Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.
Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.
'Anus diseases' refer to various medical conditions affecting the anus, including structural abnormalities, inflammatory disorders, infections, and neoplasms, which can cause symptoms such as pain, bleeding, itching, or changes in bowel habits.
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
A plant genus of the family NYSSACEAE (sometimes classified in the CORNACEAE family). It is a source of CAMPTOTHECIN.
A plant genus of the family Musaceae, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida.
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
Cutaneous lesions arising from infection with Treponema pallidum. In the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. If untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. These eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p409)
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.
The external genitalia of the female. It includes the CLITORIS, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands.
A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE that is distinguished from birch (BETULA) by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released.
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
Division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.
Agents destructive to snails and other mollusks.

New therapies and prevention strategies for genital herpes. (1/404)

Genital herpes is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases. Optimal management of genital herpes includes accurate diagnosis, antiviral therapy, and counseling of patients about complications and transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Antiviral therapy offers significant palliation, and the option of episodic or suppressive treatment should be offered to all patients with genital herpes. Valacyclovir and famciclovir are two newer antiviral agents that are effective and safe for the treatment of genital herpes. Prevention strategies for sexual and perinatal transmission of HSV have not been well defined. Availability of type-specific serological tests for HSV antibodies may assist in identifying persons at risk for acquiring or transmitting HSV infection. Further research is needed to define strategies to prevent the spread of this epidemic infection.  (+info)

Genital warts and their treatment. (2/404)

Genital warts are manifestations of a common viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) that are often diagnosed and treated with a variety of clinical specialties. Unlike for other STDs, there is a general lack of a well-established treatment algorithm for the management of external genital warts. This, coupled with a wide variety of treatments and clinical settings, makes the development of a simple algorithm virtually impossible. In this review what is known and not known about current treatments and case management will be discussed.  (+info)

Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology in young heterosexual women. (3/404)

Although anal cancers are up to four times more common in women than men, little is known about the natural history of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related anal lesions in women. This study reports on the prevalence of and risks for anal cytological abnormalities over a 1-year period in a cohort of young women participating in a study of the natural history of cervical HPV infection. In addition to their regularly scheduled sexual behavior interviews and cervical testing, consenting women received anal HPV DNA and cytological testing. Anal cytology smears were obtained from 410 women whose mean age was 22.5 +/- 2.5 years at the onset of the study. Sixteen women (3.9%) were found to have abnormal anal cytology: 4 women had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) or condyloma; and 12 women had atypical cells of undetermined significance. Factors found to be significantly associated with abnormal anal cytology were a history of anal sex [odds ratio (OR), 6.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-47.2], a history of cervical SILs (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.3-14.9), and a current anal HPV infection (OR, 12.28; 95% CI, 3.9-43.5). The strong association between anal intercourse and the development of HPV-induced SILs supports the role of sexual transmission of HPV in anal SILs. Young women who had engaged in anal intercourse or had a history of cervical SILs were found to be at highest risk.  (+info)

Tissue specific HPV expression and downregulation of local immune responses in condylomas from HIV seropositive individuals. (4/404)

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of tissue specific human papillomavirus (HPV) expression and its effect on local immunity in condylomas from HIV positive individuals. METHODS: Biopsy specimens of eight penile and eight perianal condylomas from HIV seropositive individuals were analysed. Expression of viral genes (HIV-tat and HPV E7 and L1) was determined by RT-PCR. The status of local immunity also was determined by RT-PCR by measuring CD4, CD8, CD16, CD1a, HLA-DR, and HLA-B7 mRNA levels in the tissues. Differentiation was determined by measuring involucrin, keratinocyte transglutaminase, as well as cytokeratins 10, 16, and 17. Proliferation markers such as PCNA and c-myc were also determined. RESULTS: The transcription pattern of HPV in perianal condylomas, which preferentially expressed the early (E7) gene, was different from that of penile condylomas, which primarily expressed the late (L1) gene. This transcription pattern is in good correlation with the keratinisation and differentiation patterns of the two epithelia: perianal biopsies preferentially expressed K16 and K17 while penile warts mainly expressed K10, markers of parakeratotic and orthokeratotic epithelia, respectively. Perianal biopsies also showed a higher degree of proliferation (PCNA and c-myc). Interestingly, transcription of HIV-tat was also higher in perianal than in penile biopsies. A high degree of local immunodeficiency was observed in perianal biopsies--that is, levels of CD4, CD16, and CD1a mRNAs were significantly lower. A negative correlation between CD1a (Langerhans cells) levels and HPV E7 levels was established. HPV E7 levels positively correlated with HIV-tat levels. Perianal tissues demonstrated more CD1a depression and tat associated HPV upregulation. CONCLUSION: HIV influences the expression of HPV genes resulting in local immunosuppression that might lead to an inappropriate immune surveillance of viral infection. Also, tissue type is an important factor in controlling viral transcription in a differentiation dependent manner. These findings may explain the higher rate of dysplasia and neoplasia in the perianal area.  (+info)

