Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.
Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.
Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.
Contraceptive devices used by females.
The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.
Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.
Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.
Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.
Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.
Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.
Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.
Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Contraceptive devices used by males.
A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.
A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.
Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.
Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.
Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.
Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.
A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.
Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).
Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.
The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.
Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.
Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.
Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.
Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.
Freedom of equipment from actual or potential hazards.
Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.
The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.
Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.
17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.
Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.
Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.
(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

Reproductive health and AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for increased male participation. (1/76)

Reproduction is a dual commitment, but so often in much of the world, it is seen as wholly the woman's responsibility. She bears the burden not only of pregnancy and childbirth but also the threats from excessive child bearing, some responsibility for contraception, infertility investigation and often undiagnosed sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. Failure to target men in reproductive health interventions has weakened the impact of reproductive health care programmes. The paper proposes that sophisticated and dynamic strategies in Africa and elsewhere which target women's reproductive health and research (such as control of STDs including AIDS, family planning, infertility investigation) require complementary linkage to the study and education of men. Men's perceptions, as well as determinants of sexual behavioural change and the socioeconomic context in which STDs, including AIDS, become rife, should be reviewed. There is a need to study and foster change to reduce or prevent poor reproductive health outcomes; to identify behaviours which could be adversely affecting women's reproductive health. Issues of gender, identity and tolerance as expressed through sexuality and procreation need to be amplified in the context of present risks in reproductive health. Researchers and providers often ignore the social significance of men. This paper reviews the impact of male dominance, as manifested through reproductive health and sexual decisions, against the background of present reproductive health problems. A research agenda should define factors at both macro and micro levels that interact to adversely impinge on reproductive health outcomes. This should be followed up by well-developed causal models of the determinants of positive reproductive health-promoting behaviours. Behaviour specific influences in sexual partnership include the degree of interpersonal support towards prevention, for example, of STDs, unwanted pregnancy or maternal deaths. Perceived efficacy and situational variables influencing male compliance in, say, condom use, form part of the wider study that addresses men. Thus preventive reproductive health initiatives and information should move from the female alone to both sexes. Women need men as partners in reproductive health who understand the risks they might be exposed to and strategies for their prevention.  (+info)

Current status of fertility control methods in India. (2/76)

Approximately 48.2% of couples of 15 to 49 years of age practice family planning methods in India. Female sterilization accounts for 34.2%, with male sterilization declining from 3.4% in 1992-93 to 1.9% in 1998-99. Use of the condom increased to 3.1% from 2.4%. There is an urgent need for research to develop new contraceptive modalities especially for men and also for women and to make existing methods more safe, affordable and acceptable. Current efforts in India to develop a male contraceptive are mainly directed towards (i) development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production, (ii) prevention of sperm maturation, (iii) prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens or rendering these sperm infertile and (iv) prevention of sperm deposition. Research work in the field of prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens has made significant advances. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) disturbed the electrical charge of spermatozoa leading to acrosome rupture and consequent loss in fertilizing ability of sperm. A multicentre phase-III clinical trial using SMA is continuing and it is hoped that the SMA approach would be available in the near future as an indigenously developed injectable intra-vasal male contraceptive. The safety and efficacy of available oral contraceptives were evaluated. An indigenously developed oral contraceptive 'Centchorman', which is a nonsteroidal, weakly estrogenic but potently antiestrogenic, was found to be safe and effective and is now being marketed in India since 1991 as a 'once a week' pill. Cyclofem and Mesigyna have been recommended as injectable contraceptives with proper counselling and service delivery by Indian studies. It has been recommended that these injectable contraceptives be added to the existing range of contraceptive methods available in the National Family Planning Programme. Based on the Indian studies CuT 200 was also recommended. Studies have indicated the advantage of intrauterine devices (IUD); they are long acting, relatively easily removed and fertility returns rapidly after their removal. Recent studies have recommended CuT 200 for use up to 5 years. The combination of some plant products i.e. Embelia ribes, Borax and Piper longum has been found to be safe and effective as a female contraceptive and the results of phase-I clinical trials are encouraging. Research work is going on in the country in various areas with special reference to hormonal contraceptive - a three monthly injectable contraceptive, immuno-contraceptives, antiprogestins, etc.  (+info)

Trends in male contraception. (3/76)

Methods that are available for male contraception, namely coitus interruptus, condoms, and vasectomy, have been used since the 19th century. With the exceptions of a few improvements of these methods, no major progress has been made with respect to introducing new male contraceptives since then. It is extremely urgent to develop new, safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptive methods. Among all male contraceptive methods that are being investigated, the hormonal approach is the closest to clinical application. Hormonal contraception provides pregnancy protection by means of spermatogenic suppression. Androgen-progestin regimens currently represent the best available hormonal combination for induction of a profound suppression of spermatogenesis. Further development of new steroids is mandatory for increasing the choices of available contraceptive formulations and to optimize long-term safety of these regimens.  (+info)

Black males who always use condoms: their attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior. (4/76)

One hundred six black males completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes and knowledge about the use of condoms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of the 106 males in the study, 27 (26%) reported that they "always" used condoms, 31 (29%) did not use condoms and had low intentions of using them, and 48 (45%) reported high intentions to use condoms. Results indicated that knowledge about AIDS was exceptionally high for black males in all three groups. Black males with low intentions to use condoms reported significantly more negative attitudes about the use of condoms (eg, using condoms is disgusting) and reacted with more intense anger when their partners asked about previous sexual contacts, when a partner refused sex without a condom, or when they perceived condoms as interfering with foreplay and sexual pleasure. A significantly larger percentage of low intenders were treated for gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and genital warts than males in the other groups. Drug use did not differentiate the three groups, although marijuana was used more often by males in the low-intender group. Finally, a larger percentage of black males in the low-intender group reported experiences with anal intercourse and sex with a prostitute, but considered themselves at lower risk for AIDS than did their high-intender or steady-user counterparts.  (+info)

Factors associated with AIDS risk behaviors among high school students in an AIDS epicenter. (5/76)

BACKGROUND: A greater understanding of the determinants of risky behaviors is an essential precursor to the development of successful AIDS prevention programs for adolescents. METHODS: A survey measuring AIDS-related behaviors, beliefs, and knowledge was administered to a sample of 531 10th-grade students residing in an AIDS epicenter. RESULTS: Of the 56.8% of students reporting past-year involvement in sexual intercourse, 67.3% reported unprotected intercourse with low-risk partners, 1.3% reported unprotected intercourse with high-risk partners, and 6.6% reported a past-year history of a sexually transmitted disease. Students whose friends had intercourse and never or inconsistently used condoms, who personally sanctioned intercourse involvement, who believed that the majority of their peers had intercourse, and who perceived low preventive action self-efficacy, were 5.1, 3.0, 2.1, 3.7, and 2.8 times more likely, respectively, to score in the riskier categories of an AIDS behavior index. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that addressing socioenvironmental influences on risky and preventive behaviors may prove to be the most effective AIDS prevention strategy among adolescents.  (+info)

Ineffectiveness of AIDS education and HIV antibody testing in reducing high-risk behaviors among injection drug users. (6/76)

The effectiveness of education in reducing high-risk human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission behaviors was examined in 313 injection drug users. Involvement in high-risk behaviors was assessed via structured interview at study entry and 4 months following the intervention. Subjects were randomly assigned to (1) AIDS education, (2) AIDS education with optional HIV antibody testing, or (3) a wait list. The sample as a whole decreased its involvement in high-risk behaviors, but there were no significant differences as a function of experimental group assignment.  (+info)

Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. (7/76)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence was studied in an unselected group of 216 female and transsexual prostitutes. Subjects were asked about age, biological sex, marital status, children, length of occupation, sexual practices, and drug abuse history. Blood was drawn on site. All 128 females who did not admit to drug abuse were seronegative; 2 of the 52 females (3.8%) who admitted to intravenous drug abuse were seropositive. In contrast, 11.1% of the 36 male transsexuals (including 3 out of 32 non-drug abusers) were seropositive. The results support the notion that vaginal transmission of HIV is less effective than anal transmission.  (+info)

Predictors of condom accessibility among Hispanics in San Francisco. (8/76)

Ready access to condoms can be an important means of slowing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. We identified the factors associated with keeping or carrying condoms in a random-digit dialing survey of 522 Hispanic adults aged 18 to 65 years in San Francisco. Overall, more Hispanic men reported having condoms than Hispanic women (55.2% vs 23.8%). Hispanic men also reported much higher levels of risky sexual behavior than Hispanic women. Condom promotion efforts with Hispanics will require different approaches for each gender.  (+info)

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small T-shaped piece of flexible plastic with strings attached to it for removal. There are two types of IUDs available: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and thins the lining of the uterus, preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Copper IUDs, on the other hand, produce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs, preventing fertilization.

IUDs are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can remain in place for several years, depending on the type. They are easily removable by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or choose another form of contraception. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use condoms in addition to an IUD for protection against STIs.

In summary, Intrauterine Devices are small, T-shaped plastic devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They come in two types: hormonal and copper, both of which work by preventing fertilization. IUDs are highly effective, long-acting, and reversible forms of contraception.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a type of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm and egg, preventing fertilization. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control available, with a failure rate of less than 1%.

The copper IUD can be used by women who have previously given birth as well as those who have not. It can be inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse as emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Once inserted, the copper IUD can remain in place for up to ten years, although it can be removed at any time if a woman wants to become pregnant or for other reasons.

Copper IUDs are also used as an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and can be used to manage endometriosis-associated pain. Common side effects of copper IUDs include heavier and longer menstrual periods, cramping during insertion, and irregular periods during the first few months after insertion. However, these side effects usually subside over time.

It is important to note that while copper IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still recommended to use condoms or other barrier methods of protection during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

Contraceptive devices are medical products or tools specifically designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking or interfering with the fertilization of an egg by sperm, or the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. There are various types of contraceptive devices available, each with its own mechanism of action and efficacy rate. Here are some common examples:

1. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional. IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years and work by affecting the movement of sperm and changing the lining of the uterus to make it less receptive to implantation.
2. Contraceptive Implants: These are small, flexible rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm by a healthcare professional. The implant releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to block sperm from reaching the egg.
3. Diaphragms and Cervical Caps: These are flexible, dome-shaped devices made of silicone or rubber that are inserted into the vagina before sex. They cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
4. Male and Female Condoms: These are thin sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or other materials that are placed over the penis (male condom) or inside the vagina (female condom) during sex to prevent sperm from entering the body.
5. Spermicides: These are chemicals that kill or disable sperm and can be used alone or in combination with other contraceptive methods such as condoms, diaphragms, or cervical caps. They come in various forms, including foams, creams, gels, films, and suppositories.

It's important to note that while contraceptive devices are effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using condoms is the best way to reduce the risk of STIs during sexual activity.

Contraceptive agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of conception and fertilization or the development and implantation of the fertilized egg. They can be divided into two main categories: hormonal and non-hormonal methods.

Hormonal contraceptive agents include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, rings, injections, and implants. These methods work by releasing synthetic hormones that mimic the natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body. By doing so, they prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Non-hormonal contraceptive agents include barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges, which prevent sperm from reaching the egg by creating a physical barrier. Other non-hormonal methods include intrauterine devices (IUDs), which are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, and fertility awareness-based methods, which involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods.

Emergency contraceptive agents, such as Plan B or ella, can also be used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. These methods work by preventing or delaying ovulation, preventing fertilization, or preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.

It's important to note that while contraceptive agents are effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception can help reduce the risk of STIs.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

Contraceptive devices for females refer to medical products designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking or interfering with the sperm's ability to reach and fertilize an egg. Some common examples of female contraceptive devices include:

1. Diaphragm: A shallow, flexible dome made of silicone that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse to cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
2. Cervical Cap: Similar to a diaphragm but smaller in size, the cervical cap fits over the cervix and creates a barrier to sperm entry.
3. Intrauterine Device (IUD): A small, T-shaped device made of plastic or copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional. IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years and work by changing the chemistry of the cervical mucus and uterine lining to inhibit sperm movement and implantation of a fertilized egg.
4. Contraceptive Sponge: A soft, round sponge made of polyurethane foam that contains spermicide. The sponge is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse and covers the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
5. Female Condom: A thin, flexible pouch made of polyurethane or nitrile that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The female condom creates a barrier between the sperm and the cervix, preventing pregnancy and reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
6. Vaginal Ring: A flexible ring made of plastic that is inserted into the vagina for three weeks at a time to release hormones that prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and thin the lining of the uterus.
7. Contraceptive Implant: A small, flexible rod made of plastic that is implanted under the skin of the upper arm by a healthcare professional. The implant releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy for up to three years.

