHIVED] What is the Monkeypox Virus? (trophyclub.org)
- Monkeypox is a rare disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus. (trophyclub.org)
- Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. (trophyclub.org)
- Monkeypox is a rare disease caused by the monkeypox virus. (dognews.com)
- The monkeypox virus is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. (dognews.com)
- The virus is called "monkeypox" because it was first discovered in colonies of research monkeys in 1958. (dognews.com)
- The monkeypox virus usually occurs in Central and West Africa. (dognews.com)
- How does the monkeypox virus spread? (dognews.com)
- The monkeypox virus spreads through close contact with an infected animal or person. (dognews.com)
- The virus spreads from person to person through direct contact with rashes, scabs or body fluids of a person infected with monkeypox. (dognews.com)
- A fetus can contract the monkeypox virus from an infected mother. (dognews.com)
- Rabbits and mice, but not guinea pigs and hamsters, have been found to develop signs of monkeypox following exposure to the virus. (dognews.com)
- Qué es la viruela del mono que acaba de aparecer en Reino Unido y qué implica / Rare monkeypox outbreak in U.K., Europe and U.S.: What is it and should we worry? (lasemanadelsur.com)
- Mpox (previously named monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with mpox virus. (cdc.gov)
- Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic infection caused by monkeypox virus, an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus and family Poxviridae that also contain smallpox, cowpox, Orf, and vaccinia viruses. (bvsalud.org)
- Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. (bvsalud.org)
- Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. (bvsalud.org)
- Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. (bvsalud.org)
Orthopoxvirus7
- Cowpox is caused by the cowpox or catpox virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family, which also includes smallpox and vaccinia. (medscape.com)
- As a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, cowpox is a large double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in cell cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
- The causative virus (orthopoxvirus) of true cowpox is closely related to several other viruses including horsepox and smallpox. (equimed.com)
- There currently is a global outbreak of mpox affecting multiple countries in which the disease is not endemic, including the U.S. Mpox is a rare disease that is caused by infection with the mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae . (mhanet.com)
- Justification : Depuis l'éradication du virus de la variole, on note une émergence des autres Orthopoxvirus surtout le Monkeypoxvirus en Afrique centrale. (bvsalud.org)
- A ce jour aucun cas d'infection humaine à Orthopoxvirus n'a été notifié en Côte d'Ivoire. (bvsalud.org)
- Objectif : Mettre en évidence la circulation des Orthopoxvirus en Côte d'Ivoire en situation post éradication de la variole dans la population non vaccinée contre cette maladie. (bvsalud.org)
Jenner5
- The first description of cowpox was given by Jenner in 1798. (wikipedia.org)
- Jenner also knew about variolation and guessed that exposure to cowpox could be used to protect against smallpox. (cdc.gov)
- To test his theory, Dr. Jenner took material from a cowpox sore on milkmaid Sarah Nelmes' hand and inoculated it into the arm of James Phipps, the 9-year-old son of Jenner's gardener. (cdc.gov)
- Coming back to Jenner, he created used viruses causing cowpox. (spotlightnepal.com)
- On May 14, 1796, Dr Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister and scratched it into the skin of 8-year-old James Phipps. (medscape.com)
Vaccination4
- The cowpox vaccinations and later incarnations proved so successful that in 1980, the World Health Organization announced that smallpox was the first disease to be eradicated by vaccination efforts worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- Jenner's original vaccination used lymph from the cowpox pustule on a milkmaid, and subsequent "arm-to-arm" vaccinations applied the same principle. (wikipedia.org)
- In the early 19th century, the word vaccination was used only for the very specific technique of inoculating someone using cowpox. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Before vaccination of the general population against smallpox was discontinued, some outbreaks of cowpox in cows in North America and Europe were due to infection with vaccinia from recently vaccinated persons. (equimed.com)
CPXV4
- Cowpox virus (CPXV) was isolated from skin lesions of a llama on a farm in Italy. (cdc.gov)
- When examining skin lesions on llamas, viral diseases to consider as differential diagnoses include vesicular stomatitis, rabies, poxvirus (contagious ecthyma and cowpox virus [CPXV]) ( 2 ), foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue, and mucocutaneous fibropapillomas ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Because mice and rats are considered carriers of CPXV ( 4 ) and birds of prey at the farm were fed frozen mice imported from a large farm in Germany, 2 lots of these mice were sampled (31 animals in total) along with 44 wild gray rats ( Rattus rattus ) captured on the farm for molecular analysis and virus isolation. (cdc.gov)
- Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus (CPXV). (wikipedia.org)
Viral7
- Many of the viral diseases that affect camelids are related to bovine, equine, ovine, and swine virus infections. (cdc.gov)
- After new viral particles are assembled, the host cell lyses, releasing infectious virus, which can enter surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
- CDC's chief viral special pathogens expert and Chief Pathologist assisted the USDA in confirming the diagnosis amongst multiple pig samples, including virus isolation, from 3 separate farms and sharing the results with both the human and animal health authorities in the Philippines. (cdc.gov)