Overriding of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors by high and low risk human papillomavirus types: evidence for an in vivo role in cervical lesions. (5/404)

High risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are agents in the aetiology of cervical carcinoma. The products of two early genes, E6 and E7, appear to be the principal transforming proteins. Studies of various monolayer cell culture systems have shown that the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 is able to neutralize or bypass the inhibitory effect of the cell cycle-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (CKIs) p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. To understand whether the p21WAF1/CIP1 or p27KIP1 neutralization also plays a role in vivo, we performed studies on clinical specimens. Forty-five cervical biopsies, including HPV-negative mucosa, HPV 16-positive preinvasive (low and high grade lesions) and invasive neoplasia as well as HPV 6-positive condyloma acuminatum were analysed by single and double immunohistology. We examined the positive cell cycle regulator cyclin A and the universal cell cycle marker Ki67 as well as the negative cell cycle regulators p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. Here, we show that in a significant fraction of cells the G1 block can be overcome despite high levels of CKIs in HPV lesions. This phenomenon, which was more evident for p21WAF1/CIP1 than for p27KIP1 was most marked in low grade lesions and in condylomata acuminata, in which a high viral productivity is expected. These results indicate that the overriding of CKI inactivation by viral oncoproteins appears to be a conserved property between low and high risk HPV types. We conclude that the CKI neutralization by HPVs is likely to be required for viral DNA replication rather than for malignant transformation of the host cell.  (+info)

The cost effectiveness of patient-applied versus provider-administered intervention strategies for the treatment of external genital warts. (6/404)

OBJECTIVE: External genital warts are one of the fastest growing sexually transmitted diseases in the United States today. Two forms of therapy are available: provider-administered and patient-applied. In the most widely used provider-administered ablative therapies, sustained clearance rates range from 18.5% to 40.1%. With nonablative, patient-applied therapies, which are typically more acceptable to patients, sustained clearance rates range from 19.6% with podofilox gel to 44.0% with imiquimod cream. The purpose of this study, given the range of therapies available, their cost differences, and clinical trial-reported differences in rates of sustained clearance, is to determine which therapy modalities, from the providers' perspective, are the most cost effective and which are likely to be the most acceptable to the patient population. STUDY DESIGN: We consider the cost effectiveness of the two patient-applied therapies as first-line therapy followed by provider-administered ablative treatment as second-line therapy. A decision-analytic model framework is developed, with data drawn both from clinical trials and from previously published studies. RESULTS: When considering a two-stage therapy model, with an average sustained clearance rate of 30% assumed for provider-administered ablative therapies, estimated costs per sustained cleared patient are $1265 for patients initially treated with imiquimod and $1304 for patients initially treated with podofilox gel. CONCLUSIONS: Initial treatment with imiquimod is the preferred intervention option as it yields a 39% greater sustained clearance rate than podofilox gel while being 3% less costly per successful outcome.  (+info)

Detection of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 in pubic and perianal hair from patients with genital warts. (7/404)