It's important to note that while these contraceptive devices can be highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against STIs. Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception is recommended to reduce the risk of both pregnancy and STIs.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) migration is a medical condition where the IUD, a long-acting reversible contraceptive device placed inside the uterus, moves from its original position. Normally, an IUD is designed to remain in the uterus, with the vertical strings attached to it trailing down through the cervix into the vagina, allowing for easy removal or checking of its position.

IUD migration refers to the unintended movement of the device, either partially or completely, outside the uterine cavity. This may occur due to various reasons such as a weakened uterus, infection, or anatomical abnormalities. The migration can lead to complications like perforation of the uterus, damage to nearby organs, and difficulty in removing or locating the IUD. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that the IUD remains in its proper place and to address any potential issues early on.

Oral combined contraceptives, also known as "the pill," are a type of hormonal birth control that contain a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin. These hormones work together to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Combined oral contraceptives come in various brands and forms, such as monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. Monophasic pills contain the same amount of hormones in each active pill, while biphasic and triphasic pills have varying amounts of hormones in different phases of the cycle.

It is important to note that oral combined contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used in conjunction with condoms for safer sex practices. Additionally, there are potential risks and side effects associated with oral combined contraceptives, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in women who smoke or have certain medical conditions. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to determine if it is safe and appropriate for individual use.

Contraceptive agents, female, are medications or devices specifically designed to prevent pregnancy in women. They work by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Some common examples of female contraceptive agents include:

1. Hormonal methods: These include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, vaginal rings, and hormonal implants. They contain synthetic forms of the female hormones estrogen and/or progesterone, which work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, or thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. They release hormones or copper ions that interfere with sperm movement and prevent fertilization or implantation.
3. Barrier methods: These include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. They work by physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
4. Emergency contraception: This includes medications such as Plan B or Ella, which can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. They work by delaying ovulation or preventing fertilization of the egg.
5. Fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs): These involve tracking a woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile window. Some FABMs also involve using barrier methods during this time.

It is important to note that different contraceptive agents have varying levels of effectiveness, side effects, and risks. Women should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best method for their individual needs and circumstances.

Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) expulsion is a medical condition that refers to the unintentional and partial or complete removal of an IUD from the uterus after its initial insertion. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of manipulation, and it may happen soon after insertion or even several months or years later.

IUD expulsion is more common in women who have not previously given birth, and it can increase the risk of unintended pregnancy and other complications. Symptoms of IUD expulsion may include irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or the absence of the IUD strings in the vagina. If a woman suspects that her IUD has been expelled, she should contact her healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A medicated IUD is a type of IUD that contains hormones, which are released slowly over time to provide additional benefits beyond just contraception.

There are two types of medicated IUDs available in the US market: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). The LNG-IUS releases a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, thins the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and can also inhibit ovulation in some women. The Cu-IUD is non-hormonal and works by releasing copper ions that create a toxic environment for sperm, preventing them from reaching the egg.

Medicated IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, with typical use failure rates of less than 1% per year. They can remain in place for several years, depending on the brand, and can be removed at any time by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or experience side effects. Common side effects of medicated IUDs may include irregular menstrual bleeding, cramping, and spotting between periods, although these tend to improve over time.

Contraception is the use of various devices, methods, or medications to prevent pregnancy. The term is derived from the Latin words "contra" meaning "against" and "conceptio" meaning "conception." Contraceptive methods can be broadly categorized into temporary and permanent methods. Temporary methods include barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges; hormonal methods like the pill, patch, ring, injection, and emergency contraception; and fertility awareness-based methods that involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods. Permanent methods include surgical procedures such as tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men.

The primary goal of contraception is to prevent the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg, thereby preventing pregnancy. However, some contraceptive methods also offer additional benefits such as reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and regulating menstrual cycles. It's important to note that while contraception can prevent pregnancy, it does not protect against STIs, so using condoms is still recommended for individuals who are at risk of contracting STIs.

When choosing a contraceptive method, it's essential to consider factors such as effectiveness, safety, ease of use, cost, and personal preferences. It's also important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate method based on individual health history and needs.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the reproductive organs in women, specifically the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is often caused by an infection that ascends from the cervix or vagina into the upper genital tract. The infectious agents are usually sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms can also be responsible.

Symptoms of PID may include lower abdominal pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, fever, painful sexual intercourse, or pain in the lower back. However, some women with PID may not experience any symptoms at all. If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

Diagnosis of PID is typically based on a combination of clinical findings, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and may also include pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more intensive treatment or if complications arise.

Oral hormonal contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are a type of medication that contains synthetic hormones (estrogen and/or progestin) that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They work by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

There are several different types of oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined pills that contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills that only contain progestin. These medications are usually taken daily for 21 days, followed by a seven-day break during which menstruation occurs. Some newer formulations may be taken continuously with no break.

It's important to note that while oral hormonal contraceptives are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still important to use barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

As with any medication, oral hormonal contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. It's important to discuss any medical conditions, allergies, or medications you are taking with your healthcare provider before starting to take oral hormonal contraceptives.

Contraception behavior refers to the actions and decisions made by individuals or couples to prevent pregnancy. This can include the use of various contraceptive methods, such as hormonal birth control (e.g., pills, patches, rings), barrier methods (e.g., condoms, diaphragms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and natural family planning techniques (e.g., fertility awareness-based methods).

Contraception behavior can be influenced by various factors, including personal beliefs, cultural norms, relationship dynamics, access to healthcare services, and knowledge about contraceptive options. It is an important aspect of sexual and reproductive health, as it allows individuals and couples to plan their families and make informed choices about whether and when to have children.

It's worth noting that while the term "contraception behavior" typically refers to actions taken specifically to prevent pregnancy, some contraceptive methods may also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For example, condoms are effective at preventing both pregnancy and STIs when used consistently and correctly.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are synthetic hormonal medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain a combination of synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which work together to inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to reach the egg), and thin the lining of the uterus (making it less likely that a fertilized egg will implant).

There are several different types of oral contraceptives, including combination pills, progestin-only pills, and extended-cycle pills. Combination pills contain both estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills contain only progestin. Extended-cycle pills are a type of combination pill that are taken for 12 weeks followed by one week of placebo pills, which can help reduce the frequency of menstrual periods.

It's important to note that oral contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it's still important to use barrier methods like condoms if you are at risk for STIs. Additionally, oral contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits before starting to take them.

Salpingitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including bacterial infections (such as chlamydia or gonorrhea), pelvic inflammatory disease, or complications following surgical procedures.

Acute salpingitis is characterized by symptoms like lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge, and irregular menstrual bleeding. Chronic salpingitis may not present any noticeable symptoms, but it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or fallopian tube damage if left untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and, in severe cases, surgery to remove or repair damaged tissues.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Family planning services refer to comprehensive healthcare programs and interventions that aim to help individuals and couples prevent or achieve pregnancies, according to their desired number and spacing of children. These services typically include:

1. Counseling and education: Providing information about various contraceptive methods, their effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate use. This may also include counseling on reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and preconception care.
2. Contraceptive services: Making a wide range of contraceptive options available to clients, including barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), hormonal methods (pills, patches, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent methods (tubal ligation, vasectomy).
3. Screening and testing: Offering STI screening and testing, as well as cervical cancer screening for eligible clients.
4. Preconception care: Providing counseling and interventions to help women achieve optimal health before becoming pregnant, including folic acid supplementation, management of chronic conditions, and avoidance of harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol, drugs).
5. Fertility services: Addressing infertility issues through diagnostic testing, counseling, and medical or surgical treatments when appropriate.
6. Menstrual regulation: Providing manual vacuum aspiration or medication to safely and effectively manage incomplete miscarriages or unwanted pregnancies within the first trimester.
7. Pregnancy options counseling: Offering unbiased information and support to help individuals make informed decisions about their pregnancy, including parenting, adoption, or abortion.
8. Community outreach and education: Engaging in community-based initiatives to increase awareness of family planning services and promote reproductive health.
9. Advocacy: Working to remove barriers to accessing family planning services, such as policy changes, reducing stigma, and increasing funding for programs.

Family planning services are an essential component of sexual and reproductive healthcare and contribute significantly to improving maternal and child health outcomes, reducing unintended pregnancies, and empowering individuals to make informed choices about their reproductive lives.

"Plastics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, plastics can refer to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in various medical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some examples include:

1. Medical devices such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
2. Packaging for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
3. Protective barriers like gloves and gowns used in medical settings.
4. Intraocular lenses and other ophthalmic applications.

It's important to note that the term "plastics" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general category of materials with diverse uses across different industries, including healthcare.

Actinomycosis is a type of infection caused by bacteria that are normally found in the mouth, intestines, and female genital tract. These bacteria can cause abscesses or chronic inflammation if they infect body tissues, often after trauma or surgery. The infection typically affects the face, neck, or chest, and can spread to other parts of the body over time. Symptoms may include swelling, redness, pain, and the formation of pus-filled abscesses that may discharge a characteristic yellowish granular material called "sulfur granules." Treatment typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy, often requiring high doses and intravenous administration. Surgical drainage or removal of infected tissue may also be necessary in some cases.

Menorrhagia is a medical term used to describe abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. It's often characterized by the loss of an excessive amount of menstrual blood (usually more than 80 ml) and can last longer than normal, typically over seven days. This condition can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, causing fatigue, distress, and restrictions in daily activities due to the need for frequent pad or tampon changes.

The causes of menorrhagia are varied and can include hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids or polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pregnancy complications, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions such as coagulopathies or thyroid disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain undetermined even after a thorough evaluation.

Treatment options for menorrhagia depend on the underlying cause and range from medication management with hormonal therapies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or tranexamic acid to procedural interventions like endometrial ablation, hysteroscopic resection of polyps or fibroids, or ultimately hysterectomy in severe cases. It is essential for individuals experiencing menorrhagia to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action based on their specific situation and medical history.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

Actinomyces is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the human mouth, colon, and urogenital tract. Under certain conditions, such as poor oral hygiene or tissue trauma, these bacteria can cause infections known as actinomycosis. These infections often involve the formation of abscesses or granulomas and can affect various tissues, including the lungs, mouth, and female reproductive organs. Actinomyces species are also known to form complex communities called biofilms, which can contribute to their ability to cause infection.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Contraceptive agents for males are substances or methods that are used to prevent pregnancy by reducing the likelihood of fertilization. These can include:

1. Barrier methods: Condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides create a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the egg.
2. Hormonal methods: Testosterone and progestin hormone therapies can decrease sperm production and reduce fertility.
3. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) for men: These are still in the experimental stage, but they involve placing a device in the male reproductive tract to prevent sperm from reaching the female reproductive system.
4. Withdrawal method: This involves the man withdrawing his penis from the vagina before ejaculation, although this is not a highly reliable form of contraception.
5. Fertility awareness methods: These involve tracking the woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile period.
6. Sterilization: Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that blocks or cuts the vas deferens, preventing sperm from leaving the body. It is a permanent form of contraception for men.

It's important to note that no contraceptive method is 100% effective, and individuals should consult with their healthcare provider to determine which option is best for them based on their personal needs, lifestyle, and medical history.

Contraceptive devices for males are designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking, killing, or inhibiting the movement of sperm. These devices include:

1. Condoms: Thin sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or polyisoprene that fit over the penis during sexual intercourse to collect semen and prevent it from entering the partner's body. They also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
2. Diaphragms: Soft, dome-shaped rubber devices fitted to cover the cervix inside the vagina. When used with spermicides, they can help prevent pregnancy by blocking the entry of sperm into the uterus.
3. Cervical Cap: A smaller, thimble-like cup made of silicone or latex that fits over the cervix to block sperm from entering the uterus. It is often used with spermicides for added effectiveness.
4. Spermicides: Chemicals that kill or immobilize sperm. They come in various forms, such as foams, creams, gels, films, and suppositories, and can be used alone or in combination with other barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, or cervical caps.
5. Vasectomy: A surgical procedure for male sterilization that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the prostate gland. This prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Although vasectomies are considered permanent, in some cases, they can be reversed through surgery or other medical procedures.