- Explore the symptoms and transmission of Cowpox, a viral infection commonly found in cows. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- The viruses HIV and FIV are from the same viral family," Yamamoto said. (mongabay.com)
- Prior to the current pandemic, people in the Global North had become accustomed to the effective treatment of infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria or microbial parasites through anti-viral medicines, vaccines and antibiotics. (isj.org.uk)
- With viral DNA sequences in hand, scientists can construct genetic family trees by analyzing the small changes - mutations - that accumulated in the genes while the viruses were circulating in the human population. (inverse.com)
Vaccines3
- For the last two years, the COVID-19 pandemic has focused global attention on the impact of vaccines in fighting the virus. (globalissues.org)
- Some compounds made from separate virus strains have been successfully used in vaccines against viruses from the same subfamily, such as smallpox in humans, which is made from cowpox virus, and human measles vaccines for canine distemper in puppies. (mongabay.com)
- Presently, there are numerous vaccines in development that seek to defeat the virus with a variety of novel approaches. (thoughttheater.com)
Infection with cowpox3
- Risk factors for infection with cowpox include exposure to potentially infected animals (eg, cats, cows, rodents) in an endemic area. (medscape.com)
- Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. (wikipedia.org)
- Infection with cowpox virus goes through 5 stages. (equimed.com)
Poxvirus1
- DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Camelpox virus1
- The genome of camelpox virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Closely2
- The cowpox virus is closely related to variola, the causative virus of smallpox . (britannica.com)
- They are also closely related to buffalopox virus. (equimed.com)
Infected with smallpox2
- He observed that dairy workers, who contracted cowpox from cattle, typically did not become infected with smallpox. (bioedonline.org)
- Cowpox was benign and it protected the dairy maids from becoming infected with smallpox. (medscape.com)
Measles1
- They had never experienced smallpox, measles or flu before, and the viruses tore through the continent, killing an estimated 90% of Native Americans. (onteenstoday.com)
Infect2
- FIV can infect other feline species, and in fact in some large wild cat species, such as African lions, the virus is commonly present. (mongabay.com)
- However, African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) may harbor the virus and infect people. (trophyclub.org)
Humans8
- Today, cowpox is a rare disease, largely confined to small mammals on the European continent and in Great Britain, with occasional transmission to humans. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] The virus is believed to be acquired by direct contact with an infected animal, most often a cat in the case of humans, with lesions occurring where the virus gains access through broken skin. (medscape.com)
- The natural reservoir of cowpox virus is believed to be small woodland mammals, such as bank voles and wood mice, with humans, cows, and cats being only accidental hosts. (medscape.com)
- Cowpox is a rare infection of humans, with fewer than 150 human cases reported. (medscape.com)
- During the 1980s researchers discovered that rodents were also a natural reservoir for the virus, and that rodents, not cattle , were responsible for most cowpox infections in humans. (britannica.com)
- From these rodents, domestic cats contract and transmit the virus to humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Humans first noticed this effect before they knew of the existence of bacteria and viruses. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Friedland and colleagues note that potato virus is a fairly common infection that poses no risk to humans (many people have probably eaten PVY infected potatoes). (sciencedaily.com)
Cattle6
- Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle. (everything-everywhere.com)
- Today cowpox is fairly rare, and more commonly found in animals other than cattle, such as rodents. (equimed.com)
- Vaccinia-related viruses continue to cause occasional outbreaks of teat infections in dairy cattle in South America and buffalo in India. (equimed.com)
- These viruses often spread to the people in contact with cattle. (equimed.com)
- Also, the high death rate meant that wild animals (such as buffalo or giraffes) with rinderpest were wiped out before they could pass the virus to domestic cattle. (listverse.com)
- Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. (bvsalud.org)
Blister2
- He then took the fluids from the cowpox blister and rubbed them on the skin of an eight-year-old boy. (spotlightnepal.com)
- A blister appeared on the boy's body, indicating that he had been infected by cowpox. (spotlightnepal.com)
Symptoms3
- Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV) characterized by smallpox-like symptoms, including fever and rash, but the signs of mpox are milder and the mortality rate is lower than those of smallpox. (nature.com)
- Explore the history, transmission, and symptoms of cowpox, as well as its role in smallpox immunization. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- Containment worked because people infected with the smallpox virus do not pass it on until they exhibit obvious symptoms . (inverse.com)
Causes smallpox1
- Two laboratories (one in the U.S. and one in Russia) have stocks of the virus that causes smallpox for research purposes only. (clevelandclinic.org)
Infectious3
- Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
- In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
- 6 Be that as it may, however we describe them, viruses are at the root of some of the most infectious and lethal diseases that afflict humanity. (isj.org.uk)
Genus2
Lesions2