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 are of clinical importance due to their role in the development of anogenital warts. A pilot study was performed to investigate whether DNAs from HPV types 6 and 11 are present in hairs plucked from the pubic and perianal regions and eyebrows of patients with genital warts at present and patients with a recent history of genital warts. Genital HPV DNA was detected in 9 of 25 (36%) pubic hair samples and in 11 of 22 (50%) perianal hair samples by the CPI/CPIIg PCR. After sequencing of 17 of 20 samples, HPV type 6 or 11 was detected in 6 of 25 (24%) hair samples from the pubis and 8 of 22 (36%) hair samples from the perianal region. These types were not detected in plucked eyebrow hairs. In contrast, the HPV types associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis were detected in similar proportions (62%) in both samples of pubic and eyebrow hairs. Moreover, HPV type 6 and 11 DNAs were detected in pubic hairs plucked from two patients who had been successfully treated and who did not show any lesion at the time of hair collection; this finding is an argument that HPV DNA may persist in this region. The presence of genital HPV types in plucked pubic and perianal hair suggests that there is an endogenous reservoir for HPV which may play a role in the recurrences of genital warts.  (+info)

Nucleotide sequence and characterization of human papillomavirus type 83, a novel genital papillomavirus. (8/404)

Studies of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are hampered by the lack of a conventional culture system, because HPV completes its life cycle only in fully differentiated human tissue. To overcome this obstacle, the athymic mouse xenograft system has been used to study the pathogenesis of a limited number of HPV types. We recently reported the propagation of a novel HPV type in the mouse xenograft system and the cloning of its genome. Consensus primer PCR had previously identified this virus as MM7, LVX82, or PAP291. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of the 8104-bp genome of this virus, now called HPV 83. HPV 83 is most closely related to HPV 61 and HPV 72, placing it in the papillomavirus genome homology group A3. Based on limited epidemiological data, the histological appearance of infected human foreskin implants, and the structure of the predicted HPV 83 E7 protein, this virus is probably of at least intermediate cancer risk. Like other papillomaviruses, HPV 83 produces an E1 E4, E5 transcript, but the position of the splice acceptor differs from that of other HPVs. The presence of an E5 open reading frame in the HPV 83 genome is uncertain; the most likely candidate to be the HPV 83 E5 protein has some structural similarity to the bovine papillomavirus 1 E5 oncoprotein, and is unlike most other HPV E5 proteins. HPV 83 is a relatively prevalent genital papillomavirus that has the largest genome of any characterized HPV and several other novel structural features that merit further study.  (+info)

'Condylomata Acuminata' is the medical term for genital warts, which are growths or bumps that appear on the genital area. They are caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Genital warts can vary in appearance, and they may be small, flat, and difficult to see or large, cauliflower-like, and easily visible.

The warts can appear on the vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, anus, penis, or scrotum. They are usually painless but can cause discomfort during sexual intercourse. In some cases, genital warts can lead to serious health problems, such as cervical cancer in women.

It is important to note that not all people with HPV will develop genital warts, and many people with HPV are asymptomatic and unaware they have the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years to prevent HPV infection and related diseases, including genital warts.

Podophyllin is not typically used in modern medicine due to its potential toxicity and the availability of safer and more effective alternatives. However, historically it was used as a topical medication for the treatment of certain skin conditions such as genital warts. It's derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum peltatum (May apple or American mandrake) and Podophyllum emodi (Himalayan mayapple).

The medical definition of Podophyllin, according to the 30th edition of Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, is: "A brownish-yellow, resinous extract from the rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae) or P. emodi Wall., containing podophyllotoxin and other aryltetralin lignans. It has been used topically as a caustic for treatment of condylomata acuminata, but its use is limited because of potential systemic toxicity."

It's crucial to note that Podophyllin should only be applied by healthcare professionals due to the risk of adverse effects and toxicity. The more common formulation now used is podophyllotoxin, which comes in a purified form and has a lower risk of systemic toxicity compared to Podophyllin.

Genital neoplasms in males refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the male reproductive organs. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant genital neoplasms are often referred to as genital cancers. The most common types of male genital cancers include:

1. Penile Cancer: This occurs when cancer cells form in the tissues of the penis.
2. Testicular Cancer: This forms in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum.
3. Prostate Cancer: This is a common cancer in men, forming in the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system that helps make semen.
4. Scrotal Cancer: This is a rare form of cancer that forms in the skin or tissue of the scrotum.
5. Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN): This is not cancer, but it is considered a pre-cancerous condition of the penis.

Early detection and treatment of genital neoplasms can significantly improve the prognosis. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended, especially for individuals with risk factors such as smoking, HIV infection, or a family history of these cancers.