It is important to note that while these contraceptive devices can significantly reduce the risk of pregnancy, they may not provide complete protection against STIs. Using multiple methods, like condoms and spermicides together, can increase overall effectiveness in preventing both pregnancy and STIs. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice on contraceptive options.

Desogestrel is a synthetic form of progestin, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various forms of hormonal contraception such as birth control pills, patches, and vaginal rings to prevent pregnancy. Desogestrel works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Desogestrel is also used in some hormone replacement therapies (HRT) to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may be prescribed alone or in combination with estrogen.

Like all hormonal contraceptives, desogestrel has potential side effects, including irregular menstrual bleeding, headaches, mood changes, breast tenderness, and nausea. In rare cases, it may also increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of desogestrel with a healthcare provider before using it.

Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that is often used in various forms of hormonal contraception, such as birth control pills. It works by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Ethinyl estradiol may also be used in combination with other hormones to treat menopausal symptoms or hormonal disorders.

It is important to note that while ethinyl estradiol can be an effective form of hormonal therapy, it can also carry risks and side effects, such as an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer. As with any medication, it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider.

**Norgestrel** is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone **progesterone**. It is a type of **progestin**, which is often used in various forms of hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy. Norgestrel works by thickening cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg. Additionally, norgestrel can also prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) and thin the lining of the uterus, which makes it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Norgestrel is available in various forms, such as oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptives, and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs). It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to discuss potential benefits, risks, and side effects.

Here are some medical definitions related to norgestrel:

1. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone progesterone, used in various forms of hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can have varying levels of androgenic, estrogenic, and anti-estrogenic activity. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
2. **Progesterone**: A naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
3. **Hormonal birth control**: A method of preventing pregnancy that uses hormones to regulate ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin the lining of the uterus. Hormonal birth control methods include oral contraceptive pills, patches, rings, injections, implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
4. **Emergency contraception**: A form of hormonal birth control used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. Emergency contraception is typically more effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse, but it can still be effective up to 120 hours afterward. Norgestrel is one of the active ingredients in some emergency contraceptive pills.
5. **Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)**: A form of hormone replacement therapy used to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. MHT typically involves using estrogen and progestin or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Norgestrel is a type of progestin that can be used in MHT.
6. **Androgenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as testosterone and some progestins, that are associated with male characteristics, such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. Norgestrel has weak androgenic activity.
7. **Estrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as estradiol and some selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), that are associated with female characteristics, such as breast development and menstrual cycles. Norgestrel has weak estrogenic activity.
8. **Antiestrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that block or oppose the actions of estrogens. Norgestrel has antiestrogenic activity.
9. **Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)**: A type of drug that acts as an estrogen agonist in some tissues and an estrogen antagonist in others. SERMs can be used to treat or prevent breast cancer, osteoporosis, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. Norgestrel is not a SERM but has antiestrogenic activity.
10. **Progestogen**: A synthetic or natural hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestogens can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestogen.
11. **Progesterone**: A natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
12. **Progestin**: A synthetic hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestins can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
13. **Progestational agent**: A drug or hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestational agents can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestational agent.
14. **Progestogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
15. **Progesterone receptor modulator (PRM)**: A type of drug that binds to and activates or inhibits the progesterone receptors in the body. PRMs can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a type of PRM.
16. **Progestogenic activity**: The ability of a drug or hormone to mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone in the body. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
17. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
18. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progestogens in the body. Progestogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
19. **Progesterone agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
20. **Progestogenic agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progestogens in the body. Progesterogenic agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
21. **Progesterone receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterone receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
22. **Progestogenic receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterogenic receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
23. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of progesterone that is used in hormonal contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can be either progesterone agonists or antagonists, depending on their chemical structure and activity at the progesterone receptor. Norgestrel is a progestin.
24. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
25. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibro

Levonorgestrel is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is used in various forms of birth control and emergency contraceptives. It works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Medically, Levonorgestrel is classified as a progestin and is available in various forms, including oral tablets, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and emergency contraceptive pills. It may also be used to treat endometriosis, irregular menstrual cycles, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

It's important to note that while Levonorgestrel is a highly effective form of birth control when used correctly, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, condoms should still be used during sexual activity if there is any risk of STI transmission.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraception, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are most effective when used within 24 hours of unprotected sex, but can still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after.

There are two main types of postcoital contraceptives:

1. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs): These are high-dose hormonal pills that contain levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. Levonorgestrel ECPs are available over-the-counter in many countries, while ulipristal acetate ECPs require a prescription.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small T-shaped device made of copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The copper IUD can be used as emergency contraception up to 5 days after unprotected sex, and it also provides ongoing contraception for up to 10 years.

It's important to note that postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of contraception. They should only be used in emergency situations where other methods of contraception have failed or were not used. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before using any form of emergency contraception.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Mestranol is a synthetic form of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone used in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. It works by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and altering the cervical mucus and the lining of the uterus to make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg or for an already established pregnancy to be implanted.

Mestranol is typically combined with a progestin in birth control pills, such as those known as the "combined oral contraceptives." It's important to note that mestranol has largely been replaced by ethinyl estradiol, which is a more commonly used form of synthetic estrogen in hormonal medications.

As with any medication, there are potential risks and side effects associated with the use of mestranol, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and certain types of cancer. It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting or changing any hormonal medication.

Norethindrone is a synthetic form of progesterone, a female hormone that is produced naturally in the ovaries. It is used as a medication for various purposes such as:

* Preventing pregnancy when used as a birth control pill
* Treating endometriosis
* Managing symptoms associated with menopause
* Treating abnormal menstrual bleeding

Norethindrone works by thinning the lining of the uterus, preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary), and changing the cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg. It is important to note that norethindrone should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

A contraceptive vaccine is a type of immunocontraception that uses the immune system to prevent pregnancy. It is a relatively new field of research and development, and there are currently no licensed contraceptive vaccines available on the market. However, several experimental vaccines are in various stages of preclinical and clinical testing.

Contraceptive vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that play a critical role in reproduction. By neutralizing these targets, the vaccine can prevent fertilization or inhibit the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

For example, one approach is to develop vaccines that target the zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein layer surrounding mammalian eggs. Antibodies generated against ZP proteins can prevent sperm from binding and fertilizing the egg. Another strategy is to create vaccines that generate antibodies against hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By blocking hCG, the vaccine can prevent the maintenance of pregnancy and induce a miscarriage.

While contraceptive vaccines have shown promise in preclinical studies, several challenges remain before they can be widely adopted. These include issues related to safety, efficacy, duration of protection, and public acceptance. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for accidental cross-reactivity with other proteins or hormones, leading to unintended side effects.

Overall, contraceptive vaccines represent a promising area of research that could provide long-acting, reversible, and user-friendly contraception options in the future. However, further studies are needed to address the remaining challenges and ensure their safe and effective use.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

Unplanned pregnancy is a pregnancy that is not intended or expected by the woman or couple. It is also sometimes referred to as an "unintended" or "unwanted" pregnancy. This can occur when contraceptive methods fail or are not used, or when there is a lack of knowledge about or access to effective family planning resources. Unplanned pregnancies can present various physical, emotional, and social challenges for the individuals involved, and may also have implications for public health and societal well-being. It's important to note that unplanned pregnancies can still result in wanted and loved children, but the circumstances surrounding their conception may bring additional stressors and considerations.

Reproductive sterilization is a surgical procedure that aims to prevent reproduction by making an individual unable to produce viable reproductive cells or preventing the union of sperm and egg. In males, this is often achieved through a vasectomy, which involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. In females, sterilization is typically performed via a procedure called tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or sealed, preventing the egg from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus and blocking sperm from reaching the egg. These methods are considered permanent forms of contraception; however, in rare cases, reversals may be attempted with varying degrees of success.

"Device approval" is a term used to describe the process by which a medical device is determined to be safe and effective for use in patients by regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval process typically involves a rigorous evaluation of the device's design, performance, and safety data, as well as a review of the manufacturer's quality systems and labeling.

The FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is responsible for regulating medical devices in the United States. The CDRH uses a risk-based classification system to determine the level of regulatory control needed for each device. Class I devices are considered low risk, Class II devices are moderate risk, and Class III devices are high risk.

For Class III devices, which include life-sustaining or life-supporting devices, as well as those that present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury, the approval process typically involves a premarket approval (PMA) application. This requires the submission of comprehensive scientific evidence to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device.

For Class II devices, which include moderate-risk devices such as infusion pumps and powered wheelchairs, the approval process may involve a premarket notification (510(k)) submission. This requires the manufacturer to demonstrate that their device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device that is already legally marketed in the United States.

Once a medical device has been approved for marketing, the FDA continues to monitor its safety and effectiveness through post-market surveillance programs. Manufacturers are required to report any adverse events or product problems to the FDA, and the agency may take regulatory action if necessary to protect public health.

Unwanted pregnancy is a situation where a person becomes pregnant despite not planning or desiring to conceive at that time. This can occur due to various reasons such as lack of access to effective contraception, failure of contraceptive methods, sexual assault, or a change in circumstances that makes the pregnancy untimely or inconvenient. Unwanted pregnancies can have significant physical, emotional, and socioeconomic impacts on individuals and families. It is important to address unwanted pregnancies through comprehensive sexuality education, access to affordable and effective contraception, and supportive services for those who experience unintended pregnancies.

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is often used in various medical applications. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and methanol.

Medically, MPA is used as a prescription medication for several indications, including:

1. Contraception: As an oral contraceptive or injectable solution, it can prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and alter the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.
2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): In postmenopausal women, MPA can help manage symptoms associated with decreased estrogen levels, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may also help prevent bone loss (osteoporosis).
3. Endometrial hyperplasia: MPA can be used to treat endometrial hyperplasia, a condition where the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which could potentially lead to cancer if left untreated. By opposing the effects of estrogen, MPA helps regulate the growth of the endometrium.
4. Gynecological disorders: MPA can be used to treat various gynecological disorders, such as irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
5. Cancer treatment: In some cases, MPA may be used in conjunction with other medications to treat certain types of breast or endometrial cancer.

As with any medication, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate can have side effects and potential risks. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation, dosage, and monitoring when considering this medication.

Postcoital contraception, also known as emergency contraception, refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are typically used in situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or forgotten birth control pills.

There are two main types of postcoital contraception:

1. Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): Also known as the "morning-after pill," this is a hormonal medication that can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex, but it is most effective when taken within 72 hours. There are two types of ECPs available: progestin-only and combined estrogen-progestin. The progestin-only pill is preferred because it has fewer side effects and is just as effective as the combined pill.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small, T-shaped device made of flexible plastic and copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The IUD can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available, and it also provides ongoing protection against pregnancy for up to 10 years, depending on the type of IUD.

It's important to note that postcoital contraception should not be used as a regular method of contraception, but rather as a backup in case of emergencies. It is also not effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Regular contraceptive methods, such as condoms and hormonal birth control, are the best ways to prevent unintended pregnancies and STIs.

Spermatocidal agents are substances or chemicals that have the ability to destroy or inhibit sperm cells, making them non-functional. These agents are often used in spermicides, which are a type of contraceptive method. Spermicides work by physically blocking the cervix and killing any sperm that come into contact with the spermicidal agent. Common spermatocidal agents include Nonoxynol-9, Benzalkonium chloride, and Chlorhexidine gluconate. It's important to note that while spermicides can provide some protection against pregnancy, they are not considered a highly effective form of birth control when used alone.

Menstruation is the regular, cyclical shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in women and female individuals of reproductive age, accompanied by the discharge of blood and other materials from the vagina. It typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for approximately 2-7 days. This process is a part of the menstrual cycle, which is under the control of hormonal fluctuations involving follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstruation phase: The beginning of the cycle is marked by the start of menstrual bleeding, which signals the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium due to the absence of pregnancy and low levels of estrogen and progesterone. This phase typically lasts for 2-7 days.

2. Proliferative phase: After menstruation, under the influence of rising estrogen levels, the endometrium starts to thicken and regenerate. The uterine lining becomes rich in blood vessels and glands, preparing for a potential pregnancy. This phase lasts from day 5 until around day 14 of an average 28-day cycle.

3. Secretory phase: Following ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), which usually occurs around day 14, increased levels of progesterone cause further thickening and maturation of the endometrium. The glands in the lining produce nutrients to support a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels will drop, leading to menstruation and the start of a new cycle.