- Cowpox is a benign, contagious skin infection characterized by pox lesions on the teats and udder of cows. (equimed.com)
- The horsepox virus can be carried to cows and causes typical cowpox lesions. (equimed.com)
Poxviridae1
- Poxviridae are linear, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
Diseases3
- West Nile virus infection and malaria are notifiable diseases in the EU and, therefore, subject to surveillance. (cdc.gov)
- From its serendipitous discovery to eradicating deadly diseases, learn how cowpox revolutionized the way we protect ourselves against infections. (askthenurseexpert.com)
- These rats are also vectors of diseases including plague, jaundice, rat-bite fever, cowpox virus, trichinosis and salmonellosis. (mccloudservices.com)
Causative1
- The word vaccinia is sometimes used interchangeably with cowpox to refer to the human form of the disease, sometimes to refer to the causative virus, and sometimes to refer only to the artificially induced human form of cowpox. (britannica.com)
Infections2
Pustules1
- Although the primary route of infection is inhalation , the characteristic skin pustules are also filled with the virus. (inverse.com)
Jenner's1
- Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. (everything-everywhere.com)
Virology1
- He observed that girls who milked cows often developed cowpox, which he believed was similar to smallpox in both virology and clinical expression. (medscape.com)
Mpox Virus Infection1
- Expanded to include considerations for treatment and prophylaxis of mpox virus infection in people with immunocompromising conditions other than HIV. (cdc.gov)
Confer2
- Young people may be at greater risk because of a propensity for close contact with animals, such as cats, or because of their not having been vaccinated for smallpox, which may confer some protection against cowpox. (medscape.com)
- However, unlike in domestic cats, the virus does not necessarily cause disease in these species, perhaps because these species have acquired, during evolution, mutations that confer resistance to it. (mongabay.com)
Cows1
- Cowpox causes inconvenience when milking cows because the teats are sore. (equimed.com)
Strain2
- Cowpox virus strain isolated from cat, collected in 2007 in Germany. (european-virus-archive.com)
- Cowpox virus strain HumBer07/1 isolated from human in Hep2 cells. (european-virus-archive.com)
Outbreaks1
- Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in Southeast and South Asia are attributed to different lineages of LSD virus (LSDV). (bvsalud.org)
Deadly2
- Cowpox is similar to, but much milder than, the highly contagious and often deadly smallpox disease. (wikipedia.org)
- To test this theory, he injected the eight-year-old son of his gardener with cowpox before exposing the kid to the deadly smallpox virus. (listverse.com)
Proteins6
- Seven virus-encoded proteins have been identified that are components of IEV, and five of them are present in CEV or EEV. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The roles of these proteins in virus morphogenesis and dissemination, and as targets for neutralizing antibody are reviewed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
- A virus that commonly infects potatoes bears a striking resemblance to one of the key proteins implicated in Alzheimer's disease, and researchers have used that to develop antibodies that may slow or prevent the onset of AD. (sciencedaily.com)
- For that reason, the amino acids that make up the proteins in both viruses share some common regions. (mongabay.com)
- This class of viruses get their name from their molecular structure, which includes an arrangement of surface proteins that looks a bit like a crown. (isj.org.uk)
Human9
- Human cowpox is a disease of young people, with half of all cases occurring in individuals younger than 18 years. (medscape.com)
- Human cowpox is usually a self-limited disease. (medscape.com)
- human cowpox occurred as a self-contained localized ulcer on the hands or at other sites where scratches or abrasions allowed entry of the virus. (britannica.com)
- The virus is zoonotic, meaning that it is transferable between species, such as from cat to human. (wikipedia.org)
- FIV attacks the immune system of cats, much like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system of human beings. (mongabay.com)
- 3 Viruses can cause vast human suffering and death, as well as social and economic dislocation. (isj.org.uk)
- For example, the influenza virus contains only 11 protein-coding genes, compared to around 21,000 genes in our own human genome. (isj.org.uk)
- Baxby D, Bennett M, Getty B. Human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases. (medscape.com)
- Disseminated vaccinia in a military recruit with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. (medscape.com)
Bacteria1
- Here are 10 of the greatest triumphs of modern science over bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (listverse.com)
20201
- July 21, 2020 Researchers have created a virus in the lab that infects cells and interacts with antibodies just like the COVID-19 virus, but lacks the ability to cause severe disease. (sciencedaily.com)
Purposely1
- He took cowpox and purposely inoculated patients with it. (everything-everywhere.com)
Insects1
- Transmission of leporipoxviruses is primarily through the mosquito although other biting insects such as fleas may also transmit virus. (cdc.gov)
Immune response2
- The cowpox virus when introduced into that boy's body, it provoked the body to begin primary immune response forming memory cells. (spotlightnepal.com)
- Then the next time when the smallpox virus was introduced, the white blood cells of the boy's body recognized the smallpox virus same as the cowpox virus immediately triggering a secondary immune response. (spotlightnepal.com)
Sore1
- In 1796, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy with material from a cowpox sore on the hand of an infected dairy worker. (bioedonline.org)
Spreads1
- Cowpox spreads by contact during milking. (equimed.com)