Genital diseases in males refer to various medical conditions that affect the male reproductive and urinary systems, including the penis, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. These conditions can be infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic (cancerous) in nature. Some common examples of male genital diseases include:

1. Balanitis: Inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis, often caused by infection, irritants, or poor hygiene.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic, bacterial or non-bacterial in origin.
3. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is often caused by infection.
4. Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, usually resulting from infection or autoimmune disorders.
5. Testicular torsion: A surgical emergency characterized by twisting of the spermatic cord, leading to reduced blood flow and potential tissue damage in the testicle.
6. Varicocele: Dilated veins in the scrotum that can cause pain, discomfort, or fertility issues.
7. Peyronie's disease: A connective tissue disorder causing scarring and curvature of the penis during erections.
8. Penile cancer: Malignant growths on the penis, often squamous cell carcinomas, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty initiating or maintaining a steady stream of urine.
10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infectious diseases, like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), that can be transmitted through sexual contact and affect the male genital region.

Anus neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the anus, which is the opening at the end of the digestive tract where solid waste leaves the body. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common types of anus neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anus cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It begins in the squamous cells that line the anal canal and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Adenocarcinoma is a less common type of anus cancer that arises from glandular cells in the anus. This type of cancer is often associated with long-standing inflammatory conditions, such as anal fistulas or ulcerative colitis.

Melanoma is a rare form of skin cancer that can also occur in the anus. It develops from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes and tends to be aggressive with a high risk of spreading to other parts of the body.

Other less common types of anus neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma. Treatment options for anus neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

Urethral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign urethral neoplasms may include conditions such as urethral polyps or papillomas, which are usually not life-threatening and can often be removed with surgery.

Malignant urethral neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. These include urethral carcinomas, which can be further classified into different types such as squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, depending on the type of cells involved.

Urethral neoplasms are relatively rare, but when they do occur, they can cause a variety of symptoms such as difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, pain during urination or sexual intercourse, and discharge from the urethra. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract where feces are eliminated from the body. There are several diseases and conditions that can affect the anus, including:

1. Anal fissure: A small tear in the lining of the anus, which can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements.
2. Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the rectum or anus that can cause discomfort, itching, and bleeding.
3. Perianal abscess: A collection of pus in the tissue surrounding the anus, which can cause pain, swelling, and redness.
4. Anal fistula: An abnormal connection between the anal canal and the skin around the anus, often resulting from a perianal abscess that did not heal properly.
5. Anal cancer: A rare form of cancer that develops in the cells lining the anus, usually affecting people over the age of 50.
6. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which can affect the anus and cause symptoms such as pain, bleeding, and diarrhea.
7. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Certain STIs, such as herpes simplex virus, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, can affect the anus and cause symptoms such as pain, discharge, and sores.
8. Fecal incontinence: The involuntary loss of bowel control, which can be caused by nerve damage, muscle weakness, or other medical conditions affecting the anus.

Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:

1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.

These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Urogenital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the urinary and genital organs. These can include various types of cancer, such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and others. Some urogenital neoplasms may be benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous) and can spread to other parts of the body.

The term "urogenital" refers to the combined urinary and genital systems in the human body. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which are responsible for filtering waste from the blood and eliminating it as urine. The genital system includes the reproductive organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, testicles, and penis.

Urogenital neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include blood in urine, pain during urination, difficulty urinating, abnormal discharge, lumps or swelling in the genital area, and unexplained weight loss. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Penile neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the penis. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common type of penile cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the flat cells that line the surface of the penis. Other types of penile cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.

Benign penile neoplasms include conditions such as papillomas, condylomas, and peyronie's disease. These growths are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort, pain, or other symptoms that may require medical treatment.