Understanding menstruation is essential for monitoring reproductive health, identifying potential issues such as irregular periods or menstrual disorders, and planning family planning strategies.

Norethynodrel is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female sex hormone. It is not commonly used in modern medicine. In the past, it was used in some oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and altering the cervical mucus and endometrium. Norethynodrel is no longer widely used due to the development of newer and more effective progestins.

Induced abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally terminates a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb. It can be performed either surgically or medically through the use of medications. The timing of an induced abortion is typically based on the gestational age of the pregnancy, with different methods used at different stages.

The most common surgical procedure for induced abortion is vacuum aspiration, which is usually performed during the first trimester (up to 12-13 weeks of gestation). This procedure involves dilating the cervix and using a vacuum device to remove the pregnancy tissue from the uterus. Other surgical procedures, such as dilation and evacuation (D&E), may be used in later stages of pregnancy.

Medical abortion involves the use of medications to induce the termination of a pregnancy. The most common regimen involves the use of two drugs: mifepristone and misoprostol. Mifepristone works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Misoprostol causes the uterus to contract and expel the pregnancy tissue. This method is typically used during the first 10 weeks of gestation.

Induced abortion is a safe and common medical procedure, with low rates of complications when performed by trained healthcare providers in appropriate settings. Access to induced abortion varies widely around the world, with some countries restricting or prohibiting the practice entirely.

Ethynodiol diacetate is a synthetic form of progestin, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various pharmaceutical products, such as birth control pills, to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg.

Ethynodiol diacetate works by mimicking the effects of natural progesterone in the body, which helps regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the uterus for pregnancy. When used as a contraceptive, ethynodiol diacetate is often combined with estrogen to create a hormonal balance that prevents ovulation and fertilization.

It's important to note that while ethynodiol diacetate is generally considered safe and effective when taken as directed, it can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have certain medical conditions should consult with their healthcare provider before taking any medication containing this ingredient.

Immunologic contraception refers to the use of the immune system to prevent pregnancy. This is achieved by stimulating the production of antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that are essential for fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. The most well-known example of immunologic contraception is the development of a vaccine that would induce an immune response against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By neutralizing hCG, the immune system could prevent the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. However, this approach is still in the experimental stage and has not yet been approved for use in humans.

Norpregnenes are a class of steroids that are produced by the metabolism of progesterone and other pregnanes. They are characterized by the absence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5, and the presence of a ketone group at carbon 3. Some examples of norpregnenes include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and pregnenolone. These steroids are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens. They play a role in various physiological processes such as sexual development, immune function, and stress response.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is a formulation that contains a synthetic version of the female sex hormones, estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) and progestin (norgestrel), which are used in various forms of hormonal contraception.

This combination works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is commonly used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills), as well as in some forms of hormonal patches and rings. It is important to note that while this combination is highly effective at preventing pregnancy, it can also increase the risk of certain health problems, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, especially in women who smoke or have other risk factors.

Therefore, it is essential for individuals using hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination to discuss their medical history and any potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting this form of birth control.

Progestins are a class of steroid hormones that are similar to progesterone, a natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are often used in hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, shots, and implants, to prevent ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Progestins are also used in menopausal hormone therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Additionally, progestins may be used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Different types of progestins have varying properties and may be more suitable for certain indications or have different side effect profiles.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Oral contraceptives, sequential, are a type of birth control medication that involves taking two different hormonal preparations in a specific sequence to mimic the natural menstrual cycle. The first hormone preparation contains estrogen and is taken for 16-21 days, followed by a second hormone preparation containing both estrogen and progestin for 7 days. This regimen causes the lining of the uterus to thin, making it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and also thickens cervical mucus, which can prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Sequential oral contraceptives are not commonly used in the United States due to their higher risk of side effects compared to other forms of oral contraceptives.

Postcoital hormonal contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These contraceptives contain hormones and are intended for use in emergency situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or unprotected sex.

The most common type of postcoital hormonal contraceptive is the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP), which contains a high dose of synthetic progestin or a combination of progestin and estrogen. The ECP works by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The ECP is most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex, ideally within 72 hours, but may still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse. However, the effectiveness of the ECP decreases over time, and it is not as effective as regular methods of contraception.

It's important to note that postcoital hormonal contraceptives are not intended for routine use as a primary method of contraception and should only be used in emergency situations. They do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should not be used as a substitute for regular condom use or other forms of protection.

If you have any concerns about postcoital hormonal contraceptives or need advice on the best method of contraception for you, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider.

Tubal sterilization, also known as female sterilization or tubal ligation, is a permanent form of birth control for women. It involves blocking, sealing, or removing the fallopian tubes, which prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg. This procedure can be performed surgically through various methods such as cutting and tying the tubes, using clips or rings to block them, or removing a portion of the tube (known as a partial salpingectomy). Tubal sterilization is considered a highly effective form of contraception with a low failure rate. However, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and should be combined with condom use for that purpose. It's important to note that tubal sterilization is a permanent procedure and cannot be easily reversed.

Equipment safety in a medical context refers to the measures taken to ensure that medical equipment is free from potential harm or risks to patients, healthcare providers, and others who may come into contact with the equipment. This includes:

1. Designing and manufacturing the equipment to meet safety standards and regulations.
2. Properly maintaining and inspecting the equipment to ensure it remains safe over time.
3. Providing proper training for healthcare providers on how to use the equipment safely.
4. Implementing safeguards, such as alarms and warnings, to alert users of potential hazards.
5. Conducting regular risk assessments to identify and address any potential safety concerns.
6. Reporting and investigating any incidents or accidents involving the equipment to determine their cause and prevent future occurrences.

Androstenes are a group of steroidal compounds that are produced and released by the human body. They are classified as steroids because they contain a characteristic carbon skeleton, called the sterane ring, which consists of four fused rings arranged in a specific structure. Androstenes are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the gonads (testes and ovaries), adrenal glands, and other tissues.

The term "androstene" refers specifically to compounds that contain a double bond between the 5th and 6th carbon atoms in the sterane ring. This double bond gives these compounds their characteristic chemical properties and distinguishes them from other steroidal compounds.

Androstenes are important in human physiology because they serve as precursors to the synthesis of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. They also have been found to play a role in the regulation of various bodily functions, including sexual behavior, mood, and cognition.

Some examples of androstenes include androstenedione, which is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen; androstenediol, which can be converted into either testosterone or estrogen; and androsterone, which is a weak androgen that is produced in the body as a metabolite of testosterone.

It's worth noting that androstenes are sometimes referred to as "pheromones" because they have been found to play a role in chemical communication between individuals of the same species. However, this use of the term "pheromone" is controversial and not universally accepted, as it has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively that humans communicate using chemical signals in the same way that many other animals do.

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system over an approximate 28-day interval, marking the body's preparation for potential pregnancy. It involves the interplay of hormones that regulate the growth and disintegration of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstrual phase: The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining is shed through the vagina, lasting typically for 3-7 days. This shedding occurs due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which are hormones essential for maintaining the endometrium during the previous cycle.

2. Follicular phase: After menstruation, the follicular phase commences with the pituitary gland releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH stimulates the growth of several ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg. One dominant follicle usually becomes selected to mature and release an egg during ovulation. Estrogen levels rise as the dominant follicle grows, causing the endometrium to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

3. Luteal phase: Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to further support the endometrial thickening. If fertilization does not occur within approximately 24 hours after ovulation, the corpus luteum will degenerate, leading to a decline in hormone levels. This drop triggers the onset of menstruation, initiating a new menstrual cycle.

Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial for monitoring reproductive health and planning or preventing pregnancies. Variations in cycle length and symptoms are common among women, but persistent irregularities may indicate underlying medical conditions requiring further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Progesterone congeners refer to synthetic or naturally occurring compounds that are structurally similar to progesterone, a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. These compounds have similar chemical structures to progesterone and may exhibit similar physiological activities, although they can also have unique properties and uses. Examples of progesterone congeners include various synthetic progestins used in hormonal contraceptives and other medical treatments.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

'Equipment and Supplies' is a term used in the medical field to refer to the physical items and materials needed for medical care, treatment, and procedures. These can include a wide range of items, such as:

* Medical equipment: This includes devices and machines used for diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes, such as stethoscopes, blood pressure monitors, EKG machines, ventilators, and infusion pumps.
* Medical supplies: These are consumable items that are used once and then discarded, such as syringes, needles, bandages, gowns, gloves, and face masks.
* Furniture and fixtures: This includes items such as hospital beds, examination tables, chairs, and cabinets that are used to create a functional medical space.

Having the right equipment and supplies is essential for providing safe and effective medical care. The specific items needed will depend on the type of medical practice or facility, as well as the needs of individual patients.

Menstruation disturbances, also known as menstrual disorders, refer to any irregularities or abnormalities in a woman's menstrual cycle. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women of reproductive age.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or light menstrual periods that occur at intervals greater than 35 days.
3. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, often accompanied by cramping, pelvic pain, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities.
4. Menorrhagia: Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods that last longer than seven days or result in excessive blood loss, leading to anemia or other health complications.
5. Polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods that occur at intervals of 21 days or less.
6. Metrorrhagia: Irregular and unpredictable vaginal bleeding between expected menstrual periods, which can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural abnormalities.

Menstruation disturbances can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, fertility, and overall health. They may result from various underlying conditions, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or sexually transmitted infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for managing menstruation disturbances effectively.

Pregnancy in adolescence, also known as teenage pregnancy, refers to a pregnancy that occurs in females under the age of 20. This can be further categorized into early adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 10-14), middle adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 15-17), and late adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 18-19). Teenage pregnancy is associated with higher risks of complications for both the mother and the baby, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of neonatal mortality. Additionally, teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school and face socioeconomic challenges.

Megestrol is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female hormone. It is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, in postmenopausal women. Megestrol works by blocking the effects of estrogen, a female hormone that can promote the growth of some breast and endometrial cancers.

Megestrol is also used to treat anorexia (loss of appetite) and cachexia (wasting syndrome) in people with AIDS or cancer. It works by increasing appetite and promoting weight gain.

Megestrol is available as a tablet or a suspension that is taken by mouth, usually two to four times a day. The dosage depends on the condition being treated and the individual patient's response to therapy. Common side effects of megestrol include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual periods.

It is important to note that megestrol can cause serious side effects, such as blood clots, fluid retention, and increased risk of certain types of infections. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of megestrol therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. The synthetic postcoital contraceptive is a type of emergency contraception that contains synthetic hormones, such as levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. These hormones work by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The most common synthetic postcoital contraceptive is the levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill (LNG-ECP), which contains a high dose of the synthetic hormone levonorgestrel. It is usually taken as a single dose within 72 hours (3 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse, but it is most effective when taken as soon as possible after intercourse.

Another synthetic postcoital contraceptive is ulipristal acetate, which is also taken as a single dose but within 120 hours (5 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse. Ulipristal acetate works by delaying ovulation and preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.

It's important to note that synthetic postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of birth control, but rather as an emergency measure to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. They should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider and should not be used in place of regular contraception.

Sex education is a systematic instruction or information regarding human sexuality, including human reproduction, sexual anatomy and physiology, sexually transmitted infections, sexual activity, sexual orientation, emotional relations, reproductive health, and safe sex, among other topics. It is usually taught in schools but can also be provided by healthcare professionals, parents, or community organizations. The aim of sex education is to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed decisions about their sexual health and relationships while promoting responsible and respectful attitudes towards sexuality.

Spermatogenesis-blocking agents are a class of medications or substances that inhibit or block the process of spermatogenesis, which is the production of sperm in the testicles. These agents can work at various stages of spermatogenesis, including reducing the number of spermatozoa (sperm cells) or preventing the formation of mature sperm.

Examples of spermatogenesis-blocking agents include:

1. Hormonal agents: Certain hormones or hormone-like substances can interfere with the production of sperm. For example, analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and antiandrogens can suppress the release of testosterone and other hormones necessary for spermatogenesis.
2. Alkylating agents: These are chemotherapy drugs that can damage DNA and prevent the division and multiplication of cells, including sperm cells. Examples include cyclophosphamide and busulfan.
3. Other chemicals: Certain industrial chemicals, such as ethylene glycol ethers and dibromochloropropane (DBCP), have been shown to have spermatogenesis-blocking properties.
4. Radiation therapy: High doses of radiation can also damage the testicles and inhibit sperm production.