It is important to note that any unusual changes in the penis, such as lumps, bumps, or sores, should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Genital neoplasms in females refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the female reproductive organs. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common types of female genital neoplasms are:

1. Cervical cancer: This is a malignancy that arises from the cells lining the cervix, usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
2. Uterine cancer: Also known as endometrial cancer, this type of female genital neoplasm originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
3. Ovarian cancer: This is a malignancy that develops from the cells in the ovaries, which can be difficult to detect at an early stage due to its location and lack of symptoms.
4. Vulvar cancer: A rare type of female genital neoplasm that affects the external female genital area (vulva).
5. Vaginal cancer: This is a malignancy that occurs in the vagina, often caused by HPV infection.
6. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A rare group of tumors that develop from placental tissue and can occur during or after pregnancy.

Regular screening and early detection are crucial for successful treatment and management of female genital neoplasms.

Vulvar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vulvar region, which is the exterior female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the vaginal vestibule. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign vulvar neoplasms may include conditions such as vulvar cysts, fibromas, lipomas, or condylomas (genital warts). They are typically slow-growing and less likely to spread or invade surrounding tissues.

Malignant vulvar neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade nearby tissues and potentially metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. The most common types of malignant vulvar neoplasms are squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar melanoma, and adenocarcinoma.

Early detection and treatment of vulvar neoplasms are essential for improving prognosis and reducing the risk of complications or recurrence. Regular gynecological examinations, self-examinations, and prompt attention to any unusual symptoms or changes in the vulvar area can help ensure timely diagnosis and management.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.

The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.

In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.

Camptotheca is a genus of trees in the family Nyssaceae, native to China and Tibet. It is also known as "camptotheca acuminata" or "the Chinese happy tree." The bark and leaves of this tree contain camptothecin, a compound that has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Camptothecin and its derivatives are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, ovarian, and small cell lung cancer.

"Musa" is the genus name for bananas and plantains in the botanical classification system. It belongs to the family Musaceae and includes over 70 species of tropical herbaceous plants that are native to Southeast Asia. The fruit produced by these plants is also commonly referred to as "bananas" or "plantains," depending on the specific variety and its culinary use.

However, I believe you may have been looking for a medical term, and I apologize for any confusion. In that case, I should note that "Musa" is not a recognized medical term in English. If you have any further questions or need clarification on a different medical term, please let me know!

Laser therapy, also known as phototherapy or laser photobiomodulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and decrease inflammation. It works by promoting the increase of cellular metabolism, blood flow, and tissue regeneration through the process of photobiomodulation.

The therapy can be used on patients suffering from a variety of acute and chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and wound healing complications. The wavelength and intensity of the laser light are precisely controlled to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

During the procedure, the laser or LED device is placed directly on the skin over the area of injury or discomfort. The non-ionizing light penetrates the tissue without causing heat or damage, interacting with chromophores in the cells to initiate a series of photochemical reactions. This results in increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of transcription factors that lead to improved cellular function and reduced pain.

In summary, laser therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment option for various medical conditions, providing patients with an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies.

Cutaneous syphilis refers to the manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection syphilis on the skin. This can occur in various stages of the disease. In the primary stage, it may appear as a painless chancre (ulcer) at the site of infection, usually appearing 3 weeks after exposure. In the secondary stage, a widespread rash can develop, often affecting the palms and soles, along with other symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and hair loss. Later stages of syphilis can also cause skin issues, including condylomata lata (broad, flat warts) and gummatous lesions (large, destructive ulcers). It's important to note that if left untreated, syphilis can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs.

Warts are small, rough growths on the skin or mucous membranes caused by one of several types of human papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear anywhere on the body but most often occur on the hands, fingers, and feet. Warts are benign, non-cancerous growths, but they can be unsightly, uncomfortable, or painful, depending on their location and size.

Warts are caused by HPV infecting the top layer of skin, usually through a small cut or scratch. The virus triggers an overproduction of keratin, a protein in the skin, leading to the formation of a hard, rough growth. Warts can vary in appearance depending on their location and type, but they are generally round or irregularly shaped, with a rough surface that may be flat or slightly raised. They may also contain small black dots, which are actually tiny blood vessels that have clotted.

Warts are contagious and can spread from person to person through direct skin-to-skin contact or by sharing personal items such as towels or razors. They can also be spread by touching a wart and then touching another part of the body. Warts may take several months to develop after exposure to HPV, so it may not always be clear when or how they were contracted.

There are several types of warts, including common warts, plantar warts (which occur on the soles of the feet), flat warts (which are smaller and smoother than other types of warts), and genital warts (which are sexually transmitted). While most warts are harmless and will eventually go away on their own, some may require medical treatment if they are causing discomfort or are unsightly. Treatment options for warts include topical medications, cryotherapy (freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen), and surgical removal.

The vulva refers to the external female genital area. It includes the mons pubis (the pad of fatty tissue covered with skin and hair that's located on the front part of the pelvis), labia majora (the outer folds of skin that surround and protect the vaginal opening), labia minora (the inner folds of skin that surround the vaginal and urethral openings), clitoris (a small, sensitive organ located at the front of the vulva where the labia minora join), the external openings of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) and vagina (the passageway leading to the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus).

It's important to note that understanding the anatomy and terminology related to one's own body can help facilitate effective communication with healthcare providers, promote self-awareness, and support overall health and well-being.

"Alnus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Betulaceae, commonly known as alders. They are deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves and catkins. The term "Alnus" itself is the genus name and does not have a medical definition. However, various species of alders have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, astringent, and diuretic properties. For example, the bark of Alnus glutinosa (common alder) has been used to treat skin diseases, wounds, and diarrhea. It is important to note that the use of alders in modern medicine is limited and further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy.

A hypertrophic cicatrix is a type of scar that forms when the body overproduces collagen during the healing process. Collagen is a protein that helps to repair and strengthen tissues in the body. However, when too much collagen is produced, it can cause the scar to become thickened, raised, and firm.

Hypertrophic scars are usually red or pink in color and may be itchy or painful. They typically develop within a few weeks of an injury or surgery and can continue to grow for several months before eventually stabilizing. Unlike keloids, which are a more severe type of scar that can grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound, hypertrophic scars do not extend beyond the site of the injury.

While hypertrophic scars can be unsightly and cause discomfort, they are generally not harmful to one's health. Treatment options may include corticosteroid injections, silicone gel sheeting, pressure therapy, or laser surgery to help reduce the size and appearance of the scar. It is important to seek medical advice if you are concerned about a hypertrophic scar or if it is causing significant discomfort or distress.

A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of tumor viruses include:

1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.

Electrosurgery is a surgical procedure that uses high-frequency electrical currents to cut, coagulate, or fulgurate tissue. It is often used in surgical procedures as an alternative to traditional scalpels and electrocautery. The electrical currents are delivered through a specialized instrument called an electrosurgical unit (ESU) that can be set to produce different forms of energy, including cutting, coagulation, or blended currents.

During the procedure, the ESU is used to apply electrical energy to the target tissue, which responds by heating up and vaporizing, allowing for precise cuts to be made. The heat generated during the procedure also helps to seal off blood vessels and nerve endings, reducing bleeding and minimizing post-operative pain.

Electrosurgery is commonly used in a variety of surgical procedures, including dermatology, gynecology, urology, orthopedics, and general surgery. It offers several advantages over traditional surgical techniques, such as reduced blood loss, shorter operating times, and faster recovery times for patients. However, it also requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safe and effective use.

Vaginal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vagina. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two main types of vaginal neoplasms are:

1. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN): This is a condition where the cells on the inner lining of the vagina become abnormal but have not invaded deeper tissues. VAIN can be low-grade or high-grade, depending on the severity of the cell changes.
2. Vaginal cancer: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells in the vagina. The two main types of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all cases.

Risk factors for vaginal neoplasms include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, older age, history of cervical cancer or precancerous changes, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Molluscicides are a type of pesticide specifically designed to kill mollusks, which include snails and slugs. These substances work by interfering with the mollusk's nervous system, leading to paralysis and death. Molluscicides are often used in agricultural settings to protect crops from damage caused by these pests, but they can also be found in residential products designed to control nuisance snails and slugs in gardens or landscaping.

It is important to note that molluscicides can be harmful to other organisms as well, including pets and wildlife, so they should be used with caution and according to the manufacturer's instructions. Additionally, some molluscicides may pose risks to human health if not handled properly, so it is essential to follow safety guidelines when using these products.