It's important to note that spermatogenesis-blocking agents are often used for medical purposes, such as treating cancer or preventing pregnancy, but they can have significant side effects and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Ovulation inhibition is a term used in reproductive medicine to describe the prevention or delay of ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. This can be achieved through various means, such as hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, rings), injectable hormones, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) that release hormones.

Hormonal contraceptives typically contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work together to inhibit the natural hormonal signals that trigger ovulation. By suppressing the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), these methods prevent the development and release of a mature egg from the ovaries.

In addition to preventing ovulation, hormonal contraceptives can also thicken cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus, reducing the likelihood of implantation in case fertilization does occur. It is important to note that while ovulation inhibition is a reliable method of birth control, it may not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Medroxyprogesterone is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is a female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and by the placenta during pregnancy. As a medication, medroxyprogesterone is used to treat a variety of conditions, including:

* Abnormal menstrual bleeding
* Endometrial hyperplasia (overgrowth of the lining of the uterus)
* Contraception (birth control)
* Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
* Prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women
* Treatment of certain types of cancer, such as endometrial and renal cancers

Medroxyprogesterone works by binding to progesterone receptors in the body, which helps to regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prevent the growth of some types of cancer. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injectable solutions, and depot suspensions for intramuscular injection.

It's important to note that medroxyprogesterone can have significant side effects, and its use should be monitored by a healthcare provider. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take medroxyprogesterone, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor of all medications you are taking before starting medroxyprogesterone.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