Examples include flat penile lesions (FPL) and condylomata acuminata. In HPV negative cancers the most common precursor lesion ... condylomata acuminate, having multiple sexual partners, and early age of sexual intercourse. Around 95% of penile cancers are ...
Anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata or venereal warts) - HPV types 6 and 11 (most common); also types 42, 44 and others. ... Genital wart (venereal wart, condyloma acuminatum, verruca acuminata), a wart that occurs on the genitalia. Periungual wart, a ...
... may represent an efficacious and safe alternative systemic form of therapy for recalcitrant condylomata acuminata ... "Oral isotretinoin in the treatment of recalcitrant condylomata acuminata of the cervix: a randomised placebo controlled trial ...
... 5% cream is indicated for the topical treatment of: external genital and perianal warts (condylomata acuminata) in ...
PMID 29644039 Venter F, Heidari A, Viehweg M, Rivera M, Natarajan P, Cobos E. Giant condylomata acuminata of Buschke-Lowenstein ... ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. "Condyloma Acuminata". Retrieved 2010-09-22. Pettaway CA, Crook JM, Pagliaro LC. Tumors of the penis. In: ...
... exanthem disease Bovine papular stomatitis Bowenoid papulosis Buffalopox Butcher's wart Chikungunya fever Condylomata acuminata ... Chromobacteriosis infection Condylomata lata Cutaneous actinomycosis Cutaneous anthrax infection Cutaneous C. diphtheriae ...
... condylomata acuminata - cone biopsy - congestive heart failure - conization - consecutive case series - consolidation therapy ...
... condylomata acuminata MeSH C02.928.914.345 - epidermodysplasia verruciformis The list continues at List of MeSH codes (C03). ( ... condylomata acuminata MeSH C02.800.801.350 - herpes genitalis MeSH C02.800.801.400 - hiv infections MeSH C02.800.801.400.040 - ... condylomata acuminata MeSH C02.256.650.810.345 - epidermodysplasia verruciformis MeSH C02.256.700.091 - aleutian mink disease ... condylomata acuminata MeSH C02.825.810.260 - epidermodysplasia verruciformis MeSH C02.928.313.165 - burkitt lymphoma MeSH ...
... condylomata acuminata MeSH C17.800.838.790.810.260 - epidermodysplasia verruciformis MeSH C17.800.849.077 - adiposis dolorosa ...
... (plural: "Condylomata", from Greek "kondylōma" "knuckle") refers two types of infection of the genitals: Condyloma ... acuminata, or genital warts, caused by human papilloma virus subtypes 6, 11, and others Condylomata lata, white lesions ...
encoded search term (Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein) and Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and ... Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein. Updated: Oct 16, 2018 * Author: Catharine Lisa Kauffman, MD, FACP; Chief ... Extensive Condylomata Acuminata of the Penis: Medical and Surgical Management * Systematic Review of the Incidence and ... Giant condylomata acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein of the perianal region, consisting of a slow-growing, ulcerated, ...
Rama M C. Condylomata Acuminata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1971;37:191-196. ...
Condylomata Acuminata). According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata) have a 31% phase ... SCT-1000 by SinoCelltech Group for Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata): Likelihood of Approval. Brought to you by ... Premium Insights Likelihood of Approval and Phase Transition Success Rate Model - SCT-1000 in Genital Warts (Condylomata ... Premium Insights Likelihood of Approval and Phase Transition Success Rate Model - SCT-1000 in Genital Warts (Condylomata ...
Removal of major condylomata acuminata under general anesthetic. Category:. 6 Major Procedure (pre-operative period: 14 days, ... Removal of minor condylomata acuminata without general anesthetic by any surgical method ...
Refractory condylomata acuminata: a controlled clinical trial of carbon dioxide laser versus conventional surgical treatment. ... Refractory condylomata acuminata: a controlled clinical trial of carbon dioxide laser versus conventional surgical treatment. ... We performed a controlled study of refractory condylomata acuminata to clarify whether this is the case. In this randomised ... Uncontrolled trials indicate that treatment of condylomata acuminata with the carbon dioxide laser is effective and probably ...
Copyright © 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved. ...