"The contraceptive patch" (in French). "Male condom" (in French). "Spermicides" (in French). "Intrauterine device" (in French ... The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive ... The French government will provide access to birth control pills, intrauterine devices, contraceptive patches and injectable ... There are two kinds of condoms: male and female. It is easy to find male condoms in France in pharmacies, convenience stores, ...
Research is ongoing to generate novel male contraceptive products based on drugs and medical devices. Products in development ... Friedman M (2019). "Interest Among U.S. Men for New Male Contraceptive Options" (PDF). Male Contraceptive Initiative. Retrieved ... Male Contraceptive Initiative. Retrieved 2023-10-12. "Sperm Motility - Mechanisms of Male Contraception". Male Contraceptive ... Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by leveraging male physiology. ...
There are numerous vas-occlusive contraceptive methods and devices that have been researched. Outlined here are a few main ... Male contraceptive "Technical and managerial guidelines for vasectomy services". World Health Organization. 1988. hdl:10665/ ... Male Contraception. [Updated 2015 Dec 18]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South ... Various vas-occlusive contraceptive methods have been researched for human-use, with interest in both reversible and ...
These methods include the use of implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs) as well as permanent methods like female or male ... Contraceptive use was lower among Muslims, living in rural areas and Sylhet Division. A 2014 report found that the pill remains ... Contraceptive use is important to slow population growth as well as a reduction in neonatal mortality, maternal mortality and ... Usage rates of male sterilization, despite being much cheaper than female sterilization, remain very low at only 1%. Knowledge ...
She enthusiastically promotes condoms as the best all-around contraceptive device. After discussing the merits of prophylactics ... Krause has not been daunted by Cuban male's abhorrence of contraceptive responsibility. ... Books such as "Man and Woman, Intimate by Dr. Siegfried Schabl, which dealt with the subject of homosexuality comprehensively ...
Friedman M (2019). "Interest Among U.S. Men for New Male Contraceptive Options" (PDF). Male Contraceptive Initiative. Retrieved ... A contraceptive sponge set inside its open package. The current intrauterine devices (IUD) are small devices, often 'T'-shaped ... Men consistently report high levels of interest in novel forms of male contraception. Development of novel male contraceptive ... Usage of male forms of birth control has decreased between 1985 and 2009. Contraceptive use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa ...
An equally large industry has emerged to provide contraceptive devices designed to prevent conception. Their effectiveness in ... In males 40-69 years old, 50% of the seminiferous tubules contain mature sperm. In males 80 years old and older, 10% of the ... A large scale study in Israel suggested that the children of men 40 or older were 5.75 times more likely than children of men ... In studies that controlled for female partner's age, comparisons between men under 30 and men over 50 found relative decreases ...
Men are also discouraged from supporting contraceptive use as many believe that it will encourage their wives to be unfaithful ... There are often negative social stigmas that are attached to the use or implantation of contraceptive devices which further ... Measures taken to provide contraceptive security may include strengthening contraceptive supply chains, forming contraceptive ... Contraceptive security is an individual's ability to reliably choose, obtain, and use quality contraceptives for family ...
Unwanted pregnancy was a distinct possibility since there were no commonly available contraceptive drugs or devices. The ... A few settler women and children and the few men who did not leave their family worked right alongside the men but most men who ... of the male miners were married men who had left their families to try their luck in California. Many men returned to their ... Equilibrium female-male number parity would take till the 1950 census with a total population of 10,586,000; 5,296,000 males ...
Non-hormonal contraceptive methods include the copper intrauterine device (ParaGard), male and female condoms, male and female ... male condoms (14.5%), male sterilization (8.8%), intrauterine device (4.9%), withdrawal (4.6%).Depo-Provera is used by 2.9%, ... New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives ... In 2006-2008, the most popular contraceptive methods among those at risk of unintended pregnancy were oral contraceptive pills ...
On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and ... Sexual intercourse entails a higher risk for women than men. Thus, the court found the law just in targeting men as the only ... The reason for this finding is that female prison guards were more vulnerable to male sexual attack than male prison guards. ... "male" from the national membership requirements. Russia: Regulations of contraceptive sterilization had been in place since the ...
Today, oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and male and female condoms are available for free at public health ... Although abortion is not permitted, other methods of contraceptives such as oral contraceptives, condoms, and tubal ligation ... The United Nations reports that there has been a decline in the 1990s of contraceptive usage due to access and supply ... It appears that over the counter contraceptives have also become popular since the 1990s. ...
Tone, Andrea (2002). Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 188. ISBN 0-8090- ... "Trojan Man Makes a Riotous Return as your Guide to The Big Sexy World". "20 People Freaked Out by Spotify's Holiday Condom Ads ... Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 50. ISBN 0-8090-3816-1. Koerner, ... By August 2018 a new ad campaign called "Big Sexy World" introduced a new mascot, the Trojan Man. This stirred up controversy. ...
Pregnancy can be avoided with the use of contraceptives such as condoms and intrauterine devices. Human reproduction naturally ... the man inserts his erect penis into the woman's vagina and then either partner initiates rhythmic pelvic thrusts until the man ... The male reproductive system contains two main divisions: the testes where sperm are produced, and the penis which discharges ... It typically involves sexual intercourse between a sexually mature human male and female. During sexual intercourse, the ...
"Male contraceptive device", WIPO, 5 septembre 1990 (read online [archive], consulted on 19 March 2018). Louise Pluyaud, " La ... "Heat Methods of Male Contraception". Frontiers in nonhormonal male contraception. Male Contraception Information Project. ... Wearing a device that presses the man's testicles against his body on a daily basis can raise their temperature by 2 °C and ... A contraceptive device using body heat was patented by Schopp Andreas in 1999. The production of sperm can be disrupted with a ...
Non-infectious causes of cervicitis can include intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to ... Cervicitis in women has many features in common with urethritis in men and many cases are caused by sexually transmitted ... This also includes a device inserted into the pelvic area (i.e. a cervical cap, IUD, pessary, etc.); an allergy to spermicides ... "Classifications for Intrauterine Devices , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-24. "Cervicitis - Symptoms and ...
"The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices". American Journal of Obstetrics and ... Etonogestrel has been studied for use as a potential male contraceptive. Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel Ryan KJ (1999). ... "Nexplanon (etonogestrel) contraceptive implants: Reports of device in vasculature and lung". Archived from the original on 2016 ... Raymond EG (2011). "Contraceptive Implants". In Hatcher RA, Nelson TJ, Guest F, Kowal D (eds.). Contraceptive technology (19th ...
Rindi and Angus quickly become best friends and the two try and break into a convention to steal contraceptive devices. Angus ... soon learns that Rindi is having a crisis of her own, as she is arranged to be married to a man in India, Patel. After his ...
An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped ... devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a ... Grimes, D.A. (2007). Hatcher, R.A.; Nelson, T.J.; Guest, F.; Kowal, D. (eds.). "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)". Contraceptive ... Unlike modern intrauterine devices, early interuterine (from Latin inter- meaning "between" as opposed to intra-) devices ...
The Population Council also announced in 2018 that their contraceptive gel for men had entered phase two clinical trials, ... contraceptive vaginal ring Annovera obtained FDA approval in 2018. The device lasts a year and does not require refrigeration ... "Nestorone®/Testosterone Transdermal Gel for Male Contraception". www.popcouncil.org. Population Council. Retrieved 8 April 2021 ... and worked on the FP2020 pledge to grant access to contraceptives and family planning to 120 million girls and women in the ...
... he also sold contraceptive devices. The book, cheaply produced, had reached a 14th edition by 1876; in all there were 35 ... It became a one-man campaign, ending in 1880 when the Society closed down. Truelove had displayed Moral Physiology in his shop ... ISBN 978-1-136-01062-0. George Howell; David John Rowe (1972). A History of the Working Men's Association from 1836 to 1850. ...
It condemned pornography, most forms of birth control and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the condom), ... Mussolini perceived women's primary role to be childbearers while men were warriors, once saying that "war is to man what ... Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before puberty as the cause of criminality amongst male youth. ... Viva il Duce ("Long live the Leader"). La guerra è per l'uomo come la maternità è per la donna ("War is to man as motherhood is ...
An advocate of birth control, she lectured on contraceptive techniques and sold a women's contraceptive device, a rubber ... She advocated a more balanced partnership between men and women in marriage. She planned to study medicine at the University of ...
... which governs medicines and medicinal devices. Bill S-15 repealed the reference to contraceptives in the Criminal Code, but ... The two offences had been used to criminalise homosexual acts between men. The British Parliament's adoption of the Sexual ... A related bill, introduced and passed at the same time, decriminalised the sale of contraceptives. The Act also regulated ... which decriminalised contraceptives and brought them under the regulatory power of the Food and Drugs Act, ...
... reversible male contraceptives, or female contraceptives through the use of intravaginal contraceptive devices. Moreover, as ... Burck P.J., Zimmerman R.E. An intravaginal contraceptive device for the delivery of an acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitor" ... In rabbit models, an intravaginal contraceptive device that secreted tetradecyl sodium sulfate, a known inhibitor of acrosin ... Acrosin regulation has been found to occur through protein C inhibitor (PCI). PCI is present in the male reproductive tract at ...
Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, such as intrauterine device (IUD) and implant are highly effective and convenient ... Moreover, condoms are one of the most common contraceptive methods in transgender men, while another subset report no ... Europe and Asia are on par: Europe has a 69% contraceptive use rate and 10% unmet need, Asia has a 68% contraceptive use and 10 ... Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; et al. (eds.). Contraceptive ...
... and hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring. Barrier methods include a diaphragm or cervical cap, sponge, male and female condoms, ... placing the device inside their bodies voluntarily, and the time required to hold the device in place. There is a lack of ... Oral hormonal contraceptives have an 8% failure rate. The popularity of oral hormonal contraceptives among women changes over ... Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) are a reversible form of contraception and includes the placing of a small T shaped device made of ...
When U.S. customs confiscated the package as illegal contraceptive devices, Sanger helped file a lawsuit. In 1936, a federal ... these same men often neglected to actually use the devices. The French medical professor Jean Astruc wrote his own anti-condom ... There were still a few state laws against buying and selling contraceptives, and advertising condoms as birth control devices ... 23 The writings of these societies contain subtle references to male-controlled contraceptive methods that might have been ...
... progestin-only contraceptives typically produce a more regular bleeding pattern. Male and female condoms provide significant ... The IUD (intrauterine device) is a T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus by a trained medical professional. There ... It has a failure rate of 17%. A contraceptive sponge is another contraceptive method. Like the diaphragm, the contraceptive ... Trussell J (2007). "Contraceptive Efficacy". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL (eds.). Contraceptive Technology (19th ed.). ...
It also includes a contraceptive device but does not include a drug." The term covers a wide range of health or medical ... Lenzer J (2017). The Danger Within Us: America's Untested, Unregulated Medical Device Industry and One Man's Battle to Survive ... Class IIb Devices: Slightly more complex than IIa devices, class IIb devices are generally medium to high risk and will often ... Most medical devices and production company warranties to do not extend to reused or donated devices, or to devices donated by ...
Scientists have developed a long-lasting and biodegradable male contraceptive which uses injections of nanoparticles and ... Best Android Phones: Top 7 Devices Most Recommended By Experts. 27 Comments. ... Scientists develop male contraceptive that uses magnets, nanoparticle injections" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be ... magnetic fields to keep men from reproducing. ...
Percent of women aged 15-49 currently using male sterilization: 5.6%. Source: Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15- ... Percent of women aged 15-49 currently using long-acting reversible contraception (Intrauterine device or contraceptive implant ... Unmarried Mens Contraceptive Use at Recent Sexual Intercourse: United States, 2011-2015 ... Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use Among Teenagers in the United States, 2011-2015 [PDF - 442 KB] ...
CDC report looks at contraceptive options in context of minimizing Zika infection. ... CDC report looks at contraceptive options in context of minimizing Zika infection. ... transdermal contraceptive patch, and vaginal ring.. ¶¶Less effective contraceptive methods include diaphragm, condoms (male or ... reversible contraceptive methods or LARC include intrauterine devices and implants.. §§Moderately effective contraceptive ...
"The contraceptive patch" (in French). "Male condom" (in French). "Spermicides" (in French). "Intrauterine device" (in French ... The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive ... The French government will provide access to birth control pills, intrauterine devices, contraceptive patches and injectable ... There are two kinds of condoms: male and female. It is easy to find male condoms in France in pharmacies, convenience stores, ...
Not sexually active = women who reported no sex with a man in past 3 months. ... intrauterine devices, subdermal contraceptiveimplants, and vasectomies. Women who had been sterilized were excluded. ... Background A "contraceptive vital sign" (routine intake assessment of women�s pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use) could ... Notes: Contraceptive vital sign data and electronic health record data were collected between October 1, 2008, and April 14, ...
Contraceptive Devices, Male / statistics & numerical data * Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / standards * Female * Humans ... This paper considers the benefits, disadvantages, safety, age factors, and effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive ( ... COC) pill, the postcoital pill, the progestogen-only pill, injectable progestogens, intrauterine devices, barrier methods and ...
The sponge is a round, disposable device soaked with spermicide that is inserted into the vagina to block a womans cervix. One ... She then used the birth control method only when she deemed a man "spongeworthy." That episode, and repeated re-runs, raised ... Sponge Contraceptive Returning to Market (Reuters) A contraceptive sponge for women is returning to the U.S. market for the ... Sponge Contraceptive Returning to Market. James Joyner · Saturday, April 23, 2005 · 1 comment ...
Required contraceptive coverage does not include male contraceptives *Plans may not limit coverage to oral contraceptives and ... rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices -- e.g., speech, physical and occupational therapy, laboratory services, ... Over-the-counter contraceptives must be covered only if they are FDA-approved and prescribed by the womans health care ... must cover IUDs, implants, sterilization, device removal, etc. Plans may impose reasonable management techniques, such as ...
Examples of contraceptive methods with a failure rate of , 1% per year include. tubal ligation, male sterilization, hormonal ... combined oral or injected hormonal contraceptives, and certain intrauterine. devices. Alternatively, two methods (e.g., two ... For men: agreement to remain abstinent or use a barrier method of contraception (e.g.,. condom) during the treatment period and ... Men with a pregnant partner must agree to remain abstinent or use a condom for. the duration of the pregnancy. ...
Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15-49: United States, 2015-2017 - Featured Topics from the National Center for ... long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which include contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices; and male condom. ... oral contraceptive pill (12.6%), long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) (10.3%), and male condom (8.7%). ... patterns of use are described for the four most commonly used contraceptive methods: female sterilization; oral contraceptive ...
Categories: Contraceptive Devices, Male Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Decision on Contraceptive Equity The following Commission Decision finds reasonable ... Respondents deny that the exclusion of prescription contraceptives, which on its face does not distinguish between men and ... However, Respondent As plan excludes coverage for prescription contraceptive drugs and devices, whether they are used for ... Charging Parties both allege that Respondents failure to offer coverage for prescription contraceptive drugs and devices ...
The contraceptives come in the form of intrauterine devices or an arm implant that prevents pregnancy for up to three, five or ... Male condoms, the most popular form of barrier protection, have an 18 percent failure rate, but unlike LARCs, protect against ... DeRight works with A Step Ahead to offer free long-term contraceptives to women in the Chattanooga area.. Skylar DeRight holds ... DeRight works with A Step Ahead to offer free long-term contraceptives to women in the Chattanooga area.. ...
In others, these contraceptives can improve headaches. A person who has a history of migraines with auras should avoid certain ... such as contraceptive pills, can cause headaches and migraines in some people. ... male or female condoms. *a copper intrauterine device, or IUD, which is a long-term contraceptive that releases no hormones ... Teal, S. B., & Tocce, K. M. (2011, February). How to choose a contraceptive for a patient who has headaches. OBG Management, 23 ...
ArcGIS version 10.3 was used to visualize the distribution of contraceptives. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less ... ArcGIS version 10.3 was used to visualize the distribution of contraceptives. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less ... It is critical to recognize ones desire to utilize contraceptives before drafting and implementing a good family planning ... Result: The overall utilization of contraceptives was discovered at 41.25% (39.98, 42.53). Women 25-34 years (AOR=0.80, CI:( ...
The FDA regulates condoms as medical devices under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 and the Safe Medical Devices Act of ... including the contraceptive sponge, oral contraceptives, and the female condom.1 However, the options available to males are ... Condomlike devices have been used to sheath the male penis since antiquity. Condoms in their current forms have been marketed ... Obstetrical and gynecological devices; designation of special controls for male condoms made of natural rubber latex. Fed ...
On 18 June 2003 Ms A was at home when she experienced sudden abdominal pain and gave birth to a male baby on her bathroom floor ... Intrauterine contraceptive device fitted to pregnant woman Date: 15 Oct 2004 In 1999, during her second pregnancy, a 19-year- ... On 29 May 2003 Dr B fitted an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) for Ms A (aged 23 years). Neither of them was aware that ... If Dr B had taken a contraceptive history from Ms A to remind himself of her previous experiences with contraceptive measures, ...
male vasectomy. *intrauterine device. *hormonal (combination oral contraceptives, transdermal patch, injectables, implantables ... In male and female Fischer 344 rats given oral isotretinoin at dosages of 8 or 32 mg/kg/day (1.3 to 5.3 times the recommended ... Although other hormonal contraceptives are highly effective, there have been reports of pregnancy from patients who can become ... intrauterine device. *hormonal (combination birth control pills, skin patches, shots, under-the-skin implants or vaginal ring) ...
Contraceptive Devices Market , 2021 Size, Share, Growth Insights, Trends, Opportunity, Key Players, Revenue, Competitive ... Contraceptive Devices Industry is segmented By Product Type (Male & Female Contraceptive Devices, Technology (Hormonal & ... 4 Global Contraceptive Devices Market Analysis by Regions. 4.1 Global Contraceptive Devices Sales, Revenue and Market Share by ... 4.2 North America Contraceptive Devices Sales and Growth Rate (2020-2025). 4.3 Europe Contraceptive Devices Sales and Growth ...
An Intrauterine Device, or IUD is a long-term contraceptive option placed within the uterus through the vagina by a healthcare ... male contraceptive method but also to emphasize the importance of expanding the range of reversible male contraceptive options ... A diaphragm is a barrier contraceptive device that covers the cervix to block sperm from entering. It is a cup made of soft ... Male thermal contraceptive methods (MTCs) involve heating the testicles inside the scrotum so that sperm production is slowed ...
... and medical devices that may lead to severe side effects. ... Men need to be aware of possible dangers associated with drugs ... Men looking to have sex without causing pregnancy should use contraceptive methods. The most popular and proven contraceptive ... How Men Age. From infancy to old age, mens bodies go through diverse changes. Its important for men to be aware of the ... Home Health Men. Men. Mens health involves a variety of gender-specific issues, like testosterone production, sexual health ...
Mysterious: intra-uterine device. Scientists arent sure exactly why the IUD works, but it does. A small, plastic, copper- ... Barrier: condom (male or female), diaphragm, cervical cap. They just get in the way. Of conception, that is. ... the first transdermal contraceptive patch. All of these release hormones into the body to prevent conception. ... Natural: withdrawal (for men) or "fertility observation" (for women), i.e., paying sufficient attention to your hopefully ...
What s that got to do with male attitudes in Glasgow? Most men I know probably think IWD is a contraceptive device. Clearly, ... They imprison us for striking the same as the men, and, both we and the men have to fight the bosses. But women have only ... For men, words do not cost much, they drop out of your mouths and are forgotten, but we, stupid women, remember and appreciate ... In Britain, many women and quite a few do-gooders, and even some men know that March 8 is International Women s Day. In Russia ...
... contraceptive implants, and injections), oral contraceptives, and male and female condoms, were available. Although the ... The law also requires employers to provide protective clothing and safety devices to employees whose work involves "risk of ... A law from 1861 prohibits male-to-male sexual acts ("buggery" and "crimes against nature"), but there is no legal prohibition ... Sexual-orientation and gender-identity civil society groups alleged that because the law prohibits male-to-male sexual activity ...
Insertion of Contraceptive Device into Uterus, Via Natural or Artificial Opening. 0UH98HZ. Insertion of Contraceptive Device ... Interim review to add contraceptive for male condoms and FDA approved web application/digital contraception. Adding note ... Insertion of Contraceptive Device into Cervix, Via Natural or Artificial Opening. 0UHC8HZ. Insertion of Contraceptive Device ... Presence of (intrauterine) contraceptive device. T8339XA. Other mechanical complication of intrauterine contraceptive device, ...
Find out about male and female condoms and how to use them. ... As with a male condom, it is important to check that the device ... Using a condom with another type of contraceptive, such as the contraceptive pill, offers additional protection from both ... There are male and female condoms, and they can be made from latex rubber, polyurethane, or lambskin. The male condom is more ... Some men with erectile dysfunction may find this worsens their symptoms if they have to interrupt the sexual act to put the ...
Oral contraceptives (birth control pills). *Intra-uterine devices (IUDs), both copper & hormonal ... When using a male condom with typical use, a whopping 19% of women report having gotten pregnant within the first year. Not ... Men Are a Crucial Part of the Family & the Pro-Life Movement: Meet Some of the SFLA Dads! 22 Sep 2023 ... In addition to blood clots and strokes, chemical contraceptives have been proven to end the life of a preborn human mere hours ...
Some different ways of birth control are condoms, birth control pills, as well as devices such as intrauterine device (IUD), ... the first man to ever invent the birth control pill, we have the option of waiting until we are ready. Even though this sounds ... Focusing on oral contraceptive methods, the pill is a type of medication women takes daily to prevent or plan the timing of a ... Male Birth Control. 872 Words , 2 Pages. both sexes responsibility to practice "safe sex". Introducing the birth control pill ...
However, most did not have knowledge of the emergency contraceptive, intra-uterine device and female condom. Pressure from male ... partners, fear of parental reaction to the use of contraceptives, reluctance to use contraceptives, poor contraceptive ... Possible modalities of intervention deal with providing contraceptive counselling and care to empower these school girls to ... Unplanned teenage pregnancy constitutes an important health problem, whilst contraceptive services are free throughout South ...
  • Spies and colleagues observe that women of this age (18-30 years old) are less likely to use contraception than older women, and when they do, they are more likely to choose methods such as male condoms or oral hormonal contraceptives with higher failure rates. (medscape.com)
  • Of the women who were using contraceptives, 71.4% reported using oral contraceptives and 29.8% reported using male condoms. (medscape.com)
  • Most-such as birth control pills, vaginal rings, female condoms, and intrauterine devices-rely on the woman. (nih.gov)
  • Men can use male condoms or get a surgical procedure called a vasectomy, which can be difficult to reverse. (nih.gov)
  • In 2023 France has announced free access to male condoms for people aged between 18 and 25 years old. (wikipedia.org)
  • The global contraceptives market revenue is set to get a boost owing to the fact that contraceptive devices such as condoms can effectively protect against contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (medgadget.com)
  • Currently, there are several contraceptive methods available on the market, such as oral hormonal contraceptives (OHC), intrauterine devices, male and female condoms, and vaginal rings. (scielo.br)
  • Male and female condoms, cervical caps, the sponge, the diaphragm, and spermicides can also be good contraceptive options. (arhp.org)
  • Condoms (both male and female) can also help you reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. (arhp.org)
  • Almost one-third of them occur due to contraceptive failures, primarily because of using short-term modern contraceptives (e.g., pills and condoms) and traditional contraceptives (e.g., withdrawal, rhythm) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Condoms were also a commonly used contraceptive, but they are also proven to be less effective. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • Condoms are one of the most widely used contraceptive devices, helping to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (persistencemarketresearch.com)
  • The diaphragm, the cap, and male or female condoms are examples of barrier methods. (cigna.com)
  • FREE male and female condoms are available in Health Service. (ualr.edu)
  • New and improved delivery devices for contraception. (nih.gov)
  • This makes EP055 an ideal candidate for non-hormonal male contraception. (nih.gov)
  • CDP efforts focus on conducting translational and clinical research to develop novel methods of contraception for women and men. (nih.gov)
  • But no prescription drug or medical device works flawlessly, and people's use of contraception is inexact. (news-medical.net)
  • Nondaily hormonal contraception: considerations in contraceptive choice and patient counseling. (nih.gov)
  • Barriers to contraception uptake include availability, cost, social or cultural norms and potential conflict with male partner's fertility preferences (12). (who.int)
  • Advise females of reproductive potential and males with female partners of reproductive potential of potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception ( 5.5 , 8.1 , 8.3 ). (nih.gov)
  • We could prevent the overwhelming majority of pregnancies if we could debunk the myths and misperceptions about modern methods and use long-term methods of contraception, such as implants and intrauterine devices. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The injectable, female strelization, male strelization, intrauterine devices (IUD) and hormonal implants are the long-acting modern contraception (LAMC) that can significantly reduce these burdens [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though it took some participants several months to recover fertility, and one person reported infertility four years after his last injection, according to the study-and that does require additional study-the process will unfortunately again slow the development of equity in contraception and male responsibility while women suffer without proper acknowledgment. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • For some patients, an intrauterine device may be a good choice for emergency contraception. (limamemorial.org)
  • To improve women's contraceptive options and their choices of place to access contraception, the World Health Organization recommends self-care interventions (e.g., self-injectable contraception and the over-the-counter availability of oral contraception). (bmj.com)
  • While the small number of IUD-related deaths is insufficient to demonstrate an increased mortality rate associated with any specific type of device, the overall rate of IUD-related mortality appears to be low compared with the mortality rates associated with pregnancy and other forms of contraception (1). (cdc.gov)
  • In the past 50 years, there have been few changes in male contraception compared with the range of options available to women. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • There are many ongoing research projects into different methods of male contraception. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Researchers are optimistic that a safe, effective and reversible method of male contraception will eventually become a reality, although this is still several years away. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Understanding the reasons may lead to new ways of providing effective contraception for all men of diverse ethnic backgrounds. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), which are hormonal pills which the woman takes as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse. (nih.gov)
  • The French government will provide access to birth control pills, intrauterine devices, contraceptive patches and injectable birth control. (wikipedia.org)
  • The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive pills. (wikipedia.org)
  • But IUDs (intrauterine devices) and oral pills are not all the motivators speak about. (boloji.com)
  • Women have many choices for birth control, ranging from pills to patches to intrauterine devices, and partly as a result, they bear most of the burden of preventing pregnancy. (news-medical.net)
  • Of the women using hormonal birth control, 16 percent used birth control pills, while 7.2 percent used methods such as intrauterine devices, and 4.4 percent used Depo-Provera shots. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • If you plan to use hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, implants, injections, rings, or intrauterine devices) during your treatment with thalidomide, tell your doctor about all the medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements you are taking or plan to take. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Unplanned pregnancies and their consequences mainly among teenage women are leading to developments in contraceptive drugs comprising oral pills for better efficiency and safety of user. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Contraceptive drugs also widely known as birth control drugs including oral pills, injectables, and topical contraceptives have proven to be significant in family planning and delivering reliable access to birth-rate management. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Birth control options for women with auras include progesterone-only birth control pills, the Depo-Provera shot, and intrauterine devices. (news10.com)
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  • The reason there are so many different types of contraceptive pills is because they were first approved over 60 years ago in 1960. (treated.com)
  • Certain types of birth control pills contain two synthetic female hormones and some contain only one, but they can affect the body in similar ways, and the important thing is that they both guarantee very high levels of contraceptive protection when used correctly. (treated.com)
  • Combined contraceptive pills , the most commonly prescribed pill, contain two versions of naturally occurring female hormones - oestrogen and progesterone. (treated.com)
  • When you take combined contraceptive pills, natural levels of these hormones are altered. (treated.com)
  • Certain other combined contraceptive pills are taken for 24 days, followed by only four days of taking placebo pills. (treated.com)
  • You can also get emergency contraceptive pills. (cigna.com)
  • The APRNs in Health Services can write prescriptions for oral contraceptives (birth control pills), the vaginal ring (Nuva Ring), and the contraceptive patch (Ortho-Evra). (ualr.edu)
  • Any proposed product must have characteristics consistent with the ultimate development of a safe, and effective contraceptive acceptable to women and men. (nih.gov)
  • New and better female methods as well as the first reversible, effective contraceptive method for men fall into Theme 2: Promoting Gynecologic, Andrologic, and Reproductive Health. (nih.gov)
  • Unmet need is especially high in women in the postpartum period (6) and access to safe and effective contraceptive services is of utmost importance for a woman to prevent unwanted/mistimed pregnancy (7). (who.int)
  • So she along with her partner looked for alternative methods to have responsible adult fun but found out there were no male-centered options beyond the condom or the (dreaded) permanent vasectomy. (instinctmagazine.com)
  • Women in France use the IUD (22%) to a greater extent than women in the United States (5%), whereas the male condom is used by partners of approximately 25% of married women in Spain and the United Kingdom, nearly twice the percentage found in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Applications for the development of female contraceptive methods that require the administration of exogenous steroidal hormones. (nih.gov)
  • This guidance comprises recommendations for the use of specific contraceptive methods by women and men who have certain characteristics or medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • However, several changes have been made, including adaptations of selected WHO recommendations, addition of recommendations for new medical conditions, and removal of recommendations for contraceptive methods not currently available in the United States ( Appendix A ). (cdc.gov)
  • This document contains recommendations for health-care providers for the safe use of contraceptive methods by women and men with various characteristics and medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • It is important that women be offered a range of contraceptive options and be clearly informed about the actual efficacy of these methods. (medscape.com)
  • There are many types of contraceptive methods available in France. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDP has a pipeline of products in clinical evaluation, including hormonal or non-hormonal options for women and novel hormonal methods for men. (nih.gov)
  • The PCDP is a research program formed to expand research leading to the development of male and female contraceptive methods. (nih.gov)
  • The WHO estimates that around 214 million women in the reproductive age bracket in developing nations wish to avoid pregnancy and are aware of contraceptive methods. (medgadget.com)
  • Historical survey of modern reversible contraceptive methods]. (nih.gov)
  • There is a need to provide more information on contraceptive methods to users, including its risks and contraindications. (scielo.br)
  • The use of contraceptive methods is strongly related to family planning and aims to prevent unwanted pregnancies. (scielo.br)
  • Contraceptive methods were classified as modern, traditional or non-use. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Contraceptives are devices, drugs, or methods for preventing pregnancy either by preventing the fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm or by preventing implantation of the fertilized egg. (limamemorial.org)
  • Permanent methods of birth control are tubal ligation for women, and vasectomy for men. (limamemorial.org)
  • However 68.31 percent (male or female) had used FP devices or methods among 99 respondents. (nepjol.info)
  • They had just used family planning devices or methods suggested by neighbors, friends or imitation of peer group. (nepjol.info)
  • On this page, we'll discuss each of the types of contraceptive methods to help give you a balanced idea of which may be best for you. (treated.com)
  • Examples of contraceptive methods with a failure rate of 1% per year include bilateral tubal ligation, male sterilization, hormonal contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, hormone-releasing intrauterine devices, and copper intrauterine devices. (mayo.edu)
  • Upright men can even better convince themselves of the solid grounds on which the teaching of the Church in this field is based, if they care to reflect upon the consequences of methods of artificial birth control. (diocesecc.org)
  • These devices enable a man and woman to enjoy a healthy sex life without the fear of pregnancy. (medgadget.com)
  • For instance, Allergan launched TAYTULLA in November 2016 as the first oral contraceptive administered in a soft-gel capsule for prevention of unwanted pregnancy. (medgadget.com)
  • With the U.S. and Canada witnessing increasing incidence of teenage pregnancy, North America is expected to dominate the global contraceptives market share till 2026. (medgadget.com)
  • Intrauterine devices can prevent pregnancy 99.6% of the time. (news-medical.net)
  • Barriers to the uptake of postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) insertion include provider advice against the IUD, patient failure to return for a postpartum visit,and early repeat pregnancy (13). (who.int)
  • 2,620 (17.6%) women underestimated the risk of pregnancy, 516 (2.4%) mentioned the cost and the same number said they didn't know how to obtain modern contraceptives. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Increasing access to long-acting modern contraceptives (LMAC) is one of the key factors in preventing unintended pregnancy and protecting women's health rights. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The halt of the male study means the responsibility of pregnancy prevention and safe sex will continue to fall primarily on the female, but also that health risks raise more red flags from researchers, doctors and users when they're male health risks. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • It is important to know that pregnancy also increases the risk for blood clots, and much more significantly than any hormonal contraceptive. (limamemorial.org)
  • The surging adolescent population across various countries in the region needs easy access to and use of contraceptives to avoid problems such as unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy, etc. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Some women want something that they can control, some want something that they can forget about, some women want their contraceptive method to do more than just prevent pregnancy. (treated.com)