encoded search term (Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein) and Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and ... Extensive Condylomata Acuminata of the Penis: Medical and Surgical Management * Current Update on the Treatment of Genital ... Giant Condylomata Acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein. Updated: Jul 02, 2014 * Author: Catharine Lisa Kauffman, MD, FACP; Chief ... Giant condylomata acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein of the perianal region, consisting of a slow-growing, ulcerated, ...
Treatment of condylomata acuminata with Carbon dioxide laser. Urology. 1980 Mar;15(3):265-266. [PubMed] 18. Bar-Am A, Shilon M ... TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA AND BOWENOID PAPULOSIS WITH CO2 LASER AND IMIQUIMOD.. Ilko Bakardzhiev1, George Pehlivanov2 ... Please cite this article as: Bakardzhiev I, Pehlivanov G, Stransky D, Gonevski M. TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA AND ... Some of the most common manifestation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection in venereology are Condylomata acuminata and ...
Treatment of condylomata acuminata with Carbon dioxide laser. Urology. 1980 Mar;15(3):265-266. [PubMed] 18. Bar-Am A, Shilon M ... TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA AND BOWENOID PAPULOSIS WITH CO2 LASER AND IMIQUIMOD.. Ilko Bakardzhiev1, George Pehlivanov2 ... Please cite this article as: Bakardzhiev I, Pehlivanov G, Stransky D, Gonevski M. TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA AND ... Some of the most common manifestation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection in venereology are Condylomata acuminata and ...
Condylomata acuminata; Penile warts; Human papillomavirus (HPV); Venereal warts; Condyloma; HPV DNA test; Sexually transmitted ...
Condylomata Acuminata / epidemiology * Condylomata Acuminata / immunology * Condylomata Acuminata / therapy* * Dogs * Female * ...
Condylomata Acuminata. Further information. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this ...
Do not use the 18 million IU or 50 million IU powder for injection or the18 million IU multidose vial for condylomata acuminata ... Condylomata Acuminata. 1 million units injected into each lesion 3 times/week qODay for 3week ...
Condylomata Acuminata / drug therapy * Condylomata Acuminata / surgery * Condylomata Acuminata / therapy* * Cryosurgery* * ...
Condylomata Acuminata. *Congenital Anomalies Of The Pancreas. *Congenital Cystic Liver. *Contusion Abdominal Wall ...
Examples include flat penile lesions (FPL) and condylomata acuminata. In HPV negative cancers the most common precursor lesion ... condylomata acuminate, having multiple sexual partners, and early age of sexual intercourse. Around 95% of penile cancers are ...
A hypertrophic or verrucous presentation may mimic condylomata acuminata. A necrotic presentation is characterized by a deep ...
Condylomata Acuminata * Cystitis * Cystocele * Cystodynia * Decreased Libido * Delayed Menarche * Delayed Puberty * Dermoid ...
Condylomata acuminata (Genital Warts). *Start with Cryotherapy, and consider laser therapy if persistent ...
Categories: Condylomata Acuminata Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
... and condylomata acuminata (External Genital warts). ... Condylomata Acuminata/ External Genital Warts *Can use Zyclara ... approved as a treatment for condylomata acuminate. ...
Condylomata acuminata in the neovagina after male-to-female reassignment treated with CO2 laser and imiquimod. Int J STD AIDS ... Condylomata acuminata of the neovagina in a HIV-seropositive male-to-female transsexual. Urol Int 2004;73(1):87-88. [PMID: ... Condylomata acuminata (genital warts) can be smooth and skin-colored or hyperpigmented papules or plaques that may be flat, ... Diagnosis of external condylomata acuminata is often made based on clinical appearance. The appearance of warts varies. ...
Direct medical costs for surgical and medical treatment of condylomata acuminata. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:337-41.PubMedGoogle ...
Abnormal Pap Test; Genital Warts; Condylomata Acuminata). By Sheldon R. Morris , MD, MPH, University of California San Diego ...
Genital warts (condylomata acuminata or anogenital warts) are the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) and a symptom ...
Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, and condylomata acuminata * Publication Details * Availability (Catalog Id:3366174) ...
Detection of specific HPV subtypes responsible for the pathogenesis of condylomata acuminata. Virol. J. 2013, 10, 137. [Google ... HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia: A prospective cohort ... Detection of multiple human papillomavirus types in Condylomata acuminata lesions from otherwise healthy and immunosuppressed ...

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