  • Some men use withdrawal to try to prevent pregnancy, when they pull their penis out of their partner's vagina before ejaculating. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • This is a very effective approach, but some men still carry on producing enough sperm to cause a pregnancy. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • When devices or chemicals are used to prevent pregnancy, the couple withholds part of themselves while appearing to be fully united. (diocesecc.org)
  • It legalized the free prescription of the contraceptive pill. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hunt for the first male contraceptive pill is on, and scientists at Dundee University may have the needed tool to find it - a robotic screening system. (news-medical.net)
  • A new study published today in the journal PLOS ONE details how a compound called EP055 binds to sperm proteins to significantly slow the overall mobility of the sperm without affecting hormones, making EP055 a potential "male pill" without side effects. (news-medical.net)
  • Women of all ages can now get the levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill Plan B One-Step and its generic versions without a prescription. (limamemorial.org)
  • This is due to a growing awareness among females of the harmful side effects of other pill-based contraceptives that can harm women's health. (persistencemarketresearch.com)
  • There have been several incarnations of the pill since 1960, known as "generations," and each has aimed to reduce the risk of certain side effects while still guaranteeing a high level of contraceptive effectiveness. (treated.com)
  • Progestogens are synthetic versions of a female sex hormone often found in female hormonal contraceptives, such as the progestogen-only pill. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Plan B One Step, the emergency contraceptive pill , also is available in the clinic for a fee (Plan B is an over-the-counter drug and does not require a prescription). (ualr.edu)
  • The contraceptive pill : how safe is it? (edu.au)
  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which include hormonal and copper intrauterine devices and hormonal subdermal implants, are highly effective and associated with lower discontinuation rates. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in Younger Women - Medscape - Jan 11, 2011. (medscape.com)
  • The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has proposed a policy that seeks to institutionalize PPIUD services as a routine part of antenatal counselling and delivery room services, thus ensuring provision of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device if accepted (9). (who.int)
  • Postpartum family planning/ postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPFP/PPIUD) was introduced in the Region as a part of a FIGO initiative for preventing unsafe abortion. (who.int)
  • The purpose of this study was to assess the status of modern contraceptive use among married women in Debre Birhan district, Ethiopia. (academicjournals.org)
  • Modern contraceptive use among sexually active men in Uganda: does discussion with a health worker matter? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, and logistic regression were used to identify factors that influenced modern contraceptive use among sexually active men in Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 95% CI: 1.28-9.61) were most significantly associated with modern contraceptive use among men. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Data not available on use of male and female sterilization in France in 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • LARC includes implants and intrauterine devices (IUDs). (cigna.com)
  • Six mothers had a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD and seven others the Nova-T or no hormonal or intrauterine contraceptive. (nih.gov)
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommend intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants (Nexplanon) as first-line contraceptive options for sexually active teens based on the effectiveness of these contraceptives and high rates of patient satisfaction. (limamemorial.org)
  • Reducing the proportion of unintended pregnancies will be facilitated by increasing the diversity of acceptable choices available to both men and women. (nih.gov)
  • Reprinted below is the report published June 29, 1974, that documented an association between the use of the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device and increased incidence of complicated pregnancies in women. (cdc.gov)
  • Universally, the number of women aged 15 - 49 in marriage or a union, who were using contraceptives (as a way to reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancies, maternal deaths, and unsafe abortions) has increased from 55 to 64 percent between 1990 and 2015. (mdgmonitor.org)
  • Furthermore, the implementation of advanced technologies in contraceptive development that follow different approaches helps in reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and preventing unwanted pregnancies have impacted the industry growth positively. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Numerous government bodies of European countries have been taking effective measures to promote the usage of contraceptive drugs in order to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • This statistic indicates the increasing requirement for contraceptives for avoiding unintended pregnancies in the country. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Hence, given the extensive implications of unintended pregnancies, the market opportunities for contraceptive drugs & devices are anticipated to experience an upsurge in the coming years. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Other factors driving market growth include the increasing usage of online distribution channels and the rising adoption of contraceptives to avoid unplanned pregnancies. (persistencemarketresearch.com)
  • According to data from the "World Contraceptive Use 2019," OHC is the method most used by Brazilian women of reproductive age ( United Nations, 2019 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). (scielo.br)
  • World Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2019). (scielo.br)
  • Photos: IPPFWHR/Jazmyn Henry/Honduras (cover) IPPF/George Osodi/Nigeria (p1) IPPF/Alana Holmberg/Tonga (p2) IPPF/George Osodi/Nigeria (p6) IPPFWHR/Belize (p7) IPPF/George Osodi/Nigeria (p12) IPPF/Kathleen Prior/Vanuatu (p14) Published in September 2018 Design: Sue MacDonald Edit: Mags Allison Contraceptive supplies financing: what role for donors? (rhsupplies.org)
  • Contraceptive hormonal implants, transdermal patches, or injectables may also offer other health benefits. (arhp.org)
  • The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to invite SBIR applications to support and facilitate the development of new and/or improved contraceptive products for men and women. (nih.gov)
  • However, some WHO recommendations were modified for use in the United States, including recommendations about contraceptive use for women with venous thromboembolism, valvular heart disease, ovarian cancer, and uterine fibroids and for postpartum and breastfeeding women. (cdc.gov)
  • The recommendations in this document are intended to assist health-care providers when they counsel women, men, and couples about contraceptive method choice. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first edition of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (MEC), which gave evidence-based guidance on the safety of contraceptive method use for women and men worldwide who had specific characteristics and medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • Most believed that the devices were only appropriate for older women who had completed their families. (medscape.com)
  • Some women believed that the devices were too invasive. (medscape.com)
  • Using research and development contracts, CDP researchers translate discoveries into investigational new drug (IND)-enabled products and conduct clinical evaluation to address unmet contraceptive needs of women and men. (nih.gov)
  • and the Contraceptive Clinical Trials Network (CCTN) , which conducts clinical evaluation of new contraceptives for women and for men. (nih.gov)
  • The CCTN evaluates safety and efficacy of new contraceptive drugs and devices for women and men. (nih.gov)
  • Using data from the 2015-2017 National Survey of Family Growth, a new NCHS report provides a snapshot of current contraceptive status, in the month of interview, among women aged 15-49 in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • No longer is it just men coming to ask for contraceptives, women too are seeking family planning services. (boloji.com)
  • For instance, while Sunita looks after the women, her husband is in charge of advising the men. (boloji.com)
  • Findings from these and other studies indicate that there are subtle differences between HIV disease in men and women, although these differences are less pronounced than originally predicted. (medscape.com)
  • Overwhelmingly, women who contract HIV infection are diagnosed during their reproductive years, and most (87%) become infected through high-risk heterosexual contact: sex with multiple partners, bisexual males, male injection drug users, or males with unidentified risk factors. (medscape.com)
  • Disparities in survival by race and sex have been identified in studies: Blacks and women have poorer outcomes compared with Whites and men. (medscape.com)
  • This planning is defined by Brazilian Federal Law 9.236/1996 as "the set of fertility regulation actions that guarantee equal rights of constitution, limitation or increase in the number of offspring by women, men, or couples" ( Brasil, 1996 Brasil. (scielo.br)
  • To ensure that women and men have equal access to the necessary opportunities to achieve their full health potential and health equity, the health sector and the community need to recognize that women and men differ in sex and gender. (who.int)
  • Because of social (gender) and biological (sex) differences, women and men experience different health risks, health-seeking behavior, health outcomes, and health systems responses. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, gender social stratifications have resulted in unequal benefits among various social groups of women and men, as well as between women and men. (who.int)
  • Modern contraceptive use declined among married women in the district. (academicjournals.org)
  • The researchers compared contraceptive use among 12,874 women who became pregnant unintentionally with 111,301 sexually active women [2] who were neither pregnant nor wanting to be. (medicalxpress.com)
  • During mid-life, emotional swings can occur in everyone, both men and women. (arhp.org)
  • Access to a full range of contraceptives and family planning services means that women are more likely to find something that works in their circumstances and increase the likelihood of consistent and correct use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The side effects mentioned likely come as no surprise to women who rely on contraceptives for safe sex and other health needs-women who probably have no sympathy for men who quit. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • The study's halt comes on the heels of a Sept. 28 Danish study from the Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry that found a link between hormonal contraceptives and "mood disturbances" in women. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • Unfortunately, most women do not get to opt out of their birth control options like the men in the multi-year study. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • All people who are prescribed thalidomide, including men and women who cannot become pregnant, must be registered with Thalidomide REMS ® , have a thalidomide prescription from a doctor who is registered with Thalidomide REMS ® , and have the prescription filled at a pharmacy that is registered with Thalidomide REMS ® in order to receive this medication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of all the respondent women had side effects of irregular menstruation who had used contraceptive temporary devices. (nepjol.info)
  • Increase in contraceptive prevalence among women 15 - 49 years old - whether married or in some other union - from 55 to 64 percent between 1990 and 2015. (mdgmonitor.org)
  • Companies such as Allergan Plc and Cooper Surgical have developed highly effective novel intra-uterine devices that provide a strong combination of advantages for the broad range of birth control product portfolio for women. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • More than three times as many women as compared to men get migraines. (news10.com)
  • Women are more likely than men to seek medical care and prescription drugs for migraines. (news10.com)
  • There are several factors behind why men and women experience migraine attacks differently. (news10.com)
  • But women who have migraine with aura , which is a distinct type of migraine, should generally avoid using estrogen containing hormonal contraceptives. (news10.com)
  • Family planning programs have recently undergone a fundamental shift from being focused on women only to focusing on men individually, or on both partners. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This specialty in practice, called NaPro Technology, is used in many clinics throughout the United States by request of women who are tired of being used as experimental research subjects by the contraceptive industry. (diocesecc.org)
  • There were no statistical significant differences between modern contraceptive use and other socio-demographic and reproductive health related variables after an adjustment. (academicjournals.org)
  • The funding gap will increase in the future due to growing numbers of people in the reproductive age range and more demand for modern contraceptives in LMI countries. (rhsupplies.org)
  • Like many sub-Saharan countries, Uganda still grapples with a low contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) (30%) and a high fertility rate (TFR) (6.2), the latter having stalled for the last three decades [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They must educate men about the option of no scalpel vasectomy (NSV), which is quicker than tubal ligation and requires no surgery. (boloji.com)
  • Unless evidence based decisions are made based on local contexts, the low prevalence level of contraceptive use and the corresponding higher total fertility rate will make Ethiopia to remain the most populous country in Africa. (academicjournals.org)
  • Male fertility is expected to return no later than six months after the last application. (instinctmagazine.com)
  • However, contraceptive use among married men has remained low in most high-fertility countries including Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is funding a clinical trial to see the safety and effectiveness of a new male contraceptive that would be available in gel formulation. (news-medical.net)
  • Additionally, enhancements in design and effectiveness have enabled the convenience of these contraceptives. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • Several trials in different countries are looking at the effectiveness and long-term safety of hormonal contraceptives for men, including some phase III trials. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Inhibition of sperm motility in male macaques with EP055, a potential non-hormonal male contraceptive. (nih.gov)
  • I n an attempt to create male birth control, monogamous, heterosexual men from around the world ages 18 to 45 began participating in studies in September 2008 to see if a contraceptive shot could temporarily lower their sperm counts, according to a Nov. 1 CNN article. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • Rebecca Weiss 's device, Coso , is a male contraceptive device that uses ultrasound waves to temporarily halt sperm regeneration. (instinctmagazine.com)
  • In fertile men, new sperm cells are constantly created in the testicles. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • The reason why this happens is unknown, but it may be that some men carry on producing enough testosterone to continue to stimulate some sperm production. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • An important disadvantage of using synthetic testosterone is that sperm production is suppressed at different rates in men of different ethnic origins. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Reasearch published in 2013 found that blocking certain proteins in the bodies of male mice rendered them infertile, but did not affect their sexual behaviour or the quality of their sperm. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Male and female contraceptives based on nonsteroidal action. (nih.gov)
  • The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the availability and accessibility of health facilities and their impacts on LAMC utilisation (implant, intrauterine devices, sterilisation) in low- and middle-income countries is an understudied topic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nexplanon (a device that is inserted into the upper arm and gives the option of up to 3 years of continuous birth control) can be ordered through Health Services once we have verified that the implant is covered by your insurance. (ualr.edu)
  • One way of doing this is by giving men a synthetic version of testosterone, together with a hormone called progestogen. (knowyourdoctor.com.cy)
  • Synthetic hormonal contraceptives have a long, documented history of adverse side effects, and NaPro Technology is a response to that need for natural treatments backed by decades of scientific research. (diocesecc.org)
  • However, the unmet need for modern contraceptives remained significant in South Asia at 83 million (34%), and Sub-Saharan Africa at 53 million (60%) (3). (who.int)
  • In order to show equality and fairness, both male and female hormonal birth control should be reevaluated and revised to prevent health risks for either sex. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • A vasectomy is a surgical procedure that makes a man sterile, or unable to get a woman pregnant. (news-medical.net)
  • Thus, creating opportunities through which men interact with health workers, for instance during consultations, may improve contraceptive use among couples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given men's role as decision makers, such perceptions are believed to deter men's and couples' utilization of contraceptives [ 16 , 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A challenge confronting the redirection of family planning services toward greater male involvement and couples' collective decision-making is how to effectively enlist the participation of men [ 22 , 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The global contraceptives market growth is premised on the increasing awareness in emerging nations where governments are taking active efforts to curb the population growth. (medgadget.com)
  • Germany contraceptive industry dominated around 14.9% revenue share in 2021, owing to the rapid developments in healthcare infrastructure, rising awareness related to contraceptives and family planning, etc. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • As a result, increased awareness of contraceptives is predicted to lead to increased uptake of these products. (persistencemarketresearch.com)
  • Results of these clinical trials form the evidence base for advancing candidate drugs and devices through development toward FDA approval. (nih.gov)
  • They will be using contraceptive drugs or devices so as to ensure that there is no child of their union. (faith.org.uk)
  • The WHO European regional strategy involves the enhancements and integration of contraceptives services to lessen the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the region. (graphicalresearch.com)
  • No sex education course offered in the public schools of the state shall utilize any sexually explicit materials depicting male or female homosexual activity. (la.gov)
  • This study examines whether discussion of family planning with a health worker is a critical determinant of modern contraceptive use by sexually active men, and men's reporting of partner contraceptive use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, analyses are based on 1755 men who were sexually active 12 months prior to the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive (OHC) use and their associated factors in undergraduate pharmacy students. (scielo.br)
  • A total of 269 valid responses were obtained, among which 50.2% (n = 135) of the students reported using OHC as a contraceptive method and 21.2% (n = 57) affirmed that they had at least one adverse event related to OHC use, which corresponds to 42.2% of those who had used OHC. (scielo.br)
  • Several men left the study close to that time after suffering from adverse side effects. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • For several reasons, it is a shame that the men dropped out and the study may have been terminated solely because of adverse effects. (columbiachronicle.com)
  • A surgery that prevents a man from getting someone pregnant. (nih.gov